What Are MEMS? MEMS stands for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. It refers to a technology that integrates electrical and mechanical components on a small scale, typically measured in micrometers. These systems are fabricated using techniques similar to those used in semiconductor manufacturing, such as photolithography and etching. How Do MEMS Work? MEMS operate by combining electrical and mechanical components on a silicon chip. They work on the principle of converting environmental stimuli (such as pressure, temperature, or light) into electrical signals that can be processed and acted upon. The operational challenges include: Key Features of MEMS Advantages of MEMS Challenges and Limitations…
Author: Yvonne
What is a High Pass Filter? A High Pass Filter (HPF) is an electronic component that permits higher-frequency signals while reducing lower-frequency ones based on a set cutoff frequency. The attenuation level varies with the filter’s design. Simple first-order passive HPFs use resistors and capacitors, while active HPFs employ operational amplifiers for enhanced performance. Higher-order filters can be implemented to achieve sharper attenuation across specified frequency ranges. How Does a High Pass Filter Work? The working principle of a high pass filter is based on the selective attenuation of frequencies. In electronic circuits, high pass filters typically consist of passive…
What is a D Flip-Flop? A D Flip-Flop is a fundamental storage element in digital electronics that is used to store a binary state (0 or 1) and preserve it until it is explicitly changed. It is a type of sequential logic circuit that plays a crucial role in the design of digital systems, including counters, shift registers, and digital clocks. How Does a D Flip-Flop Work? The D flip-flop functions by capturing the state of the input (D) at the rising edge of the clock signal (CK). The output (Q) updates to match the input only during the clock’s…
What is a MOSFET? A MOSFET, or Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor, is a type of transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. It is a key component in modern electronic devices and integrated circuits. The MOSFET has four terminals: a source, a drain, a gate, and a body (or substrate). The gate is insulated from the channel by a thin layer of metal oxide, which allows for precise control over the flow of current between the source and drain. How Does a MOSFET Work? Types of MOSFETs Power MOSFETs LDMOS (Laterally-Diffused Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) Transistors Tunnel Field Effect Transistors (TFETs) Silicon…
What is a JFET? A JFET, or Junction Field-Effect Transistor, is a type of semiconductor device used to control the current flowing between its source and drain terminals. The control is achieved by applying a voltage to the gate terminal, which is in contact with the body of the transistor and forms a reverse-biased pn junction. This makes the JFET a depletion mode device, meaning it conducts current without any external biasing voltage applied to the gate. How Does a JFET Work? The JFET operates as a voltage-controlled resistor or switch. When a reverse bias voltage is applied to the…
What is a Schottky Diode? A Schottky diode is a type of semiconductor diode that is formed by the metal-semiconductor junction, as opposed to the traditional p-n junction diode. It consists of a metal in contact with a semiconductor, typically a metal in contact with a p-type semiconductor. This configuration creates a rectifying barrier that allows the diode to function as a rectifier and switching device. How Does a Schottky Diode Work? The working principle of a Schottky diode is based on the thermionic emission of majority carriers over the barrier formed at the metal-semiconductor junction. This results in a…
What is an SCR System? An SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system is an emissions control technology designed to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases. It works by injecting a reducing agent, such as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) mixed with air, into the exhaust stream. This mixture reacts with NOx over a catalyst, converting it into harmless nitrogen (N₂) and water (H₂O). How Does an SCR System Work? The SCR system’s working principle involves several key components and processes: Key Features of SCR Systems Benefits of SCR Systems Challenges and Limitations Applications of SCR System Vehicles Industrial Applications Marine Applications…
What is Xylene? Xylene is a colorless, transparent, and volatile organic compound with the formula C₈H₁₀. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol and is widely used as a solvent in various industries, including paints, coatings, and adhesives. Xylene is composed of three isomers: ortho-xylene (OX), meta-xylene (MX), and para-xylene (PX), with para-xylene being the most valuable due to its application in producing terephthalic acid, a key component in polyester fibers and plastics. How is Xylene Produced? Benefits of Using Xylene Safety and Handling Guidelines Environmental Impact Applications of Xylene Petroleum Refining and Chemical Synthesis Textile and Resin…
What is an Otoscope? An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals to visually inspect the ear canal and tympanic membrane (eardrum) of a patient. It typically consists of a handle, a disposable plastic speculum, an illumination source, and an imaging head with optics. The device is handheld and allows clinicians to examine the ear to diagnose conditions such as infections, earwax buildup, or perforations in the eardrum. How Does an Otoscope Work? Illumination and Visualization Speculum and Insertion Operation and User Interaction Advanced Features Types of Otoscopes Pneumatic Otoscope Digital Otoscope Holographic Otoscope Low-Obstruction Electronic Display Otoscope…
What is a Fetal Doppler? A Fetal Doppler is a medical device used to detect and monitor the heartbeat of a fetus during pregnancy. It operates on the principle of Doppler ultrasound, which measures the frequency shift of sound waves reflected off moving objects, in this case, the fetal heart. The device is typically handheld and portable, allowing healthcare providers to assess fetal heart rate in real-time. The fetal heart rate, usually between 120-140 beats per minute, is an important indicator of fetal well-being and can indicate potential distress if abnormal. Fetal Dopplers are commonly used in prenatal care, particularly…