Non-sedating dexmedetomidine treatment regimens

Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods of administering relatively high doses of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human subject, without also inducing significant sedation. The disclosed methods are particularly suitable for the treatment of agitation, especially when associated with neurodegenerative and / or neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar illness such as bipolar disorder or mania, dementia, depression, or delirium.

Description

NON-SEDATING DEXMEDETOMIDINE TREATMENT REGIMENS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS:

[01] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 (e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 876,371 on July 19, 2019; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 877,056 on July 22, 2019; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 963,769 on January 21, 2020; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 970,411 on February 3, 2020: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No 62 / 977,554 on February 17, 2020; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No 63 / 037,759 on June 11, 2020. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 943,022 on December 3, 2019; the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. FIELD:

[02] Disclosed herein are methods of treating a human subject having a condition (e.g. agitation) which can be improved using an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist. The methods comprise administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a suitable dose, and via an appropriate route of administration, to achieve a plasma concentration profile that provides a rapid improvement to the subject’s condition without also inducing significant sedation. The administration regimens are also selected to provide maximum therapeutic benefit to the subject, without incurring any significant side effects, such as undesirable cardiovascular events. Suitable routes of administration include sublingual, buccal, oral, intranasal and parenteral. The disclosed methods are particularly suitable for the treatment of agitation or signs of agitation, especially when associated with neurodegenerative and / or neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, a bipolar illness such as bipolar disorder or mania, dementia, depression and delirium. BACKGROUND:

[03] On December 17, 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a dexmedetomidine product, PRECEDEX®, formulated as an intravenous solution for continuous infusion, and indicated as a sedative agent for initially intubated and mechanically ventilated patients during treatment in an intensive care setting. PRECEDEX® was later approved as a sedative agent for non-intubated patients prior to and / or during surgical and other procedures.

[04] Dexmedetomidine has also been administered intravenously and via other routes to treat a range of conditions, often peri- or post-surgery, including the treatment of pain, anxiety, delirium, withdrawal symptoms, sleep disorders and agitation. However, administration of dexmedetomidine in an appropriate dosage form to provide effective, rapid, relief for the subject without also causing significant sedation is a challenging task. The utilization of dexmedetomidine has also been limited in clinical practice due to its common side effects, such as hypotension and bradycardia. For example, significant cardiovascular side-effects have occurred at therapeutic doses following administration of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride via a sublingual spray or tablets, or intravenously. Thus, a continuing, unmet need exists for an effective dexmedetomidine product which does not cause significant sedation, and desirably is effective without also producing significant adverse effects, such as cardiovascular events. The unmet need is particularly acute for non-addictive medicines that can effectively treat agitation or signs of agitation without also producing the aforementioned adverse effects and sedation.

[05] The inventors of the present application have surprisingly found that relatively high doses of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride can be well-tolerated by human subjects without inducing accompanying significant sedation, when administered via particular treatment regimens, For example, a dose of at least 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, administered sublingually, is shown herein, according to the present disclosure, to be effective to treat agitation without inducing significant sedation, while being safe and well tolerated. Surprisingly, doses of 120pgand 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, administered sublingually, such as via a film, have also been found to produce pharmacokinetic profiles that are superior to PRECEDEX®, leading to fewer cardiovascular adverse events. Further, the inventors have found that subjects respond well when dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is administered at doses of at least 180 pg, and show a significant improvement in agitation as early as 45 minutes following administration, with the calming effect maintained for a prolonged period of time, e.g. up to at least 24 hours. SUMMARY:

[06] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder), without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, of about 3800 ng*h / L.

[07] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tew, of about 1800 ng*h / L.

[08] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 ng*h / L to about 12600 ng*h / L.

[09] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 ng*h / L to about 8750 ng*h / L.

[010] The present disclosure also provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose. In another embodiment, an additional dose of 90 pg or 60 ug may be taken after 2 hours of first dose.

[011] The present disclosure further provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose. In another embodiment, an additional dose of 90 ug or 60 1g may be taken after 2 hours of first dose.

[012] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides administering about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingually as a single dose to a human subject, wherein said administration results in substantially lower systemic exposure levels of dexmedetomidine than administration of PRECEDEX® at its highest approved dose, as measured by comparative Cmax and AUC values.

[013] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides administering about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingually as a single dose to a human subject, wherein said administration results in substantially lower systemic exposure levels of dexmedetomidine than administration of PRECEDEX® at its highest approved dose, as measured by comparative Cmax and AUC values.

[014] The lower systemic exposure reduces the risk of reduced blood pressure and / or respiratory depression commonly encountered when administrating effective amounts of PRECEDEX®.

[015] In some embodiments, the administration of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingually as a single dose provides about a three-fold reduction in the Cmax value compared to administration of PRECEDEX®. In some embodiments, the aforementioned sublingual administration provides about a 7.5-fold reduction in the AUC value compared to administration of PRECEDEX®. In one particular embodiment, administering a sublingual film to a human subject comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride provides about a three-fold reduction in the Cmax value and about a 7.5-fold reduction in the AUC value compared to administration of PRECEDEX®.

[016] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the administration of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to a human subject, wherein said administration results in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of about 400 ng / L. and AUC from TO to Tw of about 2900 ng*h / 1...

[017] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the administration of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to a human subject, wherein said administration results in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of about 220 ng / L and AUC from TO to Too of about 1420 ng*h / L.

[018] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the administration of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to a human subject, wherein said administration results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 600 hr*ng / L about 9500 hr¥*ng / L.

[019] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides the administration of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to a human subject, wherein said administration results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L and AUC from TO to Too of about 590 hr*ng / L about 4400 hr *ng / L.

[020] The present disclosure also provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with dementia, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 30 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with dementia, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering 30 pg, 60 pg or 90 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose in a day. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with dementia, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising oromucosally administering an unit dose containing about 30 pg to about 90 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof one to six times a day at an interval of at least 2 hours (e.g. 2, 4. 6, 8. or 12 hours) in the event of persistent or recurrent agitation.. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. hydrochloride) is administered oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) as a film.

[021] The present disclosure provides a method of reducing a period of opioid withdrawal in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof twice daily, wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 14 days. In some embodiments, the period of withdrawal may be 13 days, 12 days, 11 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, or 3 days. In another embodiment, the human subject is an adult (at least 18 years old). In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is administered oromucosally (i.e. sublingually, buccally), orally, intranasally or parenterally. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g. hydrochloride) is administered sublingually as a film. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is oromucosally administered at a dose range of about 30 pg to about 200 pg. In specific embodiment, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is oromucosally administered at a unit dose containing about 30 pg, about 60 pg, about 90 pg, 120 pg or 180 pg twice daily. In some embodiments, the opioid may be selected from the group consisting of, but are not limited to fentanyl, morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, alfentanil carfentanil, tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, remifentanil butorphanol, meperidine, methadone, dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) thebaine, sufentanil or pentazocine.

[022] The present disclosure also provides methods of managing or treating agitation in delirium in subjects, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 20 pg to about 240 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is hospitalized. In some embodiments, the subject is hospitalized in the intensive care unit. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is oromucosally administered at a unit dose containing about 20 pg or 60 ug as a single dose. In some embodiments, each dosage unit may be administered one to four times at an appropriate dosing interval (for e.g. of at least 0.5 hours) to produce a desired effect; for example, 20 pg unit is administered four times at a dosing interval of 0.5 hours within 6 hours of first dose to produce the effect of a 80 pg dose or 60 pg unit is administered four times at a dosing interval of 0.5 hours within 6 hours of first dose to produce the effect of 240 pg dose. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered oromucosally (e,g. sublingually or buccally) as a film.

[023] The present disclosure also provides a method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia, in some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder (E.g. bipolar I disorder, and in some embodiments, the patient has both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder).

[024] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia, in some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder (E.g. bipolar I disorder, and in some embodiments, the patient has both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder).

[025] The present disclosure also provides a method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia, in some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder (E.g. bipolar 1 disorder, and in some embodiments, the patient has both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder).

[026] The present disclosure also provides methods of treating or ameliorating opioid withdrawal symptoms, comprising administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) to a human patient in need thereof, wherein the patient is at least 18 years and wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 14 days. “Opioid withdrawal” refers to a variety of signs and complaints appearing with the abrupt removal of, or a rapid decrease in the regular dosage of opioids. Physical manifestations may include sweating, nausea, yawning, chills, diarrhea, papillary dilation, piloerection, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, hypersensitivity to pain, stomach cramps, and muscle cramps. Psychological manifestations of opioid withdrawal observed may include agitation, dysphoria, restlessness, irritability, anxiety, and depression. In some embodiments, the opioid withdrawal symptom is agitation. Ouset often begins within 6-24 hours from last opioid use. In some embodiments, treating or ameliorating opioid withdrawal refers to the treatment or lessening of one or more of the aforementioned symptoms. The treating or ameliorating may be measured by a variety of well-known means in the art, including but not limited to, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and / or Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop (SOWS-Gossop) score.

[027] The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 ug dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride). In some embodiments, the dose of dexmedetomidine is about 120 pg. In some embodiments, the dose of dexmedetomidine is about 180 pg.

[028] The present disclosure also provides methods of achieving a >40 % reduction in agitation, within 2 hours of administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as measured by the PEC scale. In some embodiments, the agitation is reduced within about 20 minutes to about 1 hour; for example, within about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, or about 40 minutes. In some embodiments, the reduction in agitation 240%, >50%, 260%, >70%, >80%, >90%, or >100%. In some embodiments, the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours. For example, the reduction in agitation is maintained for about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 13 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder.

[029] The present disclosure also provides a method of achieving a PEC score reduction in agitation for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg to about 180 mcg wherein the PEC score reduction is about -8 to about -10 and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours. Tn some embodiments, the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. Tn some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 mcg. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 180 mcg. In some embodiments, the sustained period is about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the PEC score reduction is about -8, about -9, or about -10.

[030] The present disclosure also provides a method of achieving an ACES score improvement for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg to about 180 mcg wherein the ACES score is improved to about 3 to about 4 and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 meg. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 180 meg. In some embodiments, the sustained period is about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the ACES score is about 4.

[031] The present disclosure also provides a method of achieving an CGI-I score improvement for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg to about 180 mcg wherein the CGI-I score is improved to about 1 (very much improved) or about a 2 (much improved) and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 meg. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 180 mcg. In some embodiments, the sustained period is about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the CGI-I score is about 1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[032] FIG. 1: depicts the mean change from baseline in PEC total score in schizophrenic patients (Intent to treat Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 pug and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 ug and 180 ug) are exemplified in Example 2.

[033] FIG. 2: depicts the percent of responders in PEC total score over time in schizophrenic patients (Intent to treat Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 ug and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 ug and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[034] FIG. 3: depicts resolution of agitation as measured by achieving an ACES Score of at least 4 over time in schizophrenic patients (Intent to treat Population ) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg. 80 ug, 120 pug and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The error bars in the figure represent “standard error”. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 ng) are exemplified in Example 2.

[035] FIG 4: depicts percent of responders in CGI-I Score over time in schizophrenic patients (Intent to treat Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The error bars in the figure represent “standard error”. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg. 120 ug and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[036] FIG. 5A: depicts mean dexmedetomidine plasma concentration vs. nominal time sorted by dose and redose (Semilog Scale) in schizophrenic patients (Pharmacokinetic Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 pg, 20 pg (redose), 60 pg, 80 pg, 120 pg and 180 ug) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (20 pg and 60 pg) are exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[037] FIG. 5B: depicts mean dexmedetomidine plasma concentration vs. nominal time sorted by dose and redose (Linear Scale) in schizophrenic patients (Pharmacokinetic Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (20 pg, 20 pg (redose), 60 pg, 80 ug, 120 pg and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (20 pg and 60 pg) are exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 ug) are exemplified in Example 2.

[038] FIG. 6A: depicts mean values for resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) over time in schizophrenic patients (Safety Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 ng and 180 ug) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pug) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[039] FIG. 6B: depicts mean values for resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over time in schizophrenic patients (Safety Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 ug, 80 pg, 120 ng and 180 ug) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 ug) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 ng, 120 pg and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[040] FIG. 6C: depicts mean values for resting heart rate (HR) over time in schizophrenic patients (Safety Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 ug and 180 ug) are exemplified in Example 2.

[041] FIG. 7A: depicts mean change from baseline for resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) over time in schizophrenic patients (Safety Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2

[042] FIG. 7B: depicts mean change from baseline for resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over time in schizophrenic patients (Safety Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 ug and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[043] FIG. 7C: depicts mean change from baseline for resting heart rate (HR) over time in schizophrenic patients (Safety Population) treated with a sublingual film containing dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (60 pg, 80 pg, 120 ug and 180 pg) versus a placebo group. The preparation of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual film (60 pg) is exemplified in Example 1 and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride sublingual films (80 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg) are exemplified in Example 2.

[044] FIG. 8: shows the mean dexmedetomidine plasma log concentration vs. time for dose levels 10 pg, 20 pg and 40 pg of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (Semi-log scale). Error bars represent 1 standard deviation.

[045] FIG. 9A: depicts individual dexmedetomidine concentration-time profiles for all subjects by dose after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg) Semi-log Scale. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film is exemplified in Example 1.

[046] FIG. 9B: depicts individual dexmedetomidine concentration-time profiles for all subjects by dose after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (20 pg) Semi-log Scale. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film is exemplified in Example 1.

[047] FIG. 9C: depicts individual dexmedetomidine concentration-time profiles for all subjects by dose after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 pg) Semi-log Scale. The preparation of Dexmedetomidine sublingual film is exemplified in Example 1.

[048] FIG. 10: depicts mean VAS / S score vs. nominal time after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg, 20 pg, 40 pg) and placebo. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg and 20 pg) and the preparation of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 rg) are exemplified in Example 1.

[049] FIG. 11: depicts standing systolic BP vs nominal time after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg, 20 pg, 40 pg) and placebo. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg and 20 pg) and the preparation of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 ug) are exemplified in Example 1.

[050] FIG. 12: depicts supine systolic BP. vs nominal time after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film 10 pg, 20 pg and 40 pg and placebo. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg and 20 pg) and the preparation of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 ng) are exemplified in Example 1.

[051] FIG. 13: depicts standing diastolic BP vs nominal time after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film 10 pg, 20 pg and 40 pg and placebo. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg and 20 pg) and the preparation of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 ug) are exemplified in Example 1.

[052] FIG. 14: depicts supine diastolic BP vs nominal time after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film 10 pg, 20 pug and 40 pg and placebo. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg and 20 pg) and the preparation of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 pg) are exemplified in Example 1.

[053] FIG. 15: depicts pulse rate vs nominal time after administration of dexmedetomidine sublingual film 10 pg, 20 ug and 40 ug and placebo. Dexmedetomidine sublingual film (10 pg and 20 pg) and the preparation of dexmedetomidine sublingual film (40 ug) are exemplified in Example 1.

[054] FIG. 16: depicts the percentage of schizophrenic patients achieving RASS -1 in the treatment arm (IV dexmedetomidine hydrochloride treated group) versus placebo group.

[055] FIG. 17: depicts the mean drop in PEC score with time in schizophrenic patients in the treatment arm (IV dexmedetomidine hydrochloride treated group) versus placebo group.

[056] FIG. 18: depicts the maximum doses of IV dexmedetomidine hydrochloride received by schizophrenic patients for the treatment of agitation.

[057] FIG. 19: depicts the total intravenous dose of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride received by schizophrenic patients for the treatment of agitation.

[058] FIG. 20: depicts the mean plasma concentration (pg / ml) vs actual time in schizophrenic patients treated with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

[059] FIG. 21A: depicts change in PEC score from baseline in schizophrenia patients until 2 hours post-dose of 120 pg and 180 pug dexmedetomidine sublingual thin film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo.

[060] FIG. 21B: depicts change in PEC score from baseline in schizophrenia patients until 6 hours post-dose of 120 pg and 180 pg dexmedetomidine sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo.

[061] FIG. 22: depicts calming improvement in schizophrenia patients at 2 hours and 4 hours following administration of 120 pg (middle bar) and 180 pg dexmedetomidine (right bar) sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo (left bar), as measured by Agitation and Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES).

[062] FIG. 23: depicts percent response in schizophrenia patients at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 240 minutes following administration of 120 pg (middle bar) and 180 ng dexmedetomidine (right bar) sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo (left bar), as measured by Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI).

[063] FIG. 24A: depicts change in PEC score from baseline in bipolar patients until 2 hours post-dose of 120 pg and 180 pg dexmedetomidine sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo.

[064] FIG. 24B: depicts change in PEC score from baseline in bipolar patients until 6 hours post-dose of 120 pg and 180 pg dexmedetomidine sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo.

[065] FIG. 25 depicts calming improvement in bipolar patients at 2 hours and 4 hours following administration of 120 pg (middle bar) and 180 pg dexmedetomidine (right bar) sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo (left bar), as measured by Agitation and Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES).

[066] FIG. 26 depicts percent response in bipolar patients at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 240 minutes following administration of 120 pg (middle bar) and 180 pg dexmedetomidine (right bar) sublingual film (as exemplified in example 2) compared to placebo (left bar), as measured by Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI). DETAILED DESCRIPTION: ABBREVIATIONS:

[067] ACES: Agitation-Calmness Evaluation Scale;

[068] AD: Alzheimer disease;

[069] AE: Adverse event;

[070] AUC: Area under the curve;

[071] AUClIast: area under the curve, calculated to the last observable time point;

[072] AUCO-Inf: Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time of administration to infinity

[073] BID: twice a day;

[074] BMI: Body mass index;

[075] CGI-L Clinical Global Impression-Improvement

[076] CGI-S: Clinical Global Impression-Severity

[077] Cmax: maximum plasma concentration;

[078] COWS: Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale;

[079] CMAI: Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory

[080] CMC: Carboxy methylcellulose

[081] C-SSRS: Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale

[082] CT: Computed tomography;

[083] CTCAE: Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events:

[084] DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure

[085] Dex or DEX: Dexmedetomidine

[086] DLB: Dementia with Lewy bodies;

[087] DLT: Dose Limiting Toxicity;

[088] DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders;

[089] DT: Disintegration time;

[090] ECG: Electrocardiogram;

[091] FTD: Fronto temporal disease;

[092] HPC: Hydroxypropyl cellulose;

[093] HPMC: Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose

[094] HR: Heart rate

[095] ICH: International Conference on Harmonisation;

[096] ICU- Intensive care unit;

[097] IUD: intrauterine device

[098] IPD: In-patient Departments;

[099] ITT: Intent to treat Population

[0100] LAR : Legally authorized representative;

[0101] LSM: Least square mean

[0102] LS: Least square;

[0103] MedDRA: Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities;

[0104] MMRM: Mixed model repeated measures;

[0105] MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination;

[0106] MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging;

[0107] MW: Molecular weight;

[0108] mm: Millimeter;

[0109] mcg: microgran;

[0110] mg: Milligrams;

[0111] pg: microgram;

[0112] ml; milliliter;

[0113] mmHG: millimeters of mercury;

[0114] msec: millisecond;

[0115] ng: nanogram;

[0116] OPD: Out-Patient Department;

[0117] PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale;

[0118] PAS: Pittsburgh Agitation Scale;

[0119] PCRS: Placebo-Control Reminder Script;

[0120] PEC: PANSS Excitement Component;

[0121] PEO: Polyethylene oxide;

[0122] PD: Pharmacodynamic;

[0123] PK: Pharmacokinetics

[0124] PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol;

[0125] QTcF: QT interval corrected for heart rate using Fridericia’s formula;

[0126] QID: Quater in die

[0127] RASS: Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale;

[0128] SAE: Serious adverse event; SOWS-Gossop : Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop;

[0129] SAP: Statistical Analysis Plan;

[0130] SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure

[0131] SD = standard deviation;

[0132] SE = standard error

[0133] SL: Sublingual;

[0134] Ti: Elimination half-life;

[0135] TEAE: treatment emergent adverse event;

[0136] Tmax: Time of maximum plasma concentration;

[0137] Wt%: Weight percentage

[0138] ULN: upper limit of normal

[0139] VAS: Visual Analog Scale:

[0140] YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale DEFINITIONS:

[0141] As used herein, “about” means plus or minus 10% of the indicated numerical value.

[0142] The terms “formulation” and “composition” are used interchangeably, except where otherwise clearly intended to have different meanings.

[0143] Throughout the present specification, numerical ranges are provided for certain quantities. It is to be understood that these ranges comprise all subranges therein. Thus, the range “from 50 to 80” includes all possible ranges therein (e.g., 51-79, 52-78, 33-77, 54-76, 55-75, 60-70, etc.). Furthermore, all values within a given range may be an endpoint for the range encompassed thereby (e.g., the range 50-80 includes the ranges with endpoints such as 55-80, 50-75, etc.).

[0144] The term “a” or “an” refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein. In addition, reference to w,g, “an agent” by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the agents are present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the agents.

[0145] As used herein, the verb “comprise” as is used in this description and in the claims and its conjugations are used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. The present invention may suitably “comprise”, “consist of’, or “consist essentially of”, the steps, elements, and / or reagents described in the claims.

[0146] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a pharmacologically inert substance to be used as a carrier. As used herein, the phrase “carrier” and “excipients” are used interchangeably, except where otherwise clearly intended to have different meanings.

[0147] The term "agitation", as used herein, means irritability, emotional outburst, impaired thinking, or excess motor and verbal activity that may occur due to either dysfunction of specific brain regions such as frontal lobes or due to dysfunction of neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine and nor-epinephrine. In the present invention, agitation also includes aggression and hyper-arousal in post-traumatic stress disorder. The agitation may be acute or chronic.

[0148] The term "the signs of agitation” includes excessive motor activity (examples include: pacing, rocking, gesturing, pointing fingers, restlessness, performing repetitious mannerisms), verbal aggression (e.g. yelling, speaking in an excessively loud voice, using profanity, screaming, shouting, threatening other people), physical aggression (e.g. grabbing, shoving, pushing. clenching hands into fists, resisting, hitting others, kicking objects or people, scratching, biting, throwing objects, hitting self, slamming doors, tearing things), and destroying property.

[0149] The term “without significant sedation” and the like means that the patient experiences a level of sedation not greater than Level 3 on the Ramsay Sedation Scale. Level 3 means sedated but responds to commands. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine may be dosed to achieve a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) of -1 (“light sedation).

[0150] The term “dissolvable” means the films herein are readily disintegrated, e.g. at least within about 20 minutes, following administration to the oral mucosa. Disintegration is achieved by saliva and / or other aqueous materials on the mucosal surface.

[0151] The term "neuropsychiatric conditions” includes, but is not limited to, schizophrenia, bipolar illness (bipolar disorder, bipolar mania), depression, delirium or other related neuropsychiatric conditions.

[0152] The term "an effective amount" is interchangeable with "therapeutically effective dose," or "therapeutically effective amount," and refers to an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect. An effective amount is sufficient to cause an improvement in a condition (e.g. agitation) of the subject.

[0153] The terms "treating," and "treatment," as used herein refer to curative therapy, prophylactic therapy, and / or preventative therapy and can be used interchangeably.

[0154] The term “significantly reduced” refers to a reduction level by at least 10% or higher, preferably 20% or higher, more preferably 40% or higher, even more preferably 60% or higher, still more preferably 80% or higher, and 90% or higher, as compared to a control. For example, in the context of agitation, the a skilled artisan will readily understand that the reduction can be measured in terms of well-known agitation scales, such as PEC score and CGI-I (described in more detail in the examples). As an example, when agitation is significantly reduced in a patient, the reduction may be interpreted as as those who achieve at least a 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%. or 100% or greater reduction in PEC total score from baseline (e.g. measured at 2 hours post-dose). In some embodiments, significantly reduced agitation refers to at least a 40% reduction in PEC total score from baseline. Similarly, a significant reduction in agitation may be measured on the CGI-I scale and may refer to a patient that has a score of 1 or 2 on the CGI-I scale (e.g. measured at 1, 2, or 4 hours post-dose) or the Agitation-Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES) scale and may refer to a patient that has a score of e.g. 3 or higher.

[0155] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt known to be non-toxic and commonly used in the pharmaceutical literature. Typical inorganic acids used to form such salt include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric, hy pophosphoric, and the like. Salts derived from organic acids, such as aliphatic mono and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxyalkanoic and hydroxyl alkandioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids may also be used. A preferred salt is the hydrochloride salt.

[0156] The term “film” herein includes thin films, sheets and wafers, in any shape, including rectangular, square, or other desired shape. The film may be of any desired thickness and size, such that it can be conveniently placed sub-lingually in the patient. For example, the film may be a relatively thin film having a thickness of from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers or may be a somewhat thicker film having a thickness of from about 20 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers. In certain embodiments, the film may be even thicker, e.g., having a thickness greater than about 30 millimeters.

[0157] As used herein, the phrase “water-soluble polymer” refers to (i) a polymer that is at least partially soluble in water, and desirably fully or predominantly soluble in water, and / or (ii) a polymer that absorbs water. Polymers that absorb water are referred to herein as water-swellable polymers.

[0158] The term “self-supporting” means the films herein maintain structural integrity upon handling without the need for a backing layer. Some flexibility in the film is contemplated and may be desirable.

[0159] As used herein, the phrase “disposed within a polymer matrix” means that dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is incorporated directly into the polymer solution prior to the formation of the solid polymer matrix film composition.

[0160] As used herein, the phrase “deposited on the surface of a polymer matrix” means that dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is formulated as liquid composition separate from the preparation of the solid polymer matrix, and deposited onto the solid polymer, e.g. as one or more micro-deposits, where it dries. The dried product is sometimes referred to herein as the “micro-deposited matrix film”. The drug liquid formulation may be in any form, including as a solution, emulsion, suspension, or dispersion.

[0161] The term “intranasal administration” means administration by the nasal route, whereby a drug is insufflated through the nose. The administration can be either topical or systemic, meaning the locally delivered drug can go on to exhibit either purely local or systemic effects.

[0162] The term “parenteral” refers to administration of a drug by injection under one or more layer of skin or mucous membrane, and can include, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection.

[0163] The term “proportion of treatment responders” is defined as those subjects exhibiting about a 40 % drop in PEC score at 2 hours.

[0164] The term” clinically significant cardiovascular effects” means herein a lowering in blood pressure (hypotension) and / or heart rate (bradycardia) to the extent that medical intervention is required to address the cardiovascular side effects, where the term “medical intervention” means an intervention that more serious than administering fluids, such as an energy drink. TL Active agent

[0165] Dexmedetomidine has the IUPAC name (+) 4-(8)-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H- imidazole. As the monohydrochloride salt, it is predominantly used as a medication for the sedation of patients during treatment in an intensive care setting or to sedate patients prior to and / or during surgical and other procedures. Such medication is currently sold under the registered trade name "PRECEDEX".

[0166] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of dexmedetomidine that may be used herein include generally any suitable salt that has been or may be approved by the US FDA or other appropriate foreign or domestic agency for administration to a human. Non-limiting examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrocarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogen phosphoric, dihydrogen phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrogen sulfuric, and hydroiodic acid. Other examples include salts derived from non-toxic organic acids, including acetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p- toluenesulfonic, citric, tartaric, and methanesulfonic acids, or combinations of these acid salts. Exemplary salts include dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, dexmedetomidine hydrobromide, dexmedetomidine sulfate, dexmedetomidine sulfonate, dexmedetomidine phosphate, dexmedetomidine nitrate, ~~ dexmedetomidine formate, dexmedetomidine citrate, dexmedetomidine tartrate, dexmedetomidine malate, dexmedetomidine benzoate, dexmedetomidine salicylate, dexmedetomidine ascorbate or the like. In other embodiments, deuterated forms of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be included. IL Dosage

[0167] In some embodiments, the dosage of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered may conveniently be in the range of between about 0.5 pg to about 1200 1g, depending on the route of administration etc. Examples of suitable dosages include: about 0.5 ug to about 1200 pg, about 0.5 pg to about 500 pg, about 0.5 pg to about 450 pg, about 0.5 pg to about 405 pg, about 0.5 ug to about 360 pg, about 0.5 pg to about 270 pg, about 0.5 pg to about 180 pg, and about 0.3 pg to about 120 pg. The dose may be administered one or more times a day including twice, three times, four times, five times or six times per day.

[0168] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered at a dose of about 10 pg to about 300 pg, e.g. about 10 pg to 270 pg, about 20 pg to about 240 ug, about 30 pg to about 180 pg, about 40 pg to about 140 ng, about 60 ug to about 120 pg, about 70 ug to about 100 pg, about 80 ug to about 100 pg of unit dose total weight of pharmaceutical composition. These doses can be provided via one or more units to deliver the total dose. Examples of suitable doses include (in pg): about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 213, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245 and about 250.

[0169] In one embodiment, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) at a dose of about 10 pg to about 300 pg, e.g. about 10 pg to 270 pg, about 20 pg to about 240 pg, about 30 pg to about 180 pg, about 40 pg to about 140 pg, about 50 pg to about 120 pug, about 60 ug to about 120 pg, about 70 ng to about 100 pg, about 80 ug to about 100 pg of unit dose total weight of sublingual film composition. These doses can be provided via one or more units to deliver the total dose. Examples of suitable doses include (in pg): about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245 and about 250..

[0170] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered at a dose of about 120 ug to about 405 pg, e.g. about 120 pg to about 270 1g, including about 120 pg and about 180 pg of unit dose total weight of pharmaceutical composition. These doses can be provided via one or more units to deliver the total dose. Examples of suitable doses include (in pg): about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245, about 250, about 255, about 260, about 265, about 270, about 275, about 280, about 285, about 290, about 295, about 300, about 305, about 310, about 315, about 320, about 325, about 330, about 335, about 340, about 345, about 350, about 355, about 360, about 365, about 370, about 375, about 380, about 385, about 390, about 395, about 400 and about 405.

[0171] In another embodiment, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) at a dose of about 120 pg to about 405 pg, e.g. about 120 ug to about 270 pg, including about 120 pg and about 180 pg of unit dose total weight of sublingual film composition. These doses can be provided via one or more units to deliver the total dose. Examples of suitable doses include (in pg): about 120, about 123, about 130, about 133, about 140, about 143, about 130, about 153, about 160, about 163, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 223, about 230, about 233, about 240, about 243, about 250, about 255, about 260, about 263, about 270, about 275, about 280, about 285, about 290, about 295, about 300, about 305, about 310, about 315, about 320, about 325, about 330, about 335, about 340, about 345, about 350, about 355, about 360, about 365, about 370, about 375, about 380, about 385, about 390, about 395. about 400 and about 405.

[0172] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered orally at a dose of about 500 ug to about 1500 pg, e.g. about 900 ug to about 1200 pg. based on total weight of oral composition. These doses can be provided via one or more units to deliver the total dose. Examples of suitable doses include (in pg): about 500, about 510, about 520, about 530, about 540, about 550, about 560, about 570, about 580, about 590, about 600, about 610, about 620, about 630, about 640, about 650, about 660, about 670, about 680, about 690, about 700, about 710, about 720, about 730, about 740, about 750, about 760, about 770, about 780, about 790, about 800, about 810, about 820, about 830, about 840, about 850, about 860, about 870, about 880, about 890, about 900, about 910, about 920, about 930, about 940, about 950, about 960, about 970, about 980, about 990, about 1000, about 1010, about 1020, about 1030, about 1040, about 1050, about 1060, about 1070, about 1080, about 1090, about 1100, about 1110, about 1120, about 1130, about 1140, about 1150, about 1160, about 1170, about 1180, about 1190, about 1200, about 1210, about 1220, about 1230, about 1240, about 1250, about 1260, about 1270, about 1280, about 1290, about 1300, about 1310, about 1320, about 1330, about 1340, about 1350, about 1360, about 1370, about 1380, about 1390, about 1400, about 1410, about 1410, about 1420, about 1430, about 1440, about 1450, about 1460, about 1470, about 1480, about 1490 and about 1500.

[0173] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered intramuscularly at a dose of about 100 pg to about 200 pg, e.g. about 120 ug to about 190 pg, based on total weight of intramuscular injection. Examples of suitable doses include (in pg): about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 143, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 1735, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195 and about 200.

[0174] The exemplary dosage of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to be administered to a particular patient, will depend on the type and extent of the condition, the overall health status of the particular patient, the particular form of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof being administered, and the particular formulation used to treat the patient. III. Pharmaceutical compositions

[0175] According to the present disclosure, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered to the human subject through various routes, including oromucosal (e.g. sublingual, buccal), oral, parenteral and the like. Formulations suitable for use according to the present disclosure are outlined below. Additional formulations suitable for use according to the present disclosure are described in US 2020 / 0000717, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

[0176] Qromucosal formulations (Sublingual and or buccal formulations)

[0177] Dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be formulated, according to the present disclosure, into dosage forms suitable for sublingual or buccal administration. Such dosage forms include tablets, powders, pills, films, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like. In one embodiment, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is formulated as a film product.

[0178] Carriers suitable for inclusion in sublingual or buccal formulations include, but are not limited to, sugars, starches, cellulose and its derivatives, malt, gelatin, talc, calcium sulphate, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, polyols, alginic acid, phosphate buffered solutions, emulsifiers, isotonic saline, pyrogen - free water and combinations thereof. Carriers which readily dissolve in saliva may be preferred.

[0179] Sublingual or buccal formulations may also include other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and / or excipients such as binders, lubricants, diluents, coatings, disintegrants, barrier layer components, glidants, colouring agents, solubility enhancers, gelling agents, fillers, proteins, co-factors, emulsifiers, solubilising agents, suspending agents and mixtures thereof. Particular excipients, which may be used according to this disclosure, are known in the art, for example as described in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, fifth edition, 2005 edited by Rowe et al., Mcgraw Hill.

[0180] Films

[0181] Suitable films for sublingual or buccal administration (i.e. oromucosal administration) according to the present disclosure comprise dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof either (i) disposed within a polymer matrix or (ii) deposited on the surface of a polymer matrix, e.g., on the surface of a “placebo” film. Polymer component of film

[0182] The polymer component consists of one or more water-soluble polymers within the film matrix and / or as part of the drug-containing deposit (e.g. one or more droplets) on the surface of the polymer. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the polymer component consists of a single water-soluble polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer component consists of two or more water-soluble polymers, including two or more of the same water-soluble polymers having different molecular weights.

[0183] The polymer component in the film matrix is of a suitable composition and present in a sufficient amount to ensure rapid disintegration of the film matrix in the oral mucosa. For example, the presence of the polymer component may allow the film matrix to disintegrate completely oromucosally in about 15 seconds to about 180 seconds, for example, about 30 seconds to about 180 seconds, including about 120 seconds. The polymer component in the film matrix also provides the film with sufficient strength (i.e. the film is self-supporting).

[0184] When present in one or more droplets of the dexmedetomidine composition deposited onto the surface of the polymer matrix / substrate, the polymer component may, for example, consist of the water-soluble polymer hydroxypropyl cellulose, although different water-soluble polymers are also contemplated as described hereinafter under the definition “first water-soluble polymer” and “second water soluble polymer”. For example, the polymer component may consist of one, two or three hydroxypropyl celluloses having different molecular weights. The molecular weights of the different hydroxypropyl celluloses may conveniently range from (i) less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons) (ii) about 90,000 daltons to about 200,000 daltons and (iii) about 200,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons. The two or more hydroxypropyl celluloses may be mixed in any suitable ratio to achieve the desired droplet viscosity. The viscosity of the dexmedetomidine composition solution or suspension can be measured using a Brookfield viscometer with a small sample adapter at a temperature of 25°C and may range from about 5 cps to about 3700 cps. For example, it may range from about 5 cps to about 500 cps, about 6 cps to about 200 cps, about 6 cps to about 100 cps or about 6 cps to about 50 cps. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the viscosity of the dexmedetomidine composition solution or suspension is from about 6 cps to about 20 cps at 25¢C and a shear rate of about 7 (1 / 5).

[0185] When present in a monolithic (i.e. placebo or drug-containing) film, the polymer component may, for example, consist of one water soluble polymer or two different water-soluble polymers. When two different water-soluble polymers are present, one of the water-soluble polymers may include the same polymer but present in the polymer component as a combination of different molecular weights. For example, the polymer component may consist of one, two or three hydroxypropyl celluloses having different molecular weights, although different water- soluble polymers are also contemplated as described hereinafter under the definition “first water- soluble polymer” and “second water soluble polymer” such as polyethylene oxide. The molecular weights of the different hydroxypropyl celluloses may conveniently range from (i) less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about S000 daltons to about 49000 daltons) (ii) about 90000 daltons to about 200000 daltons and (iif) about 200,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons (e.g. about 300000 daltons to about 430000 daltons). The two or more hydroxypropyl celluloses (e.g. low and high molecular weight hydroxypropyl celluloses) may be mixed in any suitable ratio to achieve the desired film properties. When present in a monolithic (i.e. placebo or drug-containing) film or micro-deposited film matrix composition, the polymer component may conveniently consist of one or more water-soluble polymers having a molecular weight less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons), and / or from about 90000 daltons to about 200,000 daltons and / or about 200,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons (e.g. about 300000 daltons to about 450000 daltons). When a structurally different water-soluble polymer is also present, it may conveniently have a higher molecular weight, for example a molecular weight greater than about 500,000 daltons.

[0186] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical film compositions, comprising: (i) dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) a polymer component consisting of a first water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons), and one or more second-water soluble polymers having a molecular weight greater than about 60,000 daltons; and, optionally, (iii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0187] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical film compositions consisting essentially of: (i) dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) a polymer component consisting of a first water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons), and one or more second-water soluble polymers having a molecular weight greater than about 60,000 daltons; and, optionally, (iii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0188] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical film compositions consisting of: (i) dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) a polymer component consisting of a first water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about 5,000 daltons to about 49.000 daltons), and one or more second water- soluble polymers having a molecular weight greater than about 60,000 daltons; and, optionally, (iii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0189] Examples of one or more first water-soluble polymers are selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose and mixtures thereof, including mixtures of the same polymer having different molecular weights.

[0190] Examples of one or more second water-soluble polymers are selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, methylcellulose and mixtures thereof, including mixtures of the same polymer having different molecular weights. Polyethylene oxide (PEQ) may also be present herein as a second water-soluble polymer or may be described separately hereinafter in the pharmaceutical film compositions as an example of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or more particularly, as a mucoadhesive agent.

[0191] In one embodiment, the weight ratio of said first water-soluble polymer to said second water-soluble polymer(s) (including PEO when present in the film) in the entire film composition is from about 2:1 to about 1:50, for example about 1:1 to about 1:40, including about 1:1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1:10, about 1:11, about 1:12, about 1:13, about 1:14, about 1:15, about 1:16, about 1:17, about 1:18, about 1:19, about 1:20, about 1:21, about 1:22, about 1:23, about 1:24, about 1:25, about 1:26, about 1:27, about 1:28, about 1:29, about 1:30, about 1:31, about 1:32, about 1:33, about 1:34, about 1:35, about 1:36, about 1:37, about 1:38, about 1:39, about 1:40.

[0192] In a further embodiment, the weight ratio of said first water-soluble polymer to said second water-soluble polymer(s) (including PEO when present in the film) in the entire film composition is from about 1:10 to about 1:30, about 1:15 to about 1:25 or about 1:15 to about 1:20. In some embodiments, a ratio of about 1:15 to about 1:20 provides beneficial functional effects.

[0193] Examples of other water-soluble polymers which may be included in the film with the first water-soluble polymer / second water-soluble polymer or replace such polymer(s) include povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone), copovidone (copolymers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, methylmethacrylate copolymer, carboxyvinyl copolymers, polydextrose, pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, chitosan, xanthan gum, tragacanth gum, guar gum, acacia gum, arabic gum, starch, carrageenan, gelatin and mixtures thereof. The water-soluble polymer component, including water-soluble polymer carriers when present, may conveniently comprise about 40% to about 99.8%, about 50% to about 99.7%, about 60% to about 99.6% of the film composition, based on the weight of the film on a dry weight basis.

[0194] In some embodiments, the polymer component for the film composition comprises a first water-soluble polymer present in an amount of from about 2% to about 15% on a dry weight basis of the polymer component (e.g. at about 3% to about 8% w / w of the total film weight). This water- soluble polymer may conveniently have a molecular weight from about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons. Examples of suitable such water-soluble polymers include those selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

[0195] In some embodiments, low molecular weight hydroxypropyl cellulose may be present in the film at about 3% to about 8% w / w of the total film weight.

[0196] In some embodiments, the one or more second water-soluble polymers (including water- soluble polymer carriers such as polyethylene oxide) may, for example, be present in an amount of from about 50 to about 98 weight percent on dry weight basis of the polymer component. The one or more second water-soluble polymers each has a molecular weight greater than 60,000 daltons; for example, from about 90,000 daltons to about 1,500,000 daltons, especially when the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl! cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, methylcellulose, and mixtures thereof.

[0197] In some embodiments, the one or more second water-soluble polymers may together be present in the film at about 25% to about 40% w / w of the total film weight when the one or more second water-soluble polymers each has a molecular weight from about 90,000 daltons to about 200,000 daltons and / or from about 200,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons, and the polymer is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl! cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, methylcellulose, and mixtures thereof.

[0198] In some embodiments, a polyethylene oxide may be present in the film at about 50% to about 60% w:w of the total film weight.

[0199] In one embodiment, the polymer component for the film composition consists of a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer (e.g., having a molecular weight less than about 60,000 daltons) and one or more high molecular weight polymers (e.g., having a molecular weight greater about 60,000, up to about 1,500,000 daltons when a polyethylene oxide is included in the polymer mixture or up to about 500,000 daltons when a polyethylene oxide is not included in the polymer mixture). This polymer combination, especially when the polymers are a combination of hydroxypropy! cellulose and polyethylene oxide, lends certain advantages to the tensile strength and pharmacokinetics of the film composition.

[0200] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a film composition comprising (e.g. consisting essentially of): (1) a therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) a polymer component consisting of one or more water-soluble polymers: and (iil) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0201] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a film composition comprising (e.g. consisting essentially of): (i) therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) a polymer component consisting of: (a) one or more first water-soluble polymer (e.g. hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, methylcellulose, and mixtures thereof ) having a molecular weight from about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons, for example, in about 2 to about 15 weight percent on dry weight basis of the total polymer component; and (b) one or more second water-soluble polymers (e.g. polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, methylcellulose, and mixtures thereof) having a molecular weight greater than 60,000 daltons, such as greater than 100000 daltons, for example in about 50 to about 98 weight percent on dry weight basis of the total polymer component; and (iii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,

[0202] The molecular weight of hydroxypropyl cellulose, when present in the film of the present disclosure, may be varied, and may be present as both a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer and as one or more high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers. In some embodiments, the molecular weight may be less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons). In other embodiments the molecular weight may be in the range from about 90,000 daltons to about 200,000 daltons. In yet other embodiments, the molecular weight may be in the range from about 200,000 daltons to about 500,000 daltons.

[0203] Hydroxypropyl cellulose, when part of the film composition including polyethylene oxide, may conveniently be present in the range from about 10% to about 90% by weight on a dry weight basis of the polymer component, e.g. about 20% to about 80% by weight on dry weight basis of the polymer component, e.g. about 20% to about 50% by weight on dry weight basis of the polymer component, e.g. about 25% to about 45% by weight on dry weight basis of the polymer component.

[0204] The molecular weight of polyethylene oxide, when present in the film of the present disclosure, may also be varied. In some embodiments, a water-soluble, high molecular weight polyethylene oxide may be used, for example, to increase muco-adhesivity of the film. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight may range from about 100,000 daltons to about 1,500,000 daltons, including about 100,000, 200,000, 300,000, 600,000, 900,000 or 1,000,000 daltons. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to use a combination of polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons to about 900,000 daltons with polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 100,000 daltons to about 300,000 daltons in the polymer component.

[0205] Polyethylene oxide, when part of the film composition, may conveniently be present range from about 30% to about 90% by weight on a dry weight basis of the total polymer component, e.g. about 40% to about 85% by weight on a dry weight basis of the polymer component, e.g. about 55% to about 80% by weight on a dry weight basis of the polymer component.

[0206] Such film compositions may contain the drug dispersed within the film, or micro- deposited onto a surface of the film. When micro-deposited on the surface of a “placebo” film, the drug may conveniently be added as part of a dexmedetomidine composition as one or more droplets in a liquid carrier, such as a solvent (e.g. an alcohol such as ethanol), optionally together with one or more (e.g. two) water-soluble polymers and / or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, Suitable water-soluble polymers include (1) a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer, for example a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of less than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. a molecular weight of about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons and optionally (2) one or more (e.g. one or two) high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers, for example a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of greater than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. a molecular weight of from about 60,000 daltons to about 150,000 daltons such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (77,000MW), hydroxypropyl cellulose (80,000MW), hydroxypropyl cellulose (90,000MW), or hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW)) and / or a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of greater than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. a molecular weight of from about 200,000 daltons to about 900,000 daltons such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (340,000MW), hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW), polyethylene oxide (200,000MW) or polyethylene oxide (600,000MW)). Each water-soluble polymer may independently be selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide and methyl cellulose, e.g. hydroxypropyl cellulose and / or polyethylene oxide.

[0207] In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, a low molecular weight polymer which is hydroxypropyl cellulose and one or two high molecular weight polymers which are each hydroxypropyl cellulose in an ethanol solvent.

[0208] In one embodiment, the dexmedetomidine composition comprises dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride), hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) and one or both of hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW).

[0209] In another embodiment, the dexmedetomidine composition comprises dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride), and only two hydroxypropyl celluloses, namely hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW).

[0210] In some embodiments, the deposition composition may be in any form, including as a solution, emulsion, suspension or dispersion. For example, the dexmedetomidine composition may be added as one or more droplets in an ethanol-based solution, optionally containing a pH- neutralizing agent such as sodium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the film substrate surface contains two or more micro-deposited spots of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (e.g. two microdeposited spots) in a polymer matrix. The viscosity of deposition solution / suspension may range from about 6 cps to about 3700 cps as measured at 25°C using a Brookfield viscometer with a small sample adapter. As an example, it may range from about 5 cps to about 500 cps, about 6 cps to about 200 cps, about 6 cps to about 100 cps or about 6 cps to about 50 cps.

[0211] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the viscosity of the dexmedetomidine composition is from about 6 cps to about 20 cps at 25°C and a shear rate of about 7 (1 / 5).

[0212] Following drying to remove the solvent, the film comprises a film substrate (e.g. a placebo) with the dexmedetomidine composition as previously described but absent the solvent deposited (e.g. micro-deposited) on the surface of the film substrate. The dried composition containing dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) may cover the whole of the film substrate surface or only part of the film substrate surface.

[0213] In some embodiments, the dried dexmedetomidine composition appears as one or more discrete drug-containing droplets on the film substrate surface. Alternatively, stenciling may be used to achieve a one or more defined and discrete regions of drug-containing composition on the surface of the film substrate.

[0214] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a dry film product comprising a film substrate with one or more discrete drug-containing droplets on the film substrate surface, wherein each such drug-containing droplet comprises dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , and hydroxypropyl cellulose of two molecular weights: hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) available as HPC-SSL, and hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) marketed under the tradename of Klucel TM Type JF NF, and wherein the film substrate comprises hydroxypropyl cellulose of three molecular weights: hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW), hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW) marketed under the tradename of Klucel TM Type GF NF. In some embodiments , the film substrate also comprises polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) available under the name of Sentry Polyox WSR 205 LEO NF.

[0215] In some embodiments, the dry film product comprises a deposition composition (also referred to herein as a “dexmedetomidine composition”) comprising: (i) dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, present at about 9% to about 50% w / w of the deposition composition, e.g. about 15% to about 25% w / w of the deposition composition; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW), present at about 5% to about 85% w / w of the deposition composition; (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) present at about 5% to 85% w / w of the deposition composition; and (iv) hydroxypropy! cellulose (370,000MW) present at about 0% to about 65% w / w of the deposition composition. The film also comprises a polymer matrix, wherein the polymer matrix comprises: (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) present at about 3% to about 40% w / w of the polymer matrix; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) present at about 3% to about 40% w / w of the polymer matrix; (iil) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW) present at about 0% to about 30% w / w of the polymer matrix, and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) present at about 55% to about 75% w / w of the polymer matrix.

[0216] In some embodiments, the dry film product (e.g. a micro-deposited film product) comprises(i) dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, present at about 1% to about 50% w / w of the total film weight; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW), present at about 2% to about 30% w / w of the total film weight ; (ii1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) present at about 2% to about 30% w / w of the total film weight ; (iv) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW) present at about 10% to about 50% w / w of the total film weight , (v) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) present at about 40% to about 75% w / w of the total film weight and (vi) optionally other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0217] In some embodiments, the films disclosed herein combine several types of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) to provide a film with advantageous properties. For example, the film composition may contain two or three of hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW), hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW) in combination. In certain embodiments, polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) is included with these types of HPC when part of a monolithic film.

[0218] In certain film compositions of the present disclosure, a low molecular weight hydroxypropyl cellulose (e.g. 40,000MW) is present at about 3% to about 8% (e.g. about 5%) w / w of the total film weight, a high molecular weight hydroxypropyl cellulose (e.g. 140,000MW) is present at about 3% to about 8% (e.g. about 5%) w / w of the total film weight, a high molecular weight hydroxypropyl cellulose (e.g. 370,000MW) is present at about 20% to about 40% w / w of the total film weight, and a polyethylene oxide (e.g. 600,000MW) is present at about 40% to about 70%. (e.g. about 50% to about 60%) w / w of the total film weight. In some embodiments, the two high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers are together present at about 25% to about 40% w / w of the total film weight.

[0219] The selection and ratio of water-soluble polymers can be made to effect complete dissolution of the film composition in oral mucosal fluids within seconds to minutes, e.g. in about 0.25 minutes to about 15 minutes, thus ensuring delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof via the oral mucosa. For example, the film compositions may reside in the sublingual or buccal region of the mouth up to about 135 minutes, up to about 10 minutes, or up to about 5 minutes, including for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 15 minutes, about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 5 minutes.

[0220] The standard basket or paddle apparatus described in any pharmacopoeia can be used for in vitro dissolution testing. The selection of dissolution medium will essentially depend as per the sink conditions and highest dose of drug. The temperature of dissolution medium should be maintained at 37 + 0.5°C and rpm at 50 (see Bala et al., in Int J Pharm Investigation, vol. 3(2), pages 67-76).

[0221] Films disclosed herein have several functional advantages to promote rapid onset of drug effect. In some embodiments, thin films compositions of the disclosure have a disintegration time (DT) of about 15 seconds to about 180 seconds, about 15 seconds to about 160 seconds, about 25 seconds to about 150 seconds, about 15 seconds to about 140 seconds, about 15 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 40 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 120 seconds, for example about 120 seconds, when applied sublingually or buccally. A disintegration time in this time-frame provides optimal onset of drug effects.

[0222] In some embodiments, thin film compositions of the invention have mucoadhesion properties that provide practical benefits of localizing the film to the sublingual location and reducing, or preventing, effective removal prior to dissolution. This quality is particularly advantageous in a clinical setting with an agitated subject. Thus, in some embodiments, thin film compositions have a mucoadhesion force (the mucoadhesion strength or shear strength) of about 50g or above, about 100g or above, about 200g or above, about 300g or above, about 400g or above, about 500g or above, about 600g or above, about 700g or above, about 800g or above, about 900g or above, about 1000g or above, In some embodiments, the mucoadhesion force is in a range of about 300g to about 4000g, about 500g to about 3000g, or about 1000g to about 2000g.

[0223] Burst strength of the film also contributes to drug delivery. Certain thin film compositions of the invention have a burst strength at or above 50g, 100g, 200g, 300g, 400g, 500g, 600g, 700g, 800g, 900g, 1000g, 1100g, 1200g, 1300g, 1400g, 1500g, 1600g, 1700g, 1800g, 1900g, 2,000 g, 2,500g, 3,000g, 3,500, 4,000g, 4,500g, 5,000g, 5,500g, 6,000g, 6,500g, 7,000g, 7,500g, 8,000g, 8,500g, 9,000g, 9,500g, 10,000g or 15,000g. For example, the burst strength may be in a range of about 200g to about 15000 g, about 300 g to about 10,000 g, or 400 g to about 5,000 g.

[0224] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers

[0225] The film compositions may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that includes, but is not limited to, liquid carriers, flavours, sweeteners, refreshing agents, antioxidants, pH adjusting agents, permeation enhancers, mucoadhesive agents, plasticizers, bulking agents, surfactants / non-ionic solubilizers, stabilizers, anti-foam agents, colors or the like. In certain embodiments, the film compositions are substantially free of acidic buffer or other acidic agents.

[0226] Liquid carriers

[0227] According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes a liquid carrier. The liquid carrier comprises one or more solvents useful in the preparation of the polymer matrix (drug containing or placebo) and deposition composition on the polymer matrix. In some embodiments, the solvent may be water. In some embodiments, the solvent may a polar organic solvent including, but are not limited to, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, butanol, benzyl alcohol and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent may be a non-polar organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, toluene, ethyl acetate and mixtures thereof. Certain solvents are alcohols, especially ethanol, water and mixtures thereof. Desirably, the solvent content in the wet polymer matrix is at least about 30% by weight of the total wet weight of the total film composition prior to drying. The subsequent dried film composition will desirably contain less than about 10% by weight of solvent, more desirably less than about 8% by weight of solvent, even more desirably less than about 6% by weight of solvent and most desirably less than about 2% by weight of solvent.

[0228] Flavors / sweeteners / refreshing agents

[0229] Tt may be beneficial to add a sweetener, flavoring agent, refreshing agent, taste-masking agent or a combination thereof to the film compositions to improve the film composition taste. Flavors may be chosen from natural and synthetic flavoring liquids. An illustrative list of such agents includes volatile oils, synthetic flavor oils, flavoring aromatics, oils, liquids, oleoresins or extracts derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits, stems and combinations thereof. Non-limiting flavor oils include: spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, peppermint oil, clove oil, bay oil, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil of nutmeg, oil of sage, and oil of bitter almonds. In one embodiment, the flavor is a peppermint oil flavour available as peppermint oil, NF.

[0230] The amount may be varied in order to obtain the result desired in the final product. Such variations are within the capabilities of those skilled in the art without the need for undue experimentation. In general, amounts of about 0.1 % to about 30 wt % may be used in the films to supply flavoring. Suitable sweeteners include both natural and artificial sweeteners. Non- limiting examples of suitable sweeteners include, e.g.: water-soluble sweetening agents such as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides such as xylose, ribose, glucose (dextrose), mannose, galactose, fructose (levulose), sucrose (sugar), high fructose corn syrup, maltose, invert sugar (a mixture of fructose and glucose derived from sucrose), partially hydrolyzed starch, corn syrup solids, and dihydrochalcones; water-soluble artificial sweeteners such as the soluble saccharin salts, i.e, sodium or calcium saccharin salts, cyclamate salts and water-soluble sweeteners derived from naturally occurring water-soluble sweeteners, such as a chlorinated derivatives of ordinary sugar (sucrose), known, for example, as sucralose. In one embodiment, the sweetener is sucralose.

[0231] Flavoring agents, sweeteners and refreshing agents can be added in conventional quantities, generally up to a total amount of about 0.01% to about 10% of the weight of the film on a dry weight basis, e.g. from about 0.1% to about 7% of the weight of the film on a dry weight basis, e.g. about 0.1% to about 5% based on the weight of the film on a dry weight basis.

[0232] Other taste-masking agents include, for example polymers, oils, or waxes. In one embodiment, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is coated with a taste-masking agent prior to formulation of the film compositions. In some embodiments, if a taste-masking agent is used to coat the active ingredient, it may be present in an amount of from about 5% to about 80% by weight of the particle or granule containing the active ingredient. In another embodiment, the taste-masking agent is present in an amount from about 25% to about 35% by weight of the particle or granule containing the active ingredient.

[0233] Antioxidants

[0234] Examples of oxygen scavengers or antioxidants that substantially improve long-term stability of the film composition against oxidative degradation include sulfite salts, such as sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and analogous salts of potassium and calcium. A suitable amount of the sulfite salt (e.g.. sodium sulfite) is up to about 5%, e.g. about 0.001% to about 2% based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis.

[0235] pH-adjusting agents / pH-neutralizing agents

[0236] The absorption of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof through the oral mucosa may increase in an alkaline microenvironment. As an example, this may be achieved when the film compositions are maintained at a pH of above 6, from about 6 to about 9, or about 6.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the film may include an alkaline substance that increases the pH of the film product. Non-limiting examples of pH-adjusting / pH-neutralizing agents include bicarbonates (e.g. sodium bicarbonate), citrates (e.g, potassium citrate), carbonates (e.g., calcium carbonate), lactates (e.g., sodium lactate), acetates (e.g., calcium acetate), alkaline buffer (e.g. glycine), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride or the like. An alkaline buffer, such as glycine, is one example of a pH-neutralizing agent. A suitable amount of pH- adjusting / pH-neutralizing agent present in the film composition includes, for example, up to about 10%, e.g. about 1% to about 5% based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis

[0237] Permeation enhancer agents

[0238] Certain effective penetration enhancers that promote absorption of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof across the oral mucosa include alcohols. An alcohol penetration enhancer, such as butanol, can conveniently be added to the film composition in an amount of up to about 10%, e.g. about 0.1% to about 5%, e.g. about 1% to about 3% based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis.

[0239] Mucoadhesive agents

[0240] Examples of mucoadhesive agents that can be added to the film composition include, but are not limited to, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum, polyethylene oxide, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl! cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, karaya gum, methylcellulose. retene, tragacanth and the like. One mucoadhesive agent is polyethylene oxide, which may conveniently be added to the film composition in an amount of from about 20% to about 90%, e.g. about 40% to about 70% based on the total weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis.

[0241] Plasticizers

[0242] Plasticizers that can be effectively employed herein include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate and glycerol. Depending on the selected film- forming polymet(s) and other components of the film formulation, a suitable amount of plasticizer included in the film composition may typically be up to about 10%, e.g. about 0.1% to about 5%, e.g. about 0.5% to about 5% based on the weight of the film on a dry weight basis. For certain applications, higher molecular weight polyethylene glycols may be utilized, including polyethylene oxide

[0243] Fillers:

[0244] Suitable fillers that can be added to a film composition of include starch, calcium salts, such as calcium carbonate, and sugars, such as lactose, glucose, sucrose, mannose, sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, sucralose, trehalose and combinations thereof. The amount of filler that can conveniently be added to the film formulation is typically up to about 25%, e.g. about 0.5% to about 20%, e.g. about 1% to about 15%, e.g. about 2% to about 10%, based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis.

[0245] Surfactants / Non-ionic solubilizers

[0246] The film typically incorporates at least one surfactant / non-ionic solubilizer including, for example, but are not limited to, a poloxamer, polyoxyl hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl polyethylene glycol oxystearates, fatty acid glyceryl polyglyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, and combinations thereof. The amount of surfactant(s) that can be added to the film composition is typically up to about 5%, e.g. about 0.5% to about 3%, e.g. about 1% to about 3% based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis.

[0247] Anti-foaming components

[0248] Simethicone is an example of a useful anti-foaming and / or de-foaming agent, although other anti-foaming and / or de-foaming agents may suitable be used. An anti-foaming and / or de- foaming agent such as simethicone may be added to the film composition in an amount from about 0.01 % to about 5.0%, more desirably from about 0.05% to about 2.5%, and most desirably from about 0.1% to about 1.0% based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weight basis.

[0249] Colorants

[0250] Color additives that may be included in a film composition include food, drug and cosmetic colors (FD&C), drug and cosmetic colors (D&C), or external drug and cosmetic colors (Ext. D&C). These colors are dyes, their corresponding lakes, and certain natural and derived colorants. Certain examples of color additives are inorganic pigments, such as oxides of iron or titanium, added in concentrations ranging from about 0.001% to about 10%, e.g. about 0.01% to about 3%, based on the weight of the film composition on a dry weigh basis. In one embodiment, the color used for the dexmedetomidine composition (i.e. the deposit composition) is different from the color used for the film substrate (e.g. the placebo film). One color of the monolithic film and the film substrate of the micro-deposited film is emerald green, and available as Fast Emerald Green Shade (06507). One color of the dexmedetomidine composition (i.e. the deposit composition) is a different color from the color of the film substrate, e.g. blue (available as FD&C Blue No. 1). In some embodiments of the film embodiments of the present invention, for example, as described in aspects and embodiments hereinabove, is a film comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof containing two blue color microdeposited spots of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride on the green color film substrate .

[0251] In some embodiments of the film embodiments of the present invention, for example, as described in aspects and embodiments hereinabove, is a film comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0252] In one embodiment (A), there is provided a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (1) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt); (11) one or more water-soluble polymers; (iil) a polyethylene oxide and, optionally, (iv) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0253] In another embodiment (B), there is provided a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (i) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt); (ii) one or more water-soluble polymers; (iii) a polyethylene oxide and, optionally, (iv) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

[0254] In a particular embodiment, the just-mentioned one or more water-soluble polymers (ii) of embodiment (A) or (B) above comprises a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer and two high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers, for example wherein the low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight from about 5,000 daltons to about 49,000 daltons (e.g. about 40,000 daltons), and each high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight of greater than about 60,000 daltons (e.g. where one of the two high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers has a molecular weight of about 140,000 daltons, and the other high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight of about 370,000 daltons). Each water-soluble polymer is, in some embodiments, hydroxypropyl cellulose. The polyethylene oxide, in some embodiments, has a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons.

[0255] In certain embodiments, there is provided a pharmaceutical film composition comprising or consisting essentially of therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more excipients selected from polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucralose, peppermint oil, Emerald green colorant, and FD&C blue colorant.

[0256] In another embodiment (C), there is provided a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (1) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt); (ii) a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons: (iii) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 140,000 daltons; (iv) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 370,000 daltons; and (v) a water-soluble polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons.

[0257] In another embodiment (D), there is provided a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising; (i) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt); (ii) a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons; (iil) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 140,000 daltons; (iv) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 370,000 daltons; and (v) a water-soluble polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons.

[0258] In a particular embodiment of the just-mentioned films of embodiments (C) and (D), the film components excluding dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof form a single layer film substrate, and dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present on the surface of the film substrate (e.g. within a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a low molecular weight, water- soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons, and a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 140,000 daltons). Each water-soluble polymer is, in some embodiments, hydroxypropyl cellulose.

[0259] In another embodiment (E), there is provided a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (il) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) afilm substrate consisting essentially of: (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

[0260] In another embodiment (F), there is provided a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (i) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) afilm substrate consisting essentially of: 1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

[0261] In a particular embodiment of the just-mentioned films of embodiments (E) and (F), dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is present at about 0.1% to about 2% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) is present at about 4% to about 8 % w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) is present at about 4% to about 8 % w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW) is present at about 25 % to about 30% w / w of the total film weight, and polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) is present at about 50% to about 60% w / w of the total film weight.

[0262] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure provides detectable Cmax of dexmedetomidine in human plasma concentration after single dose administration and multiple dose administrations of the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure provides a Tmax of dexmedetomidine in human plasma concentration after a single dose administration or multiple dose administrations of the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure provides detectable Area Under the Curve (AUC) of dexmedetomidine and its metabolites in human plasma concentration after single dose administration or multiple dose administrations. In some embodiments, the AUC of dexmedetomidine (or its metabolites) is measured from time 0 (the time of administration) to 12 hours from the time 0 and is expressed as AUCo-12n. In some embodiments, the AUC of dexmedetomidine (or its metabolites) is measured from time O (the time of administration) to 24 hours from the time 0 and is expressed as AUCo-24n. In some embodiments, the AUC of dexmedetomidine (or its metabolites) is measured from time 0 to the last measurable concentration and is expressed as AUCo-as. In some embodiments, the AUC of dexmedetomidine (or its metabolites) is measured from time 0 (the time of administration) to time extrapolated to infinity and is expressed as AUCo-s. In some embodiments, the ranges and values for AUCo-tscand AUCo.e for dexmedetomidine (or its metabolites) are similar to the ranges and values for AUCosnfor dexmedetomidine (or its metabolites). Thus, in some embodiments, the ranges and values for AUCo.en disclosed herein can also serve as the ranges and values for AUCo- 1ast and AUC 0uinf.

[0263] In some embodiments, administration of film (E) oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) to subjects with schizophrenia at about 180 ng of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride resulted in pharmacokinetic parameters from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Crux from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L, Tmax from about 1 hours to about 8 hours and AUCuast from about 500 hr*ng / L to about 8900 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 550 ng / L, about 575 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 650 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, or about 1000 ng / L. In some embodiment, the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.3 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, or about 10 h. In some embodiments, the AUCs is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr¥*ng / L, about 2500 hr¥*ng / L, about 2750 hr¥*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr¥*ng / L, about 4750 hr¥*ng / L, about 5000 hr¥*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr¥*ng / L, about 7000 hr¥*ng / L, about 7250 hr¥*ng / L, about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L., about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, or about 11875 hr*ng / l. In some embodiments, the film is administered sublingually.

[0264] In some embodiments, administration of film (F) oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally)to subjects with schizophrenia at about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride resulted in pharmacokinetic parameters from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400ng / L, Tmax from about 1 hours to about 4 hours and AUCuast from about 500 hr*ng / L to about 4200 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, or about 500 ng / L. In some embodiments, the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h. In some embodiments, the AUC is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr¥*ng / L, about 1500 hr¥*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr¥*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr¥*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, or about 5500 hr*ng / L. In specific embodiment, the film is administered sublingually.

[0265] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical buccal film compositions comprising or consisting essentially of therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, one or more mucoadhesive polymers and optional excipients selected from one or more of plasticizers, penetration enhancers, coloring agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, taste-making agents or salivary stimulants, Mucoadhesive polymers may be selected from hydrophilic polymers and hydrogels. Examples of hydrophilic polymers include polyvinyl alcohol [PVA], sodium carboxy methylcellulose [NaCMC], hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose [HPMC], hydroxyl ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose [HPC]. Examples of hydrogels include anionic polymers like carbopol, polyacrylates, cationic polymers like chitosan and non-ionic polymers like Eudragit analogues.

[0266] Sprays, drops or gels

[0267] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical spray compositions or drop compositions suitable for sublingual or buccal administration comprising or consisting essentially of a therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable liquids (from about 1% to about 99.995% by weight). Such liquids may be solvents, co-solvents, or non-solvents for dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable liquids include water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, glycerine, N-methylpyrrolidone, pharmaceutically acceptable oils (e.g., soybean, sunflower, peanut, etc.) or the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable liquid is selected either to dissolve dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to produce a stable, homogenous suspension of it, or to form any combination of a suspension or solution. In addition to these ingredients, spray or drop formulations of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may include one or more excipients such as viscosity modulating materials (e.g. polymers, sugars, sugar alcohols, gums, clays, silicas, and the like, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)); preservatives (e.g., ethanol, benzyl alcohol, propylparaben and methylparaben); flavoring agents (e.g. peppermint oil), sweeteners (e.g., sugars such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, maltose, fructose, etc.), artificial sweeteners (e.g. saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame, sucralose), or sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, maltitol syrup); buffers and pH-adjusting agent (e.g., sodium hydroxide, citrate, and citric acid); coloring agents; fragrances, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA); UV absorbers and antifoam agents (e.g., low molecular weight alcohols, dimethicone). In addition to one or more of the aforementioned ingredients suitable for sublingual or buccal sprays or drops, gel formulations of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may include one or more excipients such as viscosity modulating materials (e.g. water soluble or water swellable polymers such as carbopol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose).

[0268] Sprays, drops, and gels may be made by mixing appropriate quantities of the foregoing ingredients in accordance with standard good manufacturing practices. Such excipients may be included in the formulation to improve patient or subject acceptance or taste, to improve bioavailability, to increase shelf-life, to reduce manufacturing and packaging costs, to comply with requirements of governmental regulatory agencies, and for other purposes. The relative amounts of each ingredient should not interfere with the desirable pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of the resulting formulation.

[0269] In some embodiments, there is provided an oromucosal spray composition comprising or consisting essentially of therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipients.

[0270] A patient may, in one embodiment, be treated by administering sublingually or buccally 1 to 2 actuations from a spray pump. An advantage of spray delivery is the ability to easily titrate patients by 1 or 2 doses as required by a single actuation.

[0271] Pump action sprays are characterized in requiring the application of external pressure for actuation, for example, external manual, mechanical or electrically initiated pressure. This is in contrast to pressurized systems, e.g. propellant-driven aerosol sprays, where actuation is typically achieved by controlled release of pressure e.g., by controlled opening of a valve.

[0272] Various sublingual spray formulations comprising dexmedetomidine hydrochloride at doses of 20 pg, 30 pg, 60 pg, 90 ug, 120 pg and 180 pg and excipients as described in table 1.

[0273] Table 1: Sublingual spray formulation embodiments according to the disclosure Sublingual Spray Formulation Embodiment No. Ingredients So 2 3 4 N-methylpyrrolidone v Propylene Glycol y Polyethylene Glycol v LL Glycerine v Teh mwa id ot 7F WA Fthanol v Vv Vv Vv Sucralose | Vv 4 v * v y Vv SUCralose y x y Y Peppermint Oil v v v v Purified water | Vv | v | Vv . v gs Optionally other v v v Vv pharmaceutically acceptable excipients HM RR ETE Err eeee] io NS BPD A PM Sel NON DSSS > er MEN NE NNE Is) bMS > Most BPS No | MMM 3 i Ht | NMS =| MPP] HHH [op SD] [| MPP HH ENN MSDS oS =| MS 2 = 2 5 2 = = —| lx . 1 1E=8 |SE =|55 8 8 Zl ae_|g 3 OlglE 84 s |2lg|o3ls ME 2l=g = 87 8 2 |B EE qe DECS|EBlz25 TEA ae 28a tEETs 7 = 8| 215215 2l%E|8E 8 2255 E05 us| |3| HELE 5 = 32% HES SEE § E|= El |g]a 7 7 = E = Co S| DDD > - SIS 20s > SISOS 2 Mo RRB| STI BM | SoDSM | IN NNT SN No NN Ni Is ieiwt > [>] [S[> >] Z| aN >] NS > [=] > SNS 11> > >>> N si MB a Is SISSIST OS [=> SISOS — => PIS ol |= 2 Sl= = — 9|l= |= S 8 = 520 = 3% | [28 Sls 8% 8 ZL B28 LE oF 2He ol 258 88 $222 2828 EelEg 8 E325 t = | & BF =z el 55 -= = 9 EEE EE REE HEE EERE EE SSS ELT EB EEA 3 aE EES z [CB E38 °€ o£ a3" |9 al5|l2 EE — > Of >» < T| © Jie EE TET |O |SElE IESE 24S a8 Zz LS a

[0278] Tablets 10279] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides tablet formulations suitable for oromucosal administration(e,g. sublingual or buccal administration) comprising or consisting essentially of therapeutically effective amount of dexmedetomidine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (from about 1% to about 99.995% by weight). Such carriers may be taste masking agents, diluents, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, glidants, flavouring agents or liquid solvents. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable liquids include water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene carbonate, glycerine, N-methylpyrrolidone, pharmaceutically acceptable oils (e.g., soybean, sunflower, peanut, etc.) or the like. Taste masking agents include, for example, amberlite, Opadry® AMB TAN, polymethacrylates (especially Eudragit® L100), sodium starch glycolate (Primojel), carbopol polymers, PEG-5M, sodium acetate, ethylcellulose, betacyclodextrin. Flavouring agents may be, for example, mint powder, menthol, vanillin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, saccharin. Disintegrants include, for example, sodium starch glycolate, low-substituted hydroxy propyl cellulose, alginic acid, carbon dioxide, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, croscarmellose sodium, guar gum, methylcellulose, polacrilin potassium, poloxamer, sodium alginate. Diluents may be, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dextrates, dextrose, fructose, mannitol, sucralose, sorbitol, starch, pregelatinized starch, sucrose, xylitol, maltose, maltodextrin, maltitol. Binders may be, for example, alginic acid, carbomer, ethyl cellulose, gelatine, liquid glucose, guar gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, polydextrose, polyethylene oxide, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium alginate. At least one lubricant may conveniently be incorporated into the formulation to prevent the powder from adhering to tablet punches during the compression procedure. Lubricants may be, for example, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, glyceryl behenate, hydrogenated castor oil, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulphate. Glidants are used to promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion. These are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce die wall friction. Glidants, may be, for example, colloidal silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, calcium phosphate tribasic. 10280] Various buccal tablet formulations comprising dexmedetomidine hydrochloride at doses of 20 pg, 30 pg, 60 pg, 90 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg and excipients as described in table 4.

[0281] Table 4: Buccal tablet formulation embodiments according to the disclosure. Buccal Tablet Formulation Embodiment No. . ————————————————————————————————————————————— Ingredients 5 2 3 4 Lactose monohydrate v v v x. Z Polyethylene oxide v Hydroxypropyl v cellulose Hydroxypropyl xa F Sodium alginate 1 T Vv t | Xanthan gum v | a — — — 1 — “ss “Queralose 1 vv Vv Tv TTT Sucralose v Vv v v v Magnesium stearate v v Vv Vv Vv EO 7 7 1 ur ot Tale v Vv v v Optionally other v v v v Vv pharmaceutically A a Tra acceptable excipients |2[>| MOSS ES lel Bl Bp» bebe N NEN [S]>] NY SSS No IS] [>] N NOS SS % MOSES Ny [>] [SIs lps t Bb] pl» [=~ [SIs] (0284) Intranasal Formulations

[0285] The compositions of the disclosure may be administered to the nasal cavity in any suitable form. For example, the composition may be administered to the nasal cavity in the form of a spray emulsion, suspension or solution, as drops or as a powder.

[0286] A powder blend according to the present disclosure may be prepared by mixing dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with inert ingredients that are standard in the art. Such inert ingredients include, but are not limited to diluents such as calcium phosphate, lactose, sugars such as dextrose and sucrose, polyols such as mannitol and sorbitol, and microcrystalline cellulose, glidants such as colloidal silica and lubricants such as magnesium stearate and hydrogenated vegetable oil and surfactants such as polysorbates; and polyethylene glycol. For preparing a uniform powder blend on a small scale, a pestle and mortar and / or sieve may be appropriate whereas mechanical mixers are required for larger scale manufacture. There are numerous types of mixers available and these are widely described in the literature, for example Chapter 37, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 20 Edition, Lipincott, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 2000.

[0287] If the powder composition of the disclosure comprises granules, these granules may be produced by techniques well known to those skilled in the art such as wet granulation, dry granulation (slugging), extrusion / spheronisation, fluid bed granulation and spray congealing. Further details on granulation processes may be found in the literature, for example Chapter 6, Pharmaceutical Principles of Solid Dosage Forms, J. T. Carstensen, Technomic, Lancaster, PA, 1993

[0288] In addition to dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, other ingredients may be incorporated into the granules. Such other ingredients include, but are not limited to diluents such as calcium phosphate, lactose, dextrose, mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose, binders such as povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone), methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, gelatin and acacia, disintegrants such as starch, croscarmellose and crospovidone, glidants such as colloidal silica, and lubricants such as magnesium stearate and hydrogenated vegetable oil. Methods for preparation of microspheres are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, spray drying, interfacial polymerisation, coarcervation / phase separation and solvent evaporation. Methods for producing microspheres are described in, for example, Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 3rd Edition, pages 357 to 360, A T Florence and D Attwood, Macmillan, London, 1998 and Physical Pharmacy, 4th Edition, pages 516 to 519, A Martin, Wilkins and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1993. The microspheres may alternatively be produced using the methods described in W098 / 30207 and the documents cited therein.

[0289] The powder compositions of the present disclosure may be administered to the subject in aerosolised form whereby energy from patient inhalation (sniffing) is used to aerosolise the powder into the nasal cavity or where the device itself provides the aerosolisation energy, such as via compressed air. An example of the former device is manufactured by Pfeiffer and an example of the latter is the "Monopowder" manufactured by Valois. The present invention also provides a nasal drug delivery device or a dose cartridge for use in a nasal delivery device loaded with a composition as defined above.

[0290] In one embodiment, the compositions of the disclosure also disclose the process for preparing the solutions of the disclosure comprises mixing the components in a suitable solvent such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycofurol, benzyl benzoate and polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives. The compositions may be prepared using methods known in the art.

[0291] The solutions of the present disclosure may also contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known in the art. Such ingredients include, but are not limited to, thickening, adhesive or gelling agents, such as, but are not limited to, celluloses (e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose), carbomers, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers or polyethylene glycols, antioxidants (for example sodium metabisulphite), chelating agents (such as edetic acid or one of its salts), preservatives (such as potassium sorbate, parabens, phenylethyl alcohol or benzalkonium chloride), flavours, sweeteners, thickening, adhesive or gelling agents, including, but are not limited to, celluloses such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl! cellulose, sodium carboxyl cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose, poloxamers, polyethylene glycols, carbomers or polyethylene oxide.

[0292] The solutions of the disclosure may contain a preservative and / or are sterile. If preservatives are omitted from the compositions, microorganisms may be removed using any suitable method known in the art, for example by making the compositions aseptically or by terminally sterilising them. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are non- pyrogenic. 0293] In one embodiment, intranasal compositions of the present disclosure comprise aqueous suspension, solution, or emulsion containing materials in addition to the active ingredient, such as suitable dispersant and / or wetting agent, for example propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, emulsifier, suspending agent, surfactant, solubilizer, vehicle etc.

[0294] The pharmaceutical composition may also be formulated as liposomes, microcapsules or centrosomes, with one or more suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0295] In addition to dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, microspheres used in the present disclosure may include ingredients that are known in the art to be suitable to be included in microspheres such as, but are not limited to, starches, dextrans, gelatin, albumin, collagen, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, lactose, sucrose, dextrose, mannitol, methacrylate copolymers such as the Eudragit® polymers (Degussa, Germany), celluloses such as methylcellulose, and polyesters such as poly(lactide~-co-glycolide).

[0296] Any device that is suitable for intranasal administration can be used. In some embodiments, the device is a metered dose device. The metered dose device can deliver a specific dosage amount of the composition, The metered dose device can be a unit-dose, bi-dose, or a multi-dose device. The pharmaceutically effective amount that can be administered using a metered dose device can be a unit dose device. The metered dose can, in some embodiments, be a device that can deliver a pharmaceutical composition intranasally. Examples of metered dose devices include, but are not limited to, devices that are pump devices, mechanical devices, pressurized devices, and / or electromechanical devices. Examples of a metered dose device include, but are not limited to, a spray pump, a pre-compression nasal spray pump, a metered valve device, an actuated spray device, a side actuated spray device, a syringe nasal spray device (e.g. a syringe that has an atomizer to deliver a spray to the nasal cavity), a mucosal atomization device, an electromechanical pump device (with and without a counter), and the like. Examples of metered dose devices also include, but are not limited to, devices manufactured by Aptar Pharma (Congers, NY) and are commercially available. Examples of metered dose devices also include, but are not limited to, UDS (Aptar Pharma), BDS (Aptar Pharma), eDevices (Aptar Pharma), Equadel (Aptar Pharma), Latitude (Aptar Pharma), DF30 (Aptar Pharma), VP7 (Aptar Pharma), Classic Nasal Device (Aptar Pharma), MAD Nasal Drug Device (Wolf Tory Medical, Inc.), BD Accuspray SCF™ (Becton Dickinson), and the like. Another example includes, but is not limited to, an Aptar Unitdose Intranasal System.

[0297] Parenteral formulations:

[0298] Liquid pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration may be formulated for administration by injection or continuous infusion. Routes of administration by injection or infusion can include, but are not limited to, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal, and subcutaneous. In some embodiments, parenteral formulations can include prefilled syringes, vials, powder for infusion for reconstitution, concentrate for infusion to be diluted before delivery (ready to dilute) or solutions (ready to use).

[0299] Injectable pharmaceutical compositions can be aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories can be prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions.

[0300] The pharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized and / or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and / or buffers. In addition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances.

[0301] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure include biodegradable subcutaneous implant, osmotically controlled device, subcutaneous implant, subcutaneous sustained release injection, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and the like. Liquid preparations can include, but are not limited to. solutions, suspensions and emulsions, Such preparations are exemplified by water or water / propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection. Liquid preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.

[0302] For intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous use, sterile solutions of the active ingredient(s) are usually employed, and the pH of the solutions should be suitably adjusted and buffered. For intravenous use, the total concentration of the solute(s) should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic.

[0303] The liquid vehicle used for the preparation of the intramuscular injection may be, for example, water, a saline solution, another aqueous liquid (aqueous solvent) or non-aqueous liquid (non-aqueous solvent). Non-aqueous solvents may include organic solvents such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or other alkyl derivative, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like) or oily vehicles such as castor oil, arachis oil, sesame oil, or other solvents such as carboxymethylcellulose, polysorbate and mixtures thereof. These aqueous and non-aqueous solvents can also act as a co-solvent to increase the solubility of drugs or to reduce the viscosity of oily vehicles.

[0304] The formulation may contain an excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which may be included in the formulation are buffers such as citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, and bicarbonate buffer; amino acids; urea; alcohols; ascorbic acid; phospholipids; proteins, such as serum albumin, collagen, and gelatin; salts such as EDTA or EGTA, and sodium chloride; liposomes; polyvinylpyrrolidones; sugars, such as dextran, mannitol, sorbitol, and glycerol; propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG-4000, PEG-6000); glycerol; glycine; lipids; preservatives; suspending agents; stabilizers; and dyes. As used herein, the term “stabilizer” refers to a compound optionally used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention in order to avoid the need for sulphite salts and increase storage life. Non-limiting examples of stabilizers include antioxidants. Buffer systems for use with the formulations include citrate, acetate; bicarbonate; and phosphate buffers.

[0305] The formulation also may contain a non-ionic detergent. Examples of non-ionic detergents include but are not limited to Polysorbate 20, Polysorbate 80, Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Nonidet P-40, Octyl u-glucoside, Octyl f-glucoside, Brij 35, Pluronic, and Tween 20.

[0306] The parenteral formulations of the present disclosure can be sterilized. Non-limiting examples of sterilization techniques include filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, terminal sterilization, incorporation of sterilizing agents, irradiation, and heating.

[0307] Administration of the above-described parenteral formulations may be by periodic injections of a bolus of the preparation, or may be administered by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration from a reservoir which is external (e.g., an intravenous bag) or internal (e.g., a bioerodable implant, a bioartificial or organ). See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,407,957 and 5,798,113, each incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Intrapulmonary delivery methods and apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,654,007, 5,780,014, and 3,814,607, each incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other useful parenteral delivery systems include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, pump delivery, encapsulated cell delivery, liposomal delivery, needle-delivered injection, needle- less injection, nebulizer, aerosolizer, electroporation, and transdermal patch. Needle-less injector devices are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,879,327; 5,520,639; 5,846,233 and 5,704,911, the specifications of which are herein incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Any of the formulations described herein can be administered in these methods. Further injectable formulations of dexmedetomidine are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 8,242,158, U.S. Patent No. 9,649,296, JP. Patent No. 5,921, 928, JP. Pat. Appl. No. 2016154598, CN Pat. Appl. No. 103284945, CN Pat. Appl. No. 104161760, CN Pat. Appl. No. 105168122, CN Pat. Appl. No. 105534891, CN Pat. Appl. No. 106038538, U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 20170128421, CN Pat. Appl. No. 107028880, CN Pat. Appl. No. 107412152, CN Pat. Appl. No. 108498469, EP Patent. No. 2252290, JP. Pat. Appl. No. 2019048091 and U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 20190183729.

[0308] In certain non-limiting embodiments, the dexmedetomidine intramuscular composition of the present disclosure comprises dexmedetomidine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, at a concentration of between about 0.05 pg / mL and about 15 pg / mL, sodium chloride at a concentration of between about 0.01 and about 2.0 weight percent and pH in the range of about 1 to about 10.

[0309] Oral formulations:

[0310] The present disclosure includes oral formulations that can be used for delivering dexmedetomidine. Examples of oral formulations includes tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, mouth dissolving tablets, wafers, solution, suspension, emulsions, and capsules.

[0311] The disclosure encompasses oral disintegrating tablets comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one orally disintegrating carrier, wherein the oral disintegrating tablet disintegrates in about 0.5 to about 120 seconds and / or a therapeutically effective amount of the dexmedetomidine is absorbed into the bloodstream within about 1 to about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of the dexmedetomidine is absorbed into the bloodstream within about 3 minutes.

[0312] In some embodiments, the at least one orally disintegrating carrier is selected from the group consisting of water-soluble sugars or sugar alcohol, crospovidone, (low-substituted) hydroxypropyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium lauryl sulphate, crystalline cellulose and the combination thereof. The water-soluble sugars or sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, isomaltand fructose. In some embodiments, the orally disintegrating carriers together constitute at least 50 wt.%, for example at least 80 wt.% or at least 85 wt.% of the orally disintegrating carriers. The aforementioned carriers are in the form of particles typically have a volume weighted mean particle size of 50-300 micrometers, for example of 70-200 micrometers. F-Melt® (Fuji Chemical Industry Co.) is an example of a commercially available particulate material that contains a disintegrating agent dispersed in a matrix containing C4-C6 sugar alcohol (mannitol and xylitol). Ludiflash® (BASF) is another example of a commercially available particulate material that contains a disintegrating agent dispersed in a matrix of C4-C6 sugar alcohol (mannitol).

[0313] The orally disintegrating tablet as used herein may be prepared by mixing the dexmedetomidine with water-soluble diluents and compressed in a tablet. A suspension comprising dexmedetomidine may be prepared with appropriate excipients and the dexmedetomidine suspension may be dispensed into blister packs and freeze-dried. An exemplary freeze-dried preparation platform that could be used for the dexmedetomidine ODT is the ZYDIS® (Catalent, Somerset, NJ, USA) formulation. In particular, the excipients, including water, are blended and the dexmedetomidine is separately milled to size and mixed with the excipients. The suspension then undergoes lyophilization by flash freezing and freeze drying. Other methods of preparing ODTs may be used without limitation, and detailed description of general methods thereof have been disclosed. for example, in U.S. Pat. No 5,631,023; 5,837,287. 6,149,938; 6,212,791; 6,284,270; 6,316,029; 6,465,010; 6,471,992; 6,471,992; 6,509,040; 6,814,978; 6,908,626; 6,008,626; 6,982,251; 7,282,217; 7,425,341 ; 7,939,105; 7.993.674; 8,048,449; 8,127,516; 8,158,152; 8,221,480; 8,256,233; and 8,313,768, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,

[0314] A liquid pharmaceutical suspension of the present disclosure for oral administration contains at least one particulate drug as active ingredient wherein active ingredient is dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The particulate dexmedetomidine may be partially dissolved in the liquid phase, but preferably more than about 50 percent should be particulates. The suspension of the present disclosure contains at least one suspending polymer exhibiting plastic flow that imparts a yield value of about 0.2 to about 15 Pa, preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 Pa Polymers exhibiting Bingham plastic and shear-thinning plastic flow are preferred. Polymers exhibiting thixotropic plastic flow can be used only if the lag time to recover 50% of the yield value is fast, less than about an hour, preferably less than about five minutes, most preferably less than about a minute. The polymer exhibiting plastic flow may be selected from but are not limited to xanthan gum, carbomer, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and combinations thereof. The final yield value of the suspension must be less than about 15 Pa, preferably less than about 10 Pa to ensure that the product is pourable without shaking.

[0315] In addition to a yield value, the rheology of the final suspension should have an apparent viscosity of at least about 50 cps, preferably at least about 100 cps, most preferably at least about 200 cps, at a shear rate of 100 sec—1 to retard particle motion when the shear rate exceeds the yield value such as when shaking or pouring. For thixotropic plastic fluid, the high viscosity retards particle motion while the yield value is recovering after application of shear. When the suspending polymer (s) added to impart the yield value is not adequate to achieve the desired apparent viscosity of at least about 50 cps at a shear rate of 100 sec—1, viscosity-building agents with no yield value can be added. These viscosity-building agents may be selected from but are not limited to hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, povidone, guar gum, locust bean gum, and combinations thereof

[0316] The liquid suspension of the present disclosure may contain additional ingredients used in the drug industry, herein referred to as additives. Additives include well-known components, but are not limited to sweetening agents, flavors, colorants, antioxidants, chelating agents, surfactants, wetting agents, antifoaming agents, pH modifiers, acidifiers, preservatives, cosolvents, and mixtures thereof

[0317] The present disclosure concerns also a homogeneous and stable pharmaceutical solution of dexmedetomidine suitable for oral administration to a mammal.

[0318] The oral liquid pharmaceutical solution of this disclosure comprises dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which is selected from the group comprising co-solvents, solvents, antioxidants, microbial preservatives, buffering agents, aromatic agents, sweeteners and diluents.

[0319] Co-solvents and solvents may include but are not limited to glycerine, alcohols, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, water, ethanol, isopropy] alcohol or their mixtures thereof

[0320] Suitable antioxidants may include but are not limited to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, propyl gallate, gentisic acid sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, monothioglycero, cysteine, thioglycolate sodium, acetone sodium bisulfite, ascorbate (sodium / acid), bisulfite sodium, cystein / cysteinate HC, dithionite sodium (Na hydrosulfite, Na sulfoxylate), gentisic acid, gentisic acid ethanolamine, glutamate monosodium, formaldehyde sulfoxylate sodium, metabisulfite potassium, metabisulfite sodium, monothioglycerol (thioglycerol), propyl gallate, sulfite sodium, tocopherol alpha, thioglycolate sodium, EDTA in calcium and sodium compounds or the mixtures thereof. 0321] Buffering agents may include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid monohydrate, trisodium citrate dehydrate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate, carbonated calcium phosphate, magnesium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or their mixtures thereof.

[0322] Diluents may include but are not limited to maltitol solution, glucose syrup, glycerin, sorbitol and mannitol solutions, sucrose, sorbitol, xylitol, dextrose, fructose, sugar potassium, aspartame, saccharine, saccharine sodium, spray dried or anhydrase lactose, mannitol, starch or their mixtures thereof

[0323] Sweeteners may include but are not limited to sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K, thaumatin, mogroside, saccharin and salts thereof, sodium cyclamate, glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol, xylitol, erythritol, glycyrrhizin, monosodium glycyrrhizinate, monoamonium glycyrrhizinate, isomalt, glycerine, dextrose or their mixtures thereof.

[0324] Aromatic agents may include but are not limited to fruit aromas such as orange, banana, strawberry, cherry, wild cherry, lemon and the like, and other aromas such as cardamom, anis, ‘mint, menthol, vanillin or their mixtures thereof.

[0325] Microbial preservatives may include but are not limited to sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, boric acid, sorbic acid and their salts thereof, benzyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, parahydroxybenzoic acids and their alkyl esters, methyl and propyl parabens or their mixtures thereof.

[0326] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to an oral solid pharmaceutical composition, e.g. in form of a tablet, comprising pharmacologically effective amounts of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The compositions of the disclosure comprise additives conventional in the dosage form in question. Tabletting aids, commonly used in tablet formulation can be used and reference is made to the extensive literature on the subject, see in particular Fiedler's “Lexikon der Hilfsstoffe”, 4th Edition, ECV Aulendorf, 1996, which is incorporated herein by reference. These include but are not limited to disintegrants, binders, lubricants, glidants, stabilising agents, fillers or diluents, surfactants and the like. 10327] As disintegrants suitable for compositions of this disclosure, one can particularly mention crosslinked PVP, crospovidone, guar gum, alginic acid, sodium alginate, crosslinked CMC and Ac-Di-Sol®. In some embodiments, the disintegrant is crospovidone.

[0328] As binders suitable for compositions of this disclosure, one can particularly mention starches, e.g. potato starch, wheat starch, corn starch, celluloses such as microcrystalline cellulose, eg. products known under the registered trademarks Avicel®, Filtrak®, Heweten® or Pharmacel®, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, e.g. hydroxypropyl cellulose having a hydroxypropyl content of 5 to 16% by weight and a molecular weight of from 80 000 to 1 150 000, more particularly 140 000 to 850 000.

[0329] As glidants suitable for compositions of this disclosure, one can mention in particular colloidal silica, e.g. Aerosil®, magnesium trisilicate, powdered cellulose, starch, talc, and tribasic calcium phosphate.

[0330] As fillers or diluents suitable for compositions of this invention, one can mention confectioner's sugar, compressible sugar, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, in particular having a density of about 0.45 g / cm3, eg. Avicel®, or powdered cellulose, and talc.

[0331] A preferred filler may be Avicel®.

[0332] As lubricants suitable for compositions of this disclosure, one can mention in particular magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-stearate, polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a molecular weight of 4,000 to 8,000, and talc.

[0333] One or more of these additives may be selected and used by the skilled artisan baving regard to the particular desired properties of the solid oral dosage form by routine experimentation and without any undue burden. The amount of each type of additive employed, e.g. glidant, binder, disintegrant, filler or diluent and lubricant may vary within ranges conventional in the art. For example, the amount of glidant may vary within a range of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, in particular 0.1 to 5% by weight, e.g. 0.1 to 0.5% by weight; the amount of binder may vary within a range of from about 10 to 65.3% by weight, e.g. 10 to 45%, e.g. 20 to 30% by weight; the amount of disintegrant may vary within a range of 5 to 60% by weight, e.g. 13 to 50%, e.g. 15 to 40%, e.g. 20 to 30%, e.g. 25%; the amount of filler or diluent may vary within a range of from 15 to 65% by weight e.g. 20 to 50%, e.g. 25 to 40%, e.g. 30%, whereas the amount of lubricant may vary within a range of from 0.1 to 5.0% by weight. IV. Methods and administration 0334] In some embodiments (A), the present disclosure provides a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose of at least about 120 pg to said subject. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing significant sedation. In some embodiments, the condition is agitation or signs of agitation. In some embodiments, the agitation or signs of agitation are associated with schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the agitation or signs of agitation are associated with a bipolar illness such as bipolar I disorder. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0335] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 pg to about 405 pg, such as about 120 ug to about 270 pg, or at a dose of about 180 pg to about 405 pug, such as about 180 pg to about 270 pg, including administering doses of about 120 pg or about 180 pg.

[0336] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 pg to about 405 pg, such as about 120 pg to about 270 pg, or at a dose of about 180 pg to about 405 ug, such as about 180 pg to about 270 pg, including administering doses of about 120 ug or about 180 pug, to treat agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject.

[0337] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 pg to about 405 pg, such as about 120 pg to about 270 pg, or at a dose of about 180 pg to about 405 pug, such as about 180 pg to about 270 pg, including administering doses of about 120 pg or about 180 pg, to treat agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation.

[0338] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 pg to about 405 pg, such as about 120 ug to about 270 pg, or at a dose of about 180 pg to about 405 ug, such as about 180 pg to about 270 pg, including administering doses of about 120 pg or about 180 pg, to treat agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation or causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0339] In some embodiments (B), the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt) as a single dose of about 120 ug or about 180 ug. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0340] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating acute agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder ) in a human subject, comprising oromucosally administering a film composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. hydrochloride salt) as a single dose of 120 ug or 180 ng. In some embodiments, an additional dose (e.g. 90 pg or 60 ug) may be taken after a suitable period of time (e.g. 2-hours) in the event of persistent or recurrent agitation (e.g. by cutting a 180 ng or 120 pg film in half).

[0341] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating acute agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder ) in a human subject, comprising oromucosally administering a film composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. hydrochloride salt), wherein the subject is co-treated with an anti-psychotic agent. Suitable anti-psychotic agents contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure include but are not limited to aripiprazole, benperidol, flupentixol. amisulpride, chlorpromazine, asenapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, lurasidone, clozapine, cariprazine, olanzapine and quetiapine. In some embodiments, the anti-psychotic agent is aripiprazole.

[0342] In a particular embodiment (C), the present disclosure provides methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with dementia, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering from about 30 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Tn some embodiments, 30 pg, 60 pg or 90 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are administered as a single dose ina day. Insome embodiments, an additional dose (e.g. 30 ug) may be taken after a suitable period of time (e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 hours) in the event of persistent or recurrent agitation. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is oromucosally administered as a unit dose containing about 30 pg to about 90 pg between 1 and 6 times in a day. For example, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is oromucosally administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 times every 2 hours, every 4 hours, every 6 hours, every 8 hours, every 10 hours, or every 12 hours. In some embodiments, each unit dose containing about 30 pg to 60 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be taken one to six times in a day at an interval of 2 hours with the provision of maximum of three doses within 12 hours of first dose. In some embodiments, each unit dose containing about 90 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be taken one to four times in a day at an interval of 2 hours with the provision of maximum of two doses within 12 hours of first dose. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) as a film. In some embodiments, the dosing may be achieved by cutting a film in half to deliver a half-dose (e.g. a 60 pg dose may be administered with a half of a second 60 pg dose (30 pg) to make a 90ug dose.).

[0343] 1n a particular embodiment (D), the present disclosure also provides methods of managing or treating agitation in delirium in subjects, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 20 pg to about 240 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is hospitalized. In some embodiments, the subject is hospitalized in the intensive care unit. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt) is oromucosally administered at a unit dose containing about 20 pg or about 60 ug as a single dose. In some embodiments, each unit dose may be administered one to four times at an appropriate dosing interval (e.g. every 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, or 3 hours) within 6 hours of first dose to produce a desired effect; for example, 20 pg unit is administered four times at a dosing interval of 0.5 hours within 6 hours of first dose to produce the effect of a 80 pg dose or 60 pg unit is administered four times at a dosing interval of 0.5 hours within 6 hours of first dose to produce the effect of 240 pg dose. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) as a film described herein.

[0344] In a particular embodiment (E), the present disclosure provides a method of reducing a period of opioid withdrawal in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof twice daily, wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 14 days. In some embodiments, the period of withdrawal may be 13 days, 12 days, 11 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, or 3 days. In some embodiments, the human subject is an adult (i.e. at least 18 years old) and suffering with opioid use disorder who is physically dependent on opioids. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g. hydrochloride) is administered sublingually as a film. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is oromucosally administered at a dose range of about 30 pg to about 200 pg as a single dose. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine is administered as a dose of about 30 pg, about 60ug, or about 90 pg, about 120 pg or about 180 ug, twice daily approximately 12 hours apart for a period of at least 3 days ( e.g. 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days or 13 days). In further embodiments, each unit may be administered at an appropriate dosing interval (e.g. about 12 hours between doses) or can be administered concurrently, for example two units of 30 pg can be administered concurrently to produce the effect of a 60 pg dose or three units of 60 pg can be administered concurrently to produce the effect of a 180 pg dose. In an embodiment, the withdrawal symptoms following the treatment are assessed using the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale and / or the Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop (e.g. over a 10-day period). In some embodiments, the opioid may be selected from the group consisting of, but are not limited to fentanyl, morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, alfentanil carfentanil, tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, remifentanil butorphanol, meperidine, methadone, dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) thebaine, sufentanil or pentazocine. In some embodiments, the opioid had been administered for the amount of time longer than neonate treatment prior to withdrawal. It was unexpectedly discovered that dexmedetomidine is effective at reducing the period of opioid withdrawal in an adult subject. This is surprising because opioids (e.g. fentanyl) become localized in body fat over time and are released intermittently and have unpredictable effects on patients during the withdrawal process. Due to the high degree of variability and intermittent release of opioids, a clinician would not expect repeated administration of dexmedetomidine to be an effective therapy. 0345] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of promoting non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) stage 3 sleep in a human subject, comprising administering sublingually an effective amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose. In some embodiments, the human subject is hospitalized in ICU with hyperactive delirium.

[0346] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating cocaine toxicity and / or symptoms associated with cocaine toxicity comprising administering oromucosally an effective amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as an oromucosal film at a dose range of about 30 pg to about 200 pgas a single dose or as a multi-dose therapy.

[0347] In another embodiment (F), the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering an appropriate amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. the hydrochloride salt) resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, of about 3800 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, is from about 80% to about 125% of 3800 ng*h / L. For example, the AUC is about 3024 ng*h / L, about 3100 ng*h / L, about 3200 ng*h / L, about 3300 ng*h / L, about 3400 ng*h / L, about 3500 ng*h / L, about 3600 ng*h / L, about 3700 ng*h / L, about 3800 ng*h / L, about 3900 ng*h / L, about 4000 ng*h / L, about 4100 ng*h / L, about 4200 ng*h / L, about 4300 ng*h / L, about 4400 ng*h / L., about 4500 ng*h / L, about 4600 ng*h / L., or about 4725 ng*h / L.

[0348] In another embodiment (G), the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering an appropriate amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.s. the hydrochloride salt) resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, of about 1800ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Too, is from about 80% to about 125% of 1800 ng*h / L. For example, the AUC is about 1440 ng*h / L, 1500 ng*h / L, about 1600 ng*h / L, about 1700 ng*h / L, about 1800 ng*h / L, about 1900 ng*h / L, about 2000 ng*h / L, about 2100 ng*h / L, about 2200 ng*h / L, or about 2250 ng*h / L. 0349] In a further embodiment (H), the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering an appropriate amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, from about 600 to about 9500 ng*W / L. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, is from about 80% to about 125% of about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / T, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr¥*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about S000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr¥*ng / L, about 8750 hr¥*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / l., about 9500 hr*ng / L., about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr¥*ng / L, about 10500 hr¥*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L. about 11000 hr¥ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L., about 11500 hr*ng / L., or about 11875 hr¥*ng / L.

[0350] In a further embodiment (I), the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering an appropriate amount of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tew, from about 590. to about 4400ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the treatment is effective without causing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, is from about 80% to about 125% of about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr¥*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr¥*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, or about 5500 hr*ng / L.

[0351] In some embodiments of each of embodiments (A) to (I), dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered orally, oromucosally (e.g. sublingually, buccally), intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, topically, transdermally, intratracheally, intraperitoneally, intraorbitally, by implantation, by inhalation, intrathecally, intraventricularly or intranasally.

[0352] In some embodiments of each of embodiments (A) to (I), dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to the subject by the sublingual, buccal, oral, intranasal or parenteral route. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered by the sublingual or buccal route. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops, particularly a film. In some embodiments, the film is placed under the tongue. close to the base of the tongue, on the left or right side. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet, particularly a film. In some embodiments, the film is placed against the inner lip or check, close to the jaw line. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered parenterally to the subject in the form of an intramuscular injection. Tn some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to the subject by oral route. Tn some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 1s administered orally in the form of tablets, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), effervescent tablets, capsules, pellets, pills, lozenges or troches, powders, dispersible granules, catchets, aqueous solutions, syrups, emulsions, suspensions, solutions, soft gels, dispersions and the like. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally to the subject in the form of an orally disintegrating tablet. 0353] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually to the subject as a single dose containing about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein agitation or signs of agitation are treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, agitation or signs of agitation is treated without diastolic blood pressure falling below about 60 mmHg and / or without heart rate falling below about 50 beats per minute.

[0354] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually to the subject as a single dose containing about 120 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein agitation or signs of agitation is treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects. In some embodiments, agitation or signs of agitation is treated without systolic blood pressure falling below about 80 mmHg and or / without diastolic blood pressure falling below about 60 mmHg and / or without heart rate falling below about 50 beats per minute.

[0355] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 9500 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 8 hours. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tw, is from about 80% to about 125% of about 600 to about 9500 ng*h / L. For example, about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr¥*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L., about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L., about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L., about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr¥*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr¥*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr¥*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr¥*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, or about 11875 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the plasma Tmax from TO to Teo, is from about 80% to about 125% of about 1 to about 8 hours. For example, about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, or about 10 h.

[0356] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 120 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 to about 4400 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 4 hours. In some embodiments, the dexmedetomidine is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Tew, is from about 80% to about 125% of about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr¥*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L., about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, or about 5500 hr*ng / L. Tn some embodiments, the plasma Tmax from To to Too, is from about 0.8 b, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 b, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, or about 5.0 h.

[0357] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L (e.g. about 400 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Teo of from about 2300 ng*h / L to about 3600 ng*h / L (e.g. about 2900 ng*h / L). For example, the Cmax is about 240 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, or about 625 ng / L and the AUCO-inf is about 1840 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr¥*ng / L, or about 4500 hr*ng / L.

[0358] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 150 ng / L to about 350.ng / L (e.g. about 220 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Teo of from about 1100. ng*h / L to about 1800 ng*h / L (e.g. about 1410 ng*l / L). For example, the Cmax is about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, and the AUCO-inf is about 900 hr¥*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, or about 2250 hr*ng / L.

[0359] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 3800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 400 ng / L. Tn some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Tw is from 80% to about 125% of about 3800 ng*h / L., wherein the mean plasma Cmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 400 ng / L...

[0360] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 1800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 200 ng / L. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Tew is from 80% to about 125% of about 1800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 200 ng / L.

[0361] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 3800 ng*h / L, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Teo is from 80% to about 125% of about 3800 ng*h / L, wherein the median plasma Tmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

[0362] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 120 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 1800ng*h / L, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Tw is from 80% to about 125% of about 1800 ng*h / L, wherein the median plasma Tmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

[0363] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 3800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 400 ng / L. and the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. Tn some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Too is from 80% to about 125% of about 3800 ng*h / L., the mean plasma Cmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 400 ng / L, and the median plasma Tmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

[0364] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tw of about 1800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 200 ng / L and the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Teo is from 80% to about 125% of about 1800 ng*h / L, the mean plasma Cmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 200 ng / L, and the median plasma Tmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

[0365] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, from about 600 to about 9500 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Tw is from 80% to about 125% of about 600 ng*h / L to about 9500 ng*h / L and the mean plasma Cmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L.

[0366] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 to about 4400 ng*h / L. wherein the plasma Cmax is about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Teo is from 80% to about 125% of about 590 ng*h / L to about 4400 ng*h / L and the mean plasma Cmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L.

[0367] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 9500 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 8 hours. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Teo is from 80% to about 125% of about 600 ng*h / L to about 9500 ng*h / L and the plasma Tmax is from about 80% to about 125% of about 1 to about 8 hours.

[0368] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising sublingually administering a dose of 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 to about 4400ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 4. hours. In some embodiments, the plasma AUC from TO to Teo is from 80% to about 125% of about 5900 ng*h / L to about 4400 ng*h / L and the plasma Tmax 1s from about 80% to about 125% of about 1 to about 4 hours.

[0369] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

[0370] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 pug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400. hr*ng / L.

[0371] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject in need thereof, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering an unit dose of 180 pg or 120 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in rapid absorption with maximum concentration achieved on average within about 2.5 hours after administration.

[0372] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 600 hr¥*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 8 hours. 0373] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L and AUC from TO to Tee of about 590hr*ng / L to about 4400hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the plasma Tmax is about] hour to about 4 hours.

[0374] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of from about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L (e.g. about 400 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Too of from about 2300 ng*h / L. to about 3600 ng*h / L (e.g. about 2900 ng*h / L), In some embodiments, the plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0375] 1n some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of from about 150 ng / L to about 300 ng / L (e.g. about 220 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Tew of from about 1100 ng*h / L to about 1800 ng*h / L (e.g. about 1400ng*h / L). In some embodiments, the plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0376] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, from about 600 to about 9300 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 8 hours.

[0377] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 to about 4400 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 4 hours.

[0378] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L (e.g. about 400 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Teo of from about 2300 ng*h / L to about 3600 ng*h / L (e.g. about 2900 ng*h / L).

[0379] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 150ng / L to about 300 ng / L (e.g. about 220.ng / L) and AUC from TO to Teo of from about 1100 ng*h / L to about 1800 ng*h / L (e.g. about 1400 ng*h / L).

[0380] 1n some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject. resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 3800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 400 ng / L.

[0381] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tec of about 1800 ng*h / L., wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 200ng / L..

[0382] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 3780 ng*h / L, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0383] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject, resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 1800 ng*h / L, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0384] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 3800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 400 ng / L and the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0385] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to said subject resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo of about 1800 ng*h / L, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 200ng / L and the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours,

[0386] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, from about 600 to about 9300 ng*h / L., wherein the plasma Cmax 1s about 100 ng / L. to about 800 ng / L.

[0387] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 to about 4400 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L.

[0388] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 9500 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 8 hours. 0389] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising buccally administering a dose of about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tw, from about 590 to about 4400 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 4 hours.

[0390] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

[0391] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. and AUC from TO to Teo of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr¥*ng / L..

[0392] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from TO to Tew of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / , wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

[0393] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 590 hr¥*ng / L to about 4400hr*ng / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 4 hours.

[0394] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of from about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L (e.g. about 400 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Too of from about 2300 ng*h / L to about 3600 ng*h / L (e.g. about 2900 ng*h / L), wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0395] 1n some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof buccally to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of from about 150ng / L to about 300 ng / L (e.g. about 200 ng / L) and AUC from TO to Teo of from about 1100 ng*h / L to about 1800 ng*h / L (e.g. about 1400 ng*h / L), wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0396] In certain embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered parenterally to the subject in the form of an intramuscular injection, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 140 pg to about 190 pg.

[0397] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. without also inducing significant sedation, comprising intramuscularly administering a dose of about 120 pg to about 190 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 9500 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 5 minutes to about 4 hours.

[0398] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising intramuscularly administering a dose of about 120 pg to about 190 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 5 minutes to about 4 hours.

[0399] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising intramuscularly administering a dose of about 120 pg to about 190 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 200 to about 800 ng / L.

[0400] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising intramuscularly administering a dose of about 120 pg to about 190 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the median Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0401] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising intravenously administering a dose of about 120 pg to about 190 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Tee, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L., wherein the plasma Tmax is about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes.

[0402] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally to the subject, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 900 ug to about 1200 pg. 0403] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising orally administering a dose of about 900 pg to about 1200 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

[0404] In certain embodiments, there is provided a method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising orally administering a dose of about 900 pg to about 1200 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the median Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0405] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose (e.g. as a single unit dose or multiple unit doses administered simultaneously).

[0406] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. and AUC from TO to Too of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

[0407] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L and AUC from TO to Teo of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L.

[0408] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 300 ng / L to about S00 ng / L (e.g. about 400 ng / L.) and AUC from TO to Tw of about 2300 ng*h / L. to about 3600 ng*h / L (e.g. about 2900 ng*h / L.), wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0409] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 150 ng / L to about 300. ng / L (e.g. about 200ng / L) and AUC from TO to Teo of about 1100 ng*h / L. to about 1800ng*I / L (e.g. about 1400 ng*h / L), wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. 0410] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising about 180 pg to about 240 ng of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 8 hours.

[0411] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (i) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (it) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from To to Too of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 525 ng / L, about 550 ng / L, about 575 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 650 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, to about 1000 ng / L, and the AUCo-inf is about 470 hr¥*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr¥*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4230 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, about 5500 hr¥*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr¥*ng / L, about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the Tmax is from about 1 to about 8 hours. For example, the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h.

[0412] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (i) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iil) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values; Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. and AUC from To to Tw of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, to about 500 ng / L, and the AUCo-inf is about 470 hr¥*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the Tmax is from about 1 to about 4 hours. For example, the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2,25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 h.

[0413] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (i) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (il) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (11) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from To to Too of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 8 hours. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 650 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, to about 1000 ng / L, and the AUCo.nf is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr¥*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr¥*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr¥*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr¥*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr¥*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr¥*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L, and the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 b, about 4.5 h, about 4.73 h, about 5.0 bh, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 b, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 bh, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 bh, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 bh, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h.

[0414] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (11) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (111) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax fromabout 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L and AUC from To to Teo of about 590 hr¥*ng / L to about 4400 hr*n / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 4 hours. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, to about 500 ng / L, and the AUCo.us is about 470 hr*ng / L., about S00 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr¥*ng / L, about 800 hr¥*ng / L. about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L., about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr¥*ng / L, about 3000 hr¥*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr¥*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, and the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 h.

[0415] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of about 300 ng / L to about 474ng / L (e.g. about 400 ng / L.)and AUC from To to Teo of about 2300 ng*h / L. to about 3600 ng*h / L (e.g. about 2900 ng*h / L), wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. For example, the Cmax is about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L. about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, to about 475 ng / L. and the AUCounr is about 2230 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr¥*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the Tmax is from about 1 to about 4 hours. For example, the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 09h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 h.

[0416] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of about 150 ng / L to about 300 ng / L (e.g. about 200 ng / L) and AUC from To to Too of about 1100 ng*h / L. to about 1800 ng*h / L (e.g. about 1400 ng*h / L), wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours. For example, the Cmax is about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, or about 300 ng / L, and the AUCo- inf is about 1100 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, to about 1800 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the Tmax is from about 1 to about 4 hours. For example, the Tmax is about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 h

[0417] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (i) about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (111) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Too, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 8 hours. For example, the AUCo-inf is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, about 11750 hr*ng / L, about 12000 hr*ng / L, about 12250 hr*ng / L, or about 12600 hr*ng / L, and the Tmax is about 1 h, about 2 h, about 3 h, about 4 h, about 5 h, about 6 h, about 7 h, or about 8 h.

[0418] Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a self-supporting, dissolvable, film comprising; (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (ili) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: ) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (11) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b), and wherein application of said film sublingually to a subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder results in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Teo, from about 590 to about 8750 ng*h / L, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 to about 4 hours. For example, the AUCo-inf is about 590 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about S000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr¥*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr¥*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr¥*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, about 8500 hr*ng / L, or about 8750 hr*ng / L, and the Tmax is about 1 h, about 2 h, about 3 h, or about 4 h.

[0419] In some embodiments, agitation or signs of agitation are significantly reduced within 60 minutes in a patient with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following administration of a single dose of 120 pg or 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, as measured by the relative PEC scores just prior to and 60 minutes after administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0420] In some embodiments, the relative PEC scores are different by at least six points. In another embodiment, the relative PEC scores are different by at least eight points. In yet another embodiment, the difference in relative PEC scores is maintained for at least six hours, In a particular embodiment, a difference of at least eight points is maintained for up to about 24 hours when administering a single dose of 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride).

[0421] In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score at 2 hours, as measured by change from baseline total PEC score post-administration of 180 pg of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is -10.8 compared to placebo (-4.5). In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score at 2 hours post- administration of 180 ug of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is greater (-10.8) as compared to administering 120 pg (-9.2) or 80 pg (-7.3) dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered immediately prior to or immediately following the appearance of agitation or signs of agitation in the human subject. 0422] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered within 10 minutes following the appearance of agitation or signs of agitation in the human subject. In some embodiments, an additional dose of 90 pg or 60 pg may be taken after a suitable period of time (e.g. two hours) of first dosing.

[0423] In some embodiments, following administering a unit dose of about 30 pg, about 60 ug, about 90 pg, about 120 pg, or about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable thereof in a human subject experiencing opioid withdrawal symptoms (e.g. agitation or signs of agitation), the withdrawal symptoms are significantly reduced as measured by the relative COWS and / or the SOWS-Gossop scores just prior to and 2 hour post administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a particular embodiment, each unit may be administered twice daily over an appropriate period of withdrawal (e.g. for at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days).

[0424] In certain embodiments, following administering of about 20 pg to about 240 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) to an agitated human subject with delirium hospitalized (e.g. in an ICU), the agitation or signs of agitation and delirium severity are significantly reduced as measured by the RASS and DRS-R-98 respectively. For example, the agitation or signs of agitation and delirium severity are significantly reduced as measured by the RASS and DRS-R-98 just prior to and after every 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3, hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, or 6 hours post-administration of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine is oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) administered one to four times a day at an appropriate dosing interval (e.g. after every 30 minutes) within 6 hours of first dose to produce a desired effect; for example, a 20 pg unit dose is administered four times at a dosing interval of 30 minutes within 6 hours of first dose to produce the effect of a 80 pg dose or a 60 pg unit dose is administered four times at a dosing interval of 30 minutes within 6 hours of first dose to produce the effect of a 240 pg.

[0425] In some embodiments, following administration of about 30 pg to about 90 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) to an agitated human subject with dementia, the agitation or signs of agitation are significantly reduced as measured by the PAS and PEC. For example, the agitation or signs of agitation are significantly reduced as measured by the PAS and PEC just prior to and after every 2 hours up to at least 24 hours post administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, dexmedetomidine is oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) administered. In some embodiments, each unit dose comprises about 30 pg to 60 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, a dose of dexmedetomidine may be taken 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 times in a day every 2 hours with the provision of maximum of three doses within 12 hours of first dose. In some embodiments, each unit dose containing about 90 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be taken 1, 2, 3, or 4 times in a day at every 2 hours with the provision of maximum of two doses within 12 hours of first dose.

[0426] In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered oromucosally (e.g. sublingually or buccally) as a film. In some embodiments, the dosing may be achieved by cutting the film into half to deliver a half-dose (for e.g. 60 pg dose may be administered with a half of a 60 ug dose (30 ng) to make a 90ug dose.).

[0427] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia, in some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder (E.g. bipolar I disorder, and in some embodiments, the patient has both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder).

[0428] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, the composition may be administered a variety of means. For example, in some embodiments, the composition comprising dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually or buccally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops. In some embodiments, the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

[0429] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, the method may further comprises administering a second dose of dexmedetomidine after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours. For example, the period of time may be about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, or about 23 hours. In some embodiments, the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the second dose ranges from about 10 pg to about 180 pug. For example, the additional dose may be about 10 ug, about 20 pg, about 30 pg, about 40 ug, about 50 ug, about 60 ug, about 70 pg, about 80 ug, about 90 ug, about 100 pg,, about 110 pg, about 120 pg, about 130 ug, about 140 pg, about 150 ug, about 160 pg, about 170 or about 180 pug. In some embodiments, the additional dose is about 60pg or 90ug.

[0430] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, the unit dose composition may be administered to a patient in the fasted state. In some embodiments, the unit dose composition has been administered in the fed state.

[0431] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline. In some embodiments, the agitation is significantly reduced within about 45 minutes to about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the agitation is significantly reduced in less than 45 minutes (e.g. about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes). In some embodiments, the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score. For example, the patient may experience greater than or equal to about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, or about 130% from baseline. Treatment efficacy may also be compared by comparing PEC score to placebo. In some embodiments, the PEC score is 230% lower than placebo (e.g. the placebo group has mean change from baseline in PEC total score of - 3 and the dexmedetomidine-containing composition has a score of -3.9). For example, compared to placebo, the patient's PEC score may be lower by greater than or equal to about 30,%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, about 150%, about 155%, about 160%, about 165%, about 170%, about 175%, about 180%, about 185%, about 190%, about 195%, or about 200%. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition. For example, at the 2 hour time point, the patient may experience a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4, about -5, about -6, about -7, about -8, about -9, about -10, about -11, or about -12. In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is substantially maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -4, about -5, or about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 6 hours following administration of the composition.

[0432] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. In some embodiments, the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0433] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. For example, a single dose provides a mean Cuax of about 88 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, about 475 ng / L, or about 500 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the mean Cuax is between about 100 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 400 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 350 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 300 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 250 mg / L, or about 210 ng / L to about 240 ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 238 ng / L. the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 238 ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is about 238 ng / L. 0434] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCo.-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L. For example, a single dose provides a mean AUCo-inf of about 475 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, or about 5500 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. .In some embodiments, the mean AUCho-iw¢ is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr¥*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 1500 hr*ng / L, or about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-inf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1800 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-inf is about 1800 ng*h / L.

[0435] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours, For example, a single dose provides a mean Tux of about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 b, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 bh, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 bh, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 bh. In some embodiments, the Tmax is between about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax i$ within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0436] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. For example, a single dose provides a geometric mean Crax of about 88 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, about 475 ng / L, or about 500 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Cmax is between about 100 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 400 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 350 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 300 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 250 mg / L, or about 210 ng / L to about 240 ng / L. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Crux is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 220 ng / L. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Cmax is about 220 ng / L. In some embodiments, the median Cmax is about 238 ng / L.

[0437] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean AUCo-iw¢ within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L. For example, a single dose provides a geometric mean AUCo-inf of about 475 hr¥*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, or about 5500 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. .In some embodiments, the geometric mean AUCo-inf is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr¥*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L. to about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L., about 1200 hr*ng / L to about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1300 hr*ng / L to about 1500 hr*ng / L, or about 1350 hr*ng / L to about 1450 hr*ng / L,. Tn some embodiments, the geometric mean AUCo-ut is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1410 ng*h / L.. In some embodiments, the geometric mean AUCo.in is about 1410 ng*h / L.. 0438] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours. For example, a single dose provides a geometric mean Tmax of about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 h. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Tmax is between about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the Tmax 1s about 2 hours.

[0439] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a median Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. For example, a single dose provides a median Cmax of about 88 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, about 475 ng / L, or about 500 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the mean median Cmax is between about 100 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 400 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 350 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 300 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 250 mg / L, or about 210 ng / L to about 240 ng / L. In some embodiments, the median Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 230 ng / L. In some embodiments, the median Cmax is about 230 ng / L.

[0440] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a median AUCo-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L. For example, a single dose provides a median AUCo-f of about 475 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L., about 1500 hr¥*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2300 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L., about 5000 hr*ng / L., or about 5500 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. .In some embodiments, the median AUCo-int is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 1200 hr*ng / L, about 1100 hr*ng / L to about 1200 hr*ng / L, or about 1150 hr*ng / L to about 1250 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the median AUCo-in is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1180 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the median AUCo-ur is about 1180 ng*h / L. 0441] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a median Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours. For example, a single dose provides a median Tmax of about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, to about 5.0 h. In some embodiments, the median Tmax is between about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the median Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the median Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0442] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine, the aforementioned pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

[0443] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia, in some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder (E.g. bipolar I disorder, and in some embodiments, the patient has both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder). 0444] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the composition may be administered a variety of means. For example, in some embodiments, the composition comprising dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually or buccally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops. In some embodiments, the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

[0445] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine, the method may further comprises administering a second dose of dexmedetomidine after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours. For example, the period of time may be about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, or about 23 hours. In some embodiments, the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the second dose ranges from about 10 pg to about 180 ug. For example, the additional dose may be about 10 ug, about 20 pg, about 30 ug, about 40 ug, about 50 ug, about 60 ug. about 70 pg, about 80 ug, about 90 ug, about 100 ug,, about 110 pg, about 120 pg, about 130 ug, about 140 pg, about 150 ug, about 160 pg. about 170, or about 180 pg. In some embodiments, the additional dose is about 60ug or 0ug.

[0446] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine, the unit dose composition may be administered to a patient in the fasted state. In some embodiments, the unit dose composition has been administered in the fed state.

[0447] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline. In some embodiments, the agitation is significantly reduced within about 45 minutes to about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the agitation is significantly reduced in less than 45 minutes (e.g. about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes). In some embodiments, the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score. For example, the patient may experience greater than or equal to about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, or about 150% from baseline. Treatment efficacy may also be compared by comparing PEC score to placebo. In some embodiments, the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo (e.g. the placebo group has mean change from baseline in PEC total score of - 3 and the dexmedetomidine-containing composition has a score of -3.9). For example, compared to placebo, the patient’s PEC score may be lower by greater than or equal to about 30,%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, about 150%, about 155%, about 160%, about 165%, about 170%, about 175%, about 180%, about 185%, about 190%, about 195%, or about 200%. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition. For example, at the 2 hour time point, the patient may experience a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4, about -5, about -6, about -7, about -8, about -9, about -10, about -11, or about -12, In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is substantially maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -4, about -3, or about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 24 hours following administration of the composition.

[0448] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. In some embodiments, the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0449] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 123% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 650 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, or about 1000 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the mean Crax is between about 100 ng / L to about 1000 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 350 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, or about 400 ng / L to about 450 ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 440 ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is about 440 ng / L.

[0450] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCo-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.. For example, the AUCo-ir is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr¥ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L., about 1250 hr¥*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2230 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L., about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L., about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr¥ng / L, about 32350 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr¥*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr¥*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr¥*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the AUCo.int is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 6000 hr*ng / L, to about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr¥*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, or about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-it is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 3800 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-ixt is about 3800 ng*h / L.

[0451] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours. For example, a single dose provides a mean Tmax of About 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is between about 1h to about 8 h, about 1 h to about 6 h, about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the Tuax is about 2 hours.

[0452] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. For example, the Cuax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 650 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, or about 1000 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Cmax is between about 100 ng / L to about 1000 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 350 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 350 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, or about 350 ng / L to about 400 ng / L. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Cnax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 380 ng / L. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Cuax is about 380 ng / L.

[0453] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 upg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean AUCo-inf within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L. For example, the AUCo-inf is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr¥ng / L, to about 7500 hr¥*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr¥ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. Tn some embodiments, the AUCo-ius is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr¥*ng / L. to about 7500 hr*ng / L., about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 6000 hr*ng / L, to about 1500 hr*ng / L. to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L. to about S000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L., about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr¥*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr¥*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, or about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the geometric mean AUCo-int is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2880 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the geometric mean AUCo-int is about 2880 ng*h / L.

[0454] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours. For example, a single dose provides a geometric mean Tmax of about 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is between about 1h to about 8 h, about 1 h to about 6 h, about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the geometric mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0455] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a median Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 630 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L. about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, or about 1000 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. Tn some embodiments, the median Cuax is between about 100 ng / L to about 1000 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L, about 200 ng / L. to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 350 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 450 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 470 ng / L to about 490 ng / L. In some embodiments, the median Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 485 ng / L. In some embodiments, the median Cmax is about 485 ng / L

[0456] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a median AUCo-iat within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L. For example, the AUCo.inr is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr¥*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr¥*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr¥*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 1 1500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the AUCo-inf is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L. to about 6000 hr*ng / L, to about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, or about 2500 hr¥ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the median AUCo-inr is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2900 ng*h / L.. In some embodiments, the median AUCo.iur is about 2900 ng*h / 1..

[0457] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a median Tuax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours. For example, a single dose provides a median Tmax of About 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6,25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h. In some embodiments, the Timax is between about 1h to about 8 h, about 1 h to about 6 h, about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the Twax is about 2 hours.

[0458] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the aforementioned pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

[0459] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 to about 180 ng of dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient. For example, in some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia, in some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder (E.g. bipolar I disorder, and in some embodiments, the patient has both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (e.g. bipolar I disorder).

[0460] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the composition may be administered a variety of means. For example, in some embodiments, the composition comprising dexmedetomidine (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually or buccally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops. In some embodiments, the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

[0461] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the method may further comprises administering a second dose of dexmedetomidine after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours. For example, the period of time may be about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, or about 23 hours. In some embodiments, the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the second dose ranges from about 10 ug to about 180 pg. For example, the additional dose may be about 10 pg, about 20 ug, about 30 ug, about 40 pg, about 50 pg, about 60 pg, about 70 ug, about 80 ug, about 90 ug, about 100 ug,, about 110 pug, about 120 ug, about 130 pg, about 140 ug, about 150 ug, about 160 ug, about 170 or about 180 pug. In some embodiments, the additional dose is about 60ug or 90g.

[0462] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the unit dose composition may be administered to a patient in the fasted state. In some embodiments, the unit dose composition has been administered in the fed state.

[0463] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline. In some embodiments, the agitation is significantly reduced within about 45 minutes to about | hour. In some embodiments, the agitation is significantly reduced in less than 45 minutes (e.g. about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes). In some embodiments, the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score. For example, the patient may experience greater than or equal to about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, or about 150% from baseline. Treatment efficacy may also be compared by comparing PEC score to placebo. In some embodiments, the PEC score is 230% lower than placebo (e.g. the placebo group has mean change from baseline in PEC total score of -3 and the dexmedetomidine-containing composition has a score of -3.9). For example, compared to placebo, the patient’s PEC score may be lower by greater than or equal to about 30,%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, about 150%, about 155%, about 160%, about 165%, about 170%, about 175%, about 180%, about 185%, about 190%, about 195%, or about 200%. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition. For example, at the 2 hour time point, the patient may experience a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4, about -5, about -6, about -7, about -8, about -9, about -10, about -11, or about -12. In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is substantially maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -4, about -5, or about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 24 hours following administration of the composition.

[0464] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. In some embodiments, the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0465] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean Cuax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. For example, the Cuaxis about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 630 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, or about 1000 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is between about 100 ng / L to about 1000 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 350 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, or about 400 ng / L to about 430 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 400 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 350 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 300 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 250 mg / L, or about 210 ng / L to about 240 ng / L.. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 200 ng / L to about 500 ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean Cuwax 1s about 230 ng / L to about 440 ng / L.

[0466] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCh-int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L. For example, the AUCo- inf is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr*ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L., about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr¥*ng / L., about 9750 hr¥ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr¥*ng / L, about 11230 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the AUCo-inf is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 7500 hr*ng / L., about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 6000 hr*ng / L, to about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr¥*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 1500 hr*ng / L, or about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, or about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr¥*ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo.inr is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1400 ng*h / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-ins is about 3800 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-ur is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1800 ng*h / L to about 3800 ng*h / L.

[0467] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, administration of a single dose provides a mean Twax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours. For example, a single dose provides a mean Trax of About 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8,75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is between about 1h to about 8 h, about 1 h to about 6 h, about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1,75 h to about 2.25 h, In some embodiments, the Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0468] In accordance with some embodiments of the methods of treating agitation comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine, the aforementioned pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

[0469] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating or ameliorating opioid withdrawal symptoms, comprising administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride) to a human patient in need thereof, wherein the patient is at least 18 years and wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 14 days. “Opioid withdrawal” refers to a variety of signs and complaints appearing with the abrupt removal of, or a rapid decrease in the regular dosage of opioids. Physical manifestations may include sweating, nausea, yawning, chills, diarrhea, papillary dilation, piloerection, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, hypersensitivity to pain, stomach cramps, and muscle cramps. Psychological manifestations of opioid withdrawal observed may include agitation, dysphoria, restlessness, irritability, anxiety, and depression. In some embodiments, the opioid withdrawal symptom is agitation. Onset often begins within 6-24 hours from last opioid use. In some embodiments, treating or ameliorating opioid withdrawal refers to the treatment or lessening of one or more of the aforementioned symptoms. The treating or ameliorating may be measured by a variety of well-known means in the art, including but not limited to, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and / or Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop (SOWS-Gossop) score.

[0470] Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating or ameliorating agitation associated with opioid withdrawal symptoms. In some embodiments, the treatment or amelioration comprises reducing the period of opioid withdrawal. For example, a patient treated in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, may experience an opioid withdrawal period of about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, or about 14 days, where a similar patient that was not treated in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure will have a longer opioid withdrawal treatment.

[0471] In some embodiments, the composition is administered twice daily. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dose range of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of between about 30 pg and about 200 pug. For example, the composition comprises a unit dose of about 30 pg, about 60 pg, about 90 pg. about 120 pg, or 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Tn some embodiments, a single dose of a composition comprising about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is effective for up to at least about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the composition is administered twice daily for 7 days.

[0472] In some embodiments, the patient is suffering from opioid withdrawal, wherein the opioid is one or more of fentanyl, morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, alfentanil carfentanil, tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, remifentanil butorphanol, meperidine, methadone, dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) thebaine, sufentanil and pentazocine. In some embodiments, the opioid is fentanyl. In some embodiments, the opioid had been administered for amount of time longer than neonate treatment prior to withdrawal,

[0473] In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops. In some embodiments, the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a film. In some embodiments, the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet. In some embodiments, the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film. In some embodiments, the patient is treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

[0474] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride). In some embodiments, the dose of dexmedetomidine is about 120 pg. In some embodiments, the dose of dexmedetomidine is about 180 pg.

[0475] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for sublingual or buccal administration. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for sublingual administration in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for buccal administration in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

[0476] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine is administered to a patient having agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, the agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline. For example, the agitation is significantly reduced with 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 90 minutes, or about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the patient experiences 40% decrease from baseline in PEC score. For example, the patient may experience greater than or equal to about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, or about 150% from baseline. Treatment efficacy may also be compared by comparing PEC score to placebo. In some embodiments, the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo (e.g. the placebo group has mean change from baseline in PEC total score of - 3 and the dexmedetomidine-containing composition has a score of -3.9). For example, compared to placebo, the patient’s PEC score may be lower by greater than or equal to about 30,%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 123%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, about 145%, about 150%, about 155%, about 160%, about 165%, about 170%, about 175%, about 180%, about 185%, about 190%, about 195%, or about 200%. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition. For example, at the 2 hour time point, the patient may experience a mean change in PEC score of greater than about -4, about -3, about -6, about -7, about -8, about -9, about -10, about -11, or about -12. In some embodiments, the decrease in PEC score (e.g. of greater than about -4) is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. For example, if a patient experiences a mean change from baseline in PEC total score of e.g. -6 at 2 hours, then at 6 hours patient’s mean change in PEC score will be about -6 or lower (e.g. -7, -8, etc.). In some embodiments, the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 24 hours following administration of the composition.

[0477] In accordance with some embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine, the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. In some embodiments, the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects,

[0478] Administration of a single dose of the pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine provides a mean Cuax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L. For example, the Cmax is about 80 ng / L, about 100 ng / L, about 125 ng / L, about 150 ng / L, about 175 ng / L, about 200 ng / L, about 225 ng / L, about 250 ng / L, about 275 ng / L, about 300 ng / L, about 325 ng / L, about 350 ng / L, about 375 ng / L, about 400 ng / L, about 425 ng / L, about 450 ng / L, and 475 ng / L, about 500 ng / L, about 600 ng / L, about 625 ng / L, about 650 ng / L, about 675 ng / L, about 700 ng / L, about 725 ng / L, about 750 ng / L, about 775 ng / L, about 800 ng / L, about 825 ng / L, about 850 ng / L, about 875 ng / L, about 900 ng / L, about 925 ng / L, about 950 ng / L, about 975 ng / L, or about 1000 ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is between about 100 ng / L to about 1000 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 600 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 350 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 300 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 400 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, or about 400 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 100 ng / L to about 500 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 450 ng / L, about 150 ng / L to about 400 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 350 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 300 ng / L, about 200 ng / L to about 250 mg / L, or about 210 ng / L to about 240 ng / L.. In some embodiments, the mean Cuuax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 200 ng / L to about 500 ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean Cmax is about 230 ng / L to about 440 ng / L.

[0479] Administration of a single dose of the pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine provides a mean AUCo-int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L. For example, the AUCo-inf is about 470 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L, about 600 hr*ng / L, about 700 hr*ng / L, about 800 hr*ng / L, about 900 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L, about 1250 hr*ng / L, about 1500 hr*ng / L, about 1750 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 2250 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 2750 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 3250 hr*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L, about 3750 hr*ng / L, about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 4250 hr*ng / L, about 4500 hr*ng / L, about 4750 hr*ng / L, about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 5250 hr*ng / L, to about 5500 hr*ng / L, about 5750 hr*ng / L, about 6000 hr*ng / L, about 6250 hr*ng / L, to about 6500 hr*ng / L, about 6750 hr*ng / L, about 7000 hr*ng / L, about 7250 hr¥ng / L, to about 7500 hr*ng / L, about 7750 hr*ng / L, about 8000 hr*ng / L, about 8250 hr*ng / L, to about 8500 hr¥*ng / L, about 8750 hr*ng / L, about 9000 hr*ng / L, about 9250 hr*ng / L, about 9500 hr*ng / L, about 9750 hr*ng / L, about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 10250 hr*ng / L, about 10500 hr*ng / L, about 10750 hr*ng / L, about 11000 hr*ng / L, about 11250 hr*ng / L, about 11500 hr*ng / L, to about 11875 hr*ng / L, including all integers and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the AUCo-inf is between about 500 hr*ng / L to about 10000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr¥*ng / L. to about 7500 hr*ng / L., about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 6000 hr*ng / L, to about 1500 hr*ng / L. to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L. to about S000 hr¥*ng / L, about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L., about 2000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 3000 hr*ng / L. to about 4000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 5000 hr*ng / L, about 500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L., about 500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr¥*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr¥*ng / L to about 2500 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr*ng / L, about 1000 hr¥*ng / L. to about 1500 hr¥*ng / L, or about 1500 hr*ng / L to about 2000 hr¥*ng / L, about 3500 hr*ng / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L, or about 2500 hr*ng / L to about 3000 hr*ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-inf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1400 ng*h / L to about 4000 hr¥*ng / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-ut is about 3800 ng*h / L. In some embodiments, the mean AUCo-inf 1s within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1800 ng*h / L to about 3800 ng*h / L. 0480] Administration of a single dose of the pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours. For example, a single dose provides a mean Tmax of About 0.8 h, about 0.9h, about 1 h, about 1.25 h, about 1.5 h, about 1.75 h, about 2.0 h, about 2.25 h, about 2.5 h, about 2.75 h, about 3.0 h, about 3.25 h, about 3.5 h, about 3.75 h, about 4.0 h, about 4.25 h, about 4.5 h, about 4.75 h, about 5.0 h, about 5.25 h, about 5.5 h, about 5.75 h, about 6.0 h, about 6.25 h, about 6.5 h, about 6.75 h, about 7.0 h, about 7.25 h, about 7.5 h, about 7.75 h, about 8.0 h, about 8.25 h, about 8.5 h, about 8.75 h, about 9.0 h, about 9.25 h, about 9.5 h, about 9.75 h, to about 10 h. In some embodiments, the Trax is between about 1h to about 8 h, about 1 h to about 6h, about 1 h to about 4 h, about 1 h to about 3 h, about 1.5 h to about 3 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.5 h, about 1.75 h to about 2.25 h. In some embodiments, the Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the Tmax is about 2 hours.

[0481] In some embodiments, the aforementioned pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

[0482] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing agitation to a 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) within 2 hours of administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. dexmedetomidine hydrochloride), as measured by the Clinical Global Impression — Improvement Scale. In some embodiments, the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. Tn some embodiments, the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours. For example, the reduction in agitation is maintained for about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder.

[0483] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing agitation to a 3 (mild agitation) or 4 (normal behavior) within 2 hours of administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as measured by the Agitation- Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES). In some embodiments, the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reduction in agitation is reduced to a 4 (normal behavior). In some embodiments, the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours. For example, the reduction in agitation is maintained for about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder.

[0484] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of achieving a >40% reduction in agitation, within 2 hours of administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as measured by the PEC scale. In some embodiments, the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reduction in agitation >40%, >50%, >60%, >70%, >80%, >90%, or >100%. In some embodiments, the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours. For example, the reduction in agitation is maintained for about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine. In some embodiments, the patient has schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the patient has bipolar disorder.

[0485] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of achieving a PEC score reduction in agitation for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar or schizophrenic subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 pg to about 180 pg wherein the PEC score reduction is about -8 to about -10 and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 pg. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 180 pg. In some embodiments, the sustained period is about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the PEC score reduction is about -8, about -9, or about -10.

[0486] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of achieving an ACES score improvement for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar or schizophrenic subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 pg to about 180 ng wherein the ACES score is improved to about 3 to about 4 and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 mcg. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 180 meg. In some embodiments, the sustained period is about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. Tn some embodiments, the ACES score is about 4.

[0487] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of achieving an CGI-I score improvement for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar or schizophrenic subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 pg to about 180 pg wherein the CGI-I score is improved to about a 1 (very much improved) or about a 2 (much improved) and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 120 pg. In some embodiments, dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 180 ug. In some embodiments, the sustained period is about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hours, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours, about 12 hours, about 13 hours, about 14 hours, about 15 hours, about 16 hours, about 17 hours, about 18 hours, about 19 hours, about 20 hours, about 21 hours, about 22 hours, about 23 hours, or about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the CGI-I score is about 1.

[0488] SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS:

[0489] Embodiment 1. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, of about 3800 ng*h / L.

[0490] Embodiment 2. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 600 to about 12600 ng*h / IL..

[0491] Embodiment 3. A methods of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Too, of about 1800 ng*h / L.

[0492] Embodiment 4. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from TO to Teo, from about 590 ng*h / L to about 8750 ng*h / L. 0493] Embodiment 5. The method of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein said agitation or signs of agitation is associated with schizophrenia.

[0494] Embodiment 6 The method of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally.

[0495] Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually or buccally.

[0496] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually.

[0497] Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

[0498] Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a film.

[0499] Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally.

[0500] Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

[0501] Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered parenterally.

[0502] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered parenterally in the form of an intramuscular injection.

[0503] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally.

[0504] Embodiment 16. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose.

[0505] Embodiment 17. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose containing about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0506] Embodiment 18. The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose containing about 120 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0507] Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 14, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 140 to 190 ug.

[0508] Embodiment 20 The method of embodiment 15, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 900 to 1200 pg.

[0509] Embodiment 21. The method of any one of...

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Tew, of about 3800 ng*h / L.

2. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Teo, from about 600 ng*h / L to about 12600 ng*h / L.

3. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a mean total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Teo, of about 1800 ng*h / L.

4. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Too, from about 590 ng*b / L. to about 8750 ng*h / L.

5. The method of claims 1 to 4, wherein said agitation or signs of agitation is associated with schizophrenia.

6. The method of claims 1 to 5, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a film.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered parenterally in the form of an intramuscular injection.

11. The method of claim 6, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally.

12. The method of claims 1 to 4, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose.

13. The method of claims 1 to 4, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose containing about 180 ng dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

14. The method of claims 1 to 4, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose containing about 120 ug dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

15. The method of claim 13, resulting in a total exposure of dexmedetomidine, as measured by plasma AUC from To to Teo, from about 600 ng*h / L to about 9500 ng*h / L.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 140 ug to about 190 pg.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered at a dose of about 900 pug to about 1200 pg.

18. The method of claims 1 to 4, wherein agitation or signs of agitation is treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

19. The method of claims 1 to 4, wherein agitation or signs of agitation are significantly reduced within 60 minutes of administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as measured by a significant relative change in PEC score just prior to and 60 minutes after administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the said relative PEC scores are different by at least six or eight points.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the difference in relative PEC scores is maintained for at least six hours following administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the said relative PEC scores are different by at least eight points, and wherein this difference of at least eight points is maintained for up to at least about 6 to 24 hours following administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 400 ng / L.

24. The method of claim 1, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 400 ng / L and the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

26. The method of claim 2, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 100 ng / L to about 1100 ng / L.

27. The method of claim 2, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 200 ng / L to about 800 ng / L.

28. The method of claim 2, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 3000 ng / L to about 5000 ng / L.

29. The method of claim 2, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

30. The method of claim 2, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 5 minutes to about 4 hours.

31. The method of claim 2, wherein the plasma tmax is about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes.

32. The method of claim 3, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 200 ng / L.

33. The method of claim 3, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2.0 hours. 34, The method of claim 3, wherein the mean plasma Cmax is about 200 ng / L and the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

35. The method of claim 4, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 100 ng / L to about 500 ng / L.

36. The method of claim 4, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 150 ng / L to about 700 ng / L.

37. The method of claim 4, wherein the plasma Cmax is about 1400 ng / L to about 4500 ng / L 38. The method of claim 4, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 4 hours.

39. The method of claim 4, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes.

40. A method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 180 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of about 400 ng / L and AUC from To to Teo of about 2900 ng*h / L.

41. A method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject. comprising administering to said subject about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax from about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L and AUC from To to Teo of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

42. A method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to said subject, resulting in mean plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values: Cmax of about 200 ng / L and AUC from To to Tw of about 1420 ng*h / L.

43. A method of treating a condition (e.g. agitation) in a human subject, comprising administering to said subject about 120 ug of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof sublingually or buccally to said subject, resulting in plasma absorption levels of dexmedetomidine from about 80% to about 125% of the following values; Cmax from about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L and AUC from To to Tee of about 5900 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L.

44. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein the condition is agitation or signs of agitation.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein said agitation or signs of agitation is associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

46. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a film.

48. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film.

50. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a single dose.

51. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein the subject is treated without also inducing significant sedation.

52. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein the subject is treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

53. The method of claim 45, wherein agitation or signs of agitation are significantly reduced within 60 minutes of administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as measured by a significant relative change in PEC scores just prior to and 60 minutes after administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the said relative PEC scores are different by at least six or eight points.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the difference in relative PEC scores is maintained for at least six hours following administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

56. The method of claim 54, wherein the said relative PEC scores are different by at least eight points, and wherein this difference of at least eight points is maintained for up to at least about 24 hours following administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 57. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein the median plasma Tmax is about 2 hours.

58. The method of claims 40 to 43, wherein the plasma Tmax is about 1 hour to about 8 hours, 59. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose.

60. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering about 120 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose.

61. A method of mitigation or preventing the occurrence of a further agitation event in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder within about 24 hours of an earlier agitation event, comprising administering about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose immediately following said earlier agitation event.

62. A method of mitigation or preventing the occurrence of a further agitation event in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder within about 24 hours of an earlier agitation event, comprising administering about 120 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose immediately following said earlier agitation event.

63. The method of claims 59 or 60, wherein said agitation or signs of agitation is associated with schizophrenia.

64. A method of reducing a period of opioid withdrawal by administering to a human subject of at least 18 years in need thereof dexmedetomidine twice daily for the period of withdrawal, wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 14 days.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein the dexmedetomidine is administered at a dose range between 30 pg and 200 pg.

66. The method of claim 64, wherein the dexmedetomidine is administered at a unit dose of about 30 pg, 60 pg, 90 pg, 120 pg and 180 pg.

67. The method of claim 64, wherein the period of withdrawal is up to: 13 days, 12 days, 11 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, or 3 days.

68. The method of claim 64, wherein the opioid is selected from the group comprising of fentanyl, morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, alfentanil carfentanil, tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, remifentanil butorphanol, meperidine, methadone, dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) thebaine, sufentanil or pentazocine.

69. The method of claim 64, wherein the opioid bad been administered for amount of time longer than neonate treatment prior to withdrawal.

70. The method of claims 59 to 64, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally.

71. The method of claims 59 to 64, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops..

72. The method of claims 59 to 64, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered sublingually in the form of a film.

73. The method of claims 59 to 64, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

74. The method of claim 59 to 64, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered buccally in the form of a film.

75. The method of claims 59 to 62, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered parenterally in the form of an intravenous or intramuscular injection or an intravenous infusion.

76. The method of claim 59 to 62, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered by intramuscular injection.

77. The method of claim 59 to 62, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once a day.

78. The method of claim 59 to 64, wherein agitation or signs of agitation is treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

79. The method of claim 59 or claim 61, wherein a single dose of about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is effective for up to at least about 24 hours 80. A method of treating agitation or signs of agitation in a human subject with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, without also inducing significant sedation, comprising administering an oromucosal film comprising about 120 ug or about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a single dose.

81. The method of claims 80, wherein the subject has been previously administered a liquid formulation of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof via a parenteral route (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion).

82. The method of any of claims 80 and 81, wherein the oromucosal administration is followed within 3 to 5 hours of previous administration of liquid formulation of dexmedetomidine via a parenteral route.

83. The method of any of claims 80, wherein the parenteral administration is followed within 3 to 5 hours of previous administration of oromucosal film.

84. The method of claim 80, wherein the liquid formulation is pre-filled in disposable syringes for self-administration by patients with an auto-injector.

85. The method of claims 59 to 63, wherein the subject is currently is co-treated with an anti- psychotic.

86. The method of claims 39 to 63, wherein the anti-psychotic is . is selected from but are not limited to aripiprazole, benperidol. flupentixol, amisulpride, chlorpromazine, asenapine , risperidone, ziprasidone, lurasidone, clozapine, cariprazine, olanzapine and quetiapine. In a preferred embodiment, the anti-psychotic is aripiprazole.

87. The method of claims 59 to 63, wherein agitation or signs of agitation are significantly reduced within 60 minutes of administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as measured by a significant relative change in PEC scores just prior to and 60 minutes after administering dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the said relative PEC scores are different by at least six points or eight points.

89. The method of claims 87 or claim 88, wherein the difference in relative PEC scores is maintained for at least six hours following administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

90. The method of claim 87, wherein the said relative PEC scores are different by at least eight points, and wherein this difference of at least eight points is maintained for up to at least about 24 hours following administration of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 91. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (1) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: (ii) one or more water-soluble polymers; and, optionally, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

92. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: about 120 micrograms of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (ii) one or more water-soluble polymers; and, optionally, (iit) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

93. The method of claim 91 or claim 92, wherein (ii) comprises a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer and two high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers.

94. The method of claims 93, wherein the low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight from about 5,000 daltons to about 49.000 daltons, and each high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight of greater than about 60,000 daltons.

95. The method of claim 93, wherein the low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons, one of the two high molecular weight, water- soluble polymers has a molecular weight of about 140,000 daltons, and the other high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer has a molecular weight of about 370,000 daltons.

96. The method of claim 91 or claim 92, wherein each water-soluble polymer is hydroxypropyl cellulose.

97. The method of claim 91 or claim 92, wherein the film also comprises a polyethylene oxide.

98. The method of claim 97, wherein the polyethylene oxide has a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons.

99. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (1) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: (11) alow molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons; (ii1) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 140,000 daltons; (iv) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 370,000 daltons; and (wv) a water-soluble polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons.

100. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (1) about 120 micrograms of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof’ (ii) a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons; (iii) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 140,000 daltons; (iv) a high molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight from about 370,000 daltons; and (v) a water-soluble polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 600,000 daltons.

101. The method of claim 99 or claim 100, wherein the film components excluding dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof form a single layer film substrate, and dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present on the surface of the film substrate. 102, The method of claim 99 or claim 100, wherein dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is present on the surface of the film substrate within a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a low molecular weight, water-soluble polymer having a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons, and a high molecular weight, water-soluble polvmer having a molecular weight of about 140,000 daltons.

103. The method of claim 99 or claim 100, wherein each water-soluble polymer is hydroxypropyl cellulose.

104. The method of claim 99 or claim 100, wherein the dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

105. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising; (a) a composition comprising: (i) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW);, and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate comprising: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

106. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

107. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (a) a composition comprising; (i) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (11) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iil) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate comprising: (i) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iif) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

108. The method of claim 72, wherein said film is a self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iif) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: 1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (ii1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

109. The method of claims 105 to claim 108, wherein dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is present at about 0.1% to about 0.2% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) is present at about 4% to about 6% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) is present at about 4% to about 6% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl! cellulose (370,000MW) is present at about 27% to about 30% w / w of the total film weight, and polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) is present at about 55% to about 60% w / w of the total film weight.

110. A self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 180 micrograms of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (i1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (111) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: (1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (il) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

111. A self-supporting, dissolvable, film, comprising: (a) a composition consisting essentially of: (1) about 120 micrograms of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride; (ii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); and (iii) hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW); and (b) a film substrate consisting essentially of: 1) hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW); (ii) hvdroxypropy! cellulose (140,000MW); (iif) hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW); and (iv) polyethylene oxide (600,000MW); wherein the composition of part (a) is present on the surface of the film substrate (b).

112. The film of claim 110 or claim 111, wherein dexmedetomidine hydrochloride is present at about 0.1% to about 0.2% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (40,000MW) is present at about 4% to about 6% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (140,000MW) is present at about 4% to about 6% w / w of the total film weight, hydroxypropyl cellulose (370,000MW) is present at about 27% to about 30% w / w of the total film weight, and polyethylene oxide (600,000MW) is present at about 55% to about 60% w / w of the total film weight.

113. A method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient.

114. The method of claim 113, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

115. The method of claim 113 or claim 114, wherein the patient has bipolar I disorder.

116. The method of any one of claims 113-115, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

117. The method of any one of claims 113-116, wherein the composition is administered sublingually or buccally.

118. The method of claim 117, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

119. The method of claim 117, wherein the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet 120. The method of any one of claims 113-119, further comprising administering a second dose after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.

121. The method of claim 120, wherein the additional dose is about 60ug or 90ug.

122. The method of claim 120 or claim 121, wherein the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours. 123, The method of any one of claims 113-122, wherein the patient is in a fed state, 124. The method of any one of claims 113-122, wherein the patient is in a fasted state. 125, The method of any one of claims 113-124, wherein agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline.

126. The method of claim 125, wherein the agitation is significantly reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

127. The method of claim 125 or claim 126, wherein the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

128. The method of claim 127, wherein the patient experiences >60% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

129. The method of any one of claims 125-128, wherein the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo.

130. The method of claim 129, wherein the PEC score is >60% lower than placebo.

131. The method of any one of claims 125-130, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

132. The method of claim 131, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -6 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

133. The method of claim 131, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -8 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition, 134. The method of any one of claims 125-133, wherein the decrease in PEC score is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition. 135, The method of any one of claims 125-134, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 6 hours following administration of the composition.

136. The method of any one of claims 113-135, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. 137.. The method of any one of claims 113-136, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

138. The method of any one of claims 113-137, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L.

139. The method of claim 138, wherein the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 238 ng / L.

140. The method of claim 138, wherein the mean Cuux is about 238 ng / L 141. The method of any one of claims 113-140, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCo.int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L.

142. The method of claim 141, the mean AUC. is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1810 ng*h / L.

143. The method of claim 141, wherein the mean AUCo-in is about 1810 ng*h / L.. 144, The method of any one of claims 113-143 wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours. 145, The method of claim 144, wherein the mean Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

146. The method of claim 144, wherein the mean Tuax is about 2 hours.

147. The method of any one of claims 113-146, wherein administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L.

148. The method of claim 147, wherein the geometric mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 220 ng / L.

149. The method of claim 147, wherein the geometric mean Cmax is about 220 ng / L 150. The method of any one of claims 113-149, wherein administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean AUCo-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L.

151. The method of claim 150, the geometric mean AUCo-inf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1410 ng*h / L.

152. The method of claim 150, wherein the geometric mean AUCo-it is about 1410 ng*h / L.

153. The method of any one of claims 113-152 wherein administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours.

154. The method of claim 153, wherein the geometric mean Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours. 155, The method of claim 153, wherein the geometric mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

156. The method of any one of claims 113-155, wherein administration of a single dose provides a median Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L. to about 400 ng / L.

157. The method of claim 156, wherein the median Cuax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 230 ng / L.

158. The method of claim 156, wherein the median Cmax 1s about 230 ng / L.

159. The method of any one of claims 113-158, wherein administration of a single dose provides a median AUCo-int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L.

160. The method of claim 159, the median AUCo.int is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1180 ng*h / L.

161. The method of claim 141, wherein the median AUCo-int is about 1810 ng*h / L.

162. The method of any one of claims 113-161 wherein administration of a single dose provides a median Trex within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours.

163. The method of claim 162, wherein the median Trax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

164. The method of claim 162, wherein the median Tmax is about 2 hours.

165. The method of any one of claims 138-164, wherein the pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

166. A method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient.

167. The method of claim 166, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

168. The method of claim 166 or claim 167, wherein the patient has bipolar I disorder.

169. The method of any one of claims 166-168, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

170. The method of any one of claims 166-169, wherein the composition is administered sublingually or buccally.

171. The method of claim 170, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

172. The method of claim 170, wherein the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

173. The method of any one of claims 166-172, further comprising administering a second dose after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.

174. The method of claim 173, wherein the additional dose is about 60pg or 90ug.

175. The method of claim 8 or claim 174, wherein the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours.

176. The method of any one of claims 166-175, wherein the patient is in a fed state, 177. The method of any one of claims 166-175, wherein the patient is in a fasted state.

178. The method of any one of claims 166-177, wherein agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline.

179. The method of claim 178, wherein the agitation is significantly reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

180. The method of claim 178 or claim 179, wherein the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

181. The method of claim 180, wherein the patient experiences >60% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

182. The method of any one of claims 178-181, wherein the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo.

183. The method of claim 182, wherein the PEC score is 260% lower than placebo.

184. The method of any one of claims 178-183, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

185. The method of claim 184, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -6 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

186. The method of claim 184, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -8 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition, 187. The method of any one of claims 178-186, wherein the decrease in PEC score is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition.

188. The method of any one of claims 178-187, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 24 hours following administration of the composition.

189. The method of any one of claims 166-188, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. 190.. The method of any one of claims 166-189, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

191. The method of any one of claims 166-190, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L.

192. The method of claim 191, wherein the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 440 ng / L.

193. The method of claim 191, wherein the mean Cuux is about 440 ng / L 194. The method of any one of claims 166-193, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCo-int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

195. The method of claim 194, the mean AUC. is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 3800 ng*h / L.

196. The method of claim 194, the mean AUCo-inf is about 3800 ng*h / L.

197. The method of any one of claims 166-196, herein administration of a single dose provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

198. The method of claim 197, wherein the mean Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

199. The method of claim 197, wherein the mean Tux 1s about 2 hours.

200. The method of any one of claims 166-199, wherein administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L.

201. The method of claim 200, wherein the geometric mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 380 ng / L.

202. The method of claim 200, wherein the geometric mean Cmax is about 380 ng / L 203. The method of any one of claims 166-202, wherein administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean AUCo-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

204. The method of claim 203, the geometric mean AUCo.inf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2880 ng*h / L.

205. The method of claim 203, wherein the geometric mean AUCo.ixt is about 2880 ng*h / L..

206. The method of any one of claims 166-205 wherein administration of a single dose provides a geometric mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

207. The method of claim 206, wherein the geometric mean Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

208. The method of claim 206, wherein the geometric mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

209. The method of any one of claims 166-208, wherein administration of a single dose provides a median Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L. to about 800 ng / L.

210. The method of claim 209, wherein the median Cuax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 485 ng / L.

211. The method of claim 209, wherein the median Cmax 1s about 485 ng / L.

212. The method of any one of claims 166-211, wherein administration of a single dose provides a median AUCo-int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

213. The method of claim 212, the median AUCo-inf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2900 ng*h / L.

214. The method of claim 194, wherein the median AUCo-int is about 2900 ng*h / L.

215. The method of any one of claims 166-214 wherein administration of a single dose provides a median Trex within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

216. The method of claim 215, wherein the median Trax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

217. The method of claim 215, wherein the median Tmax is about 2 hours.

218. The method of any one of claims 191-217, wherein the pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

219. A method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising about 120 pg to about 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient.

220. The method of claim 219, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

221. The method of claim 219 or claim 220, wherein the patient has bipolar I disorder.

222. The method of any one of claims 219-221, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

223. The method of any one of claims 219-222, wherein the unit dose of dexmedetomidine is about 120 pg.

224. The method of any one of claims 219-222, wherein the unit dose of dexmedetomidine is about 180 ug.

225. The method of any one of claims 219-224, wherein the composition is administered sublingually or buccally.

226. The method of claim 225, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

227. The method of claim 225, wherein the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

228. The method of any one of claims 219-227, further comprising administering a second dose after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.

229. The method of claim 228, wherein the additional dose is about 60pg or 90ug.

230. The method of claim 228 or claim 229, wherein the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours.

231. The method of any one of claims 219-230, wherein agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline.

232. The method of claim 231, wherein the agitation is significantly reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

233. The method of claim 231 or claim 232, wherein the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

234. The method of claim 233, wherein the patient experiences >60% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

235. The method of any one of claims 231-234, wherein the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo.

236. The method of claim 235, wherein the PEC score is 60% lower than placebo.

237. The method of any one of claims 231-236, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering dexmedetomidine.

238. The method of claim 237, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -6 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition, 239. The method of claim 237, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -8 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition, 240. The method of any one of claims 231-239, wherein the decrease in PEC score is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition.

241. The method of any one of claims 231-240, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 24 hours following administration of the composition.

242. The method of any one of claims 219-241, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. 243.. The method of any one of claims 219-242, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

244. The method of any one of claims 219-243, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L.

245. The method of claim 244, wherein the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 200 ng / L to about 500 ng / L.

246. The method of claim 244, wherein the mean Cuax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 230 ng / L to about 440 ng / L.

247. The method of any one of claims 219-246, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean area under the curve (AUC )o-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

248. The method of claim 247, wherein the mean AUCo.inf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1400 ng*h / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L.

249. The method of claim 247, wherein the mean AUCo-uf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1800 ng*h / L. to about 3800 ng*h / L...

250. The method of any one of claims 219-249 wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

251. The method of claim 250, wherein the mean Tmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about hours.

252. The method of claim 250, wherein the mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

253. The method of any one of claims 244-252, wherein the pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

254. The method of any one of claims 219-253, wherein the patient is in a fed state.

255. The method of any one of claims 219-253, wherein the patient is in a fasted state.

256. A method of treating or ameliorating opioid withdrawal symptoms, comprising administering a composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient in need thereof, wherein the patient is at least 18 years and wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 14 days.

257. The method of claim 256, wherein the treatment comprises reducing the period of opioid withdrawal 258. The method of claim 256 or claim 257, wherein the treating or ameliorating is measured by the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and / or Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop (SOWS-Gossop) score.

259. The method of any one of claims 256-258, wherein the composition is administered twice daily.

260. The method of any one of claims 256-259, wherein the composition comprises a dose range of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of between about 30 pg and about 200 pg.

261. The method of any one of claims 256-260, wherein the composition comprises a unit dose of about 30 pg, about 60 pg, about 90 pg, about 120 pg, or 180 pg of dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

262. The method of any one of claims 256-261, wherein the period of withdrawal is up to 13 days, 12 days, 11 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, or 3 days.

263. The method of any one of claims 256-262, wherein the opioid is selected from the group comprising of fentanyl, morphine, codeine, heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, alfentanil carfentanil, tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, remifentanil butorphanol, meperidine, methadone, dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) thebaine, sufentanil and pentazocine.

264. The method of claim 263, wherein the opioid is selected from the group comprising of fentanyl.

265. The method of any one of claims 256-262, wherein the opioid had been administered for amount of time longer than neonate treatment prior to withdrawal.

266. The method of any one of claims 256-265, wherein the composition is administered sublingually, buccally, orally, intranasally or parenterally.

267. The method of claims any one of claims 256-266, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

268. The method of claim 267, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a film.

269. The method of any one of claims 256-266, wherein the compositon is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

270. The method of claim 269, wherein the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film.

271. The method of any one of claims 256-270, wherein the patient is treated without also inducing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

272. The method of any one of claims 256-271 wherein a single dose of a composition comprising about 180 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is effective for up to at least about 24 hours.

273. The method of any one of claims 256-272, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

274. The method of any one of claims 256-273, wherein the opioid withdrawal symptom is agitation.

275. The method of any one of claims 256-274, wherein the composition is administered twice daily for 7 days.

276. A pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 20 pg to about 240 pg dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 277. The composition of claim 276, wherein dexmedetomidine is present as dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, 278. The composition of claim 276 or claim 277, wherein the dose of dexmedetomidine is about 120 pg.

279. The composition of any one of claims 276-278, wherein the dose of dexmedetomidine is about 180 ug.

280. The composition of any one of claims 276-279, wherein the composition is formulated for sublingual or buccal administration.

281. The composition of claim 280, wherein the composition is formulated for sublingual administration in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

282. The composition of claim 280, wherein the composition is formulated for buccal administration in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

283. The composition of any one of claims 276-282, wherein if administered to a patient having agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, the agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline.

284. The composition of claim 283, wherein the agitation is significantly reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

285. The composition of claim 283 or claim 284, wherein the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

286. The composition of claim 285, wherein the patient experiences >60% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

287. The composition of any one of claims 283-286, wherein the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo.

288. The composition of claim 287, wherein the PEC score is >60% lower than placebo.

289. The composition of any one of claims 283-288, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than -4 (ie. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

290. The composition of claim 289, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -6 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

291. The composition of claim 289, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -8 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

292. The composition of any one of claims 283-291, wherein the decrease in PEC score is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition.

293. The composition of any one of claims 283-292, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 24 hours following administration of the composition.

294. The composition of any one of claims 283-293, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. 295.. The composition of any one of claims 283-294, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

296. The composition of any one of claims 276-295, wherein if administered to a patient having schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, a single dose provides a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L.

297. The composition of claim 296, wherein the geometric mean Cuax is from about 200 ng / L to about 400 ng / L.

298. The composition of claim 296, wherein the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 230 ng / L. to about 440 ng / L.

299. The composition of any one of claims 276-298, wherein if administered to a patient having schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, a single dose provides a mean aAUCo.inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L.

300. The composition of claim 299, wherein the mean AUCo-int is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1400 ng*h / L to about 4000 hr*ng / L.

301. The composition of claim 299, wherein the mean AUCo.unf is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of 1800 ng*h / L to about 3800 ng*h / L.

302. The composition of any one of claims 276-301, wherein if administered to a patient having schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, a single dose provides a mean time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

303. The composition of claim 302, wherein the mean Trax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about hours.

304. The composition of claim 302, wherein the mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

305. The composition of any one of claims 296-304, wherein the pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

306. The composition of any one of claims 283-305, wherein the patient is in a fed state.

307. The composition of any one of claims 283-305, wherein the patient is in a fasted state.

308. A method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient, wherein the dose provides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (1) a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 110 ng / L to about 400 ng / L; and / or (2) a mean AUCo-inr within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 590 hr*ng / L to about 4400 hr*ng / L; and / or (3) a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 4 hours.

309. The method of claim 308, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

310. The method of claim 308 or claim 309, wherein the patient has bipolar 1 disorder.

311. The method of any one of claims 308-310, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

312. The method of any one of claims 308-311, wherein the composition is administered sublingually or buccally.

313. The method of claim 312, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

314. The method of claim 312, wherein the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

315. The method of any one of claims 308-314, further comprising administering a second dose after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.

316. The method of claim 315, wherein the additional dose is about 60ug or 90ug.

317. The method of claim 315 or claim 316, wherein the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours.

318. The method of any one of claims 308-317, wherein the patient is in a fed state.

319. The method of any one of claims 308-317, wherein the patient is in a fasted state.

320. The method of any one of claims 308-319, wherein agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline.

321. The method of claim 320, wherein the agitation is significantly reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

322. The method of claim 320 or claim 321, wherein the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

323. The method of claim 322, wherein the patient experiences >60% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

324. The method of any one of claims 320-323, wherein the PEC score is >30% lower than placebo.

325. The method of claim 324, wherein the PEC score is 60% lower than placebo.

326. The method of any one of claims 320-325, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

327. The method of claim 326, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -6 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

328. The method of claim 326, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -8 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

329. The method of any one of claims 320-328, wherein the decrease in PEC score is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition.

330. The method of any one of claims 320-329, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 6 hours following administration of the composition.

331. The method of any one of claims 308-330, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation. 332.. The method of any one of claims 308-331, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

333. The method of any one of claims 308-332 wherein two or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters are present.

334. The method of any one of claims 308-333, wherein all three of the pharmacokinetic parameters are present.

335. The method of any one of claims 308-334, wherein the mean Cmax is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 238 ng / L.

336. The method of claim 335, wherein the mean Cmax is about 238 ng / L 337. The method of any one of claims 308-336, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCo.it within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1810 ng*h / L.

338. The method of claim 337, wherein the mean about 1810 ng*h / L..

339. The method of any one of claims 308-338 wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

340. The method of claim 339, wherein the mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

341. The method of any one of claims 308-340, wherein the pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

342. A method of treating agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, comprising administering a unit dose composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human patient, wherein the dose provides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (1) a mean Cmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 100 ng / L to about 800 ng / L; and / or (2) a mean AUCo.int within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 600 hr*ng / L to about 9500 hr*ng / L; and / or (3) a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 1 hour to about 8 hours.

343. The method of claim 342, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

344. The method of claim 342 or claim 343, wherein the patient has bipolar I disorder.

345. The method of any one of claims 342-344, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, 346. The method of any one of claims 342-345, wherein the composition is administered sublingually or buccally.

347. The method of claim 346, wherein the composition is administered sublingually in the form of a tablet, film, spray, gel or drops.

348. The method of claim 346, wherein the composition is administered buccally in the form of a film, patch or tablet.

349. The method of any one of claims 342-348, further comprising administering a second dose after a period of time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 12 hours.

350. The method of claim 349, wherein the additional dose is about 60ug or 90ug.

351. The method of claim 349 or claim 350, wherein the second dose is administered after a period of about 2 hours.

352. The method of any one of claims 342-351, wherein the patient is in a fed state.

353. The method of any one of claims 342-351, wherein the patient is in a fasted state.

354. The method of any one of claims 342-353, wherein agitation is significantly reduced within about 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by a mean change in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Excited Component (PEC) scores relative to baseline.

355. The method of claim 354, wherein the agitation is significantly reduced within about 30 ‘minutes to about | hour.

356. The method of claim 354 or claim 355, wherein the patient experiences >40% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

357. The method of claim 356, wherein the patient experiences >60% decrease from baseline in PEC score.

358. The method of any one of claims 354-357, wherein the PEC score is 230% lower than placebo.

359. The method of claim 358, wherein the PEC score is >60% lower than placebo.

360. The method of any one of claims 354-359, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than -4 (i.e. a decrease of 4 or more points) relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

361. The method of claim 360, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -6 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

362. The method of claim 360, wherein mean change in PEC score is greater than -8 relative to baseline within 2 hours of administering the composition.

363. The method of any one of claims 354-362, wherein the decrease in PEC score is maintained for at least six hours following administration of the composition.

364. The method of any one of claims 354-363, wherein the mean change in PEC score is greater than or equal to -8 and is maintained from 2 hours post administration up to at least about 6 hours following administration of the composition.

365. The method of any one of claims 342-364, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing significant sedation.

366. The method of any one of claims 342-365, wherein the subject is treated without experiencing clinically significant cardiovascular effects.

367. The method of any one of claims 342-366 wherein two or more of the pharmacokinetic parameters are present.

368. The method of any one of claims 342-367, wherein all three of the pharmacokinetic parameters are present.

369. The method of any one of claims 342-368, wherein the mean Cua is within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 440 ng / L.

370. The method of claim 369, wherein the mean Crux is about 440 ng / L 371. The method of any one of claims 342-370, wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean AUCo-ir within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 3800 ng*h / L.

372. The method of claim 371, wherein the mean about 3800 ng*h / L.

373. The method of any one of claims 342-372 wherein administration of a single dose provides a mean Tmax within the range of about 80% to about 125% of about 2 hours.

374. The method of claim 373, wherein the mean Tmax is about 2 hours.

375. The method of any one of claims 342-374, wherein the pharmacokinetic parameters are non-steady state.

376. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein agitation is reduced to a 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) within 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by the Clinical Global Impression — Improvement Scale.

377. The method of claim 376, wherein the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour 378. The method of claim 377, wherein the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes.

379. The method of any one of claims 376-378, wherein the reduction in agitation is reduced to a 1 (very much improved).

380. The method of claim any one of claims 376-379, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours.

381. The method of any one of claims 376-380, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 4 hours.

382. The method of any one of claims 376-381, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 6 hours..

383. The method of any one of claims 376-382, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 8 hours.

384. The method of any one of claims 376-383, wherein the composition comprises 120 pg of dexmedetomidine.

385. The method of any one of claims 376-383, wherein the composition comprises 180 pg of dexmedetomidine.

386. The method of any one of claims 376-385, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

387. The method of any one of claims 376-386, wherein the patient has bipolar disorder.

388. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein agitation is reduced to a 3 (mild agitation) or 4 (normal behavior) within 2 hours of administering the composition, as measured by the Agitation-Calmness Evaluation Scale (ACES).

389. The method of claim 388, wherein the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

390. The method of claim 388 or claim 389, wherein the reduction in agitation is reduced to a 4 (normal behavior).

391. The method of any one of claims 388-390, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours.

392. The method of any one of claims 388-391, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 4 hours.

393. The method of any one of claims 388-392, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 6 hours.

394. The method of any one of claims 388-393, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 8 hours.

395. The method of any one of claims 388-394, wherein the composition comprises 120 pg of dexmedetomidine.

396. The method of any one of claims 388-394, wherein the composition comprises 180 pg of dexmedetomidine.

397. The method of any one of claims 388-396, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

398. The method of any one of claims 388-397, wherein the patient has bipolar disorder.

399. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the patient experiences a >40 reduction in agitation, as measured by the PEC Scale.

400. The method of claim 399, wherein the agitation is reduced within about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.

401. The method of claim 399 or claim 400, wherein the patient experiences a >60 reduction in agitation.

402. The method any one of claims 399-401, wherein the patient experiences a >80 reduction in agitation.

403. The method of any one of claims 399-402, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 2 hours.

404. The method of any one of claims 399-403, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 4 hours.

405. The method of any one of claims 399-404, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 6 hours.

406. The method of any one of claims 399-405, wherein the reduction in agitation is maintained for greater than about 8 hours.

407. The method of any one of claims 399-406, wherein the composition comprises 120 pg of dexmedetomidine.

408. The method of any one of claims 399-406, wherein the composition comprises 180 ug of dexmedetomidine.

409. The method of any one of claims 399-408, wherein the patient has schizophrenia.

410. The method of any one of claims 399-409, wherein the patient has bipolar disorder.

411. A method of achieving a PEC score reduction in agitation for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar or schizophrenic subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg to about 180 mcg wherein the PEC score reduction is about -8 to about -10 and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours.

412. The method of claim 411, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

413. The method of claim 411 or 412, comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg.

414. The method of claim 411 or 412, comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 180 mcg.

415. The method according to any one of claims 411 to 414, wherein the sustained period is about 4 hours.

416. The method according to claim 415, wherein the sustained period is about 6 hours.

417. The method according to any one of claims 411-416, wherein the PEC score reduction is about -10.

418. A method of achieving an ACES score improvement for a sustained period of time in a subject with bipolar or schizophrenic subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 meg to about 180 mcg wherein the ACES score is improved to about 3 to about 4 and wherein the sustained period is about 2 hours to about 6 hours.

419. The method of claim 418, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

420. The method of claim 418 or 419, comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg.

421. The method of claim 418 or 419, comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 180 mcg.

422. The method according to any one of claims 418 to 421, wherein the sustained period is about 4 hours.

423. The method according to claim 422, wherein the sustained period is about 6 hours.

424. The method according to any one of claims 418-423, wherein the ACES score is about 4.

425. A method of achieving an CGI-I score improvement for a sustained period of time ina subject with bipolar or schizophrenic subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg to about 180 mcg wherein the CGI-I score is improved to about a 1 (very much improved) or about a 2 (much improved) and wherein the sustained period 1s about 2 hours to about 6 hours.

426. The method of claim 425, wherein the composition comprises dexmedetomidine hydrochloride.

427. The method of claim 425 or 426, comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 120 mcg.

428. The method of claim 425 or 426, comprising dexmedetomidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof at a dose of about 180 mcg.

429. The method according to any one of claims 425 to 428, wherein the sustained period is about 4 hours.

430. The method according to claim 425, wherein the sustained period is about 6 hours. 431 The method according to any one of claims 425-430, wherein the CGI-I score is about 1.

Images