Improved methods for production, recovery and secretion of hydrophobic compounds in a fermentation

Abstract

The present invention relates to improved methods for producing a hydrophobic compound, in particular a hydrophobic compound which is a pheromone such as an insect pheromone, in a fermentation process involving cultivation of a microorganism such as a yeast, said microorganism producing said hydrophobic compound, wherein the methods facilitate recovery of the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth, increase the titer of the hydrophobic compound and / or increase secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the microorganism.

Description

Improved methods for production, recovery and secretion of hydrophobic compounds in a fermentation Technical field The present invention relates to improved methods for producing a hydrophobic com- pound, in particular a hydrophobic compound which is a pheromone such as an insect pheromone, in a fermentation process involving cultivation of a microorganism such as a yeast, said microorganism producing said hydrophobic compound, wherein the meth- ods facilitate recovery of the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth, in- crease the titer of the hydrophobic compound and / or increase secretion of the hydro- phobic compound from the microorganism. Background Living cells, in particular microbial cells, are widely used nowadays for the biological production of a number of compounds. Examples of such compounds are fatty alco- hols, fatty acyl acetates and fatty aldehydes, such as insect pheromones, which can be produced in e.g. yeast cells. Such compounds have applications in agriculture, and can for example be used as green pest repellents. Other useful compounds which can be produced by cells, e.g. genetically engineered cells, are terpenes and terpenoids. Ter- penes are naturally produced by plants, and have a number of industrial applications in the field of food, pharmaceutics, cosmetics and biotechnology. They are for example used as part of natural agricultural pesticides. Terpenoids (also termed isoprenoids) are modified terpenes containing additional groups, usually O-containing groups. They are often used for their aromatic qualities and as part of traditional herbal remedies. While terpenes and terpenoids occur widely, their extraction from natural sources is of- ten problematic. Consequently, they are typically produced by chemical synthesis, usu- ally from petrochemicals. A common property of the above compounds is that they are hydrophobic or lipophilic. Their recovery from a fermentation broth typically involves several organic solvents, which introduces a number of challenges, including process safety, the need for multi- ple extraction steps, the need for removal of solvent residues from the final products, and significant labour and costs {both monetary and environmental). Another challenge posed by fermentation processes involving recombinant microorgan- isms is that the compound of interest may largely retained intracellularly. Limited secre- tion of the product(s) from the cell into the fermentation broth may thus limit recovery of the compound of interest, or at best require additional steps involving cellular lysis in order to release the compound into the broth. Secretion of the product from the cell into the fermentation broth presents multiple advantages, such as reduced product inhibi- tion and degradation, reduced effect on the host cell, higher titers, and easier and cheaper recovery process (Borodina I., 2019). Particular process advantage is achieved, when a secreted lipophilic product can be recovered in a separate phase. Thus there is a need for improved methods for recovering hydrophobic fermentation products, as well as improved methods for increasing secretion of a hydrophobic com- pound from a cell in fermentation processes. Summary The present methods solve the above challenges. Herein is provided a method for producing a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty al- cohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid in a fermentation, said method comprising the step of providing a micro- organism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound and culturing said microor- ganism in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, wherein the extractant a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a polyethox- ylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of poly- ether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethox- ylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, the method optionally further comprising the step of recovering the hydropho- bic compound. Hence is provided herein a method for producing a hydrophobic com- pound selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty al- dehyde and a terpene in a fermentation, said method comprising the step of providing a yeast cell capable of producing said hydrophobic compound and culturing said yeast cell in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic com- pound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution such as the culture medium at the cul- tivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, the method further comprising the step of recovering the hydrophobic compound. Also provided herein is a method for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid in a fermentation, said method comprising cultur- ing a microorganism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a culture me- dium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+¢-C1g alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s al- cohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, whereby the titer of the hy- drophobic compound is increased compared to a fermentation performed under similar conditions in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution. Also provided herein is a method for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic compound selected from a fatty alco- hol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene in a fer- mentation, said method comprising culturing a yeast cell capable of producing said hy- drophobic compound in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temper- ature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, whereby the titer of the hydrophobic compound is increased compared to a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature. Also provided herein is a method for increasing the secretion of a hydrophobic com- pound such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty alde- hyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid from a microorganism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a fermentation, said method comprising culturing said microorganism in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydro- phobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, prefera- bly a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C+¢-Cs alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, whereby the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the microorganism is increased compared to a fermentation performed under similar condi- tions in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. Also provided herein is a method for increasing the secretion of a hydrophobic compound selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene from a yeast cell capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a fermentation, said method comprising culturing said yeast cell in a culture medium under conditions allow- ing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solu- tion at the cultivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, whereby the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the yeast cell is increased compared to a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature. Also provided herein is a hydrophobic compound obtainable by the methods disclosed herein, preferably wherein the hydrophobic compound is selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene. Also provided herein is a method of monitoring the presence of pest or disrupting the mating of pest, said method comprising the steps of: i) producing a hydrophobic compound by the methods described herein, wherein the hydrophobic compound is as defined herein, ii) formulating said desaturated fatty alcohol, desaturated fatty acyl acetate and / or desaturated fatty aldehyde as a pheromone composition, and iii) employing said pheromone composition as an integrated pest manage- ment composition. Description of the drawings Figure 1 In situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fermen- tation. Antifoam A was added at a concentration of: 0% vol / vol (A); 0.4% vol / vol (B); 2% volivol (C) or 5% vol / vol (D) in a fermentation of a Yarrowia lipolytica strain capable of producing fatty alcohols. When antifoam A is absent (A) or at 0.4% vol / vol (B), the fermentation broth after centrifugation consists of two phases (a solid cellular fraction and a water phase). When antifoam A is added at 2% vol / vol (C) or 5% vol / vol (D), an additional immiscible phase is observed. The fermentation broth after centrifugation consists of three phases: a solid cellular phase, a water phase and a product phase comprising the antifoam and the fatty alcohols. The fatty alcohols are thus isolated in this phase. Figure 2 Antifoaming agents and oils as extractants. Various antifoams were added at a concentration of 3% vol / vol in a fermentation of a Yarrowia lipolytica strain capable of producing fatty alcohols. (A) no antifoam; (B) corn oil; (C) oleic acid; (D) an- tifoam A; (E) Kolliphor® P407; (F) A-204; (G) simethicone; (H) dodecane. After centrifu- gation, three phases, including a product phase, were observed in fermentation broths to which antifoam A (D), Kolliphor® P407 (E), A-204 (F) or simethicone (G) were added. Detailed description of the invention The present disclosure relates to the finding that fermentation of a microorganism, par- ticularly a yeast, capable of producing a hydrophobic compound can be improved in several ways by including a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, for example an antifoaming agent, in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration in an aqueous system. Under such conditions, the non-ionic ethox- ylated surfactant acts as an extractant, whereby recovery of the hydrophobic com- pound is facilitated. In addition, the presence of the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant surprisingly increases the titer of the hydrophobic compound in the fermentation, and may also increase the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the yeast cell, thereby further increasing production and facilitating recovery. Definitions Surfactant: the term refers to compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, antifoaming agents, and dispersants. Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are am- phiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups (their tails) and hydrophilic groups (their heads). Therefore, a surfactant typically contains both a water-insoluble (or oil-soluble) component and a water-soluble component. Most commonly, surfac- tants are classified according to polar head group. A non-ionic surfactant has no charged groups in its head. Extractant: the term “extractant” as used herein refers to a non-ionic surfactant, more particularly a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an agent that can be also used as antifoaming agent which facilitates recovery of hydrophobic compounds produced in a fermentation, in particular an ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an agent or an antifoaming agent comprising polyeth- ylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1-C1s al- cohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C+s alcohol-based antifoam- ing agents and combinations thereof. Non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants are often also referred to as low-foaming antifoaming agents. Polyethoxylated surfactant: the term herein refers to ethoxylated surfactants which may be polyethoxylated surfactants, i.e. non-ionic surfactants. Ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based agent or ethoxylated and propox- ylated C+¢-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agent: the term refers to a group of polyeth- oxylated, non-ionic surfactants which comprise or mainly consist of ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols in C1e-C1s, for example CAS number 68002-96-0, also termed C16-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate or C+e-C1s alcohols ethoxylated propox- ylated polymer. Some compounds in this group are commonly used as antifoaming agents, while others are not and are thus generally referred to as “ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents” herein. Polyethylene polypropylene glycol: the term refers to a group of polyethoxylated non- ionic surfactants which comprise or mainly consist of PEG-PPG-PEG block copolymer antifoaming agents, for example Kollliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-6), also termed poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). Mixture of polyether dispersions: the term refers to a group of polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactants which comprise or mainly consist of a mixture of polyether dispersions, for example organic antifoam 204 from Sigma Aldrich (product number A6426 and A8311, MDL number MFCDO00130523). Simethicone: the term refers to a group of polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactants which comprise or mainly consist of simethicone, also termed simeticone (CAS number 8050- 81-5), dimethyl polysiloxane, or activated Polymethylsiloxane. Simethicone is a sili- cone-based emulsion containing also 1.2-1.6% polyethylene glycol monostearate. Cloud point: The cloud point of a surfactant, in particular non-ionic, or a glycol solution, in a solution, for example an aqueous solution, is the temperature at which a mixture of said surfactant and said solution, for example said aqueous solution, starts to phase- separate, and two phases appear, thus becoming cloudy. This behavior is characteris- tic of non-ionic surfactants containing polyoxyethylene chains, which exhibit reverse solubility versus temperature behavior in water and therefore "cloud out" at some point as the temperature is raised. Glycols demonstrating this behavior are known as "cloud- point glycols". The cloud point is affected by salinity, being generally lower in more sa- line fluids. Cloud concentration: the term will herein be used to refer to the concentration of a sur- factant, in particular non-ionic, or a glycol solution, in a solution above which, at a given temperature, a mixture of said surfactant and said solution starts to phase-separate, and two phases appear, thus becoming cloudy. For example, the cloud concentration of a surfactant in an aqueous solution at a given temperature is the minimal concentra- tion of said surfactant which, when mixed with the aqueous solution, gives rise to two phases. The cloud concentration can be obtained from the manufacturer of the surfac- tant, or it may be determined experimentally, by making a dosage curve and determin- ing the concentration at which the mixture phase separates. For example, the method used in Example 7 can be applied. The cloud concentration can be determined at room temperature in an aqueous solution, for example in the culture medium which is used in the present methods. It can also be determined at the cultivation temperature at which the cultivation step is performed, for example at 30°C. In the case of surfactants that can be used as antifoaming agents, the cloud concentration is typically greater than the concentration recommended by the manufacturer for foam management. Non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant The present methods rely on the use of a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, for example an antifoaming agent, which essentially acts as an extractant in the fermentation broth, where the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is present in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. Thereby the produced hydrophobic compound is produced with a higher titer, is secreted more readily from the producing microorganism, in particular the producing yeast cell, into the broth, and / or is more easily recovered compared to a fermentation performed with an amount of the same non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant lower than its cloud concentration meas- ured in aqueous solution, such as in the absence of the non-ionic ethoxylated surfac- tant. While non-ionic surfactants, including non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants, in particular antifoaming agents, are routinely used in fermentation processes to prevent the for- mation of foam, the present inventors have found that non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants when included in the fermentation broth in an amount equal to or greater than their cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution result in increased titer, in- creased secretion and facilitate recovery of a hydrophobic compound. The cloud con- centration in an aqueous solution is determined at a given temperature, preferably at room temperature or at the temperature at which the fermentation is to be performed, for example 30°C; this temperature is herein referred to as “cultivation temperature”. The term “extractant” as used herein refers to a non-ionic surfactant, more particularly a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular an antifoaming agent, which facilitates recovery of hydrophobic compounds produced in a fermentation. For example, the non- ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant, for example selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1g alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propox- ylated C1s-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. Non-ionic surfactants particularly useful for the present methods are ethoxylated and polyethoxylated surfactants, some of which are also routinely used as antifoaming agents, although their application as antifoaming agent is normally associated with their use at lower concentrations than described herein, i.e. at concentrations lower than their cloud concentration as measured in an aqueous solution. These include polyeth- ylene fatty alcohol akoxylates, and polyethoxylated surfactants, such as polypropylene glycol, mixtures of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol- based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. Thus in one embodiment, the non-ionic surfactant acting as extractant is an antifoam- ing agent. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a polyethox- ylated surfactant. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is polyethylene poly- propylene glycol. In another embodiment, the antifoaming agent is a mixture of poly- ether dispersions. In another embodiment, the antifoaming agent is an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone. In another embodi- ment, the antifoaming agent is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agent. In some embodiments, the extractant is a mixture of said agents or antifoaming agents and / or non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants. In preferred embodiments of the present methods, the non-ionic surfactant is a non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1g alcohol-based antifoaming agent. For example, C1s-C1s alkyl alco- hol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0), Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, antifoam 204, a surfactant compris- ing polyethylene glycol monostearate and fatty alcohol alkoxylates, in particular the fatty alcohol alkoxylates described below, have been found particularly advantageous. Thus in one embodiment the antifoaming agent is C1s-C+s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0). In another embodiment of the present methods, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of a poly- ethylene polypropylene glycol. For example, the antifoaming agent is Kolliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-86). In another embodiment of the present methods, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of a mix- ture of polyether dispersions. For example, the antifoaming agent is Antifoam 204 from Sigma Aldrich (product number A6426 or A8311). In another embodiment of the present methods, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of an an- tifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone (CAS number 8050-81-5), preferably simethicone. In another embodiment of the present methods, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0). In another embodiment of the present methods, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as antifoam 204. In some embodiments of the present methods, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574. In one embodiment, the extractant is Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7). In another embodiment, the extractant is Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0). In another em- bodiment, the extractant is Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7). In another emgodiment, the extractant is Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2). In another embodiment, the extractant is Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0). The inventors have found that the above non-ionic surfactants, in particular the above non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants, some of which are routinely for foam management in fermentations, when added in an amount equal to or greater than their cloud concen- tration in an aqueous solution, i.e. an amount higher than required for foam manage- ment, result in increased titer, increased secretion and facilitate recovery of the hydro- phobic compound produced in the fermentation. The cloud concentration of a surfac- tant is the concentration of surfactant at which, when it is mixed in an aqueous solution, the mixture starts to phase-separate, and two phases appear, thus the mixture be- comes cloudy. In order to determine the cloud concentration of a surfactant, and hence determine the minimal amount of surfactant to use in the present methods, the person of skill in the art will know how to perform a dosage curve, where the surfactant is added to a solu- tion, preferably an aqueous solution, at a given temperature, to determine the concen- tration of surfactant at which the appearance of two phases in the mixture is observed. The cloud concentration may be determined at room temperature, i.e. between 18 and 25°C, for example at 19°C, 20°C, 21°C, 22°C, 23°C or 24°C, or at a temperature suita- ble for the envisaged fermentation process, e.g. 30°C or 37°C. The temperature of the fermentation broth may be adjusted after fermentation in order to enhance the phase separation as described herein. Example 7 describes one way to determine the cloud concentration of a surfactant. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant, or the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the ethoxylated surfactant, such as the fatty alcohol alkoxylate or the polyethoxylated surfactant, is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. The cloud concentration may be determined at room temperature, or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. the non-ionic surfactant, in particular the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more, where the cloud concentration preferably is measured in an aqueous solution, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. The extractant is preferably a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or an ethoxylated surfactant, such as a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C+s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), antifoam 204, a polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s al- cohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more, where the cloud concentration preferably is measured in an aqueous solution, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more, where the cloud concentration preferably is measured in an aqueous solution, for ex- ample at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In other embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. the non-ionic surfactant, in particular the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or the polyethoxylated surfactant, in an amount at least 2-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration, where the cloud concentration preferably is measured in an aqueous solution, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In other embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, in an amount at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentra- tion, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration, where the cloud concen- tration preferably is measured in an aqueous solution, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propox- ylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, in an amount at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration, where the cloud concentration preferably is measured in an aque- ous solution, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises the extractant, i.e. the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, in an amount at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentra- tion, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration, where the cloud concen- tration preferably is measured in an aqueous solution, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol extractant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol extractant, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol extractant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol extractant, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, or a polyethoxylated surfactant, such as selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an anti- foaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethox- ylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of an ethoxylated and propox- ylated C+6-C1g alcohol-based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1-C1s alcohol based antifoaming agent, for example, C+s-C+s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0). The cloud concentration of C1¢-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Ac- cordingly, when this antifoaming agent is used, the culture medium preferably com- prises at least 1% vol / vol of C1e-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol C1s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of a polyethylene polypropyl- ene glycol, for example Kollliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-86), also termed poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly (ethylene glycol). The cloud concentration of Kolliphor® P407 is 10% at a temperature above 100°C. Accord- ingly, when a polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407 is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 10% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropyl- ene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, such as at least 11% vol / vol, such as at least 12% vol / vol, such as at least 13% vol / vol, such as at least 14% vol / vol, such as at least 15% vol / vol, such as at least 16% vol / vol, such as at least 17% vol / vol, such as at least 18% vol / vol, such as at least 19% vol / vol, such as at least 20% vol / vol, such as at least 25% vol / vol, such as at least 30% vol / vol, such as at least 35% vol / vol of polyethylene poly- propylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of a mixture of polyether dis- persions, such as antifoam 204 (product number A6426 or A8311 from Sigma Aldrich). The cloud concentration of antifoam 204 is 1% in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 18.0 to 21.0°C. Accordingly, when a mixture of polyether dispersions such as anti- foam 204 is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular an antifoaming agent comprising or consisting of an antifoaming agent com- prising polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone. Simethicone comprises poly- ethylene glycol monostearate, which, without being bound by theory, appears to be the compound important for the ability of simethicone to act as an extractant. Polyethylene glycol monostearate has a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at 5°C. Accord- ingly, when simethicone or a surfactant comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate is used as antifoaming agent, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0). Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0) has a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at room temperature. Ac- cordingly, when Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0) is used as antifoaming agent, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0). In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11- 7). The cloud concentration of Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0). The cloud concentration of Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room tempera- ture. Accordingly, when Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823- 11-7). The cloud concentration of Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97- 2). The cloud concentration of Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154- 97-2) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of De- hypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, in particular a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96- 0). The cloud concentration of Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002- 96-0) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. Hydrophobic compound The herein disclosed methods are useful for facilitating recovery of a hydrophobic com- pound from a fermentation broth, for increasing the titer of the hydrophobic compound in the fermentation and for increasing secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the producing microorganism. The hydrophobic compound may be any hydrophobic compound produced by the mi- croorganism in the fermentation. The microorganism is in preferred embodiments a yeast cell. In particular, the hydrophobic compound may be selected from: a fatty alco- hol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene such as a terpenoid. The hydrophobic compound may be several hydrophobic compounds, for example a mixture of one or more of at least one fatty alcohol, at least one fatty acyl acetate, at least one fatty aldehyde and at least one terpene such as at least one terpe- noid. In some embodiments the hydrophobic compound is a mixture of one or more fatty alcohols, one or more fatty acyl acetates and / or one or more fatty aldehydes. In some embodiments the hydrophobic compound is a mixture of one or more terpenes, such as a mixture of one ore more terpenoids or a mixture of one or more terpenes and one or more terpenoids. The present methods are particularly useful for producing and recovering hydrophobic compounds which are pheromones, in particular insect pheromones. Fatty alcohols The fatty alcohol may be a saturated fatty alcohol, a desaturated fatty alcohol or a mix- ture thereof. In one embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 8. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 9. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 10. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 11. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 12. In an- other embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 13. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 14. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 15. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 16. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 17. In another embodi- ment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 18. In another embodiment, the fatty alco- hol has a chain length of 19. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 20. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 21. In an- other embodiment, the fatty alcohol has a chain length of 22. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol is a desaturated fatty alcohol. Such com- pounds are naturally produced e.g. by insect cells, where they act as pheromones. The desaturated fatty alcohols may be: (2)-A3 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A3 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (Z2)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohols are desaturated fatty alcohols having a car- bon chain length of 14, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-AB desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohols are desaturated fatty alcohols having a car- bon chain length of 16, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-AB desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-410 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-411 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-412 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 16. The desaturated fatty alcohols may be desaturated in more than one position. The de- saturated fatty alcohols may be desaturated in at least two positions, such as at least three positions, such as four positions. For example, the fatty alcohol is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodi- ments, the fatty alcohol is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty alcohol having a car- bon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, for example 14. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In other embodi- ments, the fatty alcohol is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 14. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 14. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty alcohol having a car- bon chain length of 14. For example, the fatty alcohol is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desatu- rated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the de- saturated fatty alcohol is a (E)8, (E)10 desaturated fatty alcohol having a carbon chain length of 12. In a particular embodiment, the fatty alcohol is (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol or (Z)-9-tetrade- cen-1-ol. Fatty alcohols esters The fatty alcohol ester may be a saturated fatty alcohol ester, a desaturated fatty alco- hol ester or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 8. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 9. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 10. In another em- bodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 11. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 12. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 13. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 14. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 15. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 16. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 17. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 18. In another embodiment, the fatty alco- hol ester has a chain length of 19. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 20. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 21. In another embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester has a chain length of 22. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol ester is a desaturated fatty alcohol ester. Such compounds are naturally produced e.g. by insect cells, where they act as pheromones. The desaturated fatty alcohol esters may be: (2)-A3 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A3 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 21 or 22: (E)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 19, 20. 21 or 22: (2)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 21 or 22: (E)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol esters are desaturated fatty alcohol esters hav- ing a carbon chain length of 14, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14: (E)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2-410 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2-411 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2-412 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol esters are desaturated fatty alcohol esters hav- ing a carbon chain length of 16, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-AB desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length of 16. The desaturated fatty alcohol esters may be desaturated in more than one position. The desaturated fatty alcohol esters may be desaturated in at least two positions, such as at least three positions, such as four positions. For example, the fatty alcohol ester is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty alcohol ester hav- ing a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol ester is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty al- cohol ester having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, for example 14. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol ester is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty alcohol ester having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In other embodiments, the fatty alcohol ester is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty alcohol ester having a carbon chain length of 14. In other embodiments, the de- saturated fatty alcohol ester is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty alcohol ester hav- ing a carbon chain length of 14. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol ester is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty alcohol ester having a carbon chain length of 14. For example, the fatty alcohol ester is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty alco- hol ester having a carbon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol ester is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty alcohol ester having a car- bon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol ester is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty alcohol ester having a carbon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the desaturated fatty alcohol ester is a (E)8, (E)10 desaturated fatty alcohol ester having a carbon chain length of 12. In a particular embodiment, the fatty alcohol ester is (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ester or (2)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ester. The fatty alcohol ester may be a fatty alcohol acetate ester. Fatty acyl acetates The fatty acyl acetates may be saturated fatty acyl acetates or desaturated fatty acyl acetates or a mixture thereof. Fatty acyl acetates, in particular desaturated fatty acyl acetates, are also naturally comprised within pheromones, in particular pheromones produced by species belonging to the Lepidoptera order. In one embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 8. In another embodi- ment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 9. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 10. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 11. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 12. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 13. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 14. In another embod- iment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 15. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 16. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 17. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 18. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 19. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 20. In another embod- iment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 21. In another embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate has a chain length of 22. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is a desaturated fatty acyl acetate. The desaturated fatty acyl acetate may be a desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, such as: (2)-A3 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A3 desaturated fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A5 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-06 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A6 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A7 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A7 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A8 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A8 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A9 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-410 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-411 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-412 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-413 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetates are desaturated fatty acyl acetates hav- ing a carbon chain length of 14, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2-06 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-AB desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetates are desaturated fatty acyl acetates hav- ing a carbon chain length of 16, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-26 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A6 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length of 16. The desaturated fatty acyl acetates may be desaturated in more than one position. The desaturated fatty acyl acetates may be desaturated in at least two positions, such as at least three positions, such as four positions. For example, the fatty acyl acetate is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty acyl acetate hav- ing a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is an (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In other embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 14. In other embodiments, the fatty acyl ace- tate is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 12. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl acetate is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty acyl acetate having a carbon chain length of 12. In a particular embodiment, the fatty acyl acetate is (2)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate or (2)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate. The fatty acyl acetates may be produced by the microorganism in the fermentation, e.g. where the microorganism is capable of converting a fatty alcohol to the corresponding fatty acyl acetate, or they may be obtained by chemical conversion as is known in the art. Fatty aldehydes The fatty aldehydes may be saturated fatty aldehydes or desaturated fatty aldehydes or a mixture thereof. Fatty aldehydes, in particular desaturated fatty aldehydes, are also naturally comprised within pheromones, in particular insect pheromones. In one embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 8. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 9. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 10. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 11. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 12. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 13. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 14. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 15. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 16. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 17. In another em- bodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 18. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 19. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 20. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 21. In another embodiment, the fatty aldehyde has a chain length of 22. In some embodiments, the fatty aldehyde is a desaturated fatty aldehyde. The desatu- rated fatty aldehyde may have a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, such as: (2)-A3 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A3 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A5 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (2)-A6 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A6 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22: (E)-A11 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-412 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; (2-413 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. In some embodiments, the fatty aldehydes are desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-AB desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A10 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A11 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A12 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty aldehydes are desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16, such as: (2)-A5 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A5 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A6 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A6 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A7 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A7 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A8 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A8 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A9 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A9 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-410 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A10 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-411 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A11 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2-412 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (E)-A12 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; (2)-A13 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16; and (E)-A13 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 16. The desaturated fatty aldehydes produced may be desaturated in more than one posi- tion. The desaturated fatty aldehydes may be desaturated in at least two positions, such as at least three positions, such as four positions. For example, the fatty aldehyde is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty aldehyde having a carbon chain length of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, such as 14. In some embodiments, the fatty aldehyde is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty alde- hyde having a carbon chain length of 14. In some embodiments, the fatty aldehyde is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, such as 14. In some embodiments, the desaturated fatty aldehyde is an (E)7, (2)9 desaturated fatty aldehyde having a carbon chain length of 12. In other embodiments, the fatty aldehyde is an (E)3, (2)8, (2)11 desaturated fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length of 12. In some embodiments, the fatty alde- hyde is a (2)9, (E)11, (E)13 desaturated fatty aldehyde having a carbon chain length of 12. In a particular embodiment, the fatty aldehyde is (Z)-11-hexadecenal. The fatty aldehydes may be produced by the microorganism in the fermentation, e.g. where the microorganism is capable of converting a fatty alcohol to the corresponding fatty aldehyde, or they may be obtained by chemical conversion as is known in the art. Terpenes and terpenoids Terpenes are naturally produced by plants, and have a number of industrial applica- tions in the field of food, pharmaceutics, cosmetics and biotechnology. They are for ex- ample used as part of natural agricultural pesticides. Terpenoids (also termed isopre- noids) are modified terpenes containing additional groups, usually O-containing groups. They are often used for their aromatic qualities and as part of traditional herbal reme- dies. In some embodiments of the present methods, the hydrophobic compound is a ter- pene, such as a hemiterpene, a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a disesterterpene, a triterpene, a sesquarterpene, a tetraterpene, or a polyterpene. In some embodiments, the terpene is a monoterpene such as geraniol, terpineol, limonene, myrcene, linalool, pinene or menthol. In some embodiments, the terpene is a sesquiterpene such as hu- mulene, farnesene or farnesol. In some embodiments, the terpene is a triterpene such as squalene. In some embodiments, the terpene is a tetraterpene such as lycopene, and carotenes such as a-carotene, p-carotene and y-carotene. In some embodiments the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid, such as a hemiterpenoid, a monoterpenoid, a sesquiterpenoid, a disesterterpenoid, a triterpenoid, a sesquarterpenoid, a tetraterpenoid or a polyterpenoid. In some embodi- ments, the terpenoid is a monoterpenoid such as monocyclic monoterpenoids, e.g. menthol, thymol or carvacrol, or bicyclic monoterpenoids, for example camphor, bor- neol or eucalyptol. In some embodiments, the terpenoid is a sesquiterpenoid such as geosmin, vetivazulene, guaiazulene or farnesol. In some embodiments, the terpenoid is a diterpenoid such as a taxene, retinol or phytol. In some embodiments, the terpenoid is a triterpenoid such as a steroid, for example a sterol or a cucurbitacin. In some em- bodiments the terpenoid is a tetraterpenoid such as a carotenoid. Microorganism The present methods are useful for recovering hydrophobic compounds produced in a fermentation by a microorganism, and / or for increasing the titer of the hydrophobic compound and / or for increasing the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the microorganism. Preferably, the microorganism is a yeast. The microorganism may be a bacteria or a eukaryote. In some embodiments, the mi- croorganism is a yeast cell. In some embodiments, the microorganism or the yeast cell has been modified at the genomic level, e.g. by gene editing in the genome. The cell may also be modified by in- sertion of at least one nucleic acid construct such as at least one vector. The vector may be designed as is known to the skilled person to either enable integration of nu- cleic acid sequences in the genome, or to enable expression of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid sequence comprised in the vector without genome integration. In other embodiments, the microorganism is a natural producer of the desired hydropho- bic compound, for example a yeast which naturally produces a fatty alcohol, a fatty al- cohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, yeast or fungi of genera including, but not limited to, Blakeslea, Candida, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Phycomyces, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Saccharo- myces and Yarrowia are employed. In certain particular embodiments, organisms of species that include, but are not limited to, Blakeslea trispora, Candida pulcherrima, C. revkaufi, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, C. elegans, C. japonica, Lipomyces starkeyi, L. lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, M. isabellina, M. ra- manniana, M. vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pythium irreg- ulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, R. gracilis, R. graminis, R. mu- cilaginosa, R. pinicola, Trichosporon pullans, T. cutaneum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica are used. In preferred embodiments, the microorganism is a yeast, in particular Yarrowia lipolytica or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several microorganisms, in particular yeast cells, have been described which can pro- duce hydrophobic compounds, in particular fatty alcohols, fatty acyl acetates and fatty aldehydes, which can be formulated in pheromone compositions and used as pest re- pellants. The present methods can be employed in fermentation processes where such yeast cells are cultivated to produce such compounds and facilitate their recovery, in- crease their titer and / or increase their secretion from the cell. Such yeast cells and the resulting products are described in detail in e.g. WO 2016 / 207339, WO 2018 / 109163, WO 2018 / 109167, international application PCT / EP2020 / 053306 and EP application 19218703.7 filed on 20 December 2019 by same applicant and entitled “Yeast cells and methods for production of £8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A, codlemone and de- rivatives thereof”. In general, yeast cells useful for production of such compounds rely on the expression of several enzymes, particularly heterologous enzymes, for example a desaturase such as a A11 desaturase (EC 1.14.19.5), a fatty acyl reductase (FAR) (EC 1.2.1.84), a fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FAA) (EC 2.3.1.86), an acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.84) or an acyl-CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.3.6). Herein below are described some specific embodiments. Desaturated fatty alcohols In some embodiments, the microorganism is yeast cell such as an oleaginous yeast cell and the hydrophobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol. The yeast cell, for example a Yarrowia cell such as a Yarrowia lipolytica cell, capable of producing the de- saturated fatty alcohol: expresses at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA; and expresses at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase, capable of con- verting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty al- cohol; and has a mutation resulting in reduced activity of Fao1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a mu- tation resulting in reduced activity of at least one of Hfd1 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Hfd4 (SEQ ID NO: 13), Pex10 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and GPAT (SEQ ID NO: 15) or has a mutation resulting in reduced activity of at least one protein having at least 90% homology to Fao1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a mutation resulting in reduced activity of at least one of Hfd1 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Hfd4 (SEQ ID NO: 13), Pex10 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and GPAT (SEQ ID NO: 15), such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% ho- mology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology to Fao1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and at least one of Hfd1 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Hfd4 (SEQ ID NO: 13), Pex10 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and GPAT (SEQ ID NO: 15). Throughout the present disclosure, it will be understood that mutations resulting in re- duced activity of a protein or enzyme are preferably mutations in the genes encoding said protein or enzyme. The mutation is preferably in the promoter of the gene, or in the coding sequence of the gene, or both. The desaturase is preferably selected from the group consisting of a A3 desaturase, a A5 desaturase, a AG desaturase, a A7 desaturase, a A8 desaturase, a AQ desaturase, a A10 desaturase, a A11 desaturase, a A12 desaturase, a A13 desaturase and a A14 desaturase, preferably wherein the desaturase is derived from an insect, such as from the Lepidoptera order, preferably the desaturase is a A11 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A11 desaturase from Amyelois transitella as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a A9 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the AS desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl reductase is selected from: i) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Helicoverpa armi- gera as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; ii) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Helicoverpa as- sulta as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; iii) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Heliothis subflexa as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6: and iv) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Bicyclus anynana as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, preferably the FAR has at least 80% homology to the FAR from Helicoverpa armigera or to the FAR from Heliothis subflexa. Such yeast cells are well suited for producing hydrophobic compounds as defined herein, in particular desaturated fatty alcohols, fatty acyl acetates and fatty aldehydes, and are described in detail in WO 2016 / 207339. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a yeast cell such as a Yarrowia cell, for example a Yarrowia lipolytica cell, capable of producing said desaturated fatty alcohol, said yeast cell expressing: at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 14; and at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR), capable of convert- ing at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty alco- hol. Preferably, the desaturase in such embodiments has a higher specificity towards tetra- decanoyl-CoA than towards hexadecanoyl-CoA and / or wherein the fatty acyl-CoA re- ductase has a higher specificity towards desaturated tetradecanoyl-CoA than towards desaturated hexadecanoyl-CoA. Such yeast cells are well suited for producing desatu- rated fatty alcohols of carbon chain length 14, and are described in detail in WO 2018 / 109167. In such embodiments, the at least one heterologous desaturase may be derived from an organism selected from Pelargonium hortorum, Ricinus communis, Drosophila mel- anogaster, Spodoptera litura and Tribolium castaneum, preferably the desaturase is derived from Drosophila melanogaster, preferably the at least one heterologous de- saturase is selected from the group consisting of: i) a A9 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A9 desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; ii) a A9 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A9 desaturase from Spodoptera litura as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18; iii) a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Lobesia botrana as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43; iv) a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Drosophila grimshawi as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44; and Vv) a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Dro- sophila virilis as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, vi) a A11 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A11 desaturase from Choristoneura parallela as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42; vii) a A11 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A11 desaturase from Choristoneura rosaceana as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. A desaturase having at least 60% homology to a given desaturase has at least 60% homology, such as at least 61% homology, such as at least 62% homology, such as at least 63% homology, such as at least 64% homology, such as at least 65% homology, such as at least 66% homology, such as at least 67% homology, such as at least 68% homology, such as at least 69% homology, such as at least 70% homology, such as at least 71% homology, such as at least 72% homology, such as at least 73% homology, such as at least 74% homology, such as at least 75% homology, such as at least 76% homology, such as at least 77% homology, such as at least 78% homology, such as at least 79% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 81% homology, such as at least 82% homology, such as at least 83% homology, such as at least 84% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 86% homology, such as at least 87% homology, such as at least 88% homology, such as at least 89% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology. The fatty acyl reductase may be selected from: i) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Helicoverpa armi- gera as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; ii) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Helicoverpa as- sulta as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; iii) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Heliothis subflexa as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6: and iv) a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Bicyclus anynana as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, preferably the FAR is a FAR having at least 80% homology to the FAR from Heli- coverpa armigera as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. A FAR having at least 80% homology to a given FAR has at least 80% homology, such as at least 81% homology, such as at least 82% homology, such as at least 83% ho- mology, such as at least 84% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 86% homology, such as at least 87% homology, such as at least 88% homology, such as at least 89% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol and the microorganism is a yeast cell capable of producing said desaturated fatty alcohol, which yeast cell: has one or more mutations resulting in reduced activity of one or more native acyl-CoA oxidases; and expresses at least one first group of enzymes comprising at least one acyl-CoA oxidase capable of oxidising a fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the first group of en- zymes is capable of shortening a fatty acyl-CoA of a first carbon chain length X to a shortened fatty acyl-CoA having a second carbon chain length X’, wherein X £X-2; and expresses at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in said fatty acyl-CoA and / or in said shortened fatty acyl-CoA; and expresses at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase, capable of con- verting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty al- cohol. Such yeast cells are described in detail in application WO 2020 / 169389. The native acyl-CoA oxidase and / or the heterologous acyl-CoA oxidase may be a pe- roxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase. In some embodiments, the at least one acyl-CoA oxidase of the first group of enzymes is a native acyl-CoA oxidase or a heterologous acyl-CoA oxidase, which may be overexpressed compared to a reference yeast strain not ex- pressing said at least one first group of enzymes. In some embodiments, the at least one acyl-CoA oxidase of the first group of enzymes is a heterologous acyl-CoA oxi- dase. In some embodiments, the at least one first group of enzymes comprises an acyl-CoA oxidase derived from an organism of a genus selected from Yarrowia, Agro- tis, Arabidopsis, Aspergillus, Cucurbita, Homo, Paenarthrobacter and Rattus. Prefera- bly the at least one first group of enzymes comprises an acyl-CoA oxidase derived from Yarrowia lipolytica, Agrotis segetum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Aspergillus nidulans, Cucur- bita maxima, Homo sapiens, Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens or Rattus norvegicus. In particular embodiments, preferably the at least one acyl-CoA oxidase of the first group of enzymes is an acyl-CoA oxidase selected from the group consisting of Yli_POX1 (SEQ ID NO: 19), Yli_POX2 (SEQ ID NO: 20), Yli_POX3 (SEQ ID NO: 21), YIi_POX4 (SEQ ID NO: 22), YIi_POX5 (SEQ ID NO: 23), Yli_POX6 (SEQ ID NO: 24), Ase_POX (SEQ ID NO: 25), Ath_POX1 (SEQ ID NO: 26), Ath_POX2 (SEQ ID NO: 27), Ani_POX (SEQ ID NO: 28), Cma_POX (SEQ ID NO: 29), Hsa_POX1-2 (SEQ ID NO: 30), Pur_POX (SEQ ID NO: 31), and Rno_POX2 (SEQ ID NO: 32), or a functional variant thereof having at least 60% homology thereto, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% homology thereto. In some embodiments, the at least one heterologous desaturase is selected from the group consisting of a A3 desaturase, a A5 desaturase, a A6 desaturase, a A7 desatu- rase, a A8 desaturase, a A9 desaturase, a A10 desaturase, a A11 desaturase, a A12 desaturase, a A13 desaturase and a A14 desaturase, and / or wherein the desaturase is derived from a yeast such as Saccharomyces or Yarrowia, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Yarrowia lipolytica, or from an insect, such as from the Diptera, the Cole- optera, or the Lepidoptera order, such as of the genus Amyelois, Choristoneura, Dro- sophila, Ostrinia, Thaumetopoea, Dendrophilus, Grapholita, Cydia, Epiphyas, or Spodoptera, such as Drosophila melanogaster, Amyelois transitella, Choristoneura rosaceana, Ostrinia nubilalis, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Dendrophilus punctatus, Grapholita molesta, Cydia pomonella, Epiphyas postvittana, Spodoptera littoralis or Choristoneura parallela. For example, the desaturase is a Az-desaturase such as Sce_OLE1 (SEQ ID NO: 33), YIi_OLE1 (SEQ ID NO: 34) or Dme_D9 (SEQ ID NO: 16), a Azii-desaturase such as Atr_D11 (SEQ ID NO: 1), Cro_Z11 (SEQ ID NO: 35), Onu_11 (SEQ ID NO: 36), Tpi_D13 (SEQ ID NO: 37), a Ags-desaturase such as Dpu_E9-14 (SEQ ID NO: 38), a Azeio-desaturase such as Gmo_CPRQ (SEQ ID NO: 39), or a desaturase such as Epo_E11 (SEQ ID NO: 40), Sls_ZE11 (SEQ ID NO: 41), Lbo_PPTQ (SEQ ID NO: 43), Dgd9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), Dvd9 (SEQ ID NO: 45) or Cpa_E11 (SEQ ID NO: 42), or a functional variant thereof having at least 60% homol- ogy thereto, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% homology thereto. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is derived from an insect such as an insect of the Lepidoptera order, such as of the genus Helicoverpa, Heliothis or Bicy- clus, preferably the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is a fatty acyl-CoA reductase native to Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, Heliothis subflexa, Bicyclus anynana, or a functional variant thereof, preferably the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is selected from the group consisting of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase having at least 80% homology to Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7), Ban_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 17) or Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 8). The yeast cell producing the desaturated fatty alcohols may further express a fatty acyl synthetase (FAA) such as Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a variant thereof having at least 75% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homol- ogy, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% ho- mology, such as 100% homology to Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9). The microorganism may be further modified to express an acetyltransferase such as a heterologous acetyltransferase (AcT) or to overexpress a native acetyltransferase, wherein said acetyltransferase is capable of converting at least part of the produced desaturated fatty alcohols into the corresponding fatty acyl acetates. In some embodi- ments the acetyltransferase is Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a variant thereof having at least 75% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology, such as 100% homol- ogy to Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10). The desaturated fatty alcohols may also be converted to the corresponding fatty acyl acetates by chemical conversion, for example by performing an acetylation reaction us- ing the desaturated fatty alcohols produced by the cell as substrate. (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a yeast cell capable of producing (2)-11-hexade- cen-1-ol with a titer of at least 0.2 mg / L. The yeast cell expresses: a A11-desaturase selected from the group consisting of the Amyelois transitella A11-desaturase (Atr_A11; SEQ ID NO: 1), the Spodoptera littoralis A11-de- saturase (SI_A11; SEQ ID NO: 2), the Agrotis segetum A11-desaturase (As_A11; SEQ ID NO: 3) and the Trichoplusia ni A11-desaturase (Tni_A11; SEQ ID NO: 4) or a variant thereof having at least 65% homology, such as at least 70% homology, such as at least 71% homology, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as 100% homology to Atr_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 1), SI_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 2), As_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 3), or Tni_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 4), and an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) selected from the group con- sisting of Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7), or a variant thereof having at least 80% homology, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as 100% homol- ogy to Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6), or Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7); whereby the A11-desaturase is capable of converting at least part of said hexadecanoyl- CoA to (2)11-hexadecenoyl-CoA; and the FAR is capable of converting at least part of said (2)11-hexadecenoyl-CoA to (2)-11-hexadecenol. In some embodiments, the yeast cell is a Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae cell. The yeast cell producing (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol may further express a fatty acyl syn- thetase (FAA) such as Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a vari- ant thereof having at least 75% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology, such as 100% homology to Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9). The microorganism may be further modified to express an acetyltransferase such as a heterologous acetyltransferase (AcT) or to overexpress a native acetyltransferase, wherein said acetyltransferase is capable of converting at least part of the (2)-11-hexa- decen-1-ol into (Z)11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate. In some embodiments the acetyltrans- ferase is Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a variant thereof having at least 75% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology, such as 100% homology to Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10). (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol may also be converted to (2)11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate by chemical conversion, for example by performing an acetylation reaction using the (2)11-hexadecen-1-ol produced by the cell as substrate. Such yeast cells are well suited for producing hydrophobic compounds as defined herein, in particular desaturated fatty alcohols, fatty acyl acetates and fatty aldehydes, and are described in detail in WO 2016 / 207339. Codlemone In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is codlemone (E8,E10-dodecadien- 1-ol), or one or more of its derivatives £8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate and / or £8,£10-do- decadienal. Yeast cells capable of producing codlemone or one or more of its derivatives preferably express at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing one or more dou- ble bonds in a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 12, thereby converting said fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty acyl-CoA, wherein at least part of said de- saturated fatty acyl-CoA is £8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A (E8,E10-C12:CoA), and further express at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.2.1.84) capa- ble of converting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty alcohol, wherein the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is capable of converting at least part of said £8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A (E8,E10-C12:CoA) to £8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol. Such yeast cells are described in detail in European application 19218703.7, entitled “Yeast cells and methods for production of E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A, codle- mone and derivatives thereof” filed on 20 December 2019 by the same applicant as the present application. This application describes desaturases and fatty acyl-CoA reduc- tases which are particularly useful for production of codlemone and its derivatives, in particular in the section entitled “Desaturase” (p. 12 to 16 of EP 19218703.7) and in the section entitled “Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.2.1.84)” (p. 16 to 20 of EP 19218703.7). Codlemone can be further converted to £8,£10-dodecadienyl acetate; this can be done ex vivo, as is known in the art, e.g. by chemical conversion, or it can be done in vivo by the action of an acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.84) capable of convert ing at least part of the £8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol produced by the cell into £8,E£10-do- decadienyl acetate, as described in the section entitled “Production of £8,E10-dodeca- dienyl acetate” (p. 37-38 of EP 19218703.7). It may also be of interest to further con- vert at least part of the £8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol produced by the cell into £8,E10-do- decadienal. This can be done by chemical conversion or by further engineering the yeast cell, for example as described in the section entitled “Production of £8,£10-do- decadienal” (p. 39-40 of EP 19218703.7). Method for producing a hydrophobic compound Herein are disclosed methods for producing a hydrophobic compound, which may be any of the hydrophobic compounds described herein above. The methods comprise the step of providing a microorganism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound, and culturing said microorganism in a culture medium under conditions allowing pro- duction of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an ex- tractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, preferably at the cultivation temperature, or at room temperature. As detailed above, such agents are routinely used in fermentations for foam management, however when used as antifoaming agents the agents are used at a concentration lower than the cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. Preferably the microorganism is a yeast. The extractant is a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant, such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF 1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154- 97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, or a polyethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, for example a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s al- cohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. The method may also fur- ther comprise a step of recovering the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth. The present methods are particularly useful for facilitating recovery of hydrophobic compounds produced by fermentation of a microorganism capable of producing these compounds, for example any of the microorganisms described in the above section “Microorganism”. The hydrophobic compound may be any compound described in the above section “Hydrophobic compound”, in particular a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol es- ter, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid. The present inventors have found that when a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant which is preferably a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyeth- oxylated surfactant, such as an antifoaming agent, in particular any of the non-ionic surfactants and antifoaming agents described in the above section “Non-ionic ethox- ylated surfactant”, is included in the culture medium or fermentation broth in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, pref- erably at the cultivation temperature, the non-ionic surfactant acts as an in situ extract- ant and facilitates recovery of the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth. Accordingly, herein is provided a method for producing a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid in a fermentation, said method comprising the step of providing a microorganism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound and cul- turing said microorganism in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous so- lution, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyeth- ylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1-C1s al- cohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based antifoam- ing agents and combinations thereof, the method optionally further comprising the step of recovering the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth. Hence is pro- vided herein a method for producing a hydrophobic compound selected from a fatty al- cohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene in a fer- mentation, said method comprising the step of providing a yeast cell capable of produc- ing said hydrophobic compound and culturing said yeast cell in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution such as the culture medium at the cultivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, the method further com- prising the step of recovering the hydrophobic compound. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol es- ter, a fatty acyl acetate or a fatty aldehyde as described herein. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid as described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a mixture of hydrophobic com- pounds, such as a mixture of fatty alcohols, fatty acyl acetates, fatty aldehydes and / or terpenes such as terpenoids as described herein. In particular embodiments, the hy- drophobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol, a desaturated fatty acyl acetate or a desaturated fatty aldehyde as described herein. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, for example a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS num- ber 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and com- binations thereof, or a non-ionic polyethoxylated surfactant, for example an antifoaming agent. The antifoaming agent is preferably a polyethoxylated surfactant, such as a pol- yethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1g alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s al- cohol-based antifoaming agents, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the polyethoxylated surfac- tant is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cul- tivation temperature, as detailed herein elsewhere. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the culti- vation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room tempera- ture or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the culti- vation temperature. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plu- rafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97- 2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated surfactant, which is present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room tempera- ture or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments the polyethoxylated sur- factant is selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, sime- thicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the amount of non-ionic surfactant (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodiments the polyethoxylated surfactant is selected from: a polyethylene polypro- pylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising pol- yethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based antifoam- ing agents and combinations thereof. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temper- ature. In some embodiments, the amount of non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud con- centration. In some embodiments the ethoxylated surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkox- ylate. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated surfactant, and the amount of polyethoxylated surfactant (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentra- tion, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodi- ments the polyethoxylated surfactant is selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyeth- ylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1-C1s al- cohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based antifoam- ing agents and combinations thereof. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temper- ature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, and the amount of fatty alcohol alkoxylate (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentra- tion, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823- 11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11- 7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. Preferably the cloud concentration is determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol extractant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol extractant, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant, preferably a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a non-ionic poly- ethoxylated surfactant. In some embodiments the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethox- ylated surfactant, such as selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monos- tearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combi- nations thereof. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plu- rafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF 1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1g alcohol-based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agent, for example, C1e-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propox- ylate (CAS number 68002-96-0). The cloud concentration of C16-C+s alkyl alcohol eth- oxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room tempera- ture. Accordingly, when this antifoaming agent is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of C1s-C+s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol C1-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a polyethylene polypro- pylene glycol, for example Kollliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-68), also termed poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). The cloud concentration of Kolliphor® P407 is 10% at a temperature above 100°C. Accord- ingly, when a polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407 is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 10% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropyl- ene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, such as at least 11% vol / vol, such as at least 12% vol / vol, such as at least 13% vol / vol, such as at least 14% vol / vol, such as at least 15% vol / vol, such as at least 16% vol / vol, such as at least 17% vol / vol, such as at least 18% vol / vol, such as at least 19% vol / vol, such as at least 20% vol / vol, such as at least 25% vol / vol, such as at least 30% vol / vol, such as at least 35% vol / vol of polyethylene poly- propylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a mixture of polyether dispersions, such as antifoam 204 (product number A6426 or A8311 from Sigma Al- drich). The cloud concentration of antifoam 204 is 1% in an aqueous solution at a tem- perature of 18.0 to 21.0°C. Accordingly, when a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204 is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0). The cloud concentration of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0) is 1% in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 18.0 to 21.0°C. Accordingly, when a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204 is used, the culture me- dium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of a mixture of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone. Simethicone comprises polyethylene glycol monostearate, which, without being bound by theory, appears to be the compound important for the ability of simethicone to act as an extractant. Polyeth- ylene glycol monostearate has a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at 5°C. Ac- cordingly, when simethicone or a surfactant comprising polyethylene glycol monos- tearate is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of polyeth- ylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plu- rafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97- 2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or De- hypon® 2574. The cloud concentration of these surfactants is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plu- rafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), De- hypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96- 0) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS num- ber 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. The fermentation itself may be performed as is known in the art. In some embodiments, the fermentation is performed in a bioreactor. The fermentation is conducted under conditions that allow the microorganism present in the fermentation to produce the hy- drophobic compound of interest. The addition of an extractant, i.e. a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, preferably a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant such as any of the antifoaming agents described herein, results in the generation of an emulsion in the fermentation broth, where the hydrophobic compound produced by the microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, is present in the emulsion. The method thus may also comprise a step of breaking the emulsion to recover a product phase comprising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound. Once the emulsion is broken, the fermentation broth is sepa- rated in three phases: a water phase, comprising mainly water and aqueous com- pounds, a phase comprising cells and cellular debris, and a product phase mainly com- prising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound. Thus a composition is obtained consisting of three phases. In preferred embodiments, most of the hydrophobic com- pound of the fermentation broth is present in the product phase. For example, at least 50% of the hydrophobic compound is present in the product phase, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the hydrophobic compound is present in the product phase. In some embodiments, the product phase comprises at least 50% of the hydro- phobic compound initially present in the fermentation broth, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the hydrophobic compound initially present in the fermen- tation broth. The step of breaking the emulsion may be performed as is known in the art, for exam- ple by submitting the emulsion to a step of phase separation as is known in the art. In some embodiments, the step of phase separation is a centrifugation, for example 5 minutes at 10 000 g. In some embodiments, the centrifugation is performed for 1 mi- nute or more, such as for 2 minutes or more, such as for 3 minutes or more, such as for 4 minutes or more, such as for 5 minutes or more, such as for 6 minutes or more, such as for 7 minutes or more, such as for 8 minutes or more, such as for 9 minutes or more, such as for 10 minutes or more. In some embodiments, the centrifugation is per- formed at 3 000 g or more, such as at 4 000 g or more, such as at 5 000 g or more, such as at 6 000 g or more, such as at 7 000 g or more, such as at 8 000 g or more, such as at 9 000 g or more, such as at 10 000 g or more, such as at 11 000 g or more, such as at 12 000 g or more, such as at 13 000 g or more, such as at 14 000 g or more, such as at 15 000 g or more, such as at 17 500 g or more, such as at 20 000 g or more. Following the step of breaking the emulsion, the product phase comprising the extract- ant and the hydrophobic compound may be recovered from the composition. The method may in such embodiments further comprise the step of separating the hydro- phobic compound from the extractant. This can be performed by methods known in the art, such as by distillation, for example a distillation under reduced pressure, or a col- umn purification. The extractant may be recycled, e.g. it may be recirculated back to the fermentation. In some embodiments, the method involves culturing a microorganism capable of pro- ducing a fatty alcohol, such as a desaturated fatty alcohol or a mixture of (saturated and / or desaturated) fatty alcohols. In some embodiments, the method involves cultur- ing a yeast cell capable of producing a fatty alcohol, such as a desaturated fatty alcohol or a mixture of (saturated and / or desaturated) fatty alcohols. The desaturated fatty al- cohol may be recovered as described above. In such embodiments, the method may further comprise a step of recovering the produced fatty alcohol and chemically con- verting at least part thereof to the corresponding fatty acyl acetate and / or to the corre- sponding fatty aldehyde. The term “corresponding” here refers to a compound, fatty acyl acetate or fatty aldehyde, having the same carbon chain length and double bond position(s) as the fatty alcohol it is obtained from. Thus, when a microorganism such as a yeast cell produces fatty alcohols, the methods may further comprise the step of recovering said fatty alcohols, for example as de- scribed above, and chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corre- sponding fatty acyl acetates. This can be done by performing an acetylation reaction as is known in the art, for example as described in Fritz et al., 1959, or Mattson et al., 1964. The methods may additionally or alternatively comprise the step of chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty aldehydes. This can be done by performing an oxidation reaction as is known in the art, for example as described in Steves et al., 2013. The resulting fatty acyl acetates and / or fatty alde- hydes may then be recovered. Acetylation for example may be carried out with acetic anhydride using pyridine as cat- alyst. The resulting fatty acetates are then extracted from the reaction mix with an or- ganic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation. Oxidation may for example be carried out using known procedures for the oxidation of primary alcohols including, but not limited to, those published by Hoover et al., 2011, using Tetrakisacetonitrile copper(l) triflate / TEMPO catalyst system, Omura et al. (1978), Corey et al. (1972), Ratcliffe et al. (1970), Ley et al. (1994), or Anelli et al. (1987). The resulting fatty aldehydes are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent can be removed by evaporation and the aldehydes are purified using distillation or column chromatography. Method for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic compound in a fermentation Herein are disclosed methods for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic compound in a fermentation. The methods comprise the step of culturing a microorganism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. Preferably, the microorganism is a yeast cell. Preferably, the cloud concentration is determined at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. The extractant is a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin $G / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and a polyethoxylated surfactant, such as an antifoaming agent, for example a polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene gly- col, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol- based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C+-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. The method may also further comprise a step of re- covering the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth. The present methods are particularly useful for increasing the titer of hydrophobic com- pounds produced by fermentation of a microorganism, for example a yeast cell, capa- ble of producing these compounds, for example any of the microorganisms described in the above section “Microorganism”. The hydrophobic compound may be any com- pound described in the above section “Hydrophobic compound”, in particular a fatty al- cohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene such as a terpenoid. The presence of a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non-ionic ethox- ylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, or an antifoaming agent, in particular a polyethoxylated surfactant, to the culture medium, results in an increase in the titer of the hydrophobic compound compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed in similar conditions but with an amount of non-ionic surfactant which is lower than its cloud concentration. Thus the present methods are useful for increasing the titer of the hydrophobic compound compared to a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extract- ant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol es- ter, a fatty acyl acetate or a fatty aldehyde as described herein. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid as described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a mixture of hydrophobic com- pounds, such as a mixture of fatty alcohols, fatty alcohol esters, fatty acyl acetates, fatty aldehydes and terpenes such as terpenoids as described herein. In particular em- bodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol, a desaturated fatty alcohol ester, a desaturated fatty acyl acetate or a desaturated fatty aldehyde as described herein. The non-ionic surfactant is preferably a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant or a fatty alco- hol alkoxylate, preferably selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), De- hypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96- 0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, or an antifoaming agent such as a polyethoxylated surfactant, for example selected from: polyethoxylated non-ionic sur- factants, such as a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, mixtures of polyether disper- sions, antifoaming agents comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1¢-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant or the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, preferably at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some em- bodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, preferably a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant, is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentra- tion measured in an aqueous solution, preferably at room temperature or at the cultiva- tion temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is an antifoaming agent such as a poly- ethoxylated surfactant. The polyethoxylated surfactant is then preferably present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. In some embodiments the polyethox- ylated surfactant is selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monos- tearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combi- nations thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate such as Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plu- rafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97- 2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or De- hypon® 2574. The fatty alcohol alkoxylate is then preferably present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkox- ylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. The cloud concentra- tion may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the amount of non-ionic surfactant (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated surfactant. In some embodiments the amount of polyethoxylated surfactant (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodiments the polyethoxylated surfactant is selected from: a polyethylene polypro- pylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising pol- yethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based antifoam- ing agents and combinations thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation tempera- ture. In some embodiments the non-ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate. In some embodiments the amount of fatty alcohol alkoxylate (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least B-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS num- ber 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 1968283-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combina- tions thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol extractant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol extractant, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as a polyethoxylated surfactant or a fatty alcohol alkoxylate. In some embodiments the poly- ethoxylated surfactant is selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monos- tearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combi- nations thereof. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plu- rafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF 1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2) or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is an antifoaming agent. In some em- bodiments, the antifoaming agent is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol- based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1g alcohol-based antifoaming agent, for example, C1s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002- 96-0). The cloud concentration of C16-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when this antifoaming agent is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of C1e-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol C+s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, for example Kollliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-86), also termed poly(ethylene gly- col)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). The cloud concentration of Kolliphor® P407 is 10% at a temperature above 100°C. Accordingly, when a polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407 is used, the culture medium pref- erably comprises at least 10% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kol- liphor® P407, such as at least 11% vol / vol, such as at least 12% vol / vol, such as at least 13% vol / vol, such as at least 14% vol / vol, such as at least 15% vol / vol, such as at least 16% vol / vol, such as at least 17% vol / vol, such as at least 18% vol / vol, such as at least 19% vol / vol, such as at least 20% vol / vol, such as at least 25% vol / vol, such as at least 30% vol / vol, such as at least 35% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is a mixture of polyether dispersions, such as antifoam 204 (product number A6426 or A8311 from Sigma Aldrich). The cloud concentration of antifoam 204 is 1% in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 18.0 to 21.0°C. Accordingly, when a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204 is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of a mixture of poly- ether dispersions such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of a mixture of poly- ether dispersions such as antifoam 204, or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0). The cloud concentration of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0) is 1% in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 18.0 to 21.0°C. Accordingly, when Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0) is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is an antifoaming agent comprising poly- ethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone. Simethicone comprises polyethylene gly- col monostearate, which, without being bound by theory, appears to be the compound important for the ability of simethicone to act as an extractant. Polyethylene glycol monostearate has a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at 5°C. Accordingly, when simethicone or a surfactant comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, or more. In some embodiments, the extractant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154- 97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. These fatty alcohol alkoxylates have a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at room temperature. Accordingly, when a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 1968283-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combina- tions thereof, is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of said fatty alcohol alokxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plu- rafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. The microorganism, which is preferably a yeast cell, used in the present methods may already be engineered or selected for producing the hydrophobic compound at a high titer. The present methods may further increase the titer. In some embodiments, the ti- ter of the hydrophobic compound is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer ob- tained in a fermentation performed under similar conditions in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more. The term “similar conditions” here refers to a fermentation of the same microorganism or yeast cell, which is performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of ex- tractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature. In some embodiments, the hydropho- bic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid. Thus, when a microorganism such as a yeast cell produces fatty alcohols, the methods may further comprise the step of recovering said fatty alcohols, for example as de- scribed above, and chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corre- sponding fatty acyl acetates. This can be done by performing an acetylation reaction as is known in the art, for example as described in Fritz et al., 1959, or Mattson et al., 1964. The methods may additionally or alternatively comprise the step of chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty aldehydes. This can be done by performing an oxidation reaction as is known in the art, for example as described in Steves et al., 2013. The resulting fatty acyl acetates and / or fatty alde- hydes may then be recovered. Acetylation may be carried out with acetic anhydride using pyridine as catalyst. The re- sulting fatty acetates are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation. Oxidation may be carried out using known procedures for the oxidation of primary alco- hols including, but not limited to, those published by Hoover et al., 2011, using Tetrakisacetonitrile copper(l) triflate / TEMPO catalyst system, Omura et al. (1978), Co- rey et al. (1972), Ratcliffe et al. (1970), Ley et al. (1994), or Anelli et al. (1987). The re- sulting fatty aldehydes are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent may be removed by evaporation and the aldehydes are purified using distillation or column chromatography. Method for increasing the secretion of a hydrophobic compound in a fermenta- tion Herein are disclosed methods for increasing the secretion of a hydrophobic compound in a fermentation. The methods comprise the step of culturing a microorganism capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a culture medium under conditions allow- ing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. The methods thus preferably comprise culturing a yeast cell in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud con- centration measured in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, whereby the secretion of the hydropho- bic compound from the yeast cell is increased compared to a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature. The extractant is a non-ionic surfactant, preferably a fatty alco- hol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), De- hypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002- 96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, or a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, for example a polyeth- oxylated surfactant selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a poly- ethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+¢-C1g alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s al- cohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. The method may also fur- ther comprise a step of recovering the hydrophobic compound from the fermentation broth. The methods thus result in an increased secretion compared to a fermentation performed under similar conditions in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution. The term “similar conditions” here refers to a fermentation of the same microorganism or yeast cell, which is performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentra- tion in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature. The present methods are particularly useful for increasing the secretion of hydrophobic compounds produced by fermentation of a microorganism capable of producing these compounds, preferably a yeast cell, or for example any of the microorganisms de- scribed in the above section “Microorganism”. The hydrophobic compound may be any compound described in the above section “Hydrophobic compound”, in particular a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene such as a terpenoid. The presence of a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a fatty alcohol alkox- ylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant, in the culture medium, results in an increase in the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the microorganism compared to the secretion observed in a fermentation performed in similar conditions but with an amount of non-ionic surfactant which is lower than its cloud concentration. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol es- ter, a fatty acyl acetate or a fatty aldehyde as described herein. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid as described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a mixture of hydrophobic com- pounds, such as a mixture of fatty alcohols, fatty acyl acetates, fatty aldehydes and / or terpenes such as terpenoids as described herein. In particular embodiments, the hy- drophobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol, a desaturated fatty acyl acetate or a desaturated fatty aldehyde as described herein. The non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant which may be an anti- foaming agent. The antifoaming agent is preferably a polyethoxylated non-ionic surfac- tant, such as a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixtures of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propox- ylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate and a polyethoxylated surfactant, and is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aque- ous solution. In some embodiments, the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a polyeth- oxylated surfactant and is added in an amount greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. The cloud concentra- tion may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate and a polyethoxylated surfactant and is present in an amount greater than its cloud concentration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. In some embodiments the polyethoxylated surfactant is selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an anti- foaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethox- ylated and propoxylated C1-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. In some embodi- ments, the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combina- tions thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the amount of non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethoxylated surfactant. In some embodiments the amount of polyethoxylated surfactant (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodiments the polyethoxylated surfactant is selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dis- persions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethi- cone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+¢-C+s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate. In some embodiments the amount of fatty alcohol alkoxylate (extractant) is at least 2-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud con- centration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS num- ber 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combina- tions thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol extractant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol extractant, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfac- tant such as a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant. In some embodi- ments the polyethoxylated surfactant is selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propox- ylated C+6-C1g alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol alkoxylate is selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS num- ber 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combina- tions thereof. The cloud concentration may be determined in the cultivation medium, for example at room temperature or at the cultivation temperature. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is an antifoaming agent. In some em- bodiments the antifoaming agent is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol- based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agent, for example, C16-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002- 96-0). The cloud concentration of C1e-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when this antifoaming agent is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of C1s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol C+s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, for example Kollliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-86), also termed poly(ethylene gly- col)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). The cloud concentration of Kolliphor® P407 is 10% at a temperature above 100°C. Accordingly, when a polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407 is used, the culture medium pref- erably comprises at least 10% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kol- liphor® P407, such as at least 11% vol / vol, such as at least 12% vol / vol, such as at least 13% vol / vol, such as at least 14% vol / vol, such as at least 15% vol / vol, such as at least 16% vol / vol, such as at least 17% vol / vol, such as at least 18% vol / vol, such as at least 19% vol / vol, such as at least 20% vol / vol, such as at least 25% vol / vol, such as at least 30% vol / vol, such as at least 35% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, or more. In some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is an antifoaming agent. In some em- bodiments the antifoaming agent is Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0). The cloud concentration of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0) is about 1% vol / vol at room temperature. Accordingly, when this antifoaming agent is used, the culture me- dium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is a mixture of polyether dispersions, such as antifoam 204 (product number A6426 or A8311 from Sigma Aldrich). The cloud concentration of antifoam 204 is 1% in an aqueous solution at a temperature of 18.0 to 21.0°C. Accordingly, when a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204 is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of a mixture of poly- ether dispersions such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of a mixture of poly- ether dispersions such as antifoam 204, or more. In some embodiments, the antifoaming agent is an antifoaming agent comprising poly- ethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone. Simethicone comprises polyethylene gly- col monostearate, which, without being bound by theory, appears to be the compound important for the ability of simethicone to act as an extractant. Polyethylene glycol monostearate has a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at 5°C. Accordingly, when simethicone or a surfactant comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol polyethylene glycol monostearate or simethicone, or more. In some embodiments, the extractant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF 1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154- 97-2), and Imbentin $G / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. These fatty alcohol alkoxylates have a cloud point of 1% in an aqueous solution at room temperature. Accordingly, when a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combina- tions thereof, is used, the culture medium preferably comprises at least 1% vol / vol of said fatty alcohol alokxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from: Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plu- rafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof. The microorganism used in the present methods may already be engineered or se- lected for producing the hydrophobic compound. Preferably the microorganism is a yeast cell. The present methods may further help increase the secretion of the hydro- phobic compound. In some embodiments, the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the cell is increased by at least 5% compared to the secretion observed in a fer- mentation performed under similar conditions in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 5%, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more. The term “similar conditions” here re- fers to a fermentation of the same microorganism or yeast cell, which is performed un- der the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol es- ter, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid. Thus, when a microorganism, in particular a yeast, produces fatty alcohols, the meth- ods may further comprise the step of recovering said fatty alcohols, for example as de- scribed above, and chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corre- sponding fatty acyl acetates. This can be done by performing an acetylation reaction as is known in the art, for example as described in Fritz et al., 1959, or Mattson et al., 1964. The methods may additionally or alternatively comprise the step of chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty aldehydes. This can be done by performing an oxidation reaction as is known in the art, for example as described in Steves et al., 2013. The resulting fatty acyl acetates and / or fatty alde- hydes may then be recovered. For example, acetylation may be carried out with acetic anhydride using pyridine as catalyst. The resulting fatty acetates are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation. Oxidation may for example be carried out using known procedures for the oxidation of primary alcohols including, but not limited to, those published by Hoover et al., 2011, using Tetrakisacetonitrile copper(l) triflate / TEMPO catalyst system, Omura et al. (1978), Corey et al. (1972), Ratcliffe et al. (1970), Ley et al. (1994), or Anelli et al. (1987). The resulting fatty aldehydes are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation and the aldehydes are puri- fied using distillation or column chromatography. Product phase comprising the hydrophobic compound** The fermentation itself may be performed as is known in the art. In some embodiments, the fermentation is performed in a bioreactor. The fermentation is conducted under conditions that allow the microorganism present in the fermentation to produce the hy- drophobic compound of interest. Such conditions which are suitable for production of a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl ace- tate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid by a yeast cell are readily available to the skilled person. Suitable microorganisms, in particular yeast cells, are known in the art, e.g. such yeast cells are described in e.g. WO 2016 / 207339, WO 2018 / 109163, WO 2018 / 109167, international application PCT / EP2020 / 053306 and EP application 19218703.7, and have also been described herein. The addition of an extractant, i.e. a non-ionic surfactant, in particular a non-ionic ethox- ylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethox- ylated surfactant, for example any of the non-ionic surfactants, non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants, antifoaming agents or polyethoxylated surfactants described herein, results in the generation of an emulsion in the fermentation broth, where the hydrophobic com- pound produced by the microorganism is present in the emulsion. Similarly, the addi- tion of such surfactants in a concentration equal to or greater than their cloud concen- tration measured in an aqueous solution, for example at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature, in a fermentation where the microorganism is a yeast cell, like- wise results in the generation of an emulsion in the fermentation broth, which contains the hydrophobic compound. Any of the present methods thus may also comprise a step of breaking the emulsion to recover a product phase comprising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound. Once the emulsion is broken, the fermentation broth is sepa- rated in three phases: a water phase, comprising mainly water and aqueous com- pounds, a phase comprising cells and cellular debris, and a product phase mainly com- prising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound. Thus a composition is obtained consisting of three phases. Thus in some embodiments, the method is for producing a hydrophobic compound and comprises the step of providing a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, capable of producing said hydrophobic compound, and culturing said microorganism in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises a non-ionic surfactant, more particularly a non-ionic eth- oxylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate preferably se- lected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF 1300 (68002- 96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, and a polyethoxylated surfactant, such as a polyethoxylated surfactant or an antifoaming agent selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monos- tearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combi- nations thereof, in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, preferably at the cultivation temperature or at room tempera- ture, whereby a composition consisting of three phases is obtained in the fermentation broth, and the method further comprises the step of recovering the product phase. In some embodiments, the method is for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic com- pound in a fermentation as described herein above and comprises the step of providing a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, capable of producing said hydrophobic com- pound, and culturing said microorganism or yeast cell in a culture medium under condi- tions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises a non-ionic surfactant, more particularly a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, and a polyethoxylated surfactant, such as a polyeth- oxylated surfactant or an antifoaming agent selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS num- ber 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether disper- sions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C+s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous so- lution, preferably at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature, whereby a composition consisting of three phases is obtained in the fermentation broth, and the method further comprises the step of recovering the product phase. In some embodiments, the method is for increasing secretion of a hydrophobic com- pound in a fermentation as described herein above and comprises the step of providing a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, capable of producing said hydrophobic com- pound, and culturing said microorganism or yeast cell in a culture medium under condi- tions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises a non-ionic surfactant, more particularly a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, preferably selected from a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, preferably selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and combinations thereof, and a polyethoxylated surfactant, such as an anti- foaming agent selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1g alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s al- cohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, preferably at the cultivation temperature or at room temperature, whereby a composition consisting of three phases is obtained in the fermentation broth, and the method further comprises the step of recovering the product phase. In preferred embodiments, most of the hydrophobic compound of the fermentation broth is present in the product phase. For example, at least 50% of the hydrophobic compound is present in the product phase, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the hydrophobic compound is present in the product phase. In some embodi- ments, the product phase comprises at least 50% of the hydrophobic compound initially present in the fermentation broth, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the hydrophobic compound initially present in the fermentation broth. In some embodi- ments, the hydrophobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound is a terpene such as a terpenoid. The step of breaking the emulsion may be performed as is known in the art, for exam- ple by submitting the emulsion to a step of phase separation as is known in the art. In some embodiments, the step of phase separation is a step of centrifugation, for exam- ple 5 minutes at 10 000 g. In some embodiments, the centrifugation is performed for 1 minute or more, such as for 2 minutes or more, such as for 3 minutes or more, such as for 4 minutes or more, such as for 5 minutes or more, such as for 6 minutes or more, such as for 7 minutes or more, such as for 8 minutes or more, such as for 9 minutes or more, such as for 10 minutes or more. In some embodiments, the centrifugation is per- formed at 3 000 g or more, such as at 4 000 g or more, such as at 5 000 g or more, such as at 6 000 g or more, such as at 7 000 g or more, such as at 8 000 g or more, such as at 9 000 g or more, such as at 10 000 g or more, such as at 11 000 g or more, such as at 12 000 g or more, such as at 13 000 g or more, such as at 14 000 g or more, such as at 15 000 g or more, such as at 17 500 g or more, such as at 20 000 g or more. Following the step of breaking the emulsion, the product phase comprising the extract- ant and the hydrophobic compound may be recovered from the composition. The method may in such embodiments further comprise the step of separating the hydro- phobic compound from the extractant. This can be performed by methods known in the art, such as by distillation, for example distillation under reduced pressure, or by col- umn purification, or any other suitable method. The extractant may be recirculated to the fermentor or bioreactor. In some embodiments, the method involves culturing a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, capable of producing a fatty alcohol, such as a desaturated fatty alcohol or a mixture of (saturated and / or desaturated) fatty alcohols. The desaturated fatty alcohol may be recovered as described above. In such embodiments, the method may further comprise a step of recovering the produced fatty alcohol and chemically converting at least part thereof to the corresponding fatty acyl acetate and / or to the corresponding fatty aldehyde. The term “corresponding” here refers to a compound, fatty acyl acetate or fatty aldehyde, having the same carbon chain length as the fatty alcohol it is ob- tained from. Thus, when a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, produces fatty alcohols, the methods may further comprise the step of recovering said fatty alcohols, for example as described above, and chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty acyl acetates. This can be done by performing an acetylation reac- tion as is known in the art, for example as described in Fritz et al., 1959, or Mattson et al., 1964. The methods may additionally or alternatively comprise the step of chemi- cally converting at least part of the fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty aldehydes. This can be done by performing an oxidation reaction as is known in the art, for exam- ple as described in Steves et al., 2013. The resulting fatty acyl acetates and / or fatty al- dehydes may then be recovered. Acetylation for example may be carried out with acetic anhydride using pyridine as cat- alyst. The resulting fatty acetates are then extracted from the reaction mix with an or- ganic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation. Oxidation may for example be carried out according to Stahl protocol using Tetrakisac- etonitrile copper(l) triflate / TEMPO catalyst system. The resulting fatty aldehydes are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent may be re- moved by evaporation. Hydrophobic compound obtainable by the present methods The present disclosure also provides a hydrophobic compound obtainable by the meth- ods described herein. In particular, a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene such as a terpenoid obtainable by the present methods are disclosed. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods is a fatty alcohol. The fatty alcohol may be saturated or desaturated. Biological production of fatty alcohols from microorganisms such as yeast cells, in particular microorganisms and yeast cells engineered to produce fatty alcohols of interest, may yield a mixture of fatty alcohols comprising odd-chain fatty alcohols — in contrast to what is observed in chemical synthesis processes, where only even-chain fatty alcohols are obtained. Thus, in some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods comprises or consists of a mixture of fatty alcohols which comprises odd- chain fatty alcohols in addition to even-chain fatty alcohols. The term “odd-chain” fatty alcohols refers to fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length which is an odd number of carbon atoms, such as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, or 23 carbon atoms. The term “even-chain” fatty alcohols refers to fatty alcohols having a carbon chain length which is an even number of carbon atoms, such as 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 car- bon atoms. The present method allows recovering the different fatty alcohols produced by the mi- croorganism, preferably a yeast cell, in a single process. When expressing insect de- saturases and reductases, the resulting mix of fatty alcohols produced by the microor- ganism will typically have a similar composition as the one produced in the pheromone glands of the insects. This allows for the production of pheromone mixes suitable for various insects instead of producing individual pheromone components in separate processes that then need to be mixed in appropriate proportions. Nevertheless, as shown in example 5, the resulting mixture of fatty alcohols may contain by-products characteristic of biological production. Thus in some embodiments where production of a desired desaturated fatty alcohol is performed, the produced fatty alcohols comprise at least 1%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20% of a de- saturated fatty alcohol having a desaturation at another position than the desired fatty alcohol and / or at least 1%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 20% of the corresponding saturated fatty alcohol. If the mix of fatty alcohols recovered from the fermentation broth is chemically oxidized into aldehydes or acetylated into ac- etates, then corresponding mixes of aldehydes and acetates are produced. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods is a fatty alcohol ester, which may be saturated or desaturated. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods comprises or consists of a mixture of fatty alcohol esters which comprises odd-chain fatty alcohol esters in addi- tion to even-chain fatty alcohol esters. The term “odd-chain” alcohol esters refers to fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length which is an odd number of carbon at- oms, such as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, or 23 carbon atoms. The term “even- chain” fatty alcohol esters refers to fatty alcohol esters having a carbon chain length which is an even number of carbon atoms, such as 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 car- bon atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods is a fatty aldehyde, which may be saturated or desaturated. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods comprises or consists of a mixture of fatty aldehydes which comprises odd-chain fatty aldehydes in addition to even-chain fatty aldehydes. The term “odd-chain” fatty aldehydes refers to fatty alde- hydes having a carbon chain length which is an odd number of carbon atoms, such as 1,3,5,7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, or 23 carbon atoms. The term “even-chain” fatty al- dehydes refers to fatty aldehydes having a carbon chain length which is an even num- ber of carbon atoms, such as 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods is a fatty acyl acetate, which may be saturated or desaturated. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods comprises or consists of a mixture of fatty acyl acetates which comprises odd-chain fatty acyl acetates in addition to even-chain fatty acyl acetates. The term “odd-chain” fatty acyl acetates refers to fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length which is an odd number of carbon atoms, suchas 1,3,5,7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, or 23 carbon atoms. The term “even-chain” fatty acyl acetates refers to fatty acyl acetates having a carbon chain length which is an even number of carbon atoms, such as 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic compound obtained by the present methods is a terpene such as a terpenoid, for example as described herein above. Pheromone composition Also disclosed herein is a pheromone composition comprising a desaturated fatty alco- hol, a desaturated fatty acyl acetate and / or a desaturated fatty aldehyde. For example, a pheromone composition may comprise (2)-11-hexadecenol, (2)-11-hexadecenal and / or (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate. For example, the pheromone composition may comprise codlemone (E8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol), £E8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate and / or E8,E10-dodecadienal. At least one of the desaturated fatty alcohol, the desaturated fatty acyl acetate and the desaturated fatty aldehyde is preferably obtainable by the methods disclosed herein above. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pheromone composition com- prises (2)-11-hexadecenol, (2)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, where at least one of the (2)-11-hexadecenol, (2)-11-hexadecenal or (2)-11-hexade- cen-1-yl acetate and is obtainable by the methods disclosed herein above. In other em- bodiments, the pheromone composition comprises codlemone (£8,E10-dodecadien-1- ol), £8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate and / or £E8,E10-dodecadienal. Accordingly, the present methods may further comprise the step of formulating the re- covered desaturated fatty alcohol, desaturated fatty acyl acetate or desaturated fatty aldehyde into a pheromone composition. The present pheromone compositions may be used as integrated pest management products, which can be used in a method of mon- itoring the presence of pest or in a method of disrupting the mating of pest. Pheromone compositions as disclosed herein may be used as biopesticides. Such compositions can be sprayed or dispensed on a culture, in a field or in an orchard. They can also, as is known in the art, be soaked e.g. onto a rubber septa, or mixed with other components. This can result in mating disruption, thereby preventing pest re- production, or it can be used in combination with a trapping device to entrap the pests. Non-limiting examples of pests against which the present pheromone compositions can be used are: cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), striped stemborer (Chilo sup- pressalis), diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella), cabbage moth (Mamestra brassi- cae), large cabbage-heart caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis), European corn stalk borer (Sesamia nonagrioides), currant clearwing (Synanthedon tipuliformis) and arti- choke plume moth (Platyptilia carduidactylal). Accordingly, use of the present composi- tions on a culture can lead to increased crop yield, with substantially no environmental impact. The relative amounts of the different compounds in the present pheromone composi- tions may vary depending on the nature of the crop and / or of the pest to be controlled; geographical variations may also exist. Determining the optimal relative amounts may thus require routine optimisation. Examples of compositions used as repellents can be found in Kehat & Dunkelblum, 1993, for H. armigera, in Alfaro et al., 2009, for C. suppressalis , in Eizaguirre et al., 2002, for S. nonagrioides; in Wu et al., 2012, for P. xylostella; in Bari et al., 2003, for P. carduidactyla In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pheromone composition may fur- ther comprise one or more additional compounds such as a liquid or solid carrier or substrate. For example, suitable carriers or substrate include vegetable oils, refined mineral oils or fractions thereof, rubbers, plastics, silica, diatomaceous earth, wax ma- trix and cellulose powder. The pheromone composition may be formulated as is known in the art. For example, it may be under the form of a solution, a gel, a powder. The pheromone composition may be formulated so that it can be easily dispensed, as is known in the art. Examples All strains are described in Table 6. Example 1- in situ extraction of fatty alcohols produced by fermentation Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strains ST8327 and ST8762 are capable of producing fatty alcohols (saturated and unsaturated). Strain ST8327 has been engineered to pro- duce (2)11-hexadecen-1-ol. It also produces smaller amounts of (Z)9-hexadecen-1-ol and hexadecanol. The strain expresses the A11 desaturase from Amyelois transitella (SEQ ID NO: 1) and fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Helicoverpa armigera (SEQ ID NO: 5). Strain ST8762 has been engineered to produce (Z)9-tetradecen-1-ol. The strain ex- presses the A9 desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster (SEQ ID NO: 16) and fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Helicoverpa armigera (SEQ ID NO: 5). Both strains have ad- ditional modifications that decrease degradation of fatty alcohols and improve fatty acid biosynthesis. A strain was inoculated from a YPD agar plate (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L peptone, 20 g / L glucose, 15 g / L agar agar) to an initial ODeoo of 0.1-0.2 into 2.5 mL YPG medium (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L peptone, 40 g / L glycerol) in 24 well-plate (EnzyScreen). The plate was incubated at 28°C and 300 rpm for 22 hours. The well- plate was centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 min at 4°C, the medium was removed and the cells were resuspended in 1.25 mL production medium (50 g / L glycerol, 5 g / L yeast ex- tract, 4 g / L KH2POs, 1.5 g / L MgSOQs, 0.2 g / L NaCl, 0.265 g / L CaClz.2H20, 2 mL / L trace elements solution: 4.5 g / L CaCl..2H20, 4.5 g / L ZnS04.7H20, 3 g / L FeS04.7H20, 1 g / L HaBOs, 1 g / L MnCl2.4H20, 0.4 g / L N Na;MoO4.2H20, 0.3 g / L CoCi.6H20, 0.1 g / L CuS04.5H20, 0.1 g / L KI, 15 g / L EDTA). At the same time, 95 pL of Antifoam A (ethox- ylated and propoxylated C16-18 alcohols, CAS No. 68002-96-0), corresponding to ~7 v / v% (i.e. above the recommended dose of 0.1 v / v% for foam management and above the cloud concentration), was added. The plate was incubated at 28°C and 300 rpm for 28 hours. Each experiment was performed in biological triplicates. The intracellular and extracellular concentrations of fatty alcohols were assessed as follows. 1000 WL of culture broth was transferred to a 4 mL gas-tight glass extraction vial. The sample was centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 min at room temperature. The super- natant was transferred into a new glass vial with 990 pL of hexane and 10 pL of inter- nal standard (IS) solution (20 mg / L of methyl Z10-heptadecenoate in ethyl acetate). The vial was vortexed for 10 s and centrifuged as before. 250 pL of the upper hexane phase was transferred to a GC vial for GC-MS analysis of the extracellular fatty alcohol concentration. The pellet remaining after the removal of the supernatant from the cen- trifuged culture broth was resuspended in 990 pL of solvent mixture (EtOAc and EtOH) and 10 pL of IS solution as above. The sample was incubated for 1 h with periodic mix- ing. 300 WL water was added and the vials were centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 min at room temperature. 250 pL of the upper organic phase was transferred to a GC vial for GC-MS analysis of the intracellular fatty alcohols. GC-MS analyses were performed on an Agilent 7820A GC coupled to a mass selective detector Agilent 5977B. The GC was equipped with an DB Fatwax column (30 mx0.25 mmx0.25 um), and helium was used as carrier gas. The MS was operated in electron impact mode (70eV), scanning be- tween m / z 30 and 400, and the injector was configured in split mode 20:1 at 220°C. Oven temperature was set to 80°C for 1 min, then increased at a rate of 20°C / min to 210°C, followed by a hold at 210°C for 7 min, and then increased at a rate of 20 C / min to 230°C. Compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and mass spec- tra of the reference compounds. Compounds were quantified by the ion 55.1 m / z. Data were analysed by the Agilent Masshunter software. The concentrations of fatty alcohols were calculated based on standard calibration curves prepared with reference stand- ards. Results are shown in Table 1, the standard deviations were calculated from biological triplicates. The addition of the antifoaming agent has two beneficial effects: first, the fatty alcohol total titer was increased; second, the extracellular fraction of the total fatty alcohols produced was increased (from 2-8% to 70-73%). These effects simplify the downstream processing and improve the overall economics of the process. The example thus demonstrates that adding an extractant in an amount greater than its cloud concentration results in an increase in the titer of both a saturated fatty alcohol and of an unsaturated fatty alcohol, as well as in an increase in extracellular concentra- tions of the same. This is independent of the genotype of the strains, as it is observed in two different strains, and confirmed in other strains (see example 12). Table 1. In situ extraction of fatty alcohols produced by fermentation. ST8762 Yes (7 viv%) | no Yes (7 viv%) Z9-tetradecen-1-ol Tetradecanol 1520.1£210.0 | 101.5£10.9 | 163.3£11.6 1057.7£126.7 | 4.9823 119 5¢11.1 (69.6%) (4.9%) (73.2%) 862.7+136.2 | 385.0+23.1 | 414.2+29.1 Strain 8T8327 ST8762 Antifoam A ad- | no TE "Yes (7 VA dition Unsaturated [ZT -hexadecen-1-0l | Z9-tetradecen-1-0l fatty alcohol Saturated fatty | Hexadecanol [Tetradecanol alcohol Total concen- | 801.1%82.0 [520122700 | 10152109 | 16332116 tration of un- saturated fatty | alcohol (mg / L) Extracellular 18.6+22.9 1057.7+126.7 | 4.9+2.3 119.5¢11.1 concentration | (2.3%) (69.6%) (4.9%) (73.2%) of unsaturated fatty alcohol (mg / L) (fraction | of total) Total concen- | 38062264 | 86271362 | 385.0:231 | 41424291 tration of satu- | rated fatty alco- | hol (mg / L) Extracellular 8.58.8 (2.2%) 629.1183.9 29.615.6 303.3+27.5 concentration | (72.9%) (7.7%) (73.2%) of saturated fatty alcohol Example 2 - in situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fer- mentation Here we investigated different amounts of antifoam added and the influence on the re- covery of fatty alcohols in a separate phase. Substances like Antifoam A commonly used as antifoaming agents in microbial fermentations are known emulsifiers. The cloud concentration of Antifoam A was experimentally determined to be ~1 v / A / % anti- foam in an aqueous solution. The dose recommended for foam management by the manufacturer is 0.1 v / v%. The experiments were performed with engineered Y. lipolytica strain ST8881 following the procedures as in Example 1. The strain ST8881 is similar to ST8327, but has sev- eral additional genetic modifications that further enhance the fatty acid biosynthesis. Antifoam A was added at 0, 0.4, 2, or 5 % v / v concentrations. Results are shown in Ta- ble 2 and Figure 1. When antifoam A is added in 0.4 vA%, below its cloud concentration with aqueous sys- tems, Antifoam A acts as an emulsifier in the fermentation culture (Fig. 1B). In this case the secretion of the target hydrophobic compound was 14.5%, the majority of the prod- uct remaining intracellular. Applying centrifugation for 5 min at 16,000 g at room tem- perature resulted in separation of the solid cellular fraction from the liquid phase. How- ever, centrifugation for 5 min at 16,000 g at room temperature did not result in success- ful emulsion break, implying the need for complicated recovery of the hydrophobic tar- get compound using organic solvents and cell disruption. When antifoam A is added in 2 and 5 v / v%, above its cloud concentration with aqueous systems, it constitutes a separate immiscible light phase (Fig. 1C and 1D). This sepa- rate immiscible oily phase apparently acts as an in situ extractant, and resulted in 66.5% and 78.0% secretion of the target hydrophobic compound. Applying centrifuga- tion for 5 min at 16,000 g at room temperature successfully separated the three present phases, resulting in isolation of the hydrophobic target compound in the oily phase without applying costly cell disruption techniques and extraction with organic solvents for product recovery. Table 2. In situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fermentation. Antifoam A concentra- | 0 “Toa Tz 15 tion vA Concentration of ex- | 04106 | 2136254 | 966.241425 | 1240682454 | tracellular Z11-hexadecen-1-ol (mg / L) % secretion (calcu- T= [as% [een [780% lated as fraction of ex- tracellular concentra- | tion in relation to total | concentration) Phase separation af- | 2 phases 2 phases 3 phases 3 phases (an- ter centrifugation (water, (water, (anti- tifoam / fatty al- cells) cells) foam / fatty cohols, water, Fig. 1A Fig. 1B alcohols, cells) water, cells) | Fig. 1D Fig. 1C Example 3 - in situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fer- mentation using various antifoaming agents Here we investigated the effect of different antifoaming oils and agents on the recovery of fatty alcohols in a separate phase. The experiments were performed with engineered Y. lipolytica strain ST8881 following the procedures as in Example 1. The following commonly used antifoaming oils and agents were tested at 3 vA / %: corn oil, oleic acid, Antifoam A, Kolliphor® P407 (a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block- poly(ethylene glycol)), A-204 (a mixture of organic polyether dispersions), Simethicone (a silicone emulsion), and dodecane. The suppliers are indicated in Table 3. The control experiment was performed without addition of any antifoaming oil or agent. Antifoaming oils and agents are added at 3 vol / vol% to the culture broth, which is a significantly lower amount than the concentra- tion of organic phase in classic biphasic fermentations as known in the art (above 5-10 VA). The in situ extraction performance of commonly used antifoaming oils and agents is shown in Table 3. Cultures with Corn oil, Antificam A, Kolliphor® P407, A-204 and Si- methicone showed increased concentration of fatty alcohols compared to control culti- vations. Cultures with Corn oil, Antifoam A, Kolliphor® P407, A-204 and Simethicone presented also higher secretion rates of fatty alcohols compared to control cultivations. In the case of oleic acid, Antifoam A, Kolliphor® P407, A-204 and Simethicone, apply- ing centrifugation for 5 min at 10,000 g at 30°C resulted in separation of the solid cellu- lar fraction from the liquid phase (Fig. 2C, Fig. 2D, Fig. 2E, Fig. 2F and Fig. 2G, respec- tively). In the case of corn oil and dodecane, the solid cellular fraction constituted a dis- persion with the organic upper phase (Fig. 2B and Fig. 2H, respectively). In the case of Antifoam A, Kolliphor® P407, A-204 and Simethicone, centrifugation for 5 min at 10,000 g at 30°C resulted in successful water-oil emulsion break. Table 3. In situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fermentation us- ing antifoaming agents ! Phase 1: Water Phase 2: cells Fig. 2A Anti- | Pro- CAS Total con- Extracellular Phase separation after foam- | vider | No centration of | concentration | centri-fugation ing Z11-hexa-de- | of Z11.hexa- 10,000 x g for 5 min at agent | cen-1-ol decen-1-ol (% | 30°C (mg / L) secretion) Con- |- = 2190.0£320.0 | 0 (0%) Phase 1: Water trol Phase 2: cells with- Fig. 2A out Oleic | Merck | 112- 1008.4£648.6 | 0 (0%) acid 80-1 A-204 | Sigma anti- foam addi- | tion Corn | Ro- 8001- | 2699.6142.3 | 646.61437.1 Phase 1: suspension of oil quette | 30-7 (24%) oil and cells Phase 2: water Fig. 2B Oleic | Merck | 112- 1008.4£648.6 | 0 (0%) Phase 1: emulsion of oil acid 80-1 and water Phase 2: cells Fig. 2C Anti- | Bek- | 68002- | 3406.6+276.3 | 1354.8+365.1 | Phase 1: organic foam | chem | 96-0 (39.8%) Phase 2: water A Phase 3: cells Fig. 2D Kolli- | Merck | 9003- | 2546.5+96.4 | 177.7+34.1 Phase 1: organic phor® 11-6 (6.9%) Phase 2: water P407 Phase 3: cells Fig. 2E A208 [Sigma | 2946.21459.5 | 723.5£1040.99 | Phase 1: organic (24.6%) Phase 2: water Phase 3: cells Fig. 2F Sime- | Dow | 9004- | 1919.0£153.9 | 222.5£58.0 Phase 1: organic thi- 67-5 11.6%) Phase 2: water cone | 63231- Phase 3: cells 67-4 Fig. 2G 9004- | 99-3 Do- | Merck | 112- [72002558 [000% Phase 1: organic with dec- 40-3 cells ane Phase 2: water Phase 3: cells Fig. 2H Example 4 - in situ extraction and recovery of other lipophilic / hydrophobic com- pounds Microorganisms capable of producing various lipophilic compounds, e.g. engineered to produce free fatty acids, fatty acyl acetates, fatty aldehydes and terpenes such as ter- penoids, are cultivated in the presence of antifoaming agents such as a polyethox- ylated surfactant at concentrations equal to or higher than their cloud concentration. The resulting fermentation broth is subjected to centrifugation and the light phase con- taining non-ionic surfactant and the product is separated by centrifugation. The light phase is further subjected to distillation, possibly under vacuum, in order to separate the product from the non-ionic surfactant and other non-volatile impurities. The distilled product can be for example a mix of fatty alcohols. The fatty alcohols mix can be acety- lated into the corresponding fatty alcohol acetates or oxidized into the corresponding fatty aldehydes. Acetylation is carried out with acetic anhydride using pyridine as catalyst. The resulting fatty alcohol acetates are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation. Oxidation is carried out according to Stahl protocol using Tetrakisacetonitrile copper(l) triflate / TEMPO catalyst system. The result- ing fatty aldehydes are then extracted from the reaction mix with an organic solvent and the solvent is removed by evaporation. The resulting fatty alcohol acetates or fatty aldehydes are formulated and used for plant protection from insects. Example 5 - biological activity of pheromone preparations obtained by fermenta- tion (2)11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:0H) produced by fermentation in Yarrowia lipolytica, for example, will typically co-occur with (2)9-hexadecen-1-ol (Z9-16:0H), which is pro- duced due to the action of the native Yarrowia lipolytica desaturase OLE. In engi- neered strains, Z9-16:0H was also produced in the amounts of 5-20% of the amount of Z11-16:0H. Saturated fatty alcohols of carbon chain 16 were also produced as by- products, when reductase acts directly on the saturated substrate hexadecenyl-CoA. When the mix of fatty alcohols recovered from the fermentation broth is chemically oxi- dized into aldehydes or acetylated into acetates, then corresponding mixes of alde- hydes and acetates are produced. In an exemplary sample preparation, the composition was as follows: 65% Z11-16:Ald, 4% 79-16:Ald, 10% 16:Ald. Fermented Z11-16:Ald can be used for controlling cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armi- gera by mating disruption. The pheromone glands of H. armigera contain Z11-16:Ald, 29-16:Ald, and 16:Ald. The ratio between Z11-16:Ald and Z9-16:Ald varies from 99:1 to 90:10 (http: / / www.pherobase.com / database / species / species-Helicoverpa-armigera.php). Z9- 16:Ald is a minor component of H. armigera pheromone mix and it was reported to en- hance the activity of an artificial pheromone formulation, when it was added to Z11- 16:Ald (Kehat et al., 1990). n-Hexadecanal 16:Ald is also present in H. armigera phero- mone glands at 4-20%, but it is neutral in regard to behavioral response. Fermented Z11-16:Ald can be used for controlling the Asiatic rice borer Chilo suppres- salis by mating disruption. The pheromone glands of C. suppressalis also contain Z11- 16:Ald, Z9-16:Ald, and 16:Ald. The ratio between Z11-16:Ald and Z9-16:Ald is 10:1 (http: / / www.pherobase.com / database / species / species-Chilo-suppressalis.php). Z9- 16:Ald is synergistic to the two primary pheromone components Z11-16:Ald and Z13- 18:Ald (Tatsuki et al., 2983). n-Hexadecanal 16:Ald is a neutral component and does not elicit a behavioral response. Fermented Z11-16:Ald can be used for controlling the Yellow rice stemborer Scirpophaga incertulas by mating disruption. The pheromone glands of S. incertulas contain Z11-16:Ald, Z9-16:Ald, and 16:Ald. The ratio between Z11-16:Ald and Z9- 16:Ald is 4:1 to 2:1 (http: / / www.pherobase.com / database / species / species- Scirpophaga-incertulas.php). Hence the two key by-products that were produced by engineered yeasts are present in amounts similar to the natural range of pheromone composition in insects. Z9-16 compounds are usually biologically active and beneficial for the behavioral activity. Example 6 — Strain construction Strains ST3705 (Example 2 and Table 4 of WO 2016 / 207339) and ST5290 (Example 4 of WO 2018 / 109167) are Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains engineered to produce (2)11-hexadecen-1-ol and Z9-tetradecenyl acetate, respectively. Strain ST3705 ex- presses the A11 desaturase from Amyelois transitella and fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Helicoverpa armigera. Strain ST5290 expresses A9 desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster, fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Helicoverpa armigera and acetyltransfer- ase ATF1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strain ST4840 is a Yarrowia lipolytica wild-type strain. Y. lipolytica strain ST6629 is a Yarrowia lipolytica strain and has been described previously in WO 2018 / 109167 (Ex- ample 9 of WO 2018 / 109167). In this strain, the open-reading frame of genes HFD4 (YALIOB01298g), HFD3 (YALIOA17875), HFD2 (YALIOE15400) and HFD1 (YALIOF23793g), as well as nucleotides —1130 to —100 upstream of the coding se- quence of GPAT (YALIOC00209g) were deleted. A premature Stop-codon and frame- shift was introduced in PEX10 (YALIOC01023g) and FAOT (YALIOB14014g) resulting in non-functional genes. In Y. lipolytica strain ST9426 was engineered to improve the mevalonate pathway flux and used as a terpenoids platform strain. In this strain, the open reading frame of genes KU70 (YALIOC08701g) and PEX10 (YALIOC01023g), as well as nucleotides — 529 to —50 upstream of the coding sequence of squalene synthase (SQS7, YALIOA10076g) were deleted. Furthermore, genes isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-iso- merase ( / D / 1, YALIOF04015g), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (ERG20, YALIOEQ5753g), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HVMG1, YALIOE048079) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS, SEQ |D:46) were also overexpressed. Y. lipolytica strains ST7982, ST8327, ST9253, ST10229, ST10230, ST10231, ST9423, ST9424, and ST10151 were constructed as follows. All heterologous genes were synthesized by GeneArt (Life Technologies) in codon opti- mized versions for Y. lipolytica. All genes were amplified by PCR using Phusion U Hot Start DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher) to obtain the fragments for cloning into yeast expression vectors. The primers and the resulting DNA fragments (BioBricks) are listed in Table 4. The PCR products were separated on a 1%-agarose gel containing Red- Safe™ (iNtRON Biotechnology). PCR products of the correct size were excised from the gel and purified using the Nucleospin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey- Nagel). Integrative yeast vectors with USER cassette were linearized with FastDigest SfaAl (ThermoFisher) for 2 hours at 37°C and then nicked with Nb.Bsml (New England Bi- olabs) for 1 hour at 65°C. The resulting vectors containing sticky ends were separated by gel electrophoresis, excised from the gel, and gel-purified using the Nucleospin Gel and PCR Clean-up kit (Macherey-Nagel). The DNA fragments were cloned into the so prepared vectors by USER-cloning as described in (Holkenbrink et al., 2018). The re- action was transformed into chemically competent E. coli DHalpha cells and the cells were plated on Lysogeny Broth (LB) agar plates with 100 mg / L ampicillin. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C and the resulting colonies were screened by colony PCR. The plasmids were purified from overnight E. coli liquid cultures and the correct cloning was confirmed by sequencing. The constructed vectors are listed in Table 5. Yeast strains were constructed by transformation of DNA vectors as described in Holkenbrink et al., 2018. Integrative vectors were linearized with FastDigest Not! prior to transformation. When needed, helper vectors to promote the integration into specific genomic regions were co-transformed with the integrative plasmid or DNA repair frag- ments (Tables 4 and 5). Strains were selected on yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar with appropriate antibiotics selection. Correct genotype was confirmed by colony PCR and when needed by sequencing. The resulting strains are listed in Table 6. Table 4. DNA fragments (BioBricks) obtained by PCR using the indicated template and primers. DNA Descrip- [Fw_primer (5'- Rv_primer (5°- " [Template DNA ragment tion >3) >3’) name Hybridises at po- [Hybridises at po- | sitions sitions BB2311 [5 end of [YaliOB 'YalioB Y. lipolytica genomic DNA| FAS2 2566672..2566691 [2567146..2567159 (11220F) “fpisacs BB2312 475.492 1696..1727 3906..3935 PL4132% 5129..5152;1..13 |PL6681* 1789..1815 PLE371* repair fragment BB2312 [3 end of |YaliOB 'YalioB Y. lipolytica genomic FAS2 2567171..2567190 |2567645..2567662 |DNA (11220F) repair fragment BB2313 [FAS2 |BB2311 BB2312 lpe23ti BE2312 (I11220F) [1.20 475..492 BB1006 |Linearized|1097..1129 1696..1727 prado vector PL3405 BE1005 |Hygromy- [2694.2923 ae0e 3935 Trae cin re- sistance cassette | BBT135 [Vector [306.2336 [5129.5162,1.13 [PLeesT BB8388 |Region |YaliOF 'YaliOF Y. lipolytica genomic from Y. [2011922..2011937 |2012405..2012421 [DNA lipolytica genome BB1631 |Y. lipolyt- [516.546 “T7ee 1815 “pret lica PEX20 land LIP2 termina- itor BB8389 |Region |YaliOF YaliOF Y. lipolytica genomic from Y. [2012722..2012743|2013206..2013221 [DNA lipolytica genome BB2608 |Y. lipolyt- |YaliOA 'YaliOA Y. lipolytica genomic lica LIP2 [2187638..2187643 |2188554..2188574 [DNA BB2608 BB2093,BB8047,BB2608 2188554..2188574 063..981 SEQ ID NO: 1 “fres782 pLsooe 3703..3723 PL8236 3705..3723 PL8236 3703..3723 PL8236 2753..2773 PL8236 1348..1368 SEQ ID NO: 5 3342..3371 PL4589 3458..3498 PL4589 [pB2719 Tef pro- |YalioC fee par genomic moter of [1244252..1244265 [1243743..1243761 DNA Y. lipolyt- ica BB2693 [Desat- [4.22 “loa T[SEQIDNGI 4 rase from L. bro- tana BB1688 ([Tefpro- [YaliOC 'YalioC Y. lipolytica genomic moter of |1244254..1244265 [1243743..1243762 DNA Y.lipolyt- | lica BB1740 [Fatty acyl [4.21 fees TE “Ea ONO 5 reductase from H.ar- migera BET635 [RNA fom[3164 3183 [3342.3371 |PLAGES IY. lipolyt- ica BB1636 [region [3392.3424 “lease aes “presse from Y. lipolytica | genome BB7970 |FAS1 lYalioB 'YalioB Y. lipolytica genomic from Y.Jip-|2006887..2006907 [2000650..2000673 |DNA olytica BB2209 (TEF pro- [YaliOC 'YalioC Y. lipolytica genomic moter of |1244252..1244265 [1243743..1243761 IDNA Y.lipolyt- | lica BB2093 |TEFpro- |YaliOC 'YalioC Y. lipolytica genomic moter of [1244252..1244265 [1243743..1243761 DNA Y.lipolyt- | lica BB7984 BB7983, 1468..486 BB7984 1071..1086 SEQ ID NO: 16 [B89ES |Desatu- 4.18 [137.1149 [sEQ ID NO: 44 rase of Drosoph- | lila grim- shawi BB8971 |Desatu- [4.18 Tete “EQ DNC 4 rase of Drosoph- | lila virilis BB8662 |FAS2 YalioB 'YalioB Genomic DNA of strain (11220F) (3170..3189 14143..4160 ST7982 BB7983 |Region |YaliOB 'YalioB Y. lipolytica genomic from Y. |1644153..1644173|1644632..1644647 [DNA lipolytica genome BB7984 |Region YalioB 'YalioB Y. lipolytica genomic from Y. |1644658..1644677 |1645125..1645143 [DNA lipolytica genome BB7985 |Region |BB7983 BB7984 BB7983, fromY. [1.21 1468..486 BB7984 lipolytica genome BB9296 |Desatu- [4.19 “Tro71-1086 “FQ DONO Te rase of Drosoph- | lila mela- | inogaster BB8386 |Region |YALIOF IYALIOF Y. lipolytica genomic from Y. [3823053..3823069 |3823536.. 3823552(DNA lipolytica genome BB8387 |Region |YALIOF 'YALIOF Y. lipolytica genomic from Y. |3823853..3823869 [3824332..3824352 |DNA Y. lipolytica genomic > |DNA 'YALIOC 3 |1405783..405802 Y. lipolytica genomic " |DNA 'YALIOC 5 405163..405177 Y. lipolytica genomic IDNA 'YALIOC | |826740.826766 BB8836 |HMG1 _ |YALIOE YALIOE Y. lipolytica genomic 530630..530649 |542627.542629 |DNA BB8837 [ERG20 |YALIOE YALIOE Y. lipolytica genomic 642319.642337 |641303.641324 |DNA [BB8838 [IDI VALIOF VALIOF Y. lipolytica genomic 601747.601765 [600953600970 |DNA BB8847 [geranyl- [1.17 878.894 SEQ ID NO: 46 1710..1725 SEQ ID NO: 47 Table 5. List of vectors used Expression vector Parent vector DNA fragments cloned into parent vector (crRNA sequence, if appli- cable) PL9002 PL3405 PL7981 PL6371* PL8037 PL6E684* PL8033 PL3431 PL8071 PL6679* PL8034 iil PL8053 PL7983 PL3405* [Plsies [Pda PL8150 PL8071 PL6679 PL6638 PL3405 PLE631 PL3405 PL7912 PL6684 PL8680 PL6371 PL8630 PL3405 PL8655 PL8264 PL8646 PL3431 PL8236 PLE679 PL8655 PL8264 PL9023 PL9002 PLO025 PL9002 PL7088 PL3405 PL9003 PL3405 PL8863 PL3431 PL8263 PL8622 PL8864 PL8540 PL8263 PL3405 PL8865 PL8622 PL8625 PL3405 [Psze [Preaos PL9389 PL6371* PL8032 PL3431 Table 6. Yeast strains. ST3705 ST5290 Strain name Intrinsic genome | Overexpressed Parent strain (integrated edits genes vector) ST3705 Atrd11 HarFAR ST5290 Dmd9 HarFAR ScATF1 [ST6625 ~~ [antai4afaol Ahfd1-4 Afao1 Apex10 A-1130- 100_PrGPAT B19382* ST7982 ST8200 BEE ST6629 (PL7088, BB2313) ST6629 (PL7981,PL6630) Atrd11 Atrd11 ST8201 ST8223 ST8200 (PL8037,PL8033) ST8201 (PL6638,PL8071) HarFAR Atrd11 [T8246 ST8223 (PL8034,PL8053) HarFAR (stoma B12342* Atrd11 ST8246 (PL7983,BB7985) HarFAR (steszr B12342* Atrd11 ST8264 (PL8158,PL8150) HarFAR HarFAR HarFAR ST8225 ST8373 B19382* B19382* LboPPTQ HarFAR ST7982 (PL6638,PL8071) ST8225 (PL7912,PL6631) ST8373 (PL8680,PLE630) [70136 B19382* LboPPTQ [SToz3 B19382* HarFAR ST9136 (PL8655,PL8646) LboPPTQ YIFAS1 [STiozzs B19382* HarFAR ST8225 (PL9023) YIFAS1 Dgd9 [sTi0z30 B19382* HarFAR ST8225 (PL9025) YIFAS1 Dvd9 [Tio B19382* HarFAR ST8225 (PL9003) YIFAS1 Dmd9 1DI1 [STe028 “Takao ST4840 (PL6364, Marella etal., 2020) [STeazs [Sas Probe ST6029 (YALIOA, 1017515..1017559; 1018039..1018083,PL8863) (stoaza on ST9423 (PL8864,PL8540) (stoaza ERG20 HMG1 fsToazs ST9424 (PL8865,PL8625) SynGGPPs7 [STea26 “Tapexto ST9425 (YALIOC; 139673..139717; 140852..140896, PL5239) SEE “TAaBFS ST9426 (PL9389,PL8032) Example 7 - Selection of surfactants: ethoxylates / ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants Selected non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants with trade name, manufacturer, chemical name, CAS No. cloud point (°C, by provider), cloud concentration (vA / %, in aqueous systems at room temperature, experimentally measured), recommended dose for foam management (%, by provider) were tested (Table 7). Simple model mixture experiments were performed using 1 mL production medium (50 g / L glycerol, 5 g / L yeast extract, 4 g / L KH2PO4, 1.5 g / L MgSQ4, 0.2 g / L NaCl, 0.265 g / L CaCl2.2H0, 2 mU / L trace elements solution: 4.5 g / L CaCl».2H.0, 4.5 g / L ZnS04.7H:0, 3 g / L FeS04.7H:0, 1 g / L H3BOs, 1 g / L MnClo.4H:0, 0.4 g / L N Na;MoO4.2H,0, 0.3 g / L CoCi2.6H20, 0.1 g / L CuS04.5H20, 0.1 g / L KI, 15 g / L EDTA) supplemented with 0 vA / %, 0.1 vAv% (below the measured cloud concentration, close to recommended dose for foam management), and 3 v / v% (above the measured cloud concentration) surfactants in 2 mL spin tubes. The tubes were vortexed for 5 s to mimic mixing conditions during the fermentation process. Spin tests were carried out at room temperature at 15,000 g for 5 min in a benchtop centrifuge. The spin tests revealed that when the surfactants were applied at the recommended low doses for foam management in a fermentation process (0.1 v / v%, below their cloud concentrations), no phase separation was detected (only one homogeneous aqueous phase). However, when the surfactants were used in a concentration higher than their cloud concentrations, the hydrophobic oily and the hydrophilic aqueous phase could be easily separated by the applied centrifugal force during the spin tests. Applying a sur- factant above its recommended dose for foam management, and above its cloud con- centration enables increased production, secretion by in-situ extraction of hydrophobic pheromone products of a fermentation. In addition, by simple mechanical separation, the easy and economic recovery of hydrophobic pheromone products of a fermentation is facilitated. Table 7. Measured cloud concentration: measured in aqueous systems (production media — example A) at room temperature (v / v%). Foam management dose: Dose rec- ommended dose for foam management (%) by provider. OW: visible oil-water phase separation only above cloud concentration; OW*: visible oil-water phase separation only above cloud concentration (water phase cloudy — some miscibility of surfactant with water); OW**: visible oil-water phase separation only above cloud concentration, some cloudiness in the interface of the two separated phases. 0 Tow Ag- BASF ethox- 68002- | 26 (bu- | approx. | ow nique ylated 96-0 tyldi- 1 BP420 and glycol) Surfac- | Manu- Chemi- | CAS Cloud Meas- Foam Spin tant facturer | cal No. Point ured man- test trade name °C cloud age- name -by pro- | concen- | ment or tration | dose (%) Anti- Bek- ethox- 68002- | 23-27 approx. | Up to ow foam A | chem ylated 96-0 (bu- 1 0.1 and tyldilgly- | propox- | col) ylated C16-18 alcohols Plu- BASF | Oxirane, | 196823- [22 (1% | approx. | Tow rafac® methyl, | 11-7 aque- 1 LF300 polymer ous) with oxirane, | monoi- sotridec yl ether, | block Ag- BASF |ethox- |68002- | 26 (bu- | approx. | Tow nique ylated 96-0 tyldi- 1 BP420 and glycol) propox- | ylated alcohols Ethox- No 16-21 approx. ylated | CAS, (1% 1 alkyl Ref. No | aque- alkohol | 02- ous) 211963 disper- | MDL sions number MFCDO 013052 3) Example 8 - in situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fermentation Here we investigated different amounts of antifoam added and the influence on the re- covery of fatty alcohols in a separate phase. Substances like Antifoam A (Bekchem) commonly used as antifoaming agents in microbial fermentations are known emulsifi- ers. The cloud concentration of Antifoam A was experimentally determined to be ~1 v / v% antifoam in an aqueous solution. The dose recommended for foam management by the manufacturer is 0.1 v / iv%. The experiments were performed with engineered Y. lipolytica strain ST8327 following the procedures as in Example 1. Antifoam A was added at 0, 0.4, 2, or 5 % w / v concen- trations. Results are shown in Table 8. When antifoam A is added in 0.4 v / A / %, below its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, Antifoam A acts as an emulsifier in the fermentation culture, similar to what was observed in Example 2. In this case the secretion of the target hydropho- bic compound was 20-25%, the majority of the product remaining intracellular. Applying centrifugation for 5 min at 16,000 g at room temperature resulted in separation of the solid cellular fraction from the liquid phase. However, centrifugation for 5 min at 16,000 g at room temperature did not result in successful emulsion break, implying the need for complicated recovery of the hydrophobic target compound using organic solvents and cell disruption. When antifoam A is added in 2 and 5 vA, above its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, it constitutes a separate immiscible light phase (as also seen in Fig. 1C and 1D). This separate immiscible oily phase apparently acts as an in situ ex- tractant, and resulted in 73-74% and 67% secretion of the target hydrophobic com- pound. Applying centrifugation for 5 min at 16,000 g at room temperature successfully separated the three present phases, resulting in isolation of the hydrophobic target compound in the oily phase without applying costly cell disruption techniques and ex- traction with organic solvents for product recovery. Table 8. In situ extraction and recovery of fatty alcohols produced by fermentation. AntfoamA~ [0 “Toa Tz 15 concentration VA% Concentration | 35.3 £8.2 / 219.6 664.3 = 1149 £ 167.9 / of extracellular | 0.3 £0.5 81.1 / 73.9 / 27181334 Z11-hexade- 4091165 | 136.6% cen-1-ol 21.6% (mg / L) Z9-hexadecen- | 1-ol (mg / L) % secretion 3.5% / 0.2% 24.5% / 19.8 | 74.3% / 72.8 | 67.1% / 66.8% (calculated as % % fraction of ex- tracellular con- | centration in relation to total | concentration) | Phase separa- | 2 phases 2 phases 3 phases 3 phases (an- tion after cen- | (water, (water, (anti- tifoam / fatty al- trifugation cells) cells) foam / fatty cohols, water, Fig. 1A Fig. 1B alcohols, cells) water, cells) | Fig. 1D Fig. 1C *Technical duplicates only Example 9 - Increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohols by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Here the increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohols by the engi- neered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was demonstrated. Strain ST3705 was inoculated from a YPD agar plate (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L pep- tone, 20 g / L glucose, 15 g / L agar agar) to an initial ODeoo of 0.1-0.2 into 2.5 mL YPD medium (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L peptone, 40 g / L glucose) in 24 well-plate (Enzy- Screen). The plate was incubated at 28°C and 300 rpm for 22 hours. The well-plate was centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 min at 4°C, the medium was removed and the cells were resuspended in 1.25 mL production medium (50 g / L glucose, 20 mg / L uracil, 5 g / L yeast extract, 4 g / L KH2POq, 1.5 g / L MgSOQs, 0.2 g / L NaCl, 0.265 g / L CaCl2.2H:0, 2 ml / L trace elements solution: 4.5 g / L CaCl2.2H:0, 4.5 g / L ZnS04.7H20, 3 g / L FeS04.7H20, 1 g / L HaBOs, 1 g / L MnCl2.4H20, 0.4 g / L N NazMoO4.2H:0, 0.3 g / L CoCp2.6H20, 0.1 g / L CuS04.5H20, 0.1 g / L Kl, 15 g / L EDTA). At the same time, control 1, 0 viv% surfactant, control 2, 0.1 vA¥% surfactant (approximate recommended dose by manufacturer for foam management) and 3 vA% (above the cloud concentration of the surfactant) was added of the following surfactants: Antifoam A (Bekchem; ethox- ylated and propoxylated C16-18 alcohols, CAS No. 68002-96-0); Agnique BP420 (BASF; ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-18 alcohols, CAS No. 68002-96-0); Plu- rafac® LF1300 (BASF; ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-18 alcohols, CAS No. 68002-96-0); Dehypon® 2574 (BASF; Fatty alcohol, ethoxylated and propoxylated, CAS-nummer: 68154-97-2). The plate was incubated at 28°C and 300 rpm for 28 hours. Each experiment was performed in biological triplicates. The intracellular and extracellular concentrations of fatty alcohols were assessed as follows. 1000 pL of appropriately diluted culture broth was transferred to a 4 mL gas- tight glass extraction vial. The sample was centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 min at room temperature. The supernatant was transferred into a new glass vial with 1000 pL of hexane and 10 pL of internal standard (IS) solution (20 mg / L of methyl nonadecanoate in ethyl acetate). The vial was vortexed for 10 s and centrifuged as before. 250 pL of the upper hexane phase was transferred to a GC vial for GC-MS analysis of the extra- cellular fatty alcohol concentration. The pellet remaining after the removal of the super- natant from the centrifuged culture broth was resuspended in 1000 pL of solvent mix- ture (EtOAc and EtOH) and 10 pL of IS solution as above. The sample was incubated for 1 h with periodic mixing. 300 pL water was added and the vials were centrifuged at 3,500 g for 5 min at room temperature. 250 WL of the upper organic phase was trans- ferred to a GC vial for GC-MS analysis of the intracellular fatty alcohols. GC-MS analyses were performed on an Agilent 7820A GC coupled to a mass selective detector Agilent 5977B. The GC was equipped with an DB Fatwax column (30 mx0.25 mmx0.25 ym), and helium was used as carrier gas. The MS was operated in electron impact mode (70eV), scanning between m / z 30 and 400, and the injector was config- ured in split mode 20:1 at 220°C. Oven temperature was set to 80°C for 1 min, then in- creased at a rate of 20°C / min to 210°C, followed by a hold at 210°C for 7 min, and then increased at a rate of 20 C / min to 230°C. Compounds were identified by compari- son of retention times and mass spectra of the reference compounds. Compounds were quantified by the ion 55.1 m / z. Data were analyzed by the Agilent Masshunter software. The concentrations of fatty alcohols were calculated based on standard cali- bration curves prepared with reference standards. Results are shown in Table 9. Significant amount of extracellular of fatty alcohols was obtained when the surfactant was added in high concentrations, i.e. above its cloud concentration. In addition, the total production of fatty alcohols also increased when the surfactant was added in high concentrations (3 vA%). When the surfactant was dosed above its cloud concentration, it constituted a separate immiscible hydrophobic phase together with the in-situ extracted fatty alcohols. Therefore, phase separation and prod- uct recovery could be facilitated by simple mechanical phase separation, without the use of organic solvents or costly separation methods. Table 9 ST3705 Unsaturated fatty alcohol Z11-hexadecen-1-ol Surfac- 0 v / v% surfactant 0.1 vv% surfactant 3 vv% surfactant tant Total Extracel- | Total Extracel- | Total Extracel- concen- | lular con- | concen- | lular con- | concen- | lular con- | tration centra- tration centra- tration centra- (mglL) tion (mglL) tion (mg / L) tion (mglL) (mgiL) (mgiL) (fraction | (fraction | (fraction | of total) of total) of total) Antifoam | 23.2143.4 | 0.0£0.0 23.3113.5 | 1.7206 10.2¢1.0 | 3.50.8 Agnique 9.513.2 0.30.4 16.0£4.4 | 8.743.7 BP420 (0%) (54%) 95:32 [03:04 |16.0t44 | 8.737 9002 |0000 |202t1.7 |10.5%15 (0%) (52%) Plurafac® LF1300 De- hypon® 2574 Example 10 - Increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohol acetate es- ters by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Here the increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohol acetate esters by the engineered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was demonstrated. The experiments were performed following the procedures using strain ST5290 as in Example 9, with the modification of supplementing the production medium with an addi- tional 76 mg / L histidine, 0.5 g / L myristic acid methyl ester. For acetate esters of fatty alcohols, GC-MS analyses were performed following the procedures as in Example 9. Apart from acetate esters of fatty alcohols, untargeted screen of data for other esters revealed no significant production of other ester compounds. The results are shown in Table 10. Significant production and secretion of fatty alcohol acetate esters were observed when the cultivation was supplemented with surfactant above its cloud concentration (at 3 vA%). When the surfactant was dosed above its cloud concentration, it constituted a separate immiscible hydrophobic phase together with the in-situ extracted fatty alcohols. Therefore, phase separation and product recov- ery could be facilitated by simple mechanical phase separation, without the use of or- ganic solvents or costly separation methods. Table 10 ST5290 Acetate ester of unsaturated fatty alcohol Z9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate Surfac- 0 vA% surfactant 0.1 vAv% surfactant 3 vA¥% surfactant tant Total con- | Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | centration | lular con- | centration | lular con- | centration | lular con- | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) (mg / L) (mg / L) (fraction (fraction (fraction of total) of total) of total) Antifoam | 0+0 010 (0%) | 00 00 (0%) |4.5¢1.8 4411.8 A (99%) Agnique [0:0 010 (0%) | 1514 | 15:14 BP420 (100%) Plurafac® [0:0 TT00(0%) [0:0 15:14 LF1300 (100%) De- 0.520.5 00 (0%) | 0.5£0.4 0.50.4 hypon® (100%) Example 11 - Increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohols by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica Here the increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohols by the engi- neered yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was demonstrated. Using strains ST8327 and ST9253, the experiments were following the procedures as in Example 9, with the modification of using YPG medium (10 g / L yeast extract, 10 g / L peptone, 40 g / L glycerol), and production medium (50 g / L glycerol, 5 g / L yeast extract, 4 g / L KH2POq4, 1.5 g / L MgSOq, 0.2 g / L NaCl, 0.265 g / L CaCl2.2H20, 2 mU / L trace ele- ments solution: 4.5 g / L CaCl,.2H20, 4.5 g / L ZnS04.7H20, 3 g / L FeS04.7H20, 1 g / L HaBOs, 1 g / L MnCl2.4H20, 0.4 g / L N Na;Mo04.2H:0, 0.3 g / L CoC2.6Hz20, 0.1 g / L CuS04.5H20, 0.1 g / L KI, 15 g / L EDTA). For strain ST8327, GC-MS analyses were performed as in example 9. For strain ST9253, oven temperature was set to 80°C for 1 min, then increased at a rate of 20°C / min to 150°C, and then increased at a rate of 1 C / min to 200°C, and then increased at arate of 20 °C / min to 230°. Results are shown in Table 11 and Table 12. A significant increase in total titer and se- cretion was observed when surfactants were supplemented above their cloud concen- trations (3 vA%). When the surfactant was dosed above its cloud concentration, it con- stituted a separate immiscible hydrophobic phase together with the in-situ extracted fatty alcohols. Therefore, phase separation and product recovery could be facilitated by simple mechanical phase separation, without the use of organic solvents or costly sep- aration methods. Table 11 ST8327 Unsaturated fatty alcohol Z11-hexadecen-1-ol Surfac- 0 vAV% surfactant 0.1 v / v% surfactant 3 viV% surfactant tant Total con- | Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | centration | lular con- | centration | lular con- | centration | lular con- | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) (mg / L) (mg / L) (fraction (fraction (fraction of total) of total) of total) Antifoam | 761147 1717 914168 41143 1721x314 | 13711224 A (2%) (5%) (80%) Agnique 11411266 | 53+38 10521224 | 521436 BP420 (5%) (50%) Plurafac® 11411266 | 53£38 10521224 | 521436 LF1300 (5%) (50%) De- 8274275 | 304+164 | 1217173 | 709150 hypon® (37%) (58%) 2574 Unsaturated fatty alcohol Z9-hexadecen-1-ol Antifoam | 773 010 (0%) | 10513 112 (1%) | 163128 133117 A (81%) Agnique 128424 | 2+3 (2%) | 119427 | 583 BP420 (48%) Plurafac® 128124 243 (2%) | 119+27 5843 LF1300 (48%) De- = To 120219 | 71215 hypon® (36%) (55%) 2574 Saturated fatty alcohol hexadecanol Antifoam | 4561149 | 914 (2%) | 560191 2426 11551214 | 890126 A (4%) (77%) Agnique 7512149 | 48143 740£202 | 363x11 BP420 (6%) (49%) Plurafac® 7512149 | 48143 740£202 | 363x11 LF1300 (6%) (49%) De- 7641298 | 262t144 | 560133 342124 hypon® (34%) (61%) 2574 Table 12 ST9253 Unsaturated fatty alcohol Z11-tetradecen-1-ol 0 vA% surfactant 0.1 v / v% surfactant 3 viV% surfactant Agnique BP420 Plurafac® LF1300 al Total con- | Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | tant centration | lular con- | centration | lular con- | centration | lular con- | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) centration | (mg / L) (mg / L) (mg / L) (fraction (fraction (fraction of total) of total) of total) Antifoam |18.8+0.8 |3.1+01 |17910.9 | 3.840.2 35.312.8 | 30.6+2.0 Agnique 21.0125 | 10.746.5 | 28.5t6.1 | 23.754 Plurafac® 21.0¢12.5 | 10.746.5 | 28.5t+6.1 | 23.754 LF1300 (83%) De- 16.5+¢2.7 | 6.0+1.1 23.8t2.2 | 15.610.9 hypon® (39%) (66%) 2574 Unsaturated fatty alcohol E11-tetradecen-1-ol Antifoam | 108.7 + 10.3+0.5 | 110.3 + 17.1+3.1 | 350.7 + 3244+ A 46 (10%) 7.1 (16%) 31.3 233 (93%) Agnique 150.2 + 81.1% 2548+ 2281+ BP420 107.1 59.4 65.5 58.7 (54%) (90%) Plurafac® 150.2 = 81.1% 2548 228.1% LF1300 107.1 59.4 65.5 58.7 (54%) (90%) De- 112.4 + 44017.9 | 209.7 163.4 + [re 16.4 (39%) 10.1 1.1 (73%) Example 12 - Increased production, secretion and recovery of fatty alcohols by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica Here the increased production, secretion, and recovery of fatty alcohols by the engi- neered yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was demonstrated. The experiments were performed following the procedures as in Example 11 using strains ST10229, ST10230 and ST10231, with the modification of supplementing both YPG and production media with 150 mg / L nourseothricin. When the cells were resus- pended in production medium, control 1, 0 vA% Antifoam A, control 2, 0.1 vA% Anti- foam A (approximate recommended dose by manufacturer for foam management) and 3 vv% (above the cloud concentration of the surfactant) Antifoam A (Bekchem; ethox- ylated and propoxylated C16-18 alcohols, CAS No. 68002-96-0) was added. GC-MS analyses were performed as in example 9. The results are shown in Table 13. Significant production and secretion of fatty alcohols were observed when the cultivation was supplemented with surfactant above its cloud concentration (at 3 v / v%). When the surfactant was dosed above its cloud concentra- tion, it constituted a separate immiscible hydrophobic phase together with the in-situ ex- tracted fatty alcohols. Therefore, phase separation and product recovery could be facili- tated by simple mechanical phase separation, without the use of organic solvents or costly separation methods. Table 13 Unsaturated fatty alcohol Z9-tetradecen-1-ol Saturated fatty alcohols tetradecanol ST10229 Surfac- 0 vA% surfactant 0.1 viv¥% surfactant 3 vV% surfactant tant Total con- | Extracel- | Total Extracel- | Total con- | Extracel- | centration | lular con- | concen- | lular con- | centration | lular con- | of unsatu- | centration | tration of | centration | of unsatu- | centration rated / sat- | of unsatu- | unsatu- of unsatu- | rated / sat- | of unsatu- urated rated / sat- | rated / sat- | rated / sat- | urated rated / sat- fatty alco- | urated urated urated fatty alco- | urated hol (mg / L) | fatty alco- | fatty alco- | fatty alco- | hol (mg / L) | fatty alco- | hol hol hol hol (mg / L) (mg / L) (mg / L) (mg / L) (fraction (fraction (fraction of total) of total) of total) Antifoam | 80.5 0x0 79.6 0x0 194.4 + 177.8 = A 37.3 / (0%) / 12.9 / (0 %) / 22.5 / 33.8 1276 + 0+0(0%) | 1119+ 00 2159+ (91%) / 64.3 17.8 (0%) 24.9 198.1 + 37.7 (92%) [STi0230 Antifoam | 106.7 0x0 105.7 + 1005 | 17691 145.7 + A 7.3 / 0 %) / 7.0 / (1%)! 14.3 / 22 189.7 + 0x0 169.1 + 00 218.0% (81%) / 15.0 (0%) 13.1 (0%) 18.3 1796 + 4.2 (82%) ST10231 Antifoam | 22.2 t 0x0 444 t+ 00 97.7¢ 69.3 t A 3.2 0 %) / 5.6 / (0 %) / 0.1 / 41 490.8 + 52+71 4450 + 5721 4432 + (70%) / 19.0 (1%) 30.9 (1.2%) 3.8* 307 + 18.7 (69%)* Example 13 - Increased secretion and recovery of fatty aldehydes by the yeast Yar- rowia lipolytica Here the increased secretion and recovery of fatty aldehydes by the engineered yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was demonstrated. Using strain ST8327, the experiments were performed following the procedures as in Example 10. GC-MS analyses were performed as in Example 9. Result are shown in Table 14. Significant secretion was observed when surfactants were supplemented above their cloud concentrations (3 v / 4 / %). When the surfactant was dosed above its cloud concentration, it constituted a separate immiscible hydro- phobic phase together with the in-situ extracted fatty alcohols. Therefore, phase sepa- ration and product recovery were facilitated by simple mechanical phase separation, without the use of organic solvents or costly separation methods. Table 14 0.4205 (2%) 5.0206 (43%) 0.4205 (2%) 5.020 6 (43%) 2.9419 (36%) 3.620.3 (57%) 6.8:11.8 (22%) 37.649.3 (82%) 0.020.0 (0%) 7.320.7 (35%) ST8327 Unsaturated fatty aldehyde Z11-hexadecen-1-al Surfac- 0 v / V% surfactant 3 vAv% surfactant tant Extracellular concen- | Extracellular concen- | Extracellular concen- tration tration tration (mg / L) (fraction of to- | (mg / L) (fraction of to- | (mg / L) (fraction of to- tal) tal) tal) Antifoam | 2.90.3 (23%) 0.8+1.1 (6%) 15.0%2.9 (80%) A Agniaue [04:05@%) | 50206 (3%) BP420 Plurafac® [04:05@%) | 50206 (8%) LF1300 De- [26:19 36%) [30203 G1%) hypon® 2574 Saturated fatty aldehyde hexadecanal Antifoam | 0.0£1.3 (0%) TJeexi1E 2%) T[eTee3 62%) A Agnique [O0E0.0 0%) [7307 EH BP420 Plurafac® [C0800 0%) [7307 EH LF1300 De- [B3tTa@o%) | 80x14 (ah) hypon® 2574 Example 14 - Purification of fatty alcohols from the recovered mixture of fatty alcohols and surfactants The purification of fatty alcohols from the hydrophobic mixture of fatty alcohols and sur- factants was demonstrated by distillation. Model mixtures were prepared of different commercially available ethoxylated surfac- tants (Antifoam A from Bekchem, Plurafac® LF 1300, Dehypon® 2574) and a technical grade fatty alcohol mixture. The model mixtures were subjected to vacuum distillation in a laboratory scale distillation setup equipped with Vigreux column. The experiments were carried out applying 5 mbar vacuum, 200-210°C final pot and 170-180°C final re- ceiver temperature. The light phase was collected and analyzed for mass and composi- tion. Appropriate amounts of samples were transferred to 50 mL volumetric flasks and weighed on an analytical balance. The samples were dissolved in ethyl acetate in the volumetric flasks and were well mixed. 1 mL of the diluted aliquots were transferred to GC vials and 10 pL of internal standard (IS) solution (20 mg / L of methyl nonadecano- ate in ethyl acetate) was added to each GC vial. The vials were vortexed for 10 s be- fore analysis. GC and data analysis were performed as described in Example 11. Results are shown in Table 15. The composition of the collected light phase from a model mixture distillation experiment demonstrated the enrichment of the target fatty alcohol compounds in the relevant fraction. Distillation is a cost-effective solution to pu- rify the target compounds from the recovered hydrophobic surfactant-fatty alcohol, fatty alcohol ester and fatty aldehyde mixtures presented in Examples 9-11 and 13. Table 15 [Surfactant Start mass Composition | Composition | Composition model mixture | start start start Z9-16:0H | © Z11-16:0H (% | 16:0H (5 of mass) of mass) (% of mass) Antifoam A 60.1 21.9 1.4 0.5 Plurafac® LF 60.0 21.3 1.3 I= Antifoam A 60.1 218 14 Tos Plurafac® LF | 60.0 213 13 Tos 1300 Dehypor® 600 [216 [14 Tos 2574 Surfactant Light phase Composition Composition Composition mass (9) light phase light phase light phase Z9- | Z11-16:0H (% | 16:0H (% of 16:0H (% of of mass) mass) mass Antifoam A 8.7 54.7 4.1 1.7 Plurafac® LF Bia 55.2 4.0 To 1300 Dehypon® [68 ws Tes Tie 2574 Example 15 — Increased secretion and recovery of isoprenoids by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica Here the increased secretion, and recovery of isoprenoids by the engineered yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was demonstrated. Engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strains ST10151 is capable of producing B-farnesene. The strain expresses the B-farnesene synthase from Artemisia annua (SEQ ID NO: 47). The strain has additional modifications that increase mevalonate (MVA) pathway flux. The experiments were performed following the procedures as in Example 11 using strain ST10151. When the cells were resuspended in production medium, 0 v / v% , 0.1 vIv% or 3 v / v% surfactant was added of the following surfactants: Antifoam A (Bek- chem) or A-204 (Sigma). The plates were incubated at 28°C and 300 rpm for 28 hours. Each experiment was performed in biological triplicates. The extracellular and intracellular samples for GC-MS analysis were analysed following the procedures as in Example 9, except that Patchouli alcohol (2 g / L of Patchouli alco- hol in ethyl acetate) was used as internal standard. The GC-FID analysis for B-farne- sene was performed using Agilent GC 7890B with a flame ionization detector (FID) and equipped with a fused-silica capillary column (BP5, 30 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.25 ym, Ag- ilent Technologies). Hydrogen at a constant flow rate of 2.0 mL / min was used as the carrier gas. The GC oven temperature started at 50°C for 1.5 min and then increased to 170°C at 30°C / min and hold for 1.5 min. Then from 170 to 300°C at 15°C / min and hold for 4.5 min. The injector and detector ports were both kept at 300°C and the injec- tor operated in a split mode of 20:1. For quantification of B-farnesene calibration stand- ards containing B-farnesene with a concentration range of 0.01 mg / ml to 1 mg / ml were prepared. 10 ul of 2 g / l of Patchouli alcohol in ethyl acetate was added to 990 pl stand- ard and a calibration curve was obtained. Data analysis was performed with Mas- sHunter Quantitative Analysis Version 10.1. Result are shown in Table 16. Significant production and secretion of isoprenoids were observed when surfactants (Antifoam A and A-204) were supplied above their cloud concentrations (3 v / A / %). When the surfactants were dosed above their cloud concen- tration, it constituted a separate immiscible hydrophobic phase together with the in-situ extracted isoprenoids. Therefore, phase separation and product recovery was facili- tated by simple mechanical phase separation, without the use of organic solvents or costly separation methods. Table 16 Surfac- 0 v / v% surfactant 0.1 v / v% surfactant 3 vv% surfactant tant Total Extracel- | Total Extracel- | Total Extracel- | concen- | lular con- | concen- | lular con- | concen- | lular con- | tration centra- tration centra- tration centra- (mglL) tion (mg / L) tion (mglL) tion (mgiL) (mgiL) (mgiL) (fraction | (fraction | (fraction | of total) of total) of total) Antifoam | 3.90.1 0.0£0.0 4.410.1 0.00.0 27.7802 | 25.742.0 A-204 6.7+1.3 0.00.0 35.615.8 | 17.7t5.0 (0%) (69.2%) References Anelli PL, Biffi C, Montanar F, and Quici S, J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 12, 2559-2562 Borodina, |. Understanding metabolite transport gives an upper hand in strain develop- ment. Microb Biotechnol. 2019 Jan;12(1):69-70. Corey EJ; C. U. Kim (1972). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (21): 7586— 7587. doi:10.1021 / ja00776a056 Fritz, J.S. et al. Acid-catalysed acetylation of organic hydroxyl groups. Anal. Chem.1959, 31, 11, 1808-1812 Holkenbrink C, Dam MI, Kildegaard KR, et al. EasyCloneYALI: CRISPR / Cas9-Based Synthetic Toolbox for Engineering of the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol J. 2018;13(9):e1700543. doi:10.1002 / biot.201700543 Hoover J.M. et al. Highly Practical Copper(l) TEMPO Catalyst System for Chemoselec- tive Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 42, 16901- 16910 Kehat et al. (1990), “Behavioral responses of male Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from fe- male sex pheromone glands”. Journal of Insect Bhavior, 3(1):75-83 Ley, Steven V.; Norman, Joanne; Griffith, William P.; Marsden, Stephen P. (1994). Synthesis. 1994 (7): 639-666. doi:10.1055 / s-1994-25538 Marella ER, Dahlin J, Dam MI, ter Horst J, Christensen HB, Sudarsan S, Wang G, Holkenbrink C, Borodina |. A single-host fermentation process for the production of fla- vor lactones from non-hydroxylated fatty acids. Metabolic Engineering 2020. doi.org / 10.1016 / j.ymben.2019.08.009 Mattson, F.H. et al. Esterification of hydroxy compounds by fatty acid anhydrides. J Li- pid Res. 1964 Jul:5(3):374-7. Omura, K.; Swern, D. (1978). Tetrahedron. 34 (11): 1651-1660. doi:10.1016 / 0040- 4020(78)80197-5 Ratcliffe R and Rodehorst R (1970). J. Org. Chem. 35 (11): 4000-4001. doi:10.1021 / j000836a108 Steves, J.E. et al. Copper(l) / ABNO-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation: alleviating ste- ric and electronic constraints of Cu / TEMPO catalyst systems. J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Oct 23:135(42):15742-5 Tatsuki, S., Kurihara, M., Usui, K., Ohguchi, Y., Uchiumi, K., and Fukami, J. 1983. Sex pheromone of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyrali- dae): the third component, Z-8-hexadecenal. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 18:443-446 WO 2016 / 207339 WO 2018 / 109163 WO 2018 / 109167 WO 2020 / 169389 Sequence overview Sequence ID NO: bo Description Amyelois transitella A11-desaturase TTACATT SLA As_A11 Tni_A11 Har_FAR Hs_FAR Has_FAR TT ScFAAT IviFRA TTScATFT “Faol Ha “HR “Pexto GPAT “I Omeds Ban_FAR SIA9 YIi_POX1 (XP_504703) YIi_POX2 (XP_505264) Yli_POX3 Yarrowia lipolytica Peroxisomal oxi- | (XP_503244) dase 3 Yli_POX4 Yarrowia lipolytica Peroxisomal oxi- | (XP_504475) dase 4 Yli_POX5 Yarrowia lipolytica Peroxisomal oxi- | (XP_502199) dase 5 Yli_POX6 Yarrowia lipolytica Peroxisomal oxi- | (XP_503632) dase 6 Ase POX Agrotis segetum Peroxisomal oxi- dase Ath_POX1 Arabidopsis thaliana Peroxisomal oxidase 1 Ath_POX2 Arabidopsis thaliana Peroxisomal oxidase 2 Ani_POX Aspergillus nidulans Peroxisomal oxidase Cma_POX Cucurbita maxima Peroxisomal oxi- | dase Hsa_POX1-2 Homo sapiens Peroxisomal oxidase Pur POX Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens Pe- roxisomal oxidase Rno_POX2 Rattus norvegicus Peroxisomal oxi- | dase Sce_OLE1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Azg-de- saturase Yli_OLE1 Yarrowia lipolytica Aze-desaturase (XP_501496) Cro_Z11 Choristoneura rosaceana AZ11-14- | desaturase Onu_11 Ostrinia nubilalis Azi1-14-desaturase Tpi_D13 Thaumetopoea pityocampa Azq1-14- | desaturase Dpu_E9-14 Dendrophilus punctatus Age-14-de- saturase Gmo_CPRQ “TAaBFS Cpo_CPRQ Grapholita molesta Azeio-14-desatu- rase Epiphyas postvittana desaturase Choristoneura parallela desaturase Lobesia brotana desaturase Drosophila grimshawi desaturase Drosophila virilis desaturase Synechococcus sp. geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase Artemisia annua B-famesene syn- thase Cydia pomonella CPO_CPRQ de- saturase (AHW98354) Cydia pomonella desaturase Cydia pomonella desaturase Cpo_NPVE Cpo_SPTQ A method for producing a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid in a fermentation, said method comprising the step of providing a mi- croorganism, preferably a yeast cell, capable of producing said hydrophobic compound and culturing said microorganism in a culture medium under condi- tions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, wherein the extractant a non-ionic surfac- tant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a polyethoxylated surfactant se- lected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether disper- sions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, si- methicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C+s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C+e-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, the method optionally further comprising the step of re- covering the hydrophobic compound. 2. A method for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty al- cohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a ter- pene such as a terpenoid in a fermentation, said method comprising culturing a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hy- drophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solu- tion, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof, whereby the titer of the hydrophobic compound is increased compared to a fermentation performed under similar conditions in the absence of extractant or in the pres- ence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aque- ous solution. 3. A method for increasing the secretion of a hydrophobic compound such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and / or a terpene such as a terpenoid from a microorganism, preferably a yeast cell, ca- pable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a fermentation, said method comprising culturing said microorganism in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concen- tration in an aqueous solution, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic surfactant such as an antifoaming agent, preferably a polyethoxylated surfactant selected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethi- cone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethox- ylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combi- nations thereof, whereby the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the microorganism is increased compared to a fermentation performed under simi- lar conditions in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the extract- ant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the extract- ant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant, preferably se- lected from: a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether disper- sions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, si- methicone and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based agents or ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the fatty alco- hols are saturated fatty alcohols, desaturated fatty alcohols, or a mixture thereof. / . The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the fatty acyl acetates are saturated fatty acyl acetates, desaturated fatty acyl acetates, or a mixture thereof. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the fatty al- dehydes are saturated fatty aldehydes, desaturated fatty aldehydes, or a mix- ture thereof. 9. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the fatty alco- hol esters are saturated fatty alcohol esters, desaturated fatty alcohol esters, or a mixture thereof. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the fatty alco- hols, fatty alcohol esters, fatty acyl acetates and / or fatty aldehydes have a car- bon chain length of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22. 11. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the terpene is a hemiterpene, a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a disesterterpene, a triter- pene, a sesquarterpene, a tetraterpene, or a polyterpene. 12. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the terpene is a terpenoid, such as a hemiterpenoid, a monoterpenoid, a sesquiterpenoid, a disesterterpenoid, a triterpenoid, a sesquarterpenoid, a tetraterpenoid or a poly- terpenoid. 13. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the extract- ant is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agent or an eth- oxylated and propoxylated C+-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agent, preferably having a cloud concentration of 1% vol / vol in an aqueous solution. 14. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the extract- ant is selected from C1e-C+s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0), Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene poly- propylene glycol, antifoam 204, a surfactant comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, and a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, such as Kolliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-86), simethicone, Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11- 7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823- 11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), or Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0). 15. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol extractant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol extractant. 16. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is an antifoaming agent. 17. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based agent or an ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agent, such as C1s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0), and wherein the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol of C1-C+s alkyl alco- hol ethoxylate propoxylate, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol C1s-C+s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate, or more. 18. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, for example Kollliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-68), and wherein the culture medium comprises at least 10% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, such as at least 11% vol / vol, such as at least 12% vol / vol, such as at least 13% vol / vol, such as at least 14% vol / vol, such as at least 15% vol / vol, such as at least 16% vol / vol, such as at least 17% vol / vol, such as at least 18% vol / vol, such as at least 19% vol / vol, such as at least 20% vol / vol, such as at least 25% vol / vol, such as at least 30% vol / vol, such as at least 35% vol / vol of polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol such as Kolliphor® P407, or more. 19. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), and wherein the cul- ture medium comprises at least 10% vol / vol of Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), such as at least 11% vol / vol, such as at least 12% vol / vol, such as at least 13% vol / vol, such as at least 14% vol / vol, such as at least 15% vol / vol, such as at least 16% vol / vol, such as at least 17% vol / vol, such as at least 18% vol / vol, such as at least 19% vol / vol, such as at least 20% vol / vol, such as at least 25% vol / vol, such as at least 30% vol / vol, such as at least 35% vol / vol of polyethylene polypropylene glycol such as Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. 20. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is a mixture of polyether dispersions, such as antifoam 204, and wherein the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol of a mixture of poly- ether dispersions such as antifoam 204, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions such as antifoam 204, or more. 21. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is simethicone, and wherein the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol of simethicone, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol simethicone, or more. 22. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non- ionic surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97- 2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574, and wherein the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol of Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), Im- bentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), or more. 23. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the culture medium comprises the extractant in an amount greater than its cloud concen- tration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more. 24. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the culture medium comprises the extractant in an amount at least 2-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentra- tion, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration. 25. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound produced by the microorganism is present in an emulsion in the fermentation broth, the method further comprising a step of breaking said emulsion, thereby obtaining a composition comprising a product phase compris- ing the extractant and the hydrophobic compound. 26. The method according to item 25, wherein the step of breaking the emulsion comprises or consists of a step of phase separation, such as a step of centrifu- gation, of the fermentation broth, thereby obtaining a composition consisting of three phases: a water phase, a phase comprising cells and cellular debris, and the product phase comprising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound. 27. The method according to item 26, wherein the product phase comprises at least 50% of the hydrophobic compound initially present in the fermentation broth, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95% or more. 28. The method according to any one of items 26 to 27, further comprising recover- ing the product phase comprising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound from the composition, and optionally further separating the hydrophobic com- pound from the extractant, wherein the separation preferably is a distillation such as a distillation under reduced pressure, or a column purification. 29. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is one or more fatty alcohols, and wherein the method further comprises the steps of: recovering said one or more fatty alcohols, preferably by a distillation step such as a distillation under reduced pressure, or by a column purification, thereby ob- taining a mixture of fatty alcohols, chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols of said mixture to the corresponding fatty acyl acetates and / or to the corresponding fatty aldehydes. 30. The method according to item 29, wherein at least part of the fatty alcohols are converted to the corresponding fatty acyl acetates by acetylation. 31. The method according to any one of items 29 to 30, wherein at least part of the fatty alcohols are converted to the corresponding fatty aldehydes by oxidation. 32. The method according to any one of items 29 to 31, further comprising the step of recovering said corresponding fatty acyl acetates and / or said corresponding fatty aldehydes. 33. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the extract- ant is recovered from the fermentation broth and optionally recycled to the fer- mentation broth. 34. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the titer of the hydrophobic compound is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more, preferably wherein the non-ionic surfactant is selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether disper- sions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, si- methicone, ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and ethoxylated and propoxylated C.s-C1s alcohol-based agents and combinations thereof. 35. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the secretion of the hydrophobic compound is increased by at least 5% compared to a fer- mentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the ab- sence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more, preferably wherein the non-ionic surfactant is se- lected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene poly- propylene glycol, a mixture of polyether dispersions, an antifoaming agent com- prising polyethylene glycol monostearate, simethicone, ethoxylated and propox- ylated C16-C1s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and ethoxylated and propox- ylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agents and combinations thereof. 36. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde and the extractant is an ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s alcohol-based agent or antifoaming agent, preferably wherein the me- dium comprises more than 1% vol / vol of ethoxylated and propoxylated C1e-C1s alcohol-based agent or antifoaming agent. 37. The method according to item 36, wherein the titer of fatty alcohol, the titer of fatty acyl acetate and / or the titer of fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of ethoxylated and propoxylated C16-C1s alcohol-based agent or antifoaming agent or in the presence of ethox- ylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agent or antifoaming agent in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more. 38. The method according to any one of items 36 to 37, wherein the secretion of the fatty alcohol, the fatty acyl acetate and / or the fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C1s al- cohol-based agent or antifoaming agent or in the presence of ethoxylated and propoxylated C1¢-C1s alcohol-based agent or antifoaming agent in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more. 39. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde and the extractant is a polyethylene polypropylene gly- col, preferably wherein the medium comprises more than 1% vol / vol of polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol. 40. The method according to item 39, wherein the titer of fatty alcohol, the titer of fatty acyl acetate and / or the titer of fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of polyethylene polypropylene gly- col or in the presence of polyethylene polypropylene glycol in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more. 41. The method according to any one of items 39 to 40, wherein the secretion of the fatty alcohol, the fatty acyl acetate and / or the fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of polyethylene polypropylene glycol or in the presence of polyethylene polypropylene glycol in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more. 42. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde and the extractant is a mixture of polyether dispersions, preferably wherein the medium comprises more than 1% vol / vol of a mixture of polyether dispersions. 43. The method according to item 42, wherein the titer of fatty alcohol, the titer of fatty acyl acetate and / or the titer of fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of the mixture of polyether disper- sions or in the presence of the mixture of polyether dispersions in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more. 44. The method according to any one of items 42 to 43, wherein the secretion of the fatty alcohol, the fatty acyl acetate and / or the fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of mixture of polyether dispersions or in the presence of the mixture of polyether dispersions in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more. 45. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde and the extractant is simethicone, preferably wherein the medium comprises more than 1% vol / vol of simethicone. 46. The method according to item 45, wherein the titer of fatty alcohol, the titer of fatty acyl acetate and / or the titer of fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of simethicone or in the presence of simethicone in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more. 47. The method according to any one of items 45 to 46, wherein the secretion of the fatty alcohol, the fatty acyl acetate and / or the fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of simethicone or in the presence of the an- tifoaming agent comprising simethicone in an amount lower than its cloud con- centration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more. 48. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate and / or a fatty aldehyde and the extractant is a C1s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0), Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, antifoam 204, a surfactant compris- ing polyethylene glycol monostearate, and a fatty alcohol alkoxylate, such as Kolliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-6), simethicone, Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), or Im- bentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably wherein the medium com- prises more than 1% vol / vol of the extractant. 49. The method according to item 48, wherein the titer of fatty alcohol, the titer of fatty acyl acetate and / or the titer of fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of the extractant or in the pres- ence of the extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solution, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more. 50. The method according to any one of items 48 to 49, wherein the secretion of the fatty alcohol, the fatty acyl acetate and / or the fatty aldehyde is increased by at least 5% compared to a fermentation performed under similar or identical conditions but either in the absence of the extractant or in the presence of the extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration in an aqueous solu- tion, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more. 51. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the microor- ganism is a yeast such as a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces, Pichia, Yar- rowia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Lipomyces, preferably the genus is Saccharomyces or Yar- rowia. 52. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the microor- ganism is a yeast of a species selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Cryptococcus albidus, Lipomyces lipofera, Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Tricho- sporon pullulan and Yarrowia lipolytica, preferably the yeast cell is a Saccharo- myces cerevisiae cell or a Yarrowia lipolytica cell. 53. The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and the microorganism is a yeast cell capable of producing (Z2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol with a titer of at least 0.2 mg / L, preferably wherein said yeast cell is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell, said yeast cell expressing: a A11-desaturase selected from the group consisting of the Amyelois transitella A11-desaturase (Atr_A11; SEQ ID NO: 1), the Spodoptera littoralis A11-de- saturase (SI_A11; SEQ ID NO: 2), the Agrotis segetum A11-desaturase (As_A11; SEQ ID NO: 3), the desaturase from Lobesia botrana (Lbo_PPTQ; SEQ ID NO: 43), the desaturase from Drosophila grimshawi (Dgd9; SEQ ID NO: 44), the desaturase from Drosophila virilis (Dvd9; SEQ ID NO: 45) and the Trichoplusia ni A11-desaturase (Tni_A11; SEQ ID NO: 4) or a functional thereof having at least 65% homology, such as at least 70% homology, such as at least 71% homology, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as 100% homology to Atr A11 (SEQ ID NO: 1), SI_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 2), As_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 3), Lbop_PPTQ (SEQ ID NO: 43), Dgd9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), Dvd9 (SEQ ID NO: 45) or Tni_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 4), and an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) selected from the group con- sisting of Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7), or a variant thereof having at least 80% homology, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as 100% homol- ogy to Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6), or Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7); whereby the A11-desaturase is capable of converting at least part of said hexadecanoyl- CoA to (2)11-hexadecenoyl-CoA; and the FAR is capable of converting at least part of said (Z2)11-hexadecenoyl-CoA to (2)-11-hexadecenol. 54. The method according to item 53, wherein the yeast cell further expresses a fatty acyl synthetase (FAA), such as Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a variant thereof having at least 75% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 90% homol- ogy, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homology, such as 100% homology to Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9). 55. The method according to any one of items 53 to 54, further comprising the step of converting at least part of the (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol into (2)-11-hexadecen- 1-yl acetate by chemical conversion or by expression of an acetyltransferase such as a heterologous acetyltransferase (AcT) from said yeast cell or by over- expression of a native acetyltransferase from said yeast cell, wherein said acetyltransferase is capable of converting at least part of the (2)-11-hexadecen- 1-ol into (2)11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, preferably wherein the acetyltransferase is Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a variant thereof having at least 75% homology, such as at least 80% homology, such as at least 85% homology, such as at least 90% homology, such as at least 91% homology, such as at least 92% ho- mology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homology, such as at least 99% homol- ogy, such as 100% homology to Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10). 56. The method according to any one of items 1 to 55, wherein the hydrophobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol and the microorganism is an oleagi- nous yeast cell such as a Yarrowia cell, for example a Yarrowia lipolytica cell, capable of producing said desaturated fatty alcohol, said oleaginous yeast cell: expressing at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA; and expressing at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase, capable of con- verting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty al- cohol; and having a mutation resulting in reduced activity of Fao1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a mutation resulting in reduced activity of at least one of Hfd1 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Hfd4 (SEQ ID NO: 13), Pex10 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and GPAT (SEQ ID NO: 15) or having a mutation resulting in reduced activity of at least one protein having at least 90% homology to Fao1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a mutation resulting in re- duced activity of at least one of Hfd1 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Hfd4 (SEQ ID NO: 13), Pex10 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and GPAT (SEQ ID NO: 15), such as at least 91% ho- mology, such as at least 92% homology, such as at least 93% homology, such as at least 94% homology, such as at least 95% homology, such as at least 96% homology, such as at least 97% homology, such as at least 98% homol- ogy, such as at least 99% homology to Fao1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and at least one of Hfd1 (SEQ ID NO: 12), Hfd4 (SEQ ID NO: 13), Pex10 (SEQ ID NO: 14) and GPAT (SEQ ID NO: 15). 57. The method according to item 56, wherein the at least one heterologous de- saturase is selected from the group consisting of a A3 desaturase, a A5 desatu- rase, a ...

Claims

Claims 1. A method for producing a hydrophobic compound selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene in a fer- mentation, said method comprising the step of providing a yeast cell capable of producing said hydrophobic compound and culturing said yeast cell in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution such as the culture medium at the cultivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactantthe method further comprising the step of recovering the hydrophobic compound.

2. A method for increasing the titer of a hydrophobic compound selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene in a fermentation, said method comprising culturing a yeast cell capable of producing said hydrophobic compound in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic compound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution at the cul- tivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, whereby the titer of the hydrophobic compound is increased compared to a fer- mentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of ex- tractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud con- centration measured in an aqueous solution at the cultivation temperature.

3. A method for increasing the secretion of a hydrophobic compound selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a terpene from a yeast cell capable of producing said hydrophobic com- pound in a fermentation, said method comprising culturing said yeast cell in a culture medium under conditions allowing production of said hydrophobic com- pound, wherein the culturing step is performed at a cultivation temperature, wherein the culture medium comprises an extractant in an amount equal to or greater than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution at the cul- tivation temperature, wherein the extractant is a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, whereby the secretion of the hydrophobic compound from the yeast cell is in- creased compared to a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution at the culti- vation temperature.

4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant is a fatty alcohol alkoxylate or a polyethoxylated surfactant.

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant is selected from: Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, a mixture of polyether disper- sions, an antifoaming agent comprising polyethylene glycol monostearate, si- methicone, ethoxylated and propoxylated C1s-C1s alcohol-based agents and ethoxylated and propoxylated C+s-C+s alcohol-based antifoaming agents and combinations thereof.

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty al- cohols are saturated fatty alcohols, desaturated fatty alcohols, or a mixture thereof, and / or wherein the fatty acyl acetates are saturated fatty acyl acetates, desaturated fatty acyl acetates, or a mixture thereof.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty al- dehydes are saturated fatty aldehydes, desaturated fatty aldehydes, or a mix- ture thereof.

8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty al- cohols, fatty acyl acetates and / or fatty aldehydes have a carbon chain length of 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the terpene is a sesquiterpene such as a bisabolene.

10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty al- cohol ester is a fatty alcohol acetate ester.

11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant is selected from C1s-C1s alkyl alcohol ethoxylate propoxylate (CAS number 68002-96-0), Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002- 96-0), a polyethylene polypropylene glycol, antifoam 204, a surfactant compris- ing polyethylene glycol monostearate, and a fatty alcohol alkoxylate.

12. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyeth- ylene polypropylene glycol is Kolliphor® P407 (CAS number 9003-11-68).

13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non- ionic ethoxylated surfactant is Agnique BP420 (CAS number 68002-96-0).

14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the surfac- tant is simethicone.

15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty al- cohol alkoxylate is selected from Plurafac® LF300 (CAS number 196823-11-7), Plurafac® LF1300 (68002-96-0), Plurafac® SLF180 (CAS number 196823-11- 7), Dehypon® 2574 (CAS number 68154-97-2), and Imbentin SG / 251 (CAS number 68002-96-0), preferably Plurafac® LF300 or Dehypon® 2574.

16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the culture medium comprises at least 1% vol / vol of the non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, such as at least 1.5%, such as at least 2%, such as at least 2.5%, such as at least 3%, such as at least 3.5%, such as at least 4%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 6%, such as at least 7%, such as at least 8%, such as at least 9%, such as at least 10%, such as at least 12.5%, such as at least 15%, such as at least 17.5%, such as at least 20%, such as at least 22.5%, such as at least 25%, such as at least 27.5%, such as at least 30% vol / vol non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, or more.

17. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the culture medium comprises the extractant in an amount greater than its cloud concen- tration by at least 50%, such as at least 100%, such as at least 150%, such as at least 200%, such as at least 250%, such as at least 300%, such as at least 350%, such as at least 400%, such as at least 500%, such as at least 750%, such as at least 1000%, or more.

18. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the culture medium comprises the extractant in an amount at least 2-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 3-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 4-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 6-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 7-fold its cloud concentra- tion, such as at least 8-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 9-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 10-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 12.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 15-fold its cloud concen- tration, such as at least 17.5-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 20- fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 25-fold its cloud concentration, such as at least 30-fold its cloud concentration.

19. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound produced by the microorganism is present in an emulsion in the fermentation broth, the method further comprising a step of breaking said emulsion, thereby obtaining a composition comprising a product phase compris- ing the extractant and the hydrophobic compound.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the step of breaking the emulsion comprises or consists of a step of phase separation, such as a step of centrifu- gation, of the fermentation broth, thereby obtaining a composition consisting of three phases: a water phase, a phase comprising cells and cellular debris, and the product phase comprising the extractant and the hydrophobic compound.

21. The method according to any one of claims 19 or 20, wherein the product phase comprises at least 50% of the hydrophobic compound initially present in the fermentation broth, such as at least 55%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 65%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95% or more.

22. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 21, further comprising recov- ering the product phase comprising the extractant and the hydrophobic com- pound from the composition.

23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising separating the hydropho- bic compound from the extractant, wherein the separation preferably is a distil- lation such as a distillation under reduced pressure, or a column purification.

24. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is one or more fatty alcohols, and wherein the method further comprises the step of recovering said one or more fatty alcohols, preferably by a distillation step such as a distillation under reduced pressure, or by a column purification, thereby obtaining a mixture of fatty alcohols.

25. The method according to claim 24, further comprising the step of chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols of said mixture of fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty acyl acetates.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein at least part of the fatty alcohols are converted to the corresponding fatty acyl acetates by acetylation.

27. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 26, further comprising the step of chemically converting at least part of the fatty alcohols of said mixture of fatty alcohols to the corresponding fatty aldehydes.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein at least part of the fatty alcohols are converted to the corresponding fatty aldehydes by oxidation.

29. The method according to any one of claims 25 to 28, further comprising the step of recovering said corresponding fatty acyl acetates and / or said corre- sponding fatty aldehydes.

30. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the extract- ant is recovered from the fermentation broth and optionally recycled to the fer- mentation broth.

31. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the titer of the hydrophobic compound is increased by at least 5% compared to the titer obtained in a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution such as the cul- ture medium at the cultivation temperature, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least 45%, such as by at least 46%, such as by at least 47%, such as by at least 48%, such as by at least 49%, such as by at least 50%, such as by at least 51%, such as by at least 52%, such as by at least 53%, such as by at least 54%, such as by at least 55% or more.

32. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the secre- tion of the hydrophobic compound is increased by at least 5% compared to a fermentation performed under the same conditions but either in the absence of extractant or in the presence of extractant in an amount lower than its cloud concentration measured in an aqueous solution such as the culture medium at the cultivation temperature, such as by at least 7.5%, such as by at least 10%, such as by at least 12.5%, such as by at least 15%, such as by at least 20%, such as by at least 25%, such as by at least 30%, such as by at least 35%, such as by at least 36%, such as by at least 37%, such as by at least 38%, such as by at least 39%, such as by at least 40%, such as by at least or more.

33. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the yeast is of the genus Saccharomyces, Pichia, Yarrowia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon or Lipomyces, pref- erably the genus is Saccharomyces or Yarrowia.

34. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the yeast is of a species selected from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Kluyve- romyces marxianus, Cryptococcus albidus, Lipomyces lipofera, Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon pullu- lan or Yarrowia lipolytica, preferably the yeast cell is a Saccharomyces cere- visiae cell or a Yarrowia lipolytica cell.

35. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol.

36. The method according to claim 35, wherein the desaturated fatty alcohol is (2)- 11-hexadecen-1-ol, (2)9-hexadecen-1-ol, (2)11-tetradecen-1-ol, (E)11-tetrade- cen-1-ol, (Z)9-tetradecen-1-ol or £8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol.

37. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is an acetate ester of a saturated or desaturated fatty alcohol, preferably wherein the acetate ester is an acetate ester of a desaturated fatty alcohol, such as (2)9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate or £8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate.

38. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a fatty aldehyde, preferably an unsaturated fatty aldehyde such as (2)11-hexadecen-1-al or £8,E10-dodecadienal.

39. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the yeast cell is capable of producing the hydrophobic compound with a titer of at least 0.2 mg / L.

40. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the yeast cell expresses: a A11-desaturase selected from the group consisting of the Amyelois transitella A11-desaturase (Atr_A11; SEQ ID NO: 1), the Spodoptera littoralis A11-desatu- rase (SI_A11; SEQ ID NO: 2), the Agrotis segetum A11-desaturase (As_A11; SEQ ID NO: 3), the desaturase from Lobesia botrana (Lbo_PPTQ; SEQ ID NO: 43), the desaturase from Drosophila grimshawi (Dgd9; SEQ ID NO: 44), the de- saturase from Drosophila virilis (Dvd9; SEQ ID NO: 45) and the Trichoplusia ni A11-desaturase (Tni_A11; SEQ ID NO: 4) or a functional variant thereof having at least 65% homology to Atr_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 1), SI_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 2), As_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 3), Lbop_PPTQ (SEQ ID NO: 43), Dgd9 (SEQ ID NO; 44), Dvd9 (SEQ ID NO: 45) or Tni_A11 (SEQ ID NO: 4), and an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) selected from the group con- sisting of Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7), or a functional variant thereof having at least 80% homology to Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6), or Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7); whereby the A11-desaturase is capable of converting at least part of said hexadecanoyl- CoA to (2)11-hexadecenoyl-CoA; and the FAR is capable of converting at least part of said (2)11-hexadecenoyl-CoA to (2)-11-hexadecenol.

41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the yeast cell further expresses a fatty acyl synthetase.

42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the fatty acyl synthetase is selected from the group consisting of Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8), YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9) and functional variants thereof having at least 75% homology to Sc_FAA1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) or YI_FAA (SEQ ID NO: 9).

43. The method according to any one of claims 41 to 42, further comprising the step of converting at least part of the (2)-11-hexadecen-1-ol into (2)-11-hexade- cen-1-yl acetate by chemical conversion or by expression of an acetyltransfer- ase such as a heterologous acetyltransferase (AcT) from said yeast cell or by overexpression of a native acetyltransferase from said yeast cell, wherein said acetyltransferase is capable of converting at least part of the (2)-11-hexadecen- 1-ol into (2)11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate.

44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the acetyltransferase is Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a functional variant thereof having at least 75% homology to Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10).

45. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol and the yeast is an oleaginous yeast cell such as a Yarrowia cell, for example a Yarrowia lipolytica cell, capa- ble of producing said desaturated fatty alcohol, said oleaginous yeast cell: expressing at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA; and expressing at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase, capable of con- verting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty al- cohol; and having a mutation resulting in reduced activity of Fao1 and a mutation resulting in reduced activity of at least one of Hfd1, Hfd4, Pex10 and GPAT or having a mutation resulting in reduced activity of at least one protein having at least 90% homology to Fao1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 and a mutation resulting in re- duced activity of at least one of Hfd1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, Hfd4 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, Pex10 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 and GPAT as set forth in SEQ ID NO:

15.

46. The method according to claim 45, wherein the at least one heterologous de- saturase is selected from the group consisting of a A3 desaturase, a A5 desatu- rase, a AB desaturase, a A7 desaturase, a A8 desaturase, a A9 desaturase, a A10 desaturase, a A11 desaturase, a A12 desaturase, a A13 desaturase and a A14 desaturase, preferably wherein the desaturase is derived from an insect, such as from the Lepidoptera order.

47. The method according to claim 46, wherein the desaturase is a A11 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A11 desaturase from Amyelois transitella as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a A9 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A9 desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16, a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Lobesia botrana as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43, a desaturase having at least 60% ho- mology to the desaturase from Drosophila grimshawi as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44 and a desaturase having at least 80% homology to the desaturase from Dro- sophila virilis as set forth in SEQ ID NO:

45.

48. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol, preferably wherein the yeast cell is a Yarrowia cell, for example a Yarrowia lipolytica cell, capable of produc- ing said desaturated fatty alcohol, said yeast cell expressing: at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 14; and at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR), capable of convert- ing at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty alco- hol.

49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the at least one heterologous de- saturase is derived from an organism selected from Pelargonium hortorum, Ricinus communis, Drosophila melanogaster, Spodoptera litura and Tribolium castaneum, preferably the desaturase is derived from Drosophila melanogaster, preferably wherein the at least one heterologous desaturase is selected from the group consisting of: i) a A9 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A9 desaturase from Drosophila melanogaster as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16; ii) a A9 desaturase having at least 60% homology to the A9 desaturase from Spodoptera litura as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18; iii) a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Lobesia botrana as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43; iv) a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Drosophila grimshawi as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 44; and Vv) a desaturase having at least 60% homology to the desaturase from Dro- sophila virilis as set forth in SEQ ID NO:

45.

50. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is codlemone (E8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol), or one or more of its derivatives E8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate and / or £8,E10-dodecadienal, and wherein the yeat cell expresses at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing one or more double bonds in a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 12, thereby converting said fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty acyl-CoA, wherein at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA is £E8,E10-do- decadienyl coenzyme A (E8,E10-C12:CoA), and further expresses at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.2.1.84) capable of converting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty alcohol, wherein the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is capable of converting at least part of said E8,E10-dodecadienyl coenzyme A (E8,E10-C12:CoA) to E£8,E10-dodeca- dien-1-ol. . The method according to claim 50, wherein the at least one desaturase is Cpo_CPRQ (SEQ ID NO: 48), or a functional variant thereof having at least 65% homology, such as at least 70% homology, such as at least 71% homol- ogy, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2, or wherein the at least one desaturase is at least two desatu- rases, wherein at least one of said two desaturases is Cpo_CPRQ (SEQ ID NO: 48), or a functional variant thereof having at least 65% homology, such as at least 70% homology, such as at least 71% homology, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2, and the other desaturase is a desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA having a carbon chain length of 12, such as a 29-12 desaturase, preferably Cpo_NPVE (SEQ ID NO: 49) or Cpo_SPTQ (SEQ ID NO: 50) or a functional variant thereof having at least 65% homology, such as at least 70% homology, such as at least 71% homology, such as at least 72%, such as at least 73%, such as at least 74%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 81%, such as at least 82%, such as at least 83%, such as at least 84%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 86%, such as at least 87%, such as at least 88%, such as at least 89%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 91%, such as at least 92%, such as at least 93%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% homology to SEQ ID NO: 49 or SEQ ID NO: 50, optionally wherein the desaturase is a mutant of Cpo_CPRQ having a mutation at position 85, such as an S85A mutation, and / or wherein the at least one heter- ologous desaturase is at least two different heterologous desaturases, such as Cpo_CPRQ as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48 and a mutant of Cpo_CPRQ having a mutation at position 85 such as an S85A mutation.

52. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydro- phobic compound is a desaturated fatty alcohol and the yeast cell: has one or more mutations resulting in reduced activity of one or more native acyl-CoA oxidases; and expresses at least one first group of enzymes comprising at least one acyl-CoA oxidase capable of oxidising a fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the first group of en- zymes is capable of shortening a fatty acyl-CoA of a first carbon chain length X to a shortened fatty acyl-CoA having a second carbon chain length X’, wherein X <X-2; and expresses at least one heterologous desaturase capable of introducing at least one double bond in said fatty acyl-CoA and / or in said shortened fatty acyl-CoA; and expresses at least one heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase, capable of con- verting at least part of said desaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a desaturated fatty al- cohol.

53. The method according to claim 52, wherein the native acyl-CoA oxidase and / or the heterologous acyl-CoA oxidase is a peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase.

54. The method according to any one of claims 52 to 53, wherein the at least one acyl-CoA oxidase of the first group of enzymes is a native acyl-CoA oxidase or a heterologous acyl-CoA oxidase, which is optionally overexpressed compared to a reference yeast strain not expressing said at least one first group of en- zymes, preferably the at least one acyl-CoA oxidase of the first group of en- zymes is a heterologous acyl-CoA oxidase.

55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the at least one first group of en- zymes comprises an acyl-CoA oxidase selected from the group consisting of Yli_POX1 (SEQ ID NO: 19), Yli_POX2 (SEQ ID NO: 20), Yli_POX3 (SEQ ID NO: 21), Yli_POX4 (SEQ ID NO: 22), Yli_POX5 (SEQ ID NO: 23), Yli_POX6 (SEQ ID NO: 24), Ase_POX (SEQ ID NO: 25), Ath_POX1 (SEQ ID NO: 26), Ath_POX2 (SEQ ID NO: 27), Ani_POX (SEQ ID NO: 28), Cma_POX (SEQ ID NO: 29), Hsa_POX1-2 (SEQ ID NO: 30), Pur_POX (SEQ ID NO: 31), and Rno_POX2 (SEQ ID NO: 32), and functional variants thereof having at least 60% homology thereto.

56. The method according to any one of claims 50 to 55, wherein the at least one heterologous desaturase is selected from the group consisting of a Aze-desatu- rase such as Sce_OLE1 (SEQ ID NO: 33), Yli_OLE1 (SEQ ID NO: 34) or Dme_D9 (SEQ ID NO: 16), a Azi1-desaturase such as Atr_D11 (SEQ ID NO: 1), Cro_Z11 (SEQ ID NO: 35), Onu_11 (SEQ ID NO: 36), Tpi_D13 (SEQ ID NO: 37), a Aes-desaturase such as Dpu_E9-14 (SEQ ID NO: 38), a Azeio-desatu- rase such as Gmo_CPRQ (SEQ ID NO: 39), or a desaturase such as Epo_E11 (SEQ ID NO: 40), Sls_ZE11 (SEQ ID NO: 41), Lbo_PPTQ (SEQ ID NO: 43), Dgd9 (SEQ ID NO: 44), Dvd9 (SEQ ID NO: 45) or Cpa_E11 (SEQ ID NO: 42), or a functional variant thereof having at least 60% homology thereto.

57. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 56, wherein the fatty acyl-CoA reductase is selected from the group consisting of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase having at least 80% homology to Har_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 5), Has_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 7), Ban_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 17) or Hs_FAR (SEQ ID NO: 6).

58. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 57, further comprising the step of converting at least part of the desaturated fatty alcohol to a fatty acyl ac- etate by chemical conversion or by expression of an acetyltransferase such as a heterologous acetyltransferase (AcT) from said yeast cell or by overexpres- sion of a native acetyltransferase from said yeast cell, wherein said acetyltrans- ferase is capable of converting at least part of the desaturated fatty alcohol to a desaturated fatty acyl acetate.

59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the acetyltransferase is Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) or a functional variant thereof having at least 75% homology to Sc_Atf1 (SEQ ID NO: 10).

60. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 59, further comprising the step of converting at least part of the desaturated fatty alcohol to a desaturated fatty aldehyde by expression of at least one alcohol dehydrogenase and / or at least one fatty alcohol oxidase from said yeast cell.

61. A hydrophobic compound obtainable by the method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hydrophobic compound is selected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty aldehyde and a ter- pene.

62. The hydrophobic compound according to claim 61, wherein the hydrophobic compound is a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty al- cohol ester, a fatty aldehyde or a terpene as defined in any one of claims 1 to 60.

63. A method of monitoring the presence of pest or disrupting the mating of pest, said method comprising the steps of: i) producing a hydrophobic compound by the method of any of claims 1 to 60, wherein the hydrophobic compound is as defined in any one of the preceding claims, ii) formulating said desaturated fatty alcohol, desaturated fatty acyl acetate and / or desaturated fatty aldehyde as a pheromone composition, and iii) employing said pheromone composition as an integrated pest manage- ment composition.

64. The method according to claim 63, wherein the hydrophobic compound is se- lected from a fatty alcohol, a fatty alcohol ester, a fatty acyl acetate, a fatty alde- hyde and a terpene.

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