Adenosine nucleobase editors and uses thereof

Abstract

The disclosure provides adenosine deaminases that are capable of deaminating adenosine in DNA. The disclosure also provides fusion proteins comprising a Cas9 (e.g., a Cas9 nickase) domain and adenosine deaminases that deaminate adenosine in DNA. In some embodiments, the fusion proteins further comprise a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and / or an inhibitor of base repair, such as, a nuclease dead inosine specific nuclease (dISN). 20 24 20 32 84 17 M ay 2 02 4 A B S T R A C T 2 0 2 4 2 0 3 2 8 4 1 7 M a y 2 0 2 4

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Targeted editing of nucleic acid sequences, for example, the targeted cleavage or the targeted introduction of a specific modification into genomic DNA, is a highly promising approach for the study of gene function and also has the potential to provide new therapies for human genetic diseases. Since many genetic diseases in principle can be treated by effecting a specific nucleotide change at a specific location in the genome (for example, an A to G or a T to C change in a specific codon of a gene associated with a disease), the development of a programmable way to achieve such precise gene editing represents both a powerful new research tool, as well as a potential new approach to gene editing-based therapeutics. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Provided herein are compositions, kits, and methods of modifying a polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) using an adenosine deaminase and a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (e.g., Cas9) Some aspects of the disclosure provide nucleobase editing proteins which catalyze hydrolytic deamination of adenosine (forming inosine, which base pairs like guanine (G)) in the context of DNA. There are no known naturally occurring adenosine deaminases that act on DNA. Instead, known adenosine deaminases act on RNA (e.g., tRNA or mRNA). To overcome this drawback, the first deoxyadenosine deaminases were evolved to accept DNA substrates and deaminate deoxy adenosine (dA) to deoxyinosine. The adenosine deaminase acting on tRNA (ADAT) from Escherichia coli (TadA, for tRNA adenosine deaminase A), was covalently fused to a dCas9 domain, and libraries of this fusion were assembled containing mutations in the deaminase portion of the construct. It should be appreciated that E. coli TadA (ecTadA) deaminases also include truncations of ecTadA. For example, truncations (e.g., N-terminal truncations) of a full length ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 84), such as the N-terminally truncated ecTadA set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 are provided herein for use in the present invention. Further, it was found that other adenosine deaminase mutants, such as S. aureus TadA mutants, were capable of deaminating adenosine. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, truncations of adenosine deaminases (e.g., ecTadA) may have desired solubility and / or expression properties as compared to their full-length counterparts. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[0003] Mutations in the deaminase domain of nucleobase editing proteins were made by evolving adenosine deaminases. Productive variants were identified via selection for A to G reversion at the codon of an active-site His in the acetyl-transferase gene of chloramphenicol (encoded on a co-transformed selection plasmid). A first round of evolution yielded an ecTadA variant, ecTadA D108X (X=G, V, or N), capable of converting A to G in DNA. In some embodiments, the ecTadA variant comprises a D108A mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase. The first round of evolution also yielded an ecTadA variant, ecTadA A106V. A subsequent round of evolution resulted in another variant, ecTadA D1O8N_E155X (X=G, V, or D), which E. coli survive in the presence of high concentrations of chloramphenicol. Additional variants were identified by evolving ecTadA. For example, ecTadA variants that are capable of deaminating adenosine in DNA include one or more of the following mutations D108N, A106V, D147, E155V, L84F, H123Y, and I157F of SEQ ID NO: 1. It should be appreciated however, that homologous mutations may be made in other adenosine deaminases to generate variants that are capable of deaminating adenosine in DNA. Additional rounds of evolution provided further ecTadA variants. For example, additional ecTadA variants are shown in Figures 11, 16, 97, 104-106, 125-128, 115 and Table 4.

[0004] In the examples provided herein, exemplary nucleobase editors having the general structure evolved ecTadA(D108X; X=G, V, or N)-XTEN-nCas9, catalyzed A to G transition mutations in cells such as eukaryotic cells (e.g., Hek293T mammalian cells). In other examples exemplary nucleobase editors contain two ecTadA domains and a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp). For example nucleobase editors may have the general structure ecTadA(D108N)-ecTadA(D108N)-nCas9. Additional examples of nucleobase editors containing ecTadA variants provided herein demonstrate an improvement in performance of the nucleobase editors in mammalian cells. For example, certain adenosine base editors include ecTadA having D108X, where X=G, V, or N, and / or E155X, where X=B, V, or D mutations in ecTadA as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or another adenine deaminase. In certain embodiments mutants, nucleobase editors are covalently fused to catalytically dead alkyl adenosine gylcosylase (AAG), which may protect the edited inosine from base excision repair (or other DNA repair systems) until the T on the opposite strand is changed to a C, for example, through mismatch repair (or other DNA repair systems). Once the base opposite the inosine is changed to a C, then the inosine may be changed to a G irreversibly and permanently through cellular DNA repair processes, resulting in a permanent change from an A:T base pair to a G:C base pair. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[0005] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the adenosine nucleobase editors described herein work by using ecTadA variants to deaminate A bases in DNA, causing A to G mutations via inosine formation. Inosine preferentially hydrogen bonds with C, resulting in A to G mutation during DNA replication. When covalently tethered to Cas9 (or another nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein), the adenosine deaminase (e.g., ecTadA) is localized to a gene of interest and catalyzes A to G mutations in the ssDNA substrate. This editor can be used to target and revert single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in disease-relevant genes, which require A to G reversion. This editor can also be used to target and revert single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in disease-relevant genes, which require T to C reversion by mutating the A, opposite of the T, to a G. The T may then be replaced with a C, for example by base excision repair mechanisms, or may be changed in subsequent rounds of DNA replication.

[0006] Some aspects of the disclosure relate to the discovery that engineered (e.g., evolved) adenosine deaminases are capable of deaminating adenosine in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) substrate. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides such adenosine deaminases. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases provided herein are capable of deaminating an adenosine in a DNA molecule. Other aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins comprising a Cas9 domain and an adenosine deaminase domain, for example, an engineered deaminase domain capable of deaminating an adenosine in DNA. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises one or more of a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), an inhibitor of inosine base excision repair (e.g., dISN), and / or a linker.

[0007] In some aspects, the disclosure provides an adenosine deaminase capable of deaminating an adenosine in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) substrate. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from a bacterium, for example, E. coll or S. aureus. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a TadA deaminase. In some embodiments, the TadA deaminase is an E. coli TadA deaminase (ecTadA). In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D108X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than the amino acid found in the wild-type protein. In some embodiments, X is G, N, V, A, or Y.

[0008] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a E155X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than the amino acid found in the wild-type protein. In some embodiments, 2024203284   17 May 2024 X is D, G, or V. It should be appreciated that the adenosine deaminases provided herein may contain one or more of the mutations provided herein in any combination.

[0009] Some aspects of the disclosure provide a fusion protein comprising: (i) a Cas9 domain, and (ii) an adenosine deaminase, such as any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of the fusion protein is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9. In some embodiments, the fusion protein further comprises an inhibitor of inosine base excision repair, for example a dISN or a single stranded DNA binding protein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises one or more linkers used to attach an adenine deaminase (e.g., ecTadA) to a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (e.g., Cas9). In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS).

[0010] The summary above is meant to illustrate, in a non-limiting manner, some of the embodiments, advantages, features, and uses of the technology disclosed herein. Other embodiments, advantages, features, and uses of the technology disclosed herein will be apparent from the Detailed Description, the Drawings, the Examples, and the Claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Figure 1 shows high throughput screen results with various deaminases. APOBEC (BE3) is the positive control; ADAR acts on mRNA, ADA acts on deoxyadenosine, and AD AT acts on tRNA. The untreated group is the negative control. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID: 45.

[0012] Figure 2 is a schematic of a deamination selection plasmid.

[0013] Figure 3 shows a serial dilution of the selection plasmid in S1030 cells plated on increasing concentrations of chloramphenicol.

[0014] Figure 4 shows the validation of chloramphenicol selection with a rAPOBECl-XTEN-dCas9 construct as a positive control. The sequences from top to bottom correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 95 (the nucleotide sequence), 96 (the amino acid sequence), 97 (the nucleotide sequence), 98 (the amino acid sequence), 95 (the nucleotide sequence) and 99 (the truncated nucleotide sequence).

[0015] Figure 5 is a schematic of a deaminase-XTEN-dCas9 construct.

[0016] Figure 6 shows the sequencing results from the first round of the TadA-XTEN-dCas9 library.

[0017] Figure 7 shows the sequence of a selection plasmid; an A to G reversion was observed. The sequences from top to bottom correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 100 (the nucleotide 2024203284   17 May 2024 sequence), 101 (the amino acid sequence), 102 (the nucleotide sequence), 103 (the amino acid sequence), 104 (the nucleotide sequence), and 100 (the nucleotide sequence).

[0018] Figure 8 shows the results of deaminase sequencing, illustrating the convergence at residue D108. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 589-607 from top to bottom.

[0019] Figure 9 shows the E. coli TadA crystal structure. Note that DI 19 in the figure corresponds to D108, as the residue numbering isoffset in the figure.

[0020] Figure 10 shows the crystal structure of TadA (in S. aureus) tRNA and an alignment of with TadA from E. coli. The sequences from top to bottom correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 105-107.

[0021] Figure 11 shows results from the isolation and challenge of individual constructs from ecTadA evolution.

[0022] Figure 12 shows the colony forming units (C.F.U.) of various constructs challenged on increasing concentrations of chloramphenicol. The construct numbers correspond to those listed in Figure 11.

[0023] Figure 13 shows data from the second round of evolution from the constructs containing the D108N mutation. The sequences from top to bottom correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 608-623.

[0024] Figure 14 shows A to G editing in mammalian cells. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0025] Figure 15 is a schematic showing the development of ABE.

[0026] Figure 16 is a table showing the results of clones assayed after second round evolution. Columns 1, 8, and 10 represent mutations from the first round evolution. Columns 11 and 14 represent the consensus mutations from second round evolution.

[0027] Figure 17 shows the results of individual clone antibiotic challenge assays. The identity of the construct numbers correspond to the pNMG clone numbers from Figure 16.

[0028] Figure 18 show schematic representations of new constructs that were developed. New constructs include UGI, AAG*E125Q, and EndoV*D35A domains.

[0029] Figure 19 shows the transfection of constructs into mammalian cells containing single or double mutations in ecTadA. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0030] Figure 20 shows the transfection of constructs with the addition of UGI to adenosine nucleobase editor (ABE) (D108N). The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0031] Figure 21 shows that ABE operates best on 1 of 6 genomic sites tested. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 46. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[0032] Figure 22 shows that the Hek-3 site also has lower editing relative to the Hek-2 site editing at position 8 of the protospacer. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[0033] Figure 23 shows inactive C-terminal Cas9 fusions of ecTadA for constructs pNMG-164 through pNMG-173. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0034] Figure 24 shows inactive C-terminal Cas9 fusions of ecTadA for pNMG-174 through pNMG-177. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0035] Figure 25 shows the editing results from ecTadA nucleobase editors (pNMG-143, pNMG-144, pNMG-164, and pNMG-177). The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0036] Figure 26 shows the editing results from ecTadA nucleobase editors (pNMG-164, pNMG-177, pNMG-178, pNMG-179, and pNMG-180). The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0037] Figure 27 shows the results of editing at the Hek-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[0038] Figure 28 shows the results of editing at the Hek-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0039] Figure 29 shows the results of editing at the Hek-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[0040] Figure 30 shows the results of editing at the Hek-4 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 43.

[0041] Figure 31 shows the results of editing at the RNF-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 44.

[0042] Figure 32 shows the results of editing at the FANCF site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0043] Figure 33 shows the results of editing at the EMX-1 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 46.

[0044] Figure 34 shows the results of C-terminal fusion at the Hek-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0045] Figure 35 shows the results of C-terminal fusion at the Hek-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[0046] Figure 36 shows the results of C-terminal fusion at the Hek-4 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 43.

[0047] Figure 37 shows the results of C-terminal fusion at the EMX-1 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 46. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[0048] Figure 38 shows the results of C-terminal fusion at the RNF-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 44.

[0049] Figure 39 shows the results of C-terminal fusion at the FANCF site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0050] Figure 40 shows the results of transfection at the Hek-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 41.

[0051] Figure 41 shows the results of transfection at the Hek-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[0052] Figure 42 shows the results of transfection at the RNF-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 44.

[0053] Figure 43 shows the results of transfection at the Hek-4 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 43.

[0054] Figure 44 shows the results of transfection at the EMX-1 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 46.

[0055] Figure 45 shows the results of transfection at the FANCF site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0056] Figure 46 shows deaminase editing of sgRNA.

[0057] Figure 47 shows constructs developed for fusions at various sites.

[0058] Figure 48 shows indel rates for different fusions at various sites.

[0059] Figure 49 shows the protospacer and PAM sequences of base editing sites set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 46, 45, 6, 42, 43, and 468from top to bottom, respectively.

[0060] Figure 50 shows constructs developed for fusions at various sites using further mutated D108 residue.

[0061] Figure 51 shows the protospacer and PAM sequences of base editing sites set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 46, and 42 from top to bottom, respectively.

[0062] Figure 52 shows the results of using mutated D108 residues to cause deaminase to reject RNA as a substrate and change the editing outcome.

[0063] Figure 53 shows the results of using mutated D108 residues to cause deaminase to reject RNA as a substrate and change the editing outcome.

[0064] Figure 54 shows constructs developed for fusions at various sites.

[0065] Figure 55 shows the protospacer and PAM sequences of base editing sites set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 358, 359from top to bottom, respectively.

[0066] Figure 56 shows the results of ABE on HEK site 2.

[0067] Figure 57 shows the results of ABE on HEK site 2. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[0068] Figure 58 shows constructs developed for fusions at various sites using various linker lengths.

[0069] Figure 59 shows the importance of linker length on base editing function.

[0070] Figure 60 shows the importance of linker length on base editing function.

[0071] Figure 61 is a schematic showing the dimerization of deaminase.

[0072] Figure 62 shows constructs developed for fusions at various sites using various linker lengths.

[0073] Figure 63 shows the current editor architecture (top panel), the in trans dimerization (bottom panel, left), and the in cis dimerization (bottom panel, right).

[0074] Figure 64 shows dimerization results from base editing.

[0075] Figure 65 shows dimerization results from base editing.

[0076] Figure 66 shows dimerization results from base editing.

[0077] Figure 67 shows constructs developed for fusions at various sgRNA sites.

[0078] Figure 68 shows the evolution of ABE editor against new selection sequences. The sequences from top to bottom and left to right correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 707-719, respectively.

[0079] Figure 69 shows the current editor targeting Q4 stop site. The sequences from top to bottom correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 624-628.

[0080] Figure 70 shows the current editor targeting W15 stop site. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 629-633 from top to bottom respectively.

[0081] Figure 71 shows a HEK293 site 2 sequence. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 360.

[0082] Figure 72 shows the results of the first run with various edTadA mutations using the sequence of Figure 71.

[0083] Figure 73 shows the results of the second run with various edTadA mutations using the sequence of Figure 71.

[0084] Figure 74 shows a FANCF sequence. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45.

[0085] Figure 75 shows the results of the second run using various edTadA mutations and the sequence of Figure 74.

[0086] Figure 76 shows the results of mutated D108 on all sites.

[0087] Figure 77 shows in trans data from previous run (left panel) and the mut-mut fusions hindered by super long linkers.

[0088] Figure 78 shows the results of tethering mutTadA to ABE.

[0089] Figure 79 shows the constructs of all inhibitors tested. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[0090] Figure 80 shows the constructs used when tethering AAG to ABE.

[0091] Figure 81 is a schematic showing the tethering of AAG to ABE.

[0092] Figure 82 shows the results of tethering AAG to ABE.

[0093] Figure 83 shows the constructs used when tethering AAG to ABE with an N-terminus of Tad A.

[0094] Figure 84 is a schematic showing the tethering of AAG to ABE with an N-terminus of Tad A.

[0095] Figure 85 shows the results of tethering AAG to ABE.

[0096] Figure 86 shows the constructs used when tethering EndoV to ABE.

[0097] Figure 87 is a schematic showing the tethering EndoV to ABE.

[0098] Figure 88 shows the results of tethering EndoV to ABE.

[0099] Figure 89 shows the constructs used when tethering UGI to ABE.

[00100] Figure 90 shows the results of tethering UGI to the end of ABE.

[00101] Figure 91 shows the results of various inhibitors increasing A to G editing.

[00102] Figure 92 shows a sequence alignment of prokaryotic TadA amino acid sequences. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 634-657 from top to bottom respectively.

[00103] Figure 93 shows a schematic of the relative sequence identity analysis of TadA amino acid sequences.

[00104] Figure 94 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary adenosine base editing process.

[00105] Figure 95 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary adenosine base editor, which deaminates adenosine to inosine.

[00106] Figure 96 shows a schematic of an exemplary base-editing selection plasmid.

[00107] Figure 97 shows a list of clones including identified mutations in ecTadA.

[00108] Figure 98 shows an exemplary sequencing analysis of a selection plasmid from surviving colonies. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 658-661 from top to bottom respectively.

[00109] Figure 99 shows a schematic of exemplary adenosine base editors from a third round of evolution.

[00110] Figure 100 shows the percentage of A to G conversions in Hek293T cells.

[00111] Figure 101 shows a schematic of an exemplary base-editing selection plasmid. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00112] Figure 102 shows a schematic representation of the verdine crystal structure of S. aureus TadA. The S. aureus TadA, a homolog of ecTadA, is shown with its tRNA substrate co-crystalized. Red arrows are the H-bond contacts with the various nucleic acids in the tRNA substrate. SeeLosey, H.C., et al., “Crystal structure of Staphylococcus sureus tRNA adenosine deaminase tadA in complex with RNA”, Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 2, 153159 (2006).

[00113] Figure 103 shows a schematic of a construct containing ecTadA_2.2 and dCas9, identifying mutated ecTadA residues.

[00114] Figure 104 shows results of ecTadA evolution (evolution #4) at sites E25 and R26.

[00115] Figure 105 shows results of ecTadA evolution (evolution #4) at site R107.

[00116] Figure 106 shows results of ecTadA evolution (evolution #4) at sites A142 and A143.

[00117] Figure 107 shows an exemplary sequencing analysis of a selection plasmid from surviving colonies. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NO: 662-671 from top to bottom respectively.

[00118] Figure 108 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek-2 site. The Hek-2 sequence provided in the figure represents the reverse complement of SEQ ID NO: 41, which is the DNA strand where A to G editing takes place. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID ID: 6.

[00119] Figure 109 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 363.

[00120] Figure 110 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-6 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 364.

[00121] Figure 111 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-7 site. The Hek2-7 sequence provided in the figure represents the reverse complement of the DNA strand where A to G editing takes place. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 365.

[00122] Figure 112 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-10 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 366.

[00123] Figure 113 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[00124] Figure 114 shows a summary of results of editing at the FANCF site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00125] Figure 115 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 367.

[00126] Figure 116 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-2 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 368.

[00127] Figure 117 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 363.

[00128] Figure 118 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-6 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 364.

[00129] Figure 119 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-7 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 365.

[00130] Figure 120 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-10 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 366.

[00131] Figure 121 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek-3 site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[00132] Figure 122 shows a summary of results of editing at the FANCF site. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45.

[00133] Figure 123 shows the results of ecTadA evolution (evolution #4) at HEK2, HEK2-2, HEK2-3, HEK2-6, HEK2-7, and HEK2-10 sites. The constructs used were pNMG-370 (evolution #2), pNMG-371 (evolution #3), and pNMG 382-389 (evolution #4). The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 7, 368, 363, 364, 369, and 370 from top to bottom., respectively.

[00134] Figure 124 shows a schematic of a construct containing ecTadA and dCas9 used for ecTadA evolution (evolution #5).

[00135] Figure 125 is a table showing the results of clones assayed after fifth round evolution (128 ug / mL chlor, 7h).

[00136] Figures 126A to 136B are tables showing the results of sub-cloned and retransformed clones assayed after fifth round under varying conditions.

[00137] Figure 127 is a table showing the results of amplicons from spectinomycin selection clones assayed after fifth round evolution.

[00138] Figure 128 is a table showing the results of clones assayed after fifth round evolution.

[00139] Figure 129 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek-2 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. 2024203284   17 May 2024 As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 6.

[00140] Figure 130 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-lsite using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The Hek2-1 sequence provided in the figure represents the DNA strand where A to G editing takes place. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 465.

[00141] Figure 131 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-2 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 368.

[00142] Figure 132 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-3 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 363.

[00143] Figure 133 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-4 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The Hek2-4 sequence provided in the figure represents the DNA strand where A to G editing takes place. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 466.

[00144] Figure 134 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-6 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 364.

[00145] Figure 135 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-9 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The Hek2-9 sequence provided in the figure represents the DNA strand where A to G editing takes place. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 467.

[00146] Figure 136 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek2-10 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346- 2024203284   17 May 2024 349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The Hek2-10 sequence provided in the figure represents the DNA strand where A to G editing takes place. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 370.

[00147] Figure 137 shows a summary of results of editing at the Hek3 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 42.

[00148] Figure 138 shows a summary of results of editing at the RNF2 site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 468.

[00149] Figure 139 shows a summary of results of editing at the FANCF site using base editors that contain an engineered S. aureus TadA (saTadA), which include pNMG-346-349. As a comparison, results of editors that contain an engineered E. coli TadA (ecTadA), which include pNMG-339-341, are shown. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 45.

[00150] Figure 140 shows various schematic representations of adenosine base editor (ABE) constructs. The identity of the editors e.g., “pNMG-367” is indicated in Table 4. The following mutations are abbreviated as follows: ecTadAl (A106V D108N), ecTadA2 (A106V D108N D147Y E155V), ecTadA3 (ecTadA2 + L84F H123Y I156F), ecTadA3+ (ecTadA3 + A142N), ecTadA5al (ecTadA3 + H36L R51L S146C K157N), ecTadA5a3 (ecTadA3 + N37S K161T), ecTadA5all (ecTadA3 + R51L S146C K157N K161T), ecTadA5al2 (ecTadA3 + S146C K161T), ecTadA5al4 (ecTadA3 + RS146C K157N K160E), and ecTadA5al+ (ecTadA5al + A142N), ecTadA5a9 (ecTadA3 + S146R K161T). Heterodimers of the top three ABE 5a constructs were made and then tested relative to homodimers. The heterodimer version of the ABE editor typically performs better than the corresponding homodimeric construct. Both homodimeric and heterodimeric constructs are shown in Figure 140.

[00151] Figure 141 shows editing results for various ABE constructs. The ABE plasmid # refers to pNMG number as indicated in Table 4. For example 367 refers to construct pNMG-367 in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 469 (pNMG-466), 470 (pNMG-467), 471 (pNMG-469), 472 (pNMG-470), 473 (pNMG-501), 474 (pNMG-509), and 475 (pNMG-502) from top to bottom, respectively. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00152] Figure 142 shows editing results for various ABE constructs at specific sites. The numbers on the top row indicate the pNMG number as indicated in Table 4. For example 107 refers to construct pNMG-107 in Table 4. In certain contexts, homodimer constructs have been shown to work better than a hetero dimer construct and vice versa (see for example construct 371 which is a homodimer versus construct 476 which is a heterodimer). Schematics for these ABE constructs are shown in Figure 140, and the construct architecture is shown in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 478, 478, 514, 516, 516, 520, 520, 521, 521, and 509 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00153] Figure 143 shows the percentage of indels formed for ABE constructs from Figure 142.

[00154] Figure 144 shows editing results for various ABE constructs at specific sites. The identity of the constructs are shown in the top row and refer to the pNMG reference number of Table 4. The results in Figure 144 indicate that adding ecTadA monomer to ABE construct may not improve editing. However, adding a long linker between monomers may help editing at some sites (see, for example, the editing results for sgRNA constructs 285b versus 277 at sites 502, 505, 507). The identity of the sgRNA constructs is shown in Table 8 Schematics for these ABE constructs are shown in Figure 140. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 478, 480, 480, 514, 517, 517, 517, 517, 519, and 521 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00155] Figure 145 shows results for ABE constructs at all NAN sites, where the target A is at position 5 of the Protospacer and PAM sequencs. The identity of the ABE constructs, shown in the top row refers to the pNMG reference number in Table 4. The number values represent the % of target A residues that were edited (e.g., % editing efficiency). The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 537-552 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00156] Figure 146 shows A to G editing percent at the Hek2 site for various ABE constructs as referenced by their reference pNMG number in Table 4.

[00157] Figure 147 shows evolution round #5b evolution results. The number values represent the % of A to G editing for the indicated sites. The sequences from top to bottom correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 7, 465, 368, 363, 364, and 370 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00158] Figure 148 shows editing results for various ABE constructs which were obtained from different rounds of evolution (e.g., evo3). The generic schematic for the ABE constructs is also shown. The identity of the sgRNA, as indicated in Table 8, and the identity of the base editors (pNMG reference), as indicated in Table 4, are shown. The number values 2024203284   17 May 2024 represent the % of A to G editing for the indicated sites. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 478, 503, 506, 521, 513, 505, 507, and 509 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00159] Figure 149 shows examination of the ABE constructs at genomic sites other than the Hek-2 sequence. The Hek-2 site (sgRNA 299) is represented by the asterisk. The identity of the sgRNA is indicated in Table 8. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 478, 514, 516, 517, 517, 517, 517, 519, 520, 529, 521 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00160] Figure 150 shows a schematic of the DNA shuffling experiment using nucleotide exchange and excision technology (NExT), which is referred to as ABE evolution #6. The goal of this approach was to assemble a more efficient editor and remove potential epistatic mutations. DNA shuffling of constructs from various evolutions were used to optimize for desired mutations and eliminate mutations that negatively affect editing efficiencies and / or protein stability.

[00161] Figure 151 shows a schematic for DNA Shuffle (NeXT). The spect target sequence is 5'-CAATGATGACTTCTACAGCG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 444) and the chlor target sequence is 5'-TACGGCGTAGTGCACCTGGA-3' (SEQ ID NO: 441).

[00162] Figure 152 shows the sequence identity of clones from evolution #6 surviving on spect only (non-YAC target). The mutations indicated are relative to ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[00163] Figure 153 shows evolution # 6.2 which refers to the enrichment of clones from evolution #6. The mutations indicated are relative to ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1). A142N is present in almost all clones sequenced and the Pro48 mutation is also abundant. The clones were selected against “GAT” in the spectinomycin site. The selection target sequence was 5'-CAATGATGACTTCTACAGCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 444).

[00164] Figure 154 shows schematic representations of ABE 6 constructs. 8 new constructs in total were developed. Mutations from the top 2 highest frequency amplicons in Evo #6 were used in each of the four architectures.

[00165] Figure 155 shows data harvesting for ABE: step 1 - transfection + HTS of key intermediates at 6 genomic sites, n = 3. The transfection was performed with 750 ng ABE + 250 ng gRNA and incubated for 5 days before the genomic DNA was extracted to perform HTS. The identity of each of the ABE constructs is indicated by the pNMG reference number as shown in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 509, 510, 512, 520, 530, 478 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00166] Figure 156 shows that ABE editing efficiencies improve with iterative rounds of evolution. The top panel shows representative A to G % editing at targeted genetic locus in 2024203284   17 May 2024 Hek293T cells using evolved / engineered ABE construct. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 561. The bottom panel shows that iterative rounds of evolution and engineering improve ABE. ABE constructs are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The ‘508’ target sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 520.

[00167] Figure 157 shows HTS results of core 6 genomic sites from the 10 “Best” ABE. The results indicate that different editors have different local sequence preference (bottom panel). The graph shows the A to G percent editing at 6 different genetic loci. ABE constructs are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 509, 510, 512, 520, 530, 478 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00168] Figure 158 shows transfection of functioning “top 10” ABEs at all genomic sites covering every combination of NAN sequence. The data represents n=l. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 489, 490, 493, 497, 503, 504, 507, 508, 511, and 513 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00169] Figure 159 shows ABE window experiments (A’s at odd positions) for identifying which A’s are edited. ABEs pNMG-477, pNMG-586, pNMG-588, BE3 and untreated control are shown. The sequence for editing is shown at the top. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 562.

[00170] Figure 160 shows ABE window experiment (A’s at even positions) for identifying which A’s are edited. ABEs pNMG-477, pNMG-586, pNMG-588, BE3 and untreated control are shown. The sequence for editing is shown at the top. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 563.

[00171] Figure 161 shows additional ABE window experiments for identifying which A’s are edited. ABEs pNMG-586, pNMG-560, and untreated control are shown. The sequence for editing is shown at the top. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 544 and 541 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00172] Figure 162 shows additional ABE window experiments for identifying which A’s are edited. ABEs pNMG-576, pNMG-586, and untreated control are shown. The sequence for editing is shown at the top. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 564.

[00173] Figure 163 shows evolution # 7 an attempt to edit a multi-A site. The evolution selection design was to target 2 point mutations in the same gene using two separate gRNAs: 5’-TTCATTA(7)ACTGTGGCCGGCT-3’(SEQ ID NO: 565) and 5’-ATCTTA(6)TTCGATCATGCGAA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 566) in order to make a D208N reversion mutation in Kan and to revert a stop codon to a Q. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00174] Figure 164 shows evolution #7 mutations which were evolved to trget As within a multi A site, meaning that they are flanked on one or both sides by an A. The identity of mutations, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 are shown.

[00175] Figure 165 shows schematics of ecTadA identifying residues R152 and P48.

[00176] Figure 166 shows MiSeq results of ABE editing on disease relevant mutations in alternative cell lines. Nucleofection with Lonza kit was used with 3 different nucleofection solutions x 16 different electroporation conditions (48 total conditions / cell line). The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 522-524 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00177] Figure 167 shows results for A to G editing at multiple positions for various constructs. ABE constructs are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. In the top panel the sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 469-471, 567, 475, and 474 from top to bottom, respectively. In the bottom panel the sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 469 (pNMG-466), 470 (pNMG-467), 471 (pNMG-469), 567 (pNMG-472), and 474 (pNMG-509) from top to bottom, respectively.

[00178] Figure 168 shows editing results for various constructs using ABEs with different linkers. ABE constructs are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. A schematic of the new linker ABE is also shown. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 469 (pNMG-466), 568 (pNMG-468), 471 (pNMG-469), 567 (pNMG-472), 574 (pNGM-509), and 569) (pNMG-539) from top to bottom, respectively.

[00179] Figure 169 shows the 4th round evolution. Evolution was done with a monomer construct and endogenous TadA complements TadA-dCas9 fusion.

[00180] Figure 170 shows 4th round evolution results. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 7, 368, 363, 364, 369, and 370 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00181] Figure 171 shows evolution round #5. The plasmid and experimental outline are shown (top panel). The graph illustrates survival on chlor vs. spectinomycin “TAG” vs. “GAT.” The chlor target sequence is 5'-TACGGCGTAGTGCACCTGGA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 441) and the spect target sequence is 5'-CAATGATGACTTCTACAGCG-3’(SEQ ID NO: 444).

[00182] Figure 172 shows editing results at the chlor and spect sites. Constructs identified from evolution #4 (site saturated / NNK library) appear edit more efficiently on the spect site rather than on the chor site. ABE constructs are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4.

[00183] Figure 173 shows 5th round evolution (part a). The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 570. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00184] Figure 174 shows 5th round heterodimer (in trans) results. Round #5a identified mutations improved both editing efficiencies and broadened substrate specificity. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 7, 368, and 363, 364, 369, and 370 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00185] Figure 175 shows 5th round heterodimer (in cis) results. Round #5 a identified mutations improved both editing efficiencies and broadened substrate specificity, but the cis results gave higher editing efficiencies. ABE constructs are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 7, 571, 465, 368, 363, 466, 364, 369, 572, and 370 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00186] Figure 176 shows editing results of various constructs for evolution 5.

[00187] Figure 177 shows editing results of various constructs for evolution 5.

[00188] Figure 178 shows gRNAs for ABE. 5a constructs are characterized on all 16 NAN sequences A at position 5 in protospacer (left panel). The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 573-578 from top to bottom, respectively. Additional sequences starting with a “G” in order to minimize variations in yield gRNA synthesis are proposed (right panel). The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 579-588 from top to bottom, respectively.

[00189] Figure 179 shows % A to G editing of A5 using sgRNA 299 as indicated in Table 8 and the ABE constructs, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 478.

[00190] Figure 180 shows % A to G editing of A5 using sgRNA 469 as indicated in Table 8 and the ABE constructs, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 509.

[00191] Figure 181 shows % A to G editing of A5 using sgRNA 470 as indicated in Table 8 and the ABE constructs, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 510.

[00192] Figure 182 shows % A to G editing of A5 using sgRNA 472 as indicated in Table 8 and the ABE constructs, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 512.

[00193] Figure 183 shows % A to G editing of A5 using sgRNA 508 as indicated in Table 8 and the ABE constructs, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 520.

[00194] Figure 184 shows % A to G editing of A7 using sgRNA 536 as indicated in Table 8 and the ABE constructs, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 530. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00195] Figure 185 shows the % of A to G editing of the highlighted A (A5) using sgRNA: 310, sgRNA: 311, sgRNA: 314, sgRNA: 318, sgRNA: 463, and sgRNA: 464 for each of the indicated base editors, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 489, 490, 493, 497, 503 and 504 from left to right and top to bottom, respectively.

[00196] Figure 186 shows the % of A to G editing of the highlighted A (A5) using sgRNA: 466, sgRNA: 467, sgRNA: 468, sgRNA: 471, sgRNA: 501, and sgRNA: 601 for each of the indicated base editors, which are indicated by their pNMG reference numbers as shown in Table 4. The sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 506, 507, 508, 511, 513, and 535 from left to right and top to bottom, respectively. DEFINITIONS

[00197] As used herein and in the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the singular and the plural unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “an agent” includes a single agent and a plurality of such agents.

[00198] The term “deaminase” or “deaminase domain” refers to a protein or enzyme that catalyzes a deamination reaction. In some embodiments, the deaminase is an adenosine deaminase, which catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenine or adenosine. In some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain is an adenosine deaminase, catalyzing the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine or deoxy adenosine to inosine or deoxyinosine, respectively. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenine or adenosine in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The adenosine deaminases (e.g. engineered adenosine deaminases, evolved adenosine deaminases) provided herein may be from any organism, such as a bacterium. In some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain is a variant of a naturally-occurring deaminase from an organism. In some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain does not occur in nature. For example, in some embodiments, the deaminase or deaminase domain is at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75% at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to a naturally-occurring deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from a bacterium, such as, E.coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, S. putrefaciens, H. influenzae, or C. crescentus. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a TadA deaminase. In some embodiments, the TadA deaminase is an E. coli TadA deaminase (ecTadA). In some embodiments, the TadA deaminase is a truncated E. coli TadA 2024203284   17 May 2024 deaminase. For example, the truncated ecTadA may be missing one or more N-terminal amino acids relative to a full-length ecTadA. In some embodiments, the truncated ecTadA may be missing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 6, 17, 18, 19, or 20 N-terminal amino acid residues relative to the full length ecTadA. In some embodiments, the truncated ecTadA may be missing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 6, 17, 18, 19, or 20 C-terminal amino acid residues relative to the full length ecTadA. In some embodiments, the ecTadA deaminase does not comprise an N-terminal methionine

[00199] In some embodiments, the TadA deaminase is an N-terminal truncated TadA. In certain embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence: MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPT AHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKT GAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[00200] In some embodiments the TadA deaminase is a full-length E. coli TadA deaminase. For example, in certain embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence: MRRAFITGVFFLSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEG WNRPIGRHDPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIG RVVFGARDAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEI KAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 84)

[00201] It should be appreciated, however, that additional adenosine deaminases useful in the present application would be apparent to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of this disclosure. For example, the adenosine deaminase may be a homolog of an AD AT. Exemplary AD AT homologs include, without limitation: Staphylococcus aureus TadA: MGSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLGEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAH AEHIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGADDPKGGCS GSLMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACSTLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 8) Bacillus subtilis TadA: MTQDELYMKEAIKEAKKAEEKGEVPIGAVLVINGEIIARAHNLRETEQRSIAHAEML VID 2024203284   17 May 2024 EACKALGTWRLEGATLYVTLEPCPMCAGAVVLSRVEKVVFGAFDPKGGCSGTLMN LLQEERFNHQAEVVSGVLEEECGGMLSAFFRELRKKKKAARKNLSE (SEQ ID NO: 9) Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) TadA: MPPAFITGVTSLSDVELDHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNHRVIGEG WNRPIGRHDPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVLQNYRLLDTTLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMVHSRIG RVVFGARDAKTGAAGSLIDVLHHPGMNHRVEIIEGVLRDECATLLSDFFRMRRQEIK ALKKADRAEGAGPAV (SEQ ID NO: 371) Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) TadA: MDEYWMQVAMQMAEKAEAAGEVPVGAVLVKDGQQIATGYNLSISQHDPTAHAEI LCLRSAGKKLENYRLLDATLYITLEPCAMCAGAMVHSRIARVVYGARDEKTGAAGT VVNLLQHPAFNHQVEVTSGVLAEACSAQLSRFFKRRRDEKKALKLAQRAQQGIE (SEQ ID NO: 372) Haemophilus influenzae F3O31 (H. influenzae) TadA: MDAAKVRSEFDEKMMRYALELADKAEALGEIPVGAVLVDDARNIIGEGWNLSIVQS DPTAHAEIIALRNGAKNIQNYRLLNSTLYVTLEPCTMCAGAILHSRIKRLVFGASDYK TGAIGSRFHFFDDYKMNHTLEITSGVLAEECSQKLSTFFQKRREEKKIEKALLKSLSD K (SEQ ID NO: 373) Caulobacter crescentus (C. crescentus) TadA: MRTDESEDQDHRMMRLALDAARAAAEAGETPVGAVILDPSTGEVIATAGNGPIAAH DPTAHAEIAAMRAAAAKLGNYRLTDLTLVVTLEPCAMCAGAISHARIGRVVFGADD PKGGAVVHGPKFFAQPTCHWRPEVTGGVLADESADLLRGFFRARRKAKI (SEQ ID NO: 374) Geobacter sulfurreducens (G. sulfurreducens) TadA: MSSLKKTPIRDDAYWMGKAIREAAKAAARDEVPIGAVIVRDGAVIGRGHNLREGSN DPSAHAEMIAIRQAARRSANWRLTGATLYVTLEPCLMCMGAIILARLERVVFGCYDP KGGAAGSLYDLSADPRLNHQVRLSPGVCQEECGTMLSDFFRDLRRRKKAKATPALF IDERKVPPEP (SEQ ID NO: 375) 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00202] The term “base editor (BE),” or “nucleobase editor (NBE)” refers to an agent comprising a polypeptide that is capable of making a modification to a base (e.g., A, T, C, G, or U) within a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., DNA or RNA). In some embodiments, the base editor is capable of deaminating a base within a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the base editor is capable of deaminating a base within a DNA molecule. In some embodiments, the base editor is capable of deaminating an adenine (A) in DNA. In some embodiments, the base editor is a fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) fused to an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the base editor is a Cas9 protein fused to an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the base editor is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) fused to an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the base editor is a nuclease-inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the base editor is fused to an inhibitor of base excision repair, for example, a UGI domain, or a dISN domain. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a Cas9 nickase fused to a deaminase and an inhibitor of base excision repair, such as a UGI or dISN domain. In some embodiments, the dCas9 domain of the fusion protein comprises a D10A and a H840A mutation of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of SEQ ID NOs: 108-357, which inactivates the nuclease activity of the Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a D10A mutation and comprises a histidine at residue 840 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of SEQ ID NOs: 108357, which renders Cas9 capable of cleaving only one strand of a nucleic acid duplex. An example of a Cas9 nickase is shown in SEQ ID NO: 35.

[00203] The term “linker,” as used herein, refers to a bond (e.g., covalent bond), chemical group, or a molecule linking two molecules or moieties, e.g., two domains of a fusion protein, such as, for example, a nuclease-inactive Cas9 domain and a nucleic acidediting domain (e.g., an adenosine deaminase). In some embodiments, a linker joins a gRNA binding domain of an RNA-programmable nuclease, including a Cas9 nuclease domain, and the catalytic domain of a nucleic-acid editing protein. In some embodiments, a linker joins a dCas9 and a nucleic-acid editing protein. Typically, the linker is positioned between, or flanked by, two groups, molecules, or other moieties and connected to each one via a covalent bond, thus connecting the two. In some embodiments, the linker is an amino acid or a plurality of amino acids (e.g., a peptide or protein). In some embodiments, the linker is an organic molecule, group, polymer, or chemical moiety. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-100 amino acids in length, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 2024203284   17 May 2024 80-90, 90-100, 100-150, or 150-200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated. In some embodiments, a linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), which may also be referred to as the XTEN linker. In some embodiments, a linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37). In some embodiments, a linker comprises (SGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 37), (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 38), (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 39), (G)n, (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 40), (GGS)n, SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), or (XP)n motif, or a combination of any of these, wherein n is independently an integer between 1 and 30, and wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15.

[00204] The term “mutation,” as used herein, refers to a substitution of a residue within a sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, with another residue, or a deletion or insertion of one or more residues within a sequence. Mutations are typically described herein by identifying the original residue followed by the position of the residue within the sequence and by the identity of the newly substituted residue. Various methods for making the amino acid substitutions (mutations) provided herein are well known in the art, and are provided by, for example, Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)).

[00205] The term “inhibitor of base repair” or “IBR” refers to a protein that is capable in inhibiting the activity of a nucleic acid repair enzyme, for example a base excision repair enzyme. In some embodiments, the IBR is an inhibitor of inosine base excision repair. Exemplary inhibitors of base repair include inhibitors of APE1, Endo III, Endo IV, Endo V, Endo VIII, Fpg, hOGGl, hNEILl, T7 Endol, T4PDG, UDG, hSMUGl, and hAAG. In some embodiments, the IBR is an inhibitor of Endo V or hAAG. In some embodiments, the IBR is a catalytically inactive EndoV or a catalytically inactive hAAG.

[00206] The term “uracil glycosylase inhibitor” or “UGI,” as used herein, refers to a protein that is capable of inhibiting a uracil-DNA glycosylase base-excision repair enzyme. In some embodiments, a UGI domain comprises a wild-type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the UGI proteins provided herein include fragments of UGI and proteins homologous to a UGI or a UGI fragment. For example, in some embodiments, a UGI domain comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, a UGI fragment comprises an amino acid sequence that comprises at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, 2024203284   17 May 2024 a UGI comprises an amino acid sequence homologous to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, or an amino acid sequence homologous to a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, proteins comprising UGI or fragments of UGI or homologs of UGI or UGI fragments are referred to as “UGI variants.” A UGI variant shares homology to UGI, or a fragment thereof. For example a UGI variant is at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% identical to a wild type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the UGI variant comprises a fragment of UGI, such that the fragment is at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% to the corresponding fragment of wild-type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the UGI comprises the following amino acid sequence: >splP14739IUNGI_BPPB2 Uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor MTNLSDIIEKETGKQLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHTAYDESTDENVMLLT SDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKML (SEQ ID NO: 3).

[00207] The term “catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease,” or “dead inosine specific nuclease (dISN),” as used herein, refers to a protein that is capable of inhibiting an inosine-specific nuclease. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, catalytically inactive inosine glycosylases (e.g., alkyl adenine glycosylase [AAG]) will bind inosine, but will not create an abasic site or remove the inosine, thereby sterically blocking the newly-formed inosine moiety from DNA damage / repair mechanisms. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease may be capable of binding an inosine in a nucleic acid but does not cleave the nucleic acid. Exemplary catalytically inactive inosine-specific nucleases include, without limitation, catalytically inactive alkyl adenosine glycosylase (AAG nuclease), for example, from a human, and catalytically inactive endonuclease V (EndoV nuclease), for example, from E. colt. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive AAG nuclease comprises an E125Q mutation as shown in SEQ ID NO: 32, or a corresponding mutation in another AAG nuclease. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive AAG nuclease comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive EndoV nuclease comprises an D35A mutation as shown in SEQ ID NO 32, or a corresponding mutation in another EndoV 2024203284   17 May 2024 nuclease. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive EndoV nuclease comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. It should be appreciated that other catalytically inactive inosine-specific nucleases (dISNs) would be apparent to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of this disclosure. Truncated AAG (H. sapiens) nuclease (E125Q); mutated residue underlined in bold.

[00208] KGHLTRLGLEFFDQPAVPLARAFLGQVLVRRLPNGTELRGRIVET^AY LGPEDEAAHSRGGRQTPRNRGMFMKPGTLYVYIIYGMYFCMNISSQGDGACVLLRA LEPLEGLETMRQLRSTLRKGTASRVLKDRELCSGPSKLCQALAINKSFDQRDLAQDE AVWLERGPLEPSEPAVVAAARVGVGHAGEWARKPLRFYVRGSPWVSVVDRVAEQ DTQA (SEQ ID NO: 32) EndoV nuclease (D35A); mutated residue underlined in bold.

[00209] DLASLRAQQIELASSVIREDRLDKDPPDLIAGAAVGFEQGGEVTRAAM VLLKYPSLELVEYKVARIATTMPYIPGFLSFREYPALLAAWEMLSQKPDLVFVDGHG ISHPRRLGVASHFGLLVDVPTIGVAKKRLCGKFEPLSSEPGALAPLMDKGEQLAWV WRSKARCNPLFIATGHRVSVDSALAWVQRCMKGYRLPEPTRWADAVASERPAFVR YTANQP (SEQ ID NO: 33)

[00210] The term “nuclear localization sequence” or “NLS” refers to an amino acid sequence that promotes import of a protein into the cell nucleus, for example, by nuclear transport. Nuclear localization sequences are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, NLS sequences are described in Plank et al., international PCT application, PCT / EP2000 / 011690, filed November 23, 2000, published asWO / 2001 / 03 8547 on May 31, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for their disclosure of exemplary nuclear localization sequences. In some embodiments, a NLS comprises the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 4) or MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRWAKGRRETYLC (SEQ ID NO: 5).

[00211] The term “nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein” or “napDNAbp” refers to a protein that associates with a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA), such as a guide nuclic acid, that guides the napDNAbp to a specific nucleic acid sequence. For example, a Cas9 protein can associate with a guide RNA that guides the Cas9 protein to a specific DNA sequence that has complementary to the guide RNA. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a class 2 microbial CRISPR-Cas effector. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a Cas9 2024203284   17 May 2024 domain, for example a nuclease active Cas9, a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease inactive Cas9 (dCas9). Examples of nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins include, without limitation, Cas9 (e.g., dCas9 and nCas9), CasX, CasY, Cpfl, C2cl, C2c2, C2C3, and Argonaute. It should be appreciated, however, that nucleic acid programmable DNAbinding proteins also include nucleic acid programmable proteins that bind RNA. For example, the napDNAbp may be associated with a nucleic acid that guides the napDNAbp to an RNA. Other nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins are also within the scope of this disclosure, though they may not be specifically listed in this disclosure.

[00212] The term “Cas9” or “Cas9 domain” refers to an RNA-guided nuclease comprising a Cas9 protein, or a fragment thereof (e.g., a protein comprising an active, inactive, or partially active DNA cleavage domain of Cas9, and / or the gRNA binding domain of Cas9). A Cas9 nuclease is also referred to sometimes as a casnl nuclease or a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-associated nuclease. CRISPR is an adaptive immune system that provides protection against mobile genetic elements (viruses, transposable elements and conjugative plasmids). CRISPR clusters contain spacers, sequences complementary to antecedent mobile elements, and target invading nucleic acids. CRISPR clusters are transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA). In type II CRISPR systems correct processing of pre-crRNA requires a trans-encoded small RNA (tracrRNA), endogenous ribonuclease 3 (me) and a Cas9 protein. The tracrRNA serves as a guide for ribonuclease 3-aided processing of pre-crRNA. Subsequently, Cas9 / crRNA / tracrRNA endonucleolytic ally cleaves linear or circular dsDNA target complementary to the spacer. The target strand not complementary to crRNA is first cut endonucleolytically, then trimmed 3'-5' exonucleolytically. In nature, DNA-binding and cleavage typically requires protein and both RNAs. However, single guide RNAs (“sgRNA”, or simply “gNRA”) can be engineered so as to incorporate aspects of both the crRNA and tracrRNA into a single RNA species. See, e.g., Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J.A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Cas9 recognizes a short motif in the CRISPR repeat sequences (the PAM or protospacer adjacent motif) to help distinguish self versus non-self. Cas9 nuclease sequences and structures are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., “Complete genome sequence of an Ml strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.” Ferretti et al., J.J., McShan W.M., Ajdic D.J., Savic D.J., Savic G., Lyon K., Primeaux C., Sezate S., Suvorov A.N., Kenton S., Lai H.S., Lin S.P., Qian Y., Jia H.G., Najar F.Z., Ren Q., Zhu H., Song L., White J., Yuan X., Clifton S.W., Roe B.A., McLaughlin R.E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2024203284   17 May 2024 98:4658-4663(2001); “CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III.” Deltcheva E., Chylinski K., Sharma C.M., Gonzales K., Chao Y., Pirzada Z.A., Eckert M.R., Vogel J., Charpentier E., Nature 471:602-607(2011); and “A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.” Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J.A., Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference). Cas9 orthologs have been described in various species, including, but not limited to, S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus. Additional suitable Cas9 nucleases and sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure, and such Cas9 nucleases and sequences include Cas9 sequences from the organisms and loci disclosed in Chylinski, Rhun, and Charpentier, “The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems” (2013) RNA Biology 10:5, 726-737; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a Cas9 nuclease has an inactive (e.g., an inactivated) DNA cleavage domain, that is, the Cas9 is a nickase.

[00213] A nuclease-inactivated Cas9 protein may interchangeably be referred to as a “dCas9” protein (for nuclease-“dead” Cas9). Methods for generating a Cas9 protein (or a fragment thereof) having an inactive DNA cleavage domain are known (See, e.g., Jinek et al., Science. 337:816-821(2012); Qi et al., “Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-Guided Platform for Sequence-Specific Control of Gene Expression” (2013) Cell. 28; 152(5): 1173-83, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference). For example, the DNA cleavage domain of Cas9 is known to include two subdomains, the HNH nuclease subdomain and the RuvCl subdomain. The HNH subdomain cleaves the strand complementary to the gRNA, whereas the RuvCl subdomain cleaves the non-complementary strand. Mutations within these subdomains can silence the nuclease activity of Cas9. For example, the mutations D10A and H840A completely inactivate the nuclease activity of S. pyogenes Cas9 (Jinek et al., Science. 337:816-821(2012); Qi et al., Cell. 28; 152(5): 1173-83 (2013)). In some embodiments, proteins comprising fragments of Cas9 are provided. For example, in some embodiments, a protein comprises one of two Cas9 domains: (1) the gRNA binding domain of Cas9; or (2) the DNA cleavage domain of Cas9. In some embodiments, proteins comprising Cas9 or fragments thereof are referred to as “Cas9 variants.” A Cas9 variant shares homology to Cas9, or a fragment thereof. For example a Cas9 variant is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 2024203284   17 May 2024 99.9% identical to wild type Cas9. In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more amino acid changes compared to wild type Cas9. In some embodiments, the Cas9 variant comprises a fragment of Cas9 (e.g., a gRNA binding domain or a DNA-cleavage domain), such that the fragment is at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to the corresponding fragment of wild type Cas9. In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% identical, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid length of a corresponding wild type Cas9.

[00214] In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 100 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, or 1300 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, wild type Cas9 corresponds to Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_017053.1, SEQ ID NO: 47 (nucleotide); SEQ ID NO: 48 (amino acid)). ATGGATAAGAAATACTCAATAGGCTTAGATATCGGCACAAATAGCGTCGGATGG GCGGTGATCACTGATGATTATAAGGTTCCGTCTAAAAAGTTCAAGGTTCTGGGAA ATACAGACCGCCACAGTATCAAAAAAAATCTTATAGGGGCTCTTTTATTTGGCAG TGGAGAGACAGCGGAAGCGACTCGTCTCAAACGGACAGCTCGTAGAAGGTATAC ACGTCGGAAGAATCGTATTTGTTATCTACAGGAGATTTTTTCAAATGAGATGGCG AAAGTAGATGATAGTTTCTTTCATCGACTTGAAGAGTCTTTTTTGGTGGAAGAAG ACAAGAAGCATGAACGTCATCCTATTTTTGGAAATATAGTAGATGAAGTTGCTTA TCATGAGAAATATCCAACTATCTATCATCTGCGAAAAAAATTGGCAGATTCTACT GATAAAGCGGATTTGCGCTTAATCTATTTGGCCTTAGCGCATATGATTAAGTTTC GTGGTCATTTTTTGATTGAGGGAGATTTAAATCCTGATAATAGTGATGTGGACAA ACTATTTATCCAGTTGGTACAAATCTACAATCAATTATTTGAAGAAAACCCTATT AACGCAAGTAGAGTAGATGCTAAAGCGATTCTTTCTGCACGATTGAGTAAATCA AGACGATTAGAAAATCTCATTGCTCAGCTCCCCGGTGAGAAGAGAAATGGCTTG TTTGGGAATCTCATTGCTTTGTCATTGGGATTGACCCCTAATTTTAAATCAAATTT TGATTTGGCAGAAGATGCTAAATTACAGCTTTCAAAAGATACTTACGATGATGAT 2024203284   17 May 2024 TTAGATAATTTATTGGCGCAAATTGGAGATCAATATGCTGATTTGTTTTTGGCAG CTAAGAATTTATCAGATGCTATTTTACTTTCAGATATCCTAAGAGTAAATAGTGA AATAACTAAGGCTCCCCTATCAGCTTCAATGATTAAGCGCTACGATGAACATCAT CAAGACTTGACTCTTTTAAAAGCTTTAGTTCGACAACAACTTCCAGAAAAGTATA AAGAAATCTTTTTTGATCAATCAAAAAACGGATATGCAGGTTATATTGATGGGGG AGCTAGCCAAGAAGAATTTTATAAATTTATCAAACCAATTTTAGAAAAAATGGAT GGTACTGAGGAATTATTGGTGAAACTAAATCGTGAAGATTTGCTGCGCAAGCAA CGGACCTTTGACAACGGCTCTATTCCCCATCAAATTCACTTGGGTGAGCTGCATG CTATTTTGAGAAGACAAGAAGACTTTTATCCATTTTTAAAAGACAATCGTGAGAA GATTGAAAAAATCTTGACTTTTCGAATTCCTTATTATGTTGGTCCATTGGCGCGTG GCAATAGTCGTTTTGCATGGATGACTCGGAAGTCTGAAGAAACAATTACCCCATG GAATTTTGAAGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCTTCAGCTCAATCATTTATTGAACGC ATGACAAACTTTGATAAAAATCTTCCAAATGAAAAAGTACTACCAAAACATAGT TTGCTTTATGAGTATTTTACGGTTTATAACGAATTGACAAAGGTCAAATATGTTA CTGAGGGAATGCGAAAACCAGCATTTCTTTCAGGTGAACAGAAGAAAGCCATTG TTGATTTACTCTTCAAAACAAATCGAAAAGTAACCGTTAAGCAATTAAAAGAAG ATTATTTCAAAAAAATAGAATGTTTTGATAGTGTTGAAATTTCAGGAGTTGAAGA TAGATTTAATGCTTCATTAGGCGCCTACCATGATTTGCTAAAAATTATTAAAGAT AAAGATTTTTTGGATAATGAAGAAAATGAAGATATCTTAGAGGATATTGTTTTAA CATTGACCTTATTTGAAGATAGGGGGATGATTGAGGAAAGACTTAAAACATATG CTCACCTCTTTGATGATAAGGTGATGAAACAGCTTAAACGTCGCCGTTATACTGG TTGGGGACGTTTGTCTCGAAAATTGATTAATGGTATTAGGGATAAGCAATCTGGC AAAACAATATTAGATTTTTTGAAATCAGATGGTTTTGCCAATCGCAATTTTATGC AGCTGATCCATGATGATAGTTTGACATTTAAAGAAGATATTCAAAAAGCACAGG TGTCTGGACAAGGCCATAGTTTACATGAACAGATTGCTAACTTAGCTGGCAGTCC TGCTATTAAAAAAGGTATTTTACAGACTGTAAAAATTGTTGATGAACTGGTCAAA GTAATGGGGCATAAGCCAGAAAATATCGTTATTGAAATGGCACGTGAAAATCAG ACAACTCAAAAGGGCCAGAAAAATTCGCGAGAGCGTATGAAACGAATCGAAGA AGGTATCAAAGAATTAGGAAGTCAGATTCTTAAAGAGCATCCTGTTGAAAATAC TCAATTGCAAAATGAAAAGCTCTATCTCTATTATCTACAAAATGGAAGAGACATG TATGTGGACCAAGAATTAGATATTAATCGTTTAAGTGATTATGATGTCGATCACA TTGTTCCACAAAGTTTCATTAAAGACGATTCAATAGACAATAAGGTACTAACGCG TTCTGATAAAAATCGTGGTAAATCGGATAACGTTCCAAGTGAAGAAGTAGTCAA AAAGATGAAAAACTATTGGAGACAACTTCTAAACGCCAAGTTAATCACTCAACG 2024203284   17 May 2024 TAAGTTTGATAATTTAACGAAAGCTGAACGTGGAGGTTTGAGTGAACTTGATAAA GCTGGTTTTATCAAACGCCAATTGGTTGAAACTCGCCAAATCACTAAGCATGTGG CACAAATTTTGGATAGTCGCATGAATACTAAATACGATGAAAATGATAAACTTAT TCGAGAGGTTAAAGTGATTACCTTAAAATCTAAATTAGTTTCTGACTTCCGAAAA GATTTCCAATTCTATAAAGTACGTGAGATTAACAATTACCATCATGCCCATGATG CGTATCTAAATGCCGTCGTTGGAACTGCTTTGATTAAGAAATATCCAAAACTTGA ATCGGAGTTTGTCTATGGTGATTATAAAGTTTATGATGTTCGTAAAATGATTGCT AAGTCTGAGCAAGAAATAGGCAAAGCAACCGCAAAATATTTCTTTTACTCTAATA TCATGAACTTCTTCAAAACAGAAATTACACTTGCAAATGGAGAGATTCGCAAAC GCCCTCTAATCGAAACTAATGGGGAAACTGGAGAAATTGTCTGGGATAAAGGGC GAGATTTTGCCACAGTGCGCAAAGTATTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAATATTGTCAA GAAAACAGAAGTACAGACAGGCGGATTCTCCAAGGAGTCAATTTTACCAAAAAG AAATTCGGACAAGCTTATTGCTCGTAAAAAAGACTGGGATCCAAAAAAATATGG TGGTTTTGATAGTCCAACGGTAGCTTATTCAGTCCTAGTGGTTGCTAAGGTGGAA AAAGGGAAATCGAAGAAGTTAAAATCCGTTAAAGAGTTACTAGGGATCACAATT ATGGAAAGAAGTTCCTTTGAAAAAAATCCGATTGACTTTTTAGAAGCTAAAGGAT ATAAGGAAGTTAAAAAAGACTTAATCATTAAACTACCTAAATATAGTCTTTTTGA GTTAGAAAACGGTCGTAAACGGATGCTGGCTAGTGCCGGAGAATTACAAAAAGG AAATGAGCTGGCTCTGCCAAGCAAATATGTGAATTTTTTATATTTAGCTAGTCAT TATGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTAGTCCAGAAGATAACGAACAAAAACAATTGTTTGTG GAGCAGCATAAGCATTATTTAGATGAGATTATTGAGCAAATCAGTGAATTTTCTA AGCGTGTTATTTTAGCAGATGCCAATTTAGATAAAGTTCTTAGTGCATATAACAA ACATAGAGACAAACCAATACGTGAACAAGCAGAAAATATTATTCATTTATTTAC GTTGACGAATCTTGGAGCTCCCGCTGCTTTTAAATATTTTGATACAACAATTGATC GTAAACGATATACGTCTACAAAAGAAGTTTTAGATGCCACTCTTATCCATCAATC CATCACTGGTCTTTATGAAACACGCATTGATTTGAGTCAGCTAGGAGGTGACTGA (SEQ ID NO:47) MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDDYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFGSGE 1AEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHE RHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLADSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEG DLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQIYNQLFEENPINASRVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPG EKRNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYAD LFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNSEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEK 2024203284   17 May 2024 YKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRT FDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFA WMTRKSEETrrPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTV YNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFD SVEISGVEDRFNASLGAYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDRGMIEER LKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANR NFMQLIHDDSETFKEDIQKAOVSGQGHSLHEOIANLAGSPAIKKGILOTVKIVDELVK VMGHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQLQ NEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFIKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNR GKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQ LVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVRET NNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKEESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKAT AKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQ VNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAK VEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELE NGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQHK HYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPA AFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO:48) (single underline: HNH domain; double underline: RuvC domain)

[00215] In some embodiments, wild type Cas9 corresponds to, or comprises SEQ ID NO:49 (nucleotide) and / or SEQ ID NO: 50 (amino acid): ATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTATTGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGG CTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAGAAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGA ACACAGACCGTCATTCGATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCGATAG TGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAACGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATAC ACGTCGCAAGAACCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATGAGATGGCC AAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGTTTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGG ACAAGAAACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAGATGAGGTGGCAT ATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATTTATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAA CTGATAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTGCCCATATGATAAAGTT CCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATTGAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGAC AAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATCAGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTA TAAATGCAAGTGGCGTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTCTAAATC CCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAATTACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTT 2024203284   17 May 2024 GTTCGGTAACCTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTTTAAGTCGAAC TTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAATTGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGAC GATCTCGACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGCGGACTTATTTTTGG CTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATGCAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATAC TGAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGATCAAAAGGTACGATGAACAT CACCAAGACTTGACACTTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAGAAAT ATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAACGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACG GCGGAGCGAGTCAAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTAGAGAAGA TGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAAACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAA AGCAGCGGACTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCACTTAGGCGAATT GCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGAGGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGT GAAAAGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTACTATGTGGGACCCCTGG CCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTTCGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTA CTCCATGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCAT CGAGAGGATGACCAACTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGCCTAA GCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTGTACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAG TATGTCACTGAGGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAACAGAAGAAA GCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACCAACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTG AAAGAGGACTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCGAGATCTCCGGGG TAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCACTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAAT TAAAGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAGATATCTTAGAAGATAT AGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTCTTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAAA ACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGAAACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCT ATACGGGCTGGGGACGATTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGACAAGC AAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAAAGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAA CTTTATGCAGCTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGATATACAAAAG GCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACTCATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTG GTTCGCCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAAAGTAGTGGATGAGC TAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTCACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCAC GCGAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAGTCGAGAGCGGATGAAG AGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTAAAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCT GTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTACCTCTATTACCTACAAAATG GAAGGGACATGTATGTTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGATTACGA CGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTTGAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAA 2024203284   17 May 2024 GTGCTTACACGCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTTCCAAGCGAG GAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTATTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTG ATAACGCAAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGGGGTGGCTTGTCT GAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTATTAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCCAAATC ACAAAGCATGTTGCACAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAATACGAAATACGACGAG AACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGAAGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTG TCGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTTAGGGAGATAAATAACTACC ACCATGCGCACGACGCTTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTAAGAA ATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTATGGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTC CGTAAGATGATCGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAGCCAAATA CTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTCTTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACG GAGAGATACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGACAGGTGAAATCG TATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTCGCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCC AAGTCAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAGGGTTTTCAAAGGAAT CGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAATAGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGG ACCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAGTTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGT AGTGGCAAAAGTTGAGAAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGAAT TATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTTTTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTT CCTTGAGGCGAAAGGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAAACTACC AAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATGGCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGC CGGAGAGCTTCAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATACGTGAATTT CCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGAAGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAA CAGAAGCAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGACGAAATCATAGAGC AAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGAGAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGT ATTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCATACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAA ATATTATCCATTTGTTTACTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAGTAT TTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAACGATACACTTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGAC GCGACACTGATTCACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATAGATTTGT CACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACT ACAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACG ATGACAAGGCTGCAGGA (SEQ ID NO: 49) MDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGE 1AEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHE 2024203284   17 May 2024 RHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEG DLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLP GEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYA DLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPE KYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQR TFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFA WMTRKSEETrrPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTV YNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFD SVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSETFKEDIQKAOVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOL ONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK ROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLTREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKEESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 50) (single underline: HNH domain; double underline: RuvC domain)

[00216] In some embodiments, wild type Cas9 corresponds to Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_002737.2, SEQ ID NO: 51 (nucleotide); and Uniport Reference Sequence: Q99ZW2, SEQ ID NO: 52 (amino acid). ATGGATAAGAAATACTCAATAGGCTTAGATATCGGCACAAATAGCGTCGGATGG GCGGTGATCACTGATGAATATAAGGTTCCGTCTAAAAAGTTCAAGGTTCTGGGAA ATACAGACCGCCACAGTATCAAAAAAAATCTTATAGGGGCTCTTTTATTTGACAG TGGAGAGACAGCGGAAGCGACTCGTCTCAAACGGACAGCTCGTAGAAGGTATAC ACGTCGGAAGAATCGTATTTGTTATCTACAGGAGATTTTTTCAAATGAGATGGCG AAAGTAGATGATAGTTTCTTTCATCGACTTGAAGAGTCTTTTTTGGTGGAAGAAG ACAAGAAGCATGAACGTCATCCTATTTTTGGAAATATAGTAGATGAAGTTGCTTA TCATGAGAAATATCCAACTATCTATCATCTGCGAAAAAAATTGGTAGATTCTACT 2024203284   17 May 2024 GATAAAGCGGATTTGCGCTTAATCTATTTGGCCTTAGCGCATATGATTAAGTTTC GTGGTCATTTTTTGATTGAGGGAGATTTAAATCCTGATAATAGTGATGTGGACAA ACTATTTATCCAGTTGGTACAAACCTACAATCAATTATTTGAAGAAAACCCTATT AACGCAAGTGGAGTAGATGCTAAAGCGATTCTTTCTGCACGATTGAGTAAATCA AGACGATTAGAAAATCTCATTGCTCAGCTCCCCGGTGAGAAGAAAAATGGCTTA TTTGGGAATCTCATTGCTTTGTCATTGGGTTTGACCCCTAATTTTAAATCAAATTT TGATTTGGCAGAAGATGCTAAATTACAGCTTTCAAAAGATACTTACGATGATGAT TTAGATAATTTATTGGCGCAAATTGGAGATCAATATGCTGATTTGTTTTTGGCAG CTAAGAATTTATCAGATGCTATTTTACTTTCAGATATCCTAAGAGTAAATACTGA AATAACTAAGGCTCCCCTATCAGCTTCAATGATTAAACGCTACGATGAACATCAT CAAGACTTGACTCTTTTAAAAGCTTTAGTTCGACAACAACTTCCAGAAAAGTATA AAGAAATCTTTTTTGATCAATCAAAAAACGGATATGCAGGTTATATTGATGGGGG AGCTAGCCAAGAAGAATTTTATAAATTTATCAAACCAATTTTAGAAAAAATGGAT GGTACTGAGGAATTATTGGTGAAACTAAATCGTGAAGATTTGCTGCGCAAGCAA CGGACCTTTGACAACGGCTCTATTCCCCATCAAATTCACTTGGGTGAGCTGCATG CTATTTTGAGAAGACAAGAAGACTTTTATCCATTTTTAAAAGACAATCGTGAGAA GATTGAAAAAATCTTGACTTTTCGAATTCCTTATTATGTTGGTCCATTGGCGCGTG GCAATAGTCGTTTTGCATGGATGACTCGGAAGTCTGAAGAAACAATTACCCCATG GAATTTTGAAGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGTGCTTCAGCTCAATCATTTATTGAACGC ATGACAAACTTTGATAAAAATCTTCCAAATGAAAAAGTACTACCAAAACATAGT TTGCTTTATGAGTATTTTACGGTTTATAACGAATTGACAAAGGTCAAATATGTTA CTGAAGGAATGCGAAAACCAGCATTTCTTTCAGGTGAACAGAAGAAAGCCATTG TTGATTTACTCTTCAAAACAAATCGAAAAGTAACCGTTAAGCAATTAAAAGAAG ATTATTTCAAAAAAATAGAATGTTTTGATAGTGTTGAAATTTCAGGAGTTGAAGA TAGATTTAATGCTTCATTAGGTACCTACCATGATTTGCTAAAAATTATTAAAGAT AAAGATTTTTTGGATAATGAAGAAAATGAAGATATCTTAGAGGATATTGTTTTAA CATTGACCTTATTTGAAGATAGGGAGATGATTGAGGAAAGACTTAAAACATATG CTCACCTCTTTGATGATAAGGTGATGAAACAGCTTAAACGTCGCCGTTATACTGG TTGGGGACGTTTGTCTCGAAAATTGATTAATGGTATTAGGGATAAGCAATCTGGC AAAACAATATTAGATTTTTTGAAATCAGATGGTTTTGCCAATCGCAATTTTATGC AGCTGATCCATGATGATAGTTTGACATTTAAAGAAGACATTCAAAAAGCACAAG TGTCTGGACAAGGCGATAGTTTACATGAACATATTGCAAATTTAGCTGGTAGCCC TGCTATTAAAAAAGGTATTTTACAGACTGTAAAAGTTGTTGATGAATTGGTCAAA GTAATGGGGCGGCATAAGCCAGAAAATATCGTTATTGAAATGGCACGTGAAAAT 2024203284   17 May 2024 CAGACAACTCAAAAGGGCCAGAAAAATTCGCGAGAGCGTATGAAACGAATCGA AGAAGGTATCAAAGAATTAGGAAGTCAGATTCTTAAAGAGCATCCTGTTGAAAA TACTCAATTGCAAAATGAAAAGCTCTATCTCTATTATCTCCAAAATGGAAGAGAC ATGTATGTGGACCAAGAATTAGATATTAATCGTTTAAGTGATTATGATGTCGATC ACATTGTTCCACAAAGTTTCCTTAAAGACGATTCAATAGACAATAAGGTCTTAAC GCGTTCTGATAAAAATCGTGGTAAATCGGATAACGTTCCAAGTGAAGAAGTAGT CAAAAAGATGAAAAACTATTGGAGACAACTTCTAAACGCCAAGTTAATCACTCA ACGTAAGTTTGATAATTTAACGAAAGCTGAACGTGGAGGTTTGAGTGAACTTGAT AAAGCTGGTTTTATCAAACGCCAATTGGTTGAAACTCGCCAAATCACTAAGCATG TGGCACAAATTTTGGATAGTCGCATGAATACTAAATACGATGAAAATGATAAAC TTATTCGAGAGGTTAAAGTGATTACCTTAAAATCTAAATTAGTTTCTGACTTCCG AAAAGATTTCCAATTCTATAAAGTACGTGAGATTAACAATTACCATCATGCCCAT GATGCGTATCTAAATGCCGTCGTTGGAACTGCTTTGATTAAGAAATATCCAAAAC TTGAATCGGAGTTTGTCTATGGTGATTATAAAGTTTATGATGTTCGTAAAATGATT GCTAAGTCTGAGCAAGAAATAGGCAAAGCAACCGCAAAATATTTCTTTTACTCTA ATATCATGAACTTCTTCAAAACAGAAATTACACTTGCAAATGGAGAGATTCGCAA ACGCCCTCTAATCGAAACTAATGGGGAAACTGGAGAAATTGTCTGGGATAAAGG GCGAGATTTTGCCACAGTGCGCAAAGTATTGTCCATGCCCCAAGTCAATATTGTC AAGAAAACAGAAGTACAGACAGGCGGATTCTCCAAGGAGTCAATTTTACCAAAA AGAAATTCGGACAAGCTTATTGCTCGTAAAAAAGACTGGGATCCAAAAAAATAT GGTGGTTTTGATAGTCCAACGGTAGCTTATTCAGTCCTAGTGGTTGCTAAGGTGG AAAAAGGGAAATCGAAGAAGTTAAAATCCGTTAAAGAGTTACTAGGGATCACAA TTATGGAAAGAAGTTCCTTTGAAAAAAATCCGATTGACTTTTTAGAAGCTAAAGG ATATAAGGAAGTTAAAAAAGACTTAATCATTAAACTACCTAAATATAGTCTTTTT GAGTTAGAAAACGGTCGTAAACGGATGCTGGCTAGTGCCGGAGAATTACAAAAA GGAAATGAGCTGGCTCTGCCAAGCAAATATGTGAATTTTTTATATTTAGCTAGTC ATTATGAAAAGTTGAAGGGTAGTCCAGAAGATAACGAACAAAAACAATTGTTTG TGGAGCAGCATAAGCATTATTTAGATGAGATTATTGAGCAAATCAGTGAATTTTC TAAGCGTGTTATTTTAGCAGATGCCAATTTAGATAAAGTTCTTAGTGCATATAAC AAACATAGAGACAAACCAATACGTGAACAAGCAGAAAATATTATTCATTTATTT ACGTTGACGAATCTTGGAGCTCCCGCTGCTTTTAAATATTTTGATACAACAATTG ATCGTAAACGATATACGTCTACAAAAGAAGTTTTAGATGCCACTCTTATCCATCA ATCCATCACTGGTCTTTATGAAACACGCATTGATTTGAGTCAGCTAGGAGGTGAC TGA (SEQIDNO: 51) 2024203284   17 May 2024 MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGE TAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHE RHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEG DLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLP GEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYA DLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPE KYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQR TFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFA WMTRKSEETrrPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTV YNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFD SVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOL ONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITORKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK ROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKEESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM POVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 52) (single underline: HNH domain; double underline: RuvC domain)

[00217] In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to Cas9 from: Corynebacterium ulcerans (NCBI Refs: NC_015683.1, NC_017317.1); Corynebacterium diphtheria (NCBI Refs: NC_016782.1, NC_016786.1); Spiroplasma syrphidicola (NCBI Ref: NC_021284.1); Prevotella intermedia (NCBI Ref: NC_017861.1); Spiroplasma taiwanense (NCBI Ref: NC_021846.1); Streptococcus iniae (NCBI Ref: NC_021314.1); Belliella baltica (NCBI Ref: NC_018010.1); Psychroflexus torquisl (NCBI Ref: NC_018721.1); Streptococcus thermophilus (NCBI Ref: YP_820832.1), Listeria innocua (NCBI Ref: NP_472073.1), 2024203284   17 May 2024 Campylobacter jejuni (NCBI Ref: YP_002344900.1) or Neisseria, meningitidis (NCBI Ref: YP_002342100.1) or to a Cas9 from any other organism.

[00218] In some embodiments, dCas9 corresponds to, or comprises in part or in whole, a Cas9 amino acid sequence having one or more mutations that inactivate the Cas9 nuclease activity. For example, in some embodiments, a dCas9 domain comprises D10A and an H840A mutation of SEQ ID NO: 52 or corresponding mutations in another Cas9. In some embodiments, the dCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 dCas9 (D10A and H840A): MDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGE TAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHE RHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEG DLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLP GEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYA DLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPE KYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQR TFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFA WMTRKSEETrTPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTV YNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFD SVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOL ONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM POVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESTEPKRNSDKETARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVEVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 53) (single underline: HNH domain; double underline: RuvC domain). 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00219] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises a D10A mutation, while the residue at position 840 remains a histidine in the amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 52, or at corresponding positions in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the presence of the catalytic residue H840 maintains the activity of the Cas9 to cleave the non-edited (e.g., non-deaminated) strand containing a T opposite the targeted A. Restoration of H840 (e.g., from A840 of a dCas9) does not result in the cleavage of the target strand containing the A. Such Cas9 variants are able to generate a single-strand DNA break (nick) at a specific location based on the gRNA-defined target sequence, leading to repair of the non-edited strand, ultimately resulting in a T to C change on the non-edited strand. A schematic representation of this process is shown in Figure 94. Briefly, and without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the A of a A-T base pair can be deaminated to a inosine (I) by an adenosine deaminase, e.g., an engineered adenosine deaminase that deaminates an adenosine in DNA. Nicking the non-edited strand, having the T, facilitates removal of the T via mismatch repair mechanisms. A UGI domain or a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN) may inhibit inosine-specific nucleases (e.g., sterically) thereby preventing removal of the inosine (I).

[00220] In other embodiments, dCas9 variants having mutations other than D10A and H840A are provided, which, e.g., result in nuclease inactivated Cas9 (dCas9). Such mutations, by way of example, include other amino acid substitutions at D10 and H840, or other substitutions within the nuclease domains of Cas9 (e.g., substitutions in the HNH nuclease subdomain and / or the RuvCl subdomain). In some embodiments, variants or homologues of dCas9 (e.g., variants of SEQ ID NO: 53) are provided which are at least about 70% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 98% identical, at least about 99% identical, at least about 99.5% identical, or at least about 99.9% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, variants of dCas9 (e.g., variants of SEQ ID NO: 53) are provided having amino acid sequences which are shorter, or longer than SEQ ID NO: 53, by about 5 amino acids, by about 10 amino acids, by about 15 amino acids, by about 20 amino acids, by about 25 amino acids, by about 30 amino acids, by about 40 amino acids, by about 50 amino acids, by about 75 amino acids, by about 100 amino acids or more.

[00221] In some embodiments, Cas9 fusion proteins as provided herein comprise the full-length amino acid sequence of a Cas9 protein, e.g., one of the Cas9 sequences provided herein. In other embodiments, however, fusion proteins as provided herein do not comprise a 2024203284   17 May 2024 full-length Cas9 sequence, but only a fragment thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a Cas9 fusion protein provided herein comprises a Cas9 fragment, wherein the fragment binds crRNA and tracrRNA or sgRNA, but does not comprise a functional nuclease domain, e.g., in that it comprises only a truncated version of a nuclease domain or no nuclease domain at all.

[00222] Exemplary amino acid sequences of suitable Cas9 domains and Cas9 fragments are provided herein, and additional suitable sequences of Cas9 domains and fragments will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

[00223] In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to Cas9 from: Corynebacterium ulcerans (NCBI Refs: NC_015683.1, NC_017317.1); Corynebacterium diphtheria (NCBI Refs: NC_016782.1, NC_016786.1); Spiroplasma syrphidicola (NCBI Ref: NC_021284.1); Prevotella intermedia (NCBI Ref: NC_017861.1); Spiroplasma taiwanense (NCBI Ref: NC_021846.1); Streptococcus iniae (NCBI Ref: NC_021314.1); Belliella baltica (NCBI Ref: NC_018010.1); Psychroflexus torquisl (NCBI Ref: NC_018721.1); Streptococcus thermophilus (NCBI Ref: YP_820832.1); Listeria innocua (NCBI Ref: NP_472073.1); Campylobacter jejuni (NCBI Ref: YP_002344900.1); or Neisseria, meningitidis (NCBI Ref: YP_002342100.1).

[00224] It should be appreciated that additional Cas9 proteins (e.g., a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9), including variants and homologs thereof, are within the scope of this disclosure. Exemplary Cas9 proteins include, without limitation, those provided below. In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9). In some embodiments, the dCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 34). In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9). In some embodiments, the nCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 35). In some embodiments, the Cas9 protein is a nuclease active Cas9. In some embodiments, the nuclease active Cas9 comprises the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 36). Exemplary catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9): DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL 2024203284   17 May 2024 FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 34) Exemplary Cas9 nickase (nCas9): DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN 2024203284   17 May 2024 FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 35) Exemplary catalytically active Cas9: DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM 2024203284   17 May 2024 PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 36).

[00225] In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to a Cas9 from arehaea (e.g. nanoarchaea), which constitute a domain and kingdom of single-celled prokaryotic microbes. In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to CasX or CasY, which have been described in, for example, Burstein et al., “New CRISPR-Cas systems from uncultivated microbes.” Cell Res. 2017 Feb 21. doi: 10.1038 / cr.2017.21, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Using genome-resolved metagenomics, a number of CRISPR-Cas systems were identified, including the first reported Cas9 in the archaeal domain of life. This divergent Cas9 protein was found in little-studied nanoarchaea as part of an active CRISPR-Cas system. In bacteria, two previously unknown systems were discovered, CRISPR-CasX and CRISPR-CasY, which are among the most compact systems yet discovered. In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to CasX, or a variant of CasX. In some embodiments, Cas9 refers to a CasY, or a variant of CasY. It should be appreciated that other RNA-guided DNA binding proteins may be used as a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp), and are within the scope of this disclosure.

[00226] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) of any of the fusion proteins provided herein may be a CasX or CasY protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a CasX protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a CasY protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at ease 99.5% identical to a naturally-occurring CasX or CasY protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a naturally-occurring CasX or CasY protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at ease 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 417-419. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of any one SEQ ID NOs: 2024203284   17 May 2024 417-419. It should be appreciated that CasX and CasY from other bacterial species may also be used in accordance with the present disclosure. CasX (uniprot.org / uniprot / F0NN87; uniprot.org / uniprot / FONH53) >trlF0NN87IF0NN87_SULIH CRIS PR-associated Casx protein OS=Sulfolobus islandicus (strain HVE10 / 4) GN=SiH_0402 PE=4 SV=1 MEVPLYNIFGDNYIIQVATEAENSTIYNNKVEIDDEELRNVLNLAYKIAKNNEDAAAE RRGKAKKKKGEEGETTTSNIILPLSGNDKNPWTETLKCYNFPTTVALSEVFKNFSQV KECEEVSAPSFVKPEFYEFGRSPGMVERTRRVKLEVEPHYLIIAAAGWVLTRLGKAK VSEGDYVGVNVFTPTRGILYSLIQNVNGIVPGIKPETAFGLWIARKVVSSVTNPNVSV VRIYTISDAVGQNPTTINGGFSIDLTKLLEKRYLLSERLEAIARNALSISSNMRERYIVL ANYIYEYLTGSKRLEDLLYFANRDLIMNLNSDDGKVRDLKLISAYVNGELIRGEG (SEQIDNO: 417) >trlFONH53IFONH53_SULIR CRISPR associated protein, Casx OS=Sulfolobus islandicus (strain REY15A) GN=SiRe_0771 PE=4 SV=1 MEVPLYNIFGDNYIIQVATEAENSTIYNNKVEIDDEELRNVLNLAYKIAKNNEDAAAE RRGKAKKKKGEEGETTTSNIILPLSGNDKNPWTETLKCYNFPTTVALSEVFKNFSQV KECEEVSAPSFVKPEFYKFGRSPGMVERTRRVKLEVEPHYLIMAAAGWVLTRLGKA KVSEGDYVGVNVFTPTRGILYSLIQNVNGIVPGIKPETAFGLWIARKVVSSVTNPNVS VVSIYTISDAVGQNPTTINGGFSIDLTKLLEKRDLLSERLEAIARNALSISSNMRERYIV LANYIYEYLTGSKRLEDLLYFANRDLIMNLNSDDGKVRDLKLISAYVNGELIRGEG (SEQIDNO: 418) CasY (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / protein / APG80656.1) >APG80656.1 CRISPR-associated protein CasY [uncultured Parcubacteria group bacterium] MSKRHPRISGVKGYRLHAQRLEYTGKSGAMRTIKYPLYSSPSGGRTVPREIVSAINDD YVGLYGLSNFDDLYNAEKRNEEKVYSVLDFWYDCVQYGAVFSYTAPGLLKNVAEV RGGSYELTKTLKGSHLYDELQIDKVIKFLNKKEISRANGSLDKLKKDIIDCFKAEYRE RHKDQCNKLADDIKNAKKDAGASLGERQKKLFRDFFGISEQSENDKPSFTNPLNLTC CLLPFDTVNNNRNRGEVLFNKLKEYAQKLDKNEGSLEMWEYIGIGNSGTAFSNFLGE GFLGRLRENKITELKKAMMDITDAWRGQEQEEELEKRLRILAALTIKLREPKFDNHW GGYRSDINGKLSSWLQNYINQTVKIKEDLKGHKKDLKKAKEMINRFGESDTKEEAV VSSLLESIEKIVPDDSADDEKPDIPAIAIYRRFLSDGRLTLNRFVQREDVQEALIKERLE 2024203284   17 May 2024 AEKKKKPKKRKKKSDAEDEKETIDFKELFPHLAKPLKLVPNFYGDSKRELYKKYKN AAIYTDALWKAVEKIYKSAFSSSLKNSFFDTDFDKDFFIKRLQKIFSVYRRFNTDKWK PIVKNSFAPYCDIVSLAENEVLYKPKQSRSRKSAAIDKNRVRLPSTENIAKAGIALARE LSVAGFDWKDLLKKEEHEEYIDLIELHKTALALLLAVTETQLDISALDFVENGTVKD FMKTRDGNLVLEGRFLEMFSQSIVFSELRGLAGLMSRKEFITRSAIQTMNGKQAELL YIPHEFQSAKITTPKEMSRAFLDLAPAEFATSLEPESLSEKSLLKLKQMRYYPHYFGY ELTRTGQGIDGGVAENALRLEKSPVKKREIKCKQYKTLGRGQNKIVLYVRSSYYQTQ FLEWFLHRPKNVQTDVAVSGSFLIDEKKVKTRWNYDALTVALEPVSGSERVFVSQPF TIFPEKSAEEEGQRYLGIDIGEYGIAYTALEITGDSAKILDQNFISDPQLKTLREEVKGL KLDQRRGTFAMPSTKIARIRESLVHSLRNRIHHLALKHKAKIVYELEVSRFEEGKQKI KKVYATLKKADVYSEIDADKNLQTTVWGKLAVASEISASYTSQFCGACKKLWRAE MQVDETITTQELIGTVRVIKGGTLIDAIKDFMRPPIFDENDTPFPKYRDFCDKHHISKK MRGNSCLFICPFCRANADADIQASQTIALLRYVKEEKKVEDYFERFRKLKNIKVLGQ MKKI (SEQ ID NO: 419)

[00227] The term “effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount of a biologically active agent that is sufficient to elicit a desired biological response. For example, in some embodiments, an effective amount of a nucleobase editor may refer to the amount of the nucleobase editor that is sufficient to induce mutation of a target site specifically bound mutated by the nucleobase editor. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a fusion protein provided herein, e.g., of a fusion protein comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein and a deaminase domain (e.g., an adenosine deaminase domain) may refer to the amount of the fusion protein that is sufficient to induce editing of a target site specifically bound and edited by the fusion protein. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the effective amount of an agent, e.g., a fusion protein, a nucleobase editor, a deaminase, a hybrid protein, a protein dimer, a complex of a protein (or protein dimer) and a polynucleotide, or a polynucleotide, may vary depending on various factors as, for example, on the desired biological response, e.g., on the specific allele, genome, or target site to be edited, on the cell or tissue being targeted, and on the agent being used.

[00228] The terms “nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid molecule,” as used herein, refer to a compound comprising a nucleobase and an acidic moiety, e.g., a nucleoside, a nucleotide, or a polymer of nucleotides. Typically, polymeric nucleic acids, e.g., nucleic acid molecules comprising three or more nucleotides are linear molecules, in which adjacent nucleotides are linked to each other via a phosphodiester linkage. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” 2024203284   17 May 2024 refers to individual nucleic acid residues (e.g. nucleotides and / or nucleosides). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to an oligonucleotide chain comprising three or more individual nucleotide residues. As used herein, the terms “oligonucleotide” and “polynucleotide” can be used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of nucleotides (e.g., a string of at least three nucleotides). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses RNA as well as single and / or double-stranded DNA. Nucleic acids may be naturally occurring, for example, in the context of a genome, a transcript, an mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA, snRNA, a plasmid, cosmid, chromosome, chromatid, or other naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule. On the other hand, a nucleic acid molecule may be a non-naturally occurring molecule, e.g., a recombinant DNA or RNA, an artificial chromosome, an engineered genome, or fragment thereof, or a synthetic DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrid, or including non-naturally occurring nucleotides or nucleosides. Furthermore, the terms “nucleic acid,” “DNA,” “RNA,” and / or similar terms include nucleic acid analogs, e.g., analogs having other than a phosphodiester backbone. Nucleic acids can be purified from natural sources, produced using recombinant expression systems and optionally purified, chemically synthesized, etc. Where appropriate, e.g., in the case of chemically synthesized molecules, nucleic acids can comprise nucleoside analogs such as analogs having chemically modified bases or sugars, and backbone modifications. A nucleic acid sequence is presented in the 5' to 3' direction unless otherwise indicated. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is or comprises natural nucleosides (e.g. adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxycytidine); nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine); chemically modified bases; biologically modified bases (e.g., methylated bases); intercalated bases; modified sugars (e.g., 2'-fluororibose, ribose, 2'-deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose); and / or modified phosphate groups (e.g., phosphorothioates and 5'-N-phosphoramidite linkages).

[00229] The term “proliferative disease,” as used herein, refers to any disease in which cell or tissue homeostasis is disturbed in that a cell or cell population exhibits an abnormally elevated proliferation rate. Proliferative diseases include hyperproliferative diseases, such as pre-neoplastic hyperplastic conditions and neoplastic diseases. Neoplastic diseases are 2024203284   17 May 2024 characterized by an abnormal proliferation of cells and include both benign and malignant neoplasias. Malignant neoplasia is also referred to as cancer.

[00230] The terms “protein,” “peptide,” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide (amide) bonds. The terms refer to a protein, peptide, or polypeptide of any size, structure, or function. Typically, a protein, peptide, or polypeptide will be at least three amino acids long. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may refer to an individual protein or a collection of proteins. One or more of the amino acids in a protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a famesyl group, an isofarnesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation, functionalization, or other modification, etc. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may also be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be just a fragment of a naturally occurring protein or peptide. A protein, peptide, or polypeptide may be naturally occurring, recombinant, or synthetic, or any combination thereof. The term “fusion protein” as used herein refers to a hybrid polypeptide which comprises protein domains from at least two different proteins. One protein may be located at the amino-terminal (N-terminal) portion of the fusion protein or at the carboxyterminal (C-terminal) protein thus forming an “amino-terminal fusion protein” or a “carboxyterminal fusion protein,” respectively. A protein may comprise different domains, for example, a nucleic acid binding domain (e.g., the gRNA binding domain of Cas9 that directs the binding of the protein to a target site) and a nucleic acid cleavage domain or a catalytic domain of a nucleic-acid editing protein. In some embodiments, a protein comprises a proteinaceous part, e.g., an amino acid sequence constituting a nucleic acid binding domain, and an organic compound, e.g., a compound that can act as a nucleic acid cleavage agent. In some embodiments, a protein is in a complex with, or is in association with, a nucleic acid, e.g., RNA. Any of the proteins provided herein may be produced by any method known in the art. For example, the proteins provided herein may be produced via recombinant protein expression and purification, which is especially suited for fusion proteins comprising a peptide linker. Methods for recombinant protein expression and purification are well known, and include those described by Green and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2012)), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0001] The term “RNA-programmable nuclease,” and “RNA-guided nuclease” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a nuclease that forms a complex with (e.g., binds or 2024203284   17 May 2024 associates with) one or more RNA(s) that is not a target for cleavage. In some embodiments, an RNA-programmable nuclease, when in a complex with an RNA, may be referred to as a nuclease:RNA complex. Typically, the bound RNA(s) is referred to as a guide RNA (gRNA). gRNAs can exist as a complex of two or more RNAs, or as a single RNA molecule. gRNAs that exist as a single RNA molecule may be referred to as single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), though “gRNA” is used interchangeably to refer to guide RNAs that exist as either single molecules or as a complex of two or more molecules. Typically, gRNAs that exist as single RNA species comprise two domains: (1) a domain that shares homology to a target nucleic acid (e.g., and directs binding of a Cas9 complex to the target); and (2) a domain that binds a Cas9 protein. In some embodiments, domain (2) corresponds to a sequence known as a tracrRNA, and comprises a stem-loop structure. For example, in some embodiments, domain (2) is identical or homologous to a tracrRNA as provided in Jinek et al., Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other examples of gRNAs (e.g., those including domain 2) can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application, U.S.S.N. 61 / 874,682, filed September 6, 2013, entitled “Switchable Cas9 Nucleases And Uses Thereof,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application, U.S.S.N. 61 / 874,746, filed September 6, 2013, entitled “Delivery System For Functional Nucleases,” the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, a gRNA comprises two or more of domains (1) and (2), and may be referred to as an “extended gRNA.” For example, an extended gRNA will, e.g., bind two or more Cas9 proteins and bind a target nucleic acid at two or more distinct regions, as described herein. The gRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence that complements a target site, which mediates binding of the nuclease / RNA complex to said target site, providing the sequence specificity of the nuclease:RNA complex. In some embodiments, the RNA-programmable nuclease is the (CRISPR-associated system) Cas9 endonuclease, for example, Cas9 (Csnl) from Streptococcus pyogenes (see, e.g., “Complete genome sequence of an Ml strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.” Ferretti J.J., McShan W.M., Ajdic D.J., Savic D.J., Savic G., Lyon K., Primeaux C., Sezate S., Suvorov A.N., Kenton S., Lai H.S., Lin S.P., Qian Y., Jia H.G., Najar F.Z., Ren Q., Zhu H., Song L., White J., Yuan X., Clifton S.W., Roe B.A., McLaughlin R.E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:4658-4663(2001); “CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III.” Deltcheva E., Chylinski K., Sharma C.M., Gonzales K., Chao Y., Pirzada Z.A., Eckert M.R., Vogel J., Charpentier E., Nature 471:602-607(2011); and “A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.” Jinek M., Chylinski K., Fonfara I., Hauer M., Doudna J.A., 2024203284   17 May 2024 Charpentier E. Science 337:816-821(2012), the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[00231] Because RNA-programmable nucleases (e.g., Cas9) use RNA:DNA hybridization to target DNA cleavage sites, these proteins are able to be targeted, in principle, to any sequence specified by the guide RNA. Methods of using RNA-programmable nucleases, such as Cas9, for site-specific cleavage (e.g., to modify a genome) are known in the art (see e.g., Cong, L. et al., Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR / Cas systems. Science 339, 819-823 (2013); Mali, P. et al., RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339, 823-826 (2013); Hwang, W.Y. et al., Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nature biotechnology 31, 227-229 (2013); Jinek, M. et al., RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells. eLife 2, e00471 (2013); Dicarlo, J.E. et al., Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nucleic acids research (2013); Jiang, W. et al. RNA-guided editing of bacterial genomes using CRISPR-Cas systems. Nature biotechnology 31, 233-239 (2013); the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[00232] The term “subject,” as used herein, refers to an individual organism, for example, an individual mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is a rodent. In some embodiments, the subject is a sheep, a goat, a cattle, a cat, or a dog. In some embodiments, the subject is a vertebrate, an amphibian, a reptile, a fish, an insect, a fly, or a nematode. In some embodiments, the subject is a research animal. In some embodiments, the subject is genetically engineered, e.g., a genetically engineered non-human subject. The subject may be of either sex and at any stage of development.

[00233] The term “target site” refers to a sequence within a nucleic acid molecule that is deaminated by a deaminase or a fusion protein comprising a deaminase, (e.g., a dCas9-adenosine deaminase fusion protein provided herein).

[00234] The terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating,” refer to a clinical intervention aimed to reverse, alleviate, delay the onset of, or inhibit the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to a clinical intervention aimed to reverse, alleviate, delay the onset of, or inhibit the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed and / or after a disease has been diagnosed. In other embodiments, 2024203284   17 May 2024 treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms, e.g., to prevent or delay onset of a symptom or inhibit onset or progression of a disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to prevent or delay their recurrence.

[00235] The term “recombinant” as used herein in the context of proteins or nucleic acids refers to proteins or nucleic acids that do not occur in nature, but are the product of human engineering. For example, in some embodiments, a recombinant protein or nucleic acid molecule comprises an amino acid or nucleotide sequence that comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or at least seven mutations as compared to any naturally occurring sequence. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[00236] Some aspects of this disclosure relate to proteins that deaminate the nucleobase adenine. This disclosure provides adenosine deaminase proteins that are capable of deaminating (i.e., removing an amine group) adenine of a deoxy adenosine residue in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). For example, the adenosine deaminases provided herein are capable of deaminating adenine of a deoxyadenosine residue of DNA. It should be appreciated that there were no known adenosine deaminases capable of deaminating deoxy adenosine in DNA before the present invention. Other aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins that comprise an adenosine deaminase (e.g., an adenosine deaminase that deaminates deoxyadenosine in DNA as described herein) and a domain (e.g., a Cas9 or a Cpf 1 protein) capable of binding to a specific nucleotide sequence. The deamination of an adenosine by an adenosine deaminase can lead to a point mutation, this process is referred to herein as nucleic acid editing. For example, the adenosine may be converted to an inosine residue, which typically base pairs with a cytosine residue. Such fusion proteins are useful inter alia for targeted editing of nucleic acid sequences. Such fusion proteins may be used for targeted editing of DNA in vitro, e.g., for the generation of mutant cells or animals; for the introduction of targeted mutations, e.g., for the correction of genetic defects in cells ex vivo, e.g., in cells obtained from a subject that are subsequently re-introduced into the same or another subject; and for the introduction of targeted mutations in vivo, e.g., the correction of genetic defects or the introduction of deactivating mutations in disease-associated genes in a subject. As an example, diseases that can be treated by making an A to G, or a T to C 2024203284   17 May 2024 mutation may be treated using the nucleobase editors provided herein. The invention provides deaminases, fusion proteins, nucleic acids, vectors, cells, compositions, methods, kits, systems, etc. that utilize the deaminases and nucleobase editors.

[00237] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editors provided herein can be made by fusing together one or more protein domains, thereby generating a fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein comprise one or more features that improve the base editing activity (e.g., efficiency, selectivity, and specificity) of the fusion proteins. For example, the fusion proteins provided herein may comprise a Cas9 domain that has reduced nuclease activity. In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein may have a Cas9 domain that does not have nuclease activity (dCas9), or a Cas9 domain that cuts one strand of a duplexed DNA molecule, referred to as a Cas9 nickase (nCas9). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the presence of the catalytic residue (e.g., H840) maintains the activity of the Cas9 to cleave the non-edited (e.g., non-deaminated) strand containing a T opposite the targeted A. Mutation of the catalytic residue (e.g., D10 to A10) of Cas9 prevents cleavage of the edited strand containing the targeted A residue. Such Cas9 variants are able to generate a single-strand DNA break (nick) at a specific location based on the gRNA-defined target sequence, leading to repair of the non-edited strand, ultimately resulting in a T to C change on the non-edited strand. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein further comprise an inhibitor of inosine base excision repair, for example, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) domain or a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the UGI domain or dISN may inhibit or prevent base excision repair of a deaminated adenosine residue (e.g., inosine), which may improve the activity or efficiency of the base editor. Adenosine deaminases

[00238] Some aspects of the disclosure provide adenosine deaminases. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases provided herein are capable of deaminating adenine. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases provided herein are capable of deaminating adenine in a deoxyadenosine residue of DNA. The adenosine deaminase may be derived from any suitable organism (e.g., E. coll). In some embodiments, the adenine deaminase is a naturally-occurring adenosine deaminase that includes one or more mutations corresponding to any of the mutations provided herein (e.g., mutations in ecTadA). One of skill in the art will be able to identify the corresponding residue in any homologous protein and in the respective encoding nucleic acid by methods well known in the art, e.g., by sequence 2024203284   17 May 2024 alignment and determination of homologous residues. Accordingly, one of skill in the art would be able to generate mutations in any naturally-occurring adenosine deaminase (e.g., having homology to ecTadA) that corresponds to any of the mutations described herein, e.g., any of the mutations identified in ecTadA. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from a prokaryote. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from a bacterium. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shewanella putrefaciens, Elaemophilus influenzae, Caulobacter crescentus, or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is from E. coli.

[00239] Exemplary alignment of prokaryotic TadA proteins is shown in Figure 92. The residues highlighted in blue are the residues which may be important for catalyzing A to I deamination on ssDNA. Accordingly, it should be appreciated that any of the mutations identified in ecTadA provided herein may be made in any homologous residue in another adenine deaminase, for example, a TadA deaminase from another bacterium. Figure 93 shows the relative sequence identity analysis (heatmap of sequence identity) :

[00240] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or to any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. It should be appreciated that adenosine deaminases provided herein may include one or more mutations (e.g., any of the mutations provided herein). The disclosure provides any deaminase domains with a certain percent identiy plus any of the mutations or combinations thereof described herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more mutations compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, or at least 170 identical contiguous amino acid residues as compared to any one of the amino acid 2024203284   17 May 2024 sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. Evolution #1 and #2 Mutations

[00241] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D108X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D108G, D108N, D108V, D108A, or D108Y mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase. An exemplary alignment of deaminases is shown in Figure 92. It should be appreciated, however, that additional deaminases may similarly be aligned to identify homologous amino acid residues that can be mutated as provided herein.

[00242] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an A106X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00243] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a E155X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where the presence of X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wildtype adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a E155D, E155G, or E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00244] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D147X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where the presence of X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wildtype adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D147Y, mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00245] It should be appreciated that any of the mutations provided herein (e.g., based on the ecTadA amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1) may be introduced into other adenosine deaminases, such as S. aureus TadA (saTadA), or other adenosine deaminases (e.g., bacterial adenosine deaminases). It would be apparent to the skilled artisan how to identify amino acid residues from other adenosine deaminases that are homologous to the 2024203284   17 May 2024 mutated residues in ecTadA. Thus, any of the mutations identified in ecTadA may be made in other adenosine deaminases that have homologous amino acid residues. It should also be appreciated that any of the mutations provided herein may be made individually or in any combination in ecTadA or another adenosine deaminase. For example, an adenosine deaminase may contain a D108N, a A106V, a E155V, and / or a D147Y mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, an adenosine deaminase comprises the following group of mutations (groups of mutations are separated by a in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase: D108N and A106V; D108N and E155V; D108N and D147Y; A106V and E155V; A106V and D147Y; E155V and D147Y; D108N, A106V, and E55V; D108N, A106V, and D147Y; D108N, E55V, and D147Y; A106V, E55V, and D147Y; and D108N, A106V, E55V, and D147Y. It should be appreciated, however, that any combination of corresponding mutations provided herein may be made in an adenosine deaminase (e.g., ecTadA). In some embodiments, an adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of the mutations shown in Table 4, which identifies individual mutations and combinations of mutations made in ecTadA and saTadA. In some embodiments, an adenosine deaminase comprises a mutation or combination of mutations shown in Table 4.

[00246] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of a H8X, T17X, L18X, W23X, L34X, W45X, R51X, A56X, E59X, E85X, M94X, I95X, V102X, F104X, A106X, R107X, D108X, K110X, M118X, N127X, A138X, F149X, M151X, R153X, Q154X, I156X, and / or K157X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where the presence of X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of H8Y, T17S, L18E, W23L, L34S, W45L, R51H, A56E, or A56S, E59G, E85K, or E85G, M94L, 1951, V102A, F104L, A106V, R107C, or R107H, or R107P, D108G, or D108N, or D108V, or D108A, or D108Y, KI 101, Ml 18K, N127S, A138V, F149Y, M151V, R153C, Q154L, I156D, and / or K157R mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of the mutations provided in Figure 11 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the mutation or mutations of any one of constructs 1-16 2024203284   17 May 2024 shown in Figure 11 or in any one of the constructs shown in Table 4 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00247] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of a H8X, D108X, and / or N127X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of a H8Y, D108N, and / or N127S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00248] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of H8X, R26X, M61X, L68X, M70X, A106X, D108X, A109X, N127X, D147X, R152X, Q154X, E155X, K161X, Q163X, and / or T166X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of H8Y, R26W, M61I, L68Q, M70V, A106T, D108N, A109T, N127S, D147Y, R152C, Q154H or Q154R, E155G or E155V or E155D, K161Q, Q163H, and / or T166P mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00249] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, D108X, N127X, D147X, R152X, and Q154X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, M61X, M70X, D108X, N127X, Q154X, E155X, and Q163X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, or five, mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, D108X, N127X, E155X, and T166X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, A106X, D108X, N127X, E155X, and K161X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in 2024203284   17 May 2024 another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, R126X, L68X, D108X, N127X, D147X, and E155X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, or five, mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, D108X, A109X, N127X, and E155X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase.

[00250] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, D108N, N127S, D147Y, R152C, and Q154H in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, M61I, M70V, D108N, N127S, Q154R, E155G and Q163H in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, or five, mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, D108N, N127S, E155V, and T166P in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, A106T, D108N, N127S, E155D, and K161Q in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, R126W, L68Q, D108N, N127S, D147Y, and E155V in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, or five, mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, D108N, A109T, N127S, and E155G in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00251] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of the mutations provided in Figure 16 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more 2024203284   17 May 2024 corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the mutations of any one of constructs pNMG-149 to pNMG-154 of Figure 16, corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D108N, D108G, or D108V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a A106V and D108N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises R107C and D108N mutations in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a H8Y, D108N, N127S, D147Y, and Q154H mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a H8Y, R24W, D108N, N127S, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a D108N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a H8Y, D108N, and S127S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a A106V, D108N, D147Y and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00252] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of a, S2X, H8X, I49X, L84X, H123X, N127X, I156X and / or K160X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where the presence of X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of S2A, H8Y, I49F, L84F, H123Y, N127S, I156F and / or K160S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of the mutations provided in Figure 97 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the mutation or mutations of any one of clones 1-3 shown in Figure 97 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00253] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an L84X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, 2024203284   17 May 2024 where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an L84F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00254] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an H123X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an H123Y mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00255] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an I157X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an I157F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00256] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven mutations selected from the group consisting of L84X, A106X, D108X, H123X, D147X, E155X, and I156X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six mutations selected from the group consisting of S2X, I49X, A106X, D108X, D147X, and E155X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, or five, mutations selected from the group consisting of H8X, A106X, D108X, N127X, and K160X in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates the presence of any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase.

[00257] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven mutations selected from the group consisting of L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, and I156F in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six mutations selected from the group consisting of S2A, I49F, A106V, D108N, D147Y, and E155V in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some 2024203284   17 May 2024 embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one, two, three, four, or five, mutations selected from the group consisting of H8Y, A106T, D108N, N127S, and K160S in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00258] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of a, E25X, R26X, R107X, A142X, and / or A143X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where the presence of X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of E25M, E25D, E25A, E25R, E25V, E25S, E25Y, R26G, R26N, R26Q, R26C, R26L, R26K, R107P, R07K, R107A, R107N, R107W, R107H, R107S, A142N, A142D, A142G, A143D, A143G, A143E, A143L, A143W, A143M, A143S, A143Q and / or A143R mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of the mutations provided in Table 7 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the mutation or mutations of any one of clones 1-22 shown in Table 7 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00259] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an E25X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25M, E25D, E25A, E25R, E25V, E25S, or E25Y mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00260] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an R26X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an , R26G, R26N, R26Q, R26C, R26L, or R26K mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00261] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an R107X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an R107P, 2024203284   17 May 2024 R07K, R107A, R107N, R107W, R107H, or R107S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00262] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an A142X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an A142N, A142D, A142G, mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00263] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an A143X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an A143D, A143G, A143E, A143L, A143W, A143M, A143S, A143Q and / or A143R mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00264] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of a, H36X, N37X, P48X, I49X, R51X, M70X, N72X, D77X, E134X, S146X, Q154X, K157X, and / or K161X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, where the presence of X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of H36L, N37T, N37S, P48T, P48L, I49V, R51H, R51L, M70L, N72S, D77G, E134G, S146R, S146C, Q154H, K157N, and / or K161T mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more of the mutations provided in any one of Figures 125-128 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the mutation or mutations of any one of clones 1-11 shown in any one of Figures 125-128 corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

[00265] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an H36X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an H36L mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00266] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an N37X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an N37T, or N37S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00267] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an P48X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an P48T, or P48L mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00268] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an R51X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an R51H, or R51L mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00269] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an S146X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an S146R, or S146C mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00270] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an K157X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a K157N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00271] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an P48X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a P48S, 2024203284   17 May 2024 P48T, or P48A mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00272] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an A142X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a A142N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00273] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an W23X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a W23R, or W23L mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00274] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminse comprises an R152X mutation in ecTadA SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, where X indicates any amino acid other than the corresponding amino acid in the wild-type adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises a R152P, or R52H mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

[00275] It should be appreciated that the adenosine deaminase (e.g., a first or second adenosine deaminase) may comprise one or more of the mutations provided in any of the adenosine deaminases (e.g., ecTadA adenosine deaminases) shown in Table 4. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the combination of mutations of any of the adenosine deaminases (e.g., ecTadA adenosine deaminases) shown in Table 4. For example, the adenosine deaminase may comprise the mutations H36L, R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, E155V, I156F, and K157N, which are shown in the second ecTadA (relative to SEQ ID NO: 1) of clone pNMG-477. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the following combination of mutations relative to SEQ ID NO:1, where each mutation of a combination is separated by a and each combination of mutations is between parentheses: (A106V_D108N), (R107C_D108N), (H8Y_D108N_S127S_D147Y_Q154H), (H8Y_R24W_D108N_N127S_D147Y_E155V), (D108N_D147Y_E155V), (H8Y_D108N_S127S), (H8Y_D108N_N127S_D147Y_Q154H), (A106V_D108N_D147Y_E155V), (D108Q_D147Y_E155V), (D108M_D147Y_E155V), t(NZ.ei5“d9SirAeSlH“AZ.l7ia“A£^lH“N80ia“A90lV“dl78^9£H) t(d9SirASSlH“AZ.l7ia“9l7£lH“A£^lH“N80ia“A90lV“dl78^8l7d^9£H) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lcra9l7lS“A£ZlH“N80lcrA90lV“dl78TSZZ.N) ‘(d9SirASSlH“HKld“AZj7lCrA£ZlH“N80lCrA90lV“dm ~99£H) t(ll9l5“d9SirASSlH“AZ.l7ia“A£^lH“N80ia“A90lV“dl78TSZ.£N) t(d9SirASSlH“A6l7rAZ.l7ia“A£^lH“N80ia“A90lV“dl78Td0Z.W“18l7d“lZ.£N) t(NZ.Sl5“d9SirASSia“AZ.l7ia“D9l7lS“A£^lH“N80ia“A90lV“dl78TdlSH“d9£H) ‘(ASSIH-AZjaG_a£HV NZHV N80IG A90IV) ‘(ASSIH-AZjaa_9£HV NZHV N80IG A90IV) ‘(ASSiH“A / j7ia“Nzi7iv“N8oia“5z.oia“A9oiv) ‘(ASSlH“AZj7lG“NZl7lV“N80ia“A90lV“99Za“aSZH) ‘(ASSIH AZjaa GEHV NZHV HZXH^I N80ia-A90IV_99£S) ‘(ASSlH“AZj7lCT9£l7lV“NZl7lV“N80lcr5ZX)ia“A90lV“99Za“CISZH) ‘(ASSlH“AZj7lCTNZl7lV“N80lcrA90lV“99Za) ‘(ASSIH AZdaG NZHV N80IG A90IV) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lCrCI£l7lV“NZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lCrHZX)ia“A90lV“dl78a“99Za) Xd9 SirASSlH“AZ.l7ia“H£l7lV“N^l7lV“A£^lH“N80ia“NZ.0ia“A90lV“dl78T99^a“VS^H) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lcrNZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lcrA90lV“dl78T99Za) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lCra£l7lV“NZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lCrA90lV“dl78a) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lcrNZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lcrHZX)ia“A90lV“dl78T99Za) Xd9 SirASSlH“AZj7lCrCI£l7lV“NZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lCrdZX)ia“A90lV“dl78T99Za“WSZH) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lcrNZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lcrA90lV“dl78Td9Za) Xd9 SirASSlH“AZ.l7ia“9£l7lV“N^l7lV“A£^lH“N80ia“5Z.0ia“A90lV“dl78T99^a“aS^H) Xd9 SirASSlH“AZ.l7ia“a£l7lV“N^l7lV“A£^lH“N80ia“HZ.0ia“A90lV“dl78T99^a“9S^H) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lCrCI£l7lV“NZl7lV“A£ZlH“N80lCrHZX)ia“A90lV“dl78a“99Za) ‘(V8£l S“Nl70la“V£Ola) ‘(V8£l S“Nl70l(TV£Ol(TdZZ9) ‘(NH)I(TV£Ol(TdZZ9) ‘(NMOQ-VEOIQ) ‘(d9SirASSlH“AZj7lCrA£ZlH“N8OlCrA9OlV“dl78a) ‘(A9SirASSlH“AZj7lCrA£ZlH“N8OlCrA9OlV“dl78a) XA^IH-AZjaa’NSOia^OIV-piR’ 11” V6SH) ‘(A££IH-AZ,Ha_N8Oia-A9OIV-V6£H) ‘(ASSlH-AZ.MQ-WSOia^OlV) ‘(AZj7l(TN8OlcrA9OlV) ‘(ASSlH“AZj7lCTd80lCl) ‘(ASSIH A^MQ ISOIQ) ‘(ASSlH AZ.t’lQ ^iSOlQ) ‘(ASSlH-A^lQ-dSOia) 2024203284   17 May 2024 I8£Sr0 / ZJ0ZSfl / 13d 8Z.0Z.Z0 / 8I0Z OAV 2024203284   17 May 2024 2024203284   17 May 2024 (H36L_P48T_I49V_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K157N), (H36L_P48T_I49V_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_A142N_S146C_D147Y_E155V_ I156F _K157N), (H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K157N), (H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_A142N_S146C_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K157N), (H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_A142N_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K157N), (W23L_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K157N), (W23R_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K157N), (W23L_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146R_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K161T), (H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_R152H_E155V_I156F _K157N), (H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_R152P_E155V_I156F _K157N), (W23L_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_R152P_E155V _I156F _K157N), (W23L_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_A142A_S146C_D147Y_E155 V_I156F _K157N), (W23L_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_A142A_S146C_D147Y_R152P _E155V_I156F _K157N), (W23L_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146R_D147Y_E155V_I156F _K161T), (W23R_H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_S146C_D147Y_R152P_E155V _I156F _K157N), (H36L_P48A_R51L_L84F_A106V_D108N_H123Y_A142N_S146C_D147Y_R152P_E155 V_I156F_K157N).

[00276] In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% 2024203284   17 May 2024 identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 or more mutations compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, or at least 166, identical contiguous amino acid residues as compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. The ecTadA sequences provided below are from ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1), absent the N-terminal methionine (M). The saTadA sequences provided below are from saTadA (SEQ DI NO: 8), absent the N-terminal methionine (M). For clarity, the amino acid numbering scheme used to identify the various amino acid mutations is derived from ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1) for E. coli TadA and saTadA (SEQ ID NO: 8) for S. aureus TadA. Amino acid mutations, relative to SEQ ID NO: 1 (ecTadA) or SEQ DI NO: 8 (saTadA), are indicated by underlining. ecTadA SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 64) ecTadA (D108N) SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARNAKTG 2024203284   17 May 2024 AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 65) ecTadA (D108G) SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARGAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 66) ecTadA (D108V) SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARVAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 67) ecTadA (H8Y, D108N, and N127S) SEVEFSYEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMSHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 68) ecTadA (H8Y, D108N, N127S, and E155D) SEVEFSYEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMSHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQDIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 69) ecTadA (H8Y, D108N, N127S, and E155G) SEVEFSYEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMSHR VEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQGIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 70) ecTadA (H8Y, D108N, N127S, and E155V) 2024203284   17 May 2024 SEVEFSYEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMSHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQVIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQIDNO: 71) ecTadA (A106V, D108N, D147Y, and E155V) SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 72) ecTadA (L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - result of evolution #3 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 73) ecTadA (S2A, I49F, A106V, D108N, D147Y, E155V) - result of evolution #3 AEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPFGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 74) ecTadA (H8Y, A106T, D108N, N127S, K160S) - result of evolution #3 SEVEFSYEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGTRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMSHR VEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQSKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 75) ecTadA (R26G, L84F, A106V, R107H, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143D, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEGEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVHNAKTG 2024203284   17 May 2024 AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNDLLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 76) ecTadA (E25G, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107H, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143D, D147Y, El55V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDGGEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVHNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNDLLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 77) ecTadA (E25D, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107K, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143G, D147Y, El55V, I156F) -result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDDGEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVKNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNGLLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 78) ecTadA (R26Q, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, A142N, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEQEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 79) ecTadA (E25M, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107P, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143D, D147Y, El55V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDMGEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVPNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNDLLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 80) ecTadA (R26C, L84F, A106V, R107H, D108N, H123Y, A142N , D147Y, E155V, I156F) -result of evolution #4 2024203284   17 May 2024 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDECEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVHNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQIDNO: 81) ecTadA (L84F, A106V , D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143L, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNLLLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 82) ecTadA (R26G, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, A142N , D147Y, E155V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEGEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 83) ecTadA (E25A, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107N, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143E, D147Y, El55V, I156F) - result of evolution #4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDAGEVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVNNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNELLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 420) ecTadA (L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #’s 1-3 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 421) 2024203284   17 May 2024 ecTadA (N37T, P48T, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-1 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHTNRVIGEGWNRTIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 422) ecTadA (N37S, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-2 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHSNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 423) ecTadA (H36L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-3 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 424) ecTadA (L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146R, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-4 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLRYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 425) ecTadA (H36L, P48L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-5 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRLIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 426) 2024203284   17 May 2024 ecTadA (H36L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, K57N, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-6 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 427) ecTadA (H36L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-7 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLCYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 428) ecTadA (L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146R, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-8 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLRYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 429) ecTadA (N37S, R51H, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from evolution #5-9 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHSNRVIGEGWNRPIGHHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 430) ecTadA (R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F, K157N) - mutations from evolution #5-10 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGLHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD 2024203284   17 May 2024 (SEQIDNO: 431) ecTadA (R51H, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F, K157N) - mutations from evolution #5-11 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGHHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 432) saTadA (wt) - as used in pNMG-345: MGSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLGEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAH AEHIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGADDPKGGCS GSLMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACSTLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 8) saTadA (D108N) - as used in pNMG-346: GSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLGEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAHAE HIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGADNPKGGCSGS LMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACSTLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 433) saTadA (D107A_D108N) - as used in pNMG-347: GSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLGEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAHAE HIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGAANPKGGCSGS LMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACSTLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 434) saTadA (G26P_D107A_D108N) - as used in pNMG-348: GSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLPEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAHAE HIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGAANPKGGCSGS LMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACSTLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 435) saTadA (G26P_D107A_D108N_S142A) - as used in pNMG-349: GSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLPEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAHAE HIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGAANPKGGCSGS LMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACATLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 436) 2024203284   17 May 2024 saTadA (D107A_D108N_S142A) - as used in pNMG-350: GSHMTNDIYFMTLAIEEAKKAAQLGEVPIGAIITKDDEVIARAHNLRETLQQPTAHAE HIAIERAAKVLGSWRLEGCTLYVTLEPCVMCAGTIVMSRIPRVVYGAANPKGGCSGS LMNLLQQSNFNHRAIVDKGVLKEACATLLTTFFKNLRANKKSTN (SEQ ID NO: 437) ecTadA (P48S) - mutation from evolution #6 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRSIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 672) ecTadA (P48T) - mutation from evolution #6 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRTIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 673) ecTadA (P48A) - mutation from evolution #6 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRAIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 674) ecTadA (A142N) - mutation from evolution #6 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECNALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 675) ecTadA (W23R) - mutation from evolution #7 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRARDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 676) 2024203284   17 May 2024 ecTadA (W23L) - mutation from evolution #7 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRALDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTAH AEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTGA AGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 677) ecTadA (R152P) - mutation from evolution #7 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMPRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 678) ecTadA (R152H) - mutation from evolution #7 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGARDAKTG AAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMHRQEIKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 679) ecTadA (L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F) - mutations from pNMG 371 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSYFFRMRRQVFKAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 680) ecTadA (H36L, R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, E155V, I156F, K157N) - mutations from pNMG 477 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRPIGLHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLCYFFRMRRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 681) 2024203284   17 May 2024 ecTadA (H36L, P48S, R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, E155V, I156F , K157N) - mutations from pNMG 576 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRSIGLHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLCYFFRMRRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 682) ecTadA (H36L, P48A, R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, E155V, I156F , K157N) - mutations from pNMG 586 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRAIGLHDPTA HAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTG AAGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLCYFFRMRRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 683) ecTadA (W23L, H36L, P48A, R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, R152P, E155V, I156F, K157N) - mutations from pNMG 616 SEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRALDEREVPVGAVLVLNNRVIGEGWNRAIGLHDPTAH AEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTFEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFGVRNAKTGA AGSLMDVLHYPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLCYFFRMPRQVFNAQKKAQSSTD (SEQ ID NO: 684) Cas9 Domains of Nucleobase Editors

[00277] In some aspects, a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) is a Cas9 domain. Non-limiting, exemplary Cas9 domains are provided herein. The Cas9 domain may be a nuclease active Cas9 domain, a nuclease inactive Cas9 domain, or a Cas9 nickase. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is a nuclease active domain. For example, the Cas9 domain may be a Cas9 domain that cuts both strands of a duplexed nucleic acid (e.g., both strands of a duplexed DNA molecule). In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises any one of the amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments the Cas9 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 2024203284   17 May 2024 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 or more or more mutations compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 1000, at least 1100, or at least 1200 identical contiguous amino acid residues as compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357.

[00278] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is a nuclease-inactive Cas9 domain (dCas9). For example, the dCas9 domain may bind to a duplexed nucleic acid molecule (e.g., via a gRNA molecule) without cleaving either strand of the duplexed nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the nuclease-inactive dCas9 domain comprises a DI OX mutation and a H840X mutation of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108357, wherein X is any amino acid change. In some embodiments, the nuclease-inactive dCas9 domain comprises a D10A mutation and a H840A mutation of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. As one example, a nuclease-inactive Cas9 domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54 (Cloning vector pPlatTET-gRNA2, Accession No. BAV54124). MDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGE TAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHE RHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEG DLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLP GEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYA DLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPE KYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQR TFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFA WMTRKSEETrrPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTV YNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFD SVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN 2024203284   17 May 2024 FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDAIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 54; see, e.g., Qi et al., “Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequencespecific control of gene expression.” Cell. 2013; 152(5):1173-83, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).

[00279] Additional suitable nuclease-inactive dCas9 domains will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure and knowledge in the field, and are within the scope of this disclosure. Such additional exemplary suitable nuclease-inactive Cas9 domains include, but are not limited to, D10A / H840A, D10A / D839A / H840A, and D10A / D839A / H840A / N863A mutant domains (See, e.g., Prashant et al., CAS9 transcriptional activators for target specificity screening and paired nickases for cooperative genome engineering. Nature Biotechnology. 2013; 31(9): 833-838, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments the dCas9 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the dCas9 domains provided herein. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises an amino acid sequences that has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or more mutations compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 108357. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 350, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, at least 2024203284   17 May 2024 1000, at least 1100, or at least 1200 identical contiguous amino acid residues as compared to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357.

[00280] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is a Cas9 nickase. The Cas9 nickase may be a Cas9 protein that is capable of cleaving only one strand of a duplexed nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a duplexed DNA molecule). In some embodiments the Cas9 nickase cleaves the target strand of a duplexed nucleic acid molecule, meaning that the Cas9 nickase cleaves the strand that is base paired to (complementary to) a gRNA (e.g., an sgRNA) that is bound to the Cas9. In some embodiments, a Cas9 nickase comprises a D10A mutation and has a histidine at position 840 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a mutation in any of SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. As one example, a Cas9 nickase may comprise the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the Cas9 nickase cleaves the non-target, non-base-edited strand of a duplexed nucleic acid molecule, meaning that the Cas9 nickase cleaves the strand that is not base paired to a gRNA (e.g., an sgRNA) that is bound to the Cas9. In some embodiments, a Cas9 nickase comprises an H840A mutation and has an aspartic acid residue at position 10 of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of SEQ ID NOs: 108357. In some embodiments the Cas9 nickase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the Cas9 nickases provided herein. Additional suitable Cas9 nickases will be apparent to those of skill in the art based on this disclosure and knowledge in the field, and are within the scope of this disclosure. Cas9 Domains with Reduced PAM Exclusivity

[00281] Some aspects of the disclosure provide Cas9 domains that have different PAM specificities. Typically, Cas9 proteins, such as Cas9 from S. pyogenes (spCas9), require a canonical NGG PAM sequence to bind a particular nucleic acid region, where the “N” in “NGG” is adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C), and the G is guanine. This may limit the ability to edit desired bases within a genome. In some embodiments, the base editing fusion proteins provided herein need to be positioned at a precise location, for example, where a target base is within a 4 base region (e.g., a “deamination window”), which is approximately 15 bases upstream of the PAM. See Komor, A.C., et al., “Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage” Nature 533, 420-424 (2016), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the deamination window is within a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 base 2024203284   17 May 2024 region. In some embodiments, the deamination window is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 bases upstream of the PAM. Accordingly, in some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein may contain a Cas9 domain that is capable of binding a nucleotide sequence that does not contain a canonical (e.g., NGG) PAM sequence. Cas9 domains that bind to non-canonical PAM sequences have been described in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, Cas9 domains that bind non-canonical PAM sequences have been described in Kleinstiver, B. P., et al., “Engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with altered PAM specificities” Nature 523, 481-485 (2015); and Kleinstiver, B. P., et al., “Broadening the targeting range of Staphylococcus aureus CRISPR-Cas9 by modifying PAM recognition” Nature Biotechnology 33, 1293-1298 (2015); the entire contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference.

[00282] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is a Cas9 domain from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9). In some embodiments, the SaCas9 domain is a nuclease active SaCas9, a nuclease inactive SaCas9 (SaCas9d), or a SaCas9 nickase (SaCas9n). In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises a N579X mutation of SEQ ID NO: 55, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108357, wherein X is any amino acid except for N. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 comprises a N579A mutation of SEQ ID NO: 55, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357.

[00283] In some embodiments, the SaCas9 domain, the SaCas9d domain, or the SaCas9n domain can bind to a nucleic acid sequence having a non-canonical PAM. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 domain, the SaCas9d domain, or the SaCas9n domain can bind to a nucleic acid sequence having a NNGRRT PAM sequence, where N = A, T, C, or G, and R = A or G. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 domain comprises one or more of E781X, N967X, and R1014X mutation of SEQ ID NO: 55, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357, wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 domain comprises one or more of a E781K, a N967K, and a R1014H mutation of SEQ ID NO: 55, or one or more corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments, the SaCas9 domain comprises a E781K, a N967K, or a R1014H mutation of SEQ ID NO: 55, or corresponding mutations in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108357. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00284] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of any of the fusion proteins provided herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 55-57. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of any of the fusion proteins provided herein comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 55-57. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of any of the fusion proteins provided herein consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 55-57. Exemplary SaCas9 sequence

[00285] KRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSK RGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSA ALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLERLKKDGE VRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFIDTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPF GWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLE YYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDI TARKEIIENAELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLS LKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFI QSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGKE NAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVL VKQEENSKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDI NRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKW KFKKERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEI ETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIV NNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKY YEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVKLSLKPYRF DVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYEEAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNND LIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIEVNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKY STDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQIIKKG (SEQ ID NO: 55)

[00286] Residue N579 of SEQ ID NO: 55, which is underlined and in bold, may be mutated (e.g., to a A579) to yield a SaCas9 nickase. Exemplary SaCas9n sequence 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00287] KRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSK RGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSA ALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLERLKKDGE VRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFIDTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPF GWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLE YYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDI TARKEIIENAELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLS LKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFI QSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGKE NAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVL VKQEEASKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDI NRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKW KFKKERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEI ETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIV NNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKY YEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVKLSLKPYRF DVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYEEAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNND LIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIEVNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKY STDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQIIKKG (SEQ ID NO: 56).

[00288] Residue A579 of SEQ ID NO: 56, which can be mutated from N579 of SEQ ID NO: 55 to yield a SaCas9 nickase, is underlined and in bold. Exemplary SaKKH Cas9

[00289] KRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSK RGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKLSEEEFSA ALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYVAELQLERLKKDGE VRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFIDTYIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPF GWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELRSVKYAYNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLE YYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTLKQIAKEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDI TARKEIIENAELLDQIAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLS LKAINLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVVKRSFI QSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQTNERIEEIIRTTGKE NAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNPFNYEVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVL VKQEEASKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKISYETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDI 2024203284   17 May 2024 NRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTRYATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKW KFKKERNKGYKHHAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEI ETEQEYKEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRXLINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTLIV NNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDEKNPLYKY YEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNSRNKVVKLSLKPYRF DVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYEEAKKLKKISNQAEFIASFYXND LIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIEVNMIDITYREYLENMNDKRPPmiKTIASKTQSIKKY STDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQIIKKG (SEQ ID NO: 57).

[00290] Residue A579 of SEQ ID NO: 57, which can be mutated from N579 of SEQ ID NO: 55 to yield a SaCas9 nickase, is underlined and in bold. Residues K781, K967, and H1014 of SEQ ID NO: 57, which can be mutated from E781, N967, and R1014 of SEQ ID NO: 55 to yield a SaKKH Cas9 are underlined and in italics.

[00291] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain is a Cas9 domain from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9). In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain is a nuclease active SpCas9, a nuclease inactive SpCas9 (SpCas9d), or a SpCas9 nickase (SpCas9n). In some embodiments, the SpCas9 comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 comprises a D9X mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357, wherein X is any amino acid except for D. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 comprises a D9A mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain, the SpCas9d domain, or the SpCas9n domain can bind to a nucleic acid sequence having a non-canonical PAM. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain, the SpCas9d domain, or the SpCas9n domain can bind to a nucleic acid sequence having a NGG, a NGA, or a NGCG PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises one or more of a DI 134X, a R1334X, and a T1336X mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35, wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises one or more of a DI 134E, R1334Q, and T1336R mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises a D1134E, a R1334Q, and a T1336R mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or corresponding mutations in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 10835. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises one or more of a DI 134X, a R1334X, and a T1336X mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of 2024203284   17 May 2024 the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35, wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises one or more of a DI 134V, a R1334Q, and a T1336R mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises a DI 134V, a R1334Q, and a T1336R mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or corresponding mutations in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 10835. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises one or more of a DI 134X, a G1217X, a R1334X, and a T1336X mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35, wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises one or more of a DI 134V, a G1217R, a R1334Q, and a T1336R mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35. In some embodiments, the SpCas9 domain comprises a DI 134V, a G1217R, a R1334Q, and a T1336R mutation of SEQ ID NO: 58, or corresponding mutations in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-35.

[00292] In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of any of the fusion proteins provided herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58-62. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of any of the fusion proteins provided herein comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58-62. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain of any of the fusion proteins provided herein consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 58-62. Exemplary SpCas9 DKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY 2024203284   17 May 2024 NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 58) Exemplary SpCas9n DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK 2024203284   17 May 2024 RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 59) Exemplary SpEQR Cas9 DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFESPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA 2024203284   17 May 2024 PAAFKYFDTTIDRKQYRSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 60)

[00293] Residues El 134, Q1334, and R1336 of SEQ ID NO: 60, which can be mutated from DI 134, R1334, and T1336 of SEQ ID NO: 58 to yield a SpEQR Cas9, are underlined and in bold. Exemplary SpVQR Cas9 DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKQYRSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 61) 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00294] Residues VI134, Q1334, and R1336 of SEQ ID NO: 61, which can be mutated from DI 134, R1334, and T1336 of SEQ ID NO: 58 to yield a SpVQR Cas9, are underlined and in bold. Exemplary SpVRER Cas9 DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVrrDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETA EATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERH PIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDL NPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGE KKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADL FLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKY KEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKQRTF DNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAW MTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVY NELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDS VEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERL KTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRN FMQLIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVK VMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHPVENTQL QNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDK NRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIK RQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKV REINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGK ATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSM PQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFVSPTVAYSVLVV AKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFE LENGRKRMLASARELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQKQLFVEQ HKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGA PAAFKYFDTTIDRKEYRSTKEVLDATLIHQSrrGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 62)

[00295] Residues VI134, R1217, Q1334, and R1336 of SEQ ID NO: 62, which can be mutated from DI 134, G1217, R1334, and T1336 of SEQ ID NO: 58 to yield a SpVRER Cas9, are underlined and in bold. 2024203284   17 May 2024 High fidelity Cas9 domains

[00296] Some aspects of the disclosure provide high fidelity Cas9 domains of the nucleobase editors provided herein. In some embodiments, high fidelity Cas9 domains are engineered Cas9 domains comprising one or more mutations that decrease electrostatic interactions between the Cas9 domain and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, as compared to a corresponding wild-type Cas9 domain. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, high fidelity Cas9 domains that have decreased electrostatic interactions with the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA may have less off-target effects. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain (e.g., a wild type Cas9 domain) comprises one or more mutations that decreases the association between the Cas9 domain and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. In some embodiments, a Cas9 domain comprises one or more mutations that decreases the association between the Cas9 domain and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at leastlO%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, or more.

[00297] In some embodiments, any of the Cas9 fusion proteins provided herein comprise one or more of N497X, R661X, Q695X, and / or Q926X mutation of the amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357, wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, any of the Cas9 fusion proteins provided herein comprise one or more of N497A, R661A, Q695A, and / or Q926A mutation of the amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain comprises a D10A mutation of the amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 52, or a corresponding mutation in any of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOs: 108-357. In some embodiments, the Cas9 domain (e.g., of any of the fusion proteins provided herein) comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62. Cas9 domains with high fidelity are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, Cas9 domains with high fidelity have been described in Kleinstiver, B.P., et al. “High-fidelity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects.” Nature 529, 490-495 (2016); and Slaymaker, I.M., et al. “Rationally engineered Cas9 nucleases with improved specificity.” Science 351, 84-88 (2015); the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00298] It should be appreciated that any of the base editors provided herein, for example, any of the adenosine deaminase base editors provided herein, may be converted into high fidelity base editors by modifying the Cas9 domain as described herein to generate high fidelity base editors, for example, a high fidelity adenosine base editor. In some embodiments, the high fidelity Cas9 domain is a dCas9 domain. In some embodiments, the high fidelity Cas9 domain is a nCas9 domain. High Fidelity Cas9 domain where mutations relative to Cas9 of SEQ ID NO: 10 are shown in bold and underlines

[00299] DKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIG ALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHRLEESFLV EEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKADLRLIYLALAHMIKFR GHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENPINASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLE NLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLA QIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKAL VRQQLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNRE DLLRKQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPYYVGPLA RGNSRFAWMTRKSEETrTPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTAFDKNLPNEKVLPKHSL LYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYF KKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDR EMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGALSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSD GFANRNFMALIHDDSLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKV VDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHP VENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDDSIDNKV LTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNLTKAERGGLSELD KAGFIKRQLVETRAITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDF QFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSE QEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVR KVLSMPQVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAY SVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLP KYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPEDNEQK QLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDKPIREQAENIIHLFT LTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD (SEQ ID NO: 63) 2024203284   17 May 2024 Nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins

[00300] Some aspects of the disclosure provide nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins, which may be used to guide a protein, such as a base editor, to a specific nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence. Nucleic acid programmable DNA binding proteins include, without limitation, Cas9 (e.g., dCas9 and nCas9), CasX, CasY, Cpfl, C2cl, C2c2, C2C3, and Argonaute. One example of an nucleic acid programmable DNA-binding protein that has different PAM specificity than Cas9 is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats from Prevotella and Francisella 1 (Cpfl). Similar to Cas9, Cpfl is also a class 2 CRISPR effector. It has been shown that Cpflmediates robust DNA interference with features distinct from Cas9. Cpfl is a single RNA-guided endonuclease lacking tracrRNA, and it utilizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (TTN, TTTN, or YTN). Moreover, Cpfl cleaves DNA via a staggered DNA double-stranded break. Out of 16 Cpfl-family proteins, two enzymes from Acidaminococcus and Lachnospiraceae are shown to have efficient genome-editing activity in human cells. Cpfl proteins are known in the art and have been described previously, for example Yamano et al., “Crystal structure of Cpfl in complex with guide RNA and target DNA.” Cell (165) 2016, p. 949-962; the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[00301] Also useful in the present compositions and methods are nuclease-inactive Cpfl (dCpfl) variants that may be used as a guide nucleotide sequence-programmable DNA-binding protein domain. The Cpfl protein has a RuvC-like endonuclease domain that is similar to the RuvC domain of Cas9 but does not have a HNH endonuclease domain, and the N-terminal of Cpfl does not have the alfa-helical recognition lobe of Cas9. It was shown in Zetsche et al., Cell, 163, 759-771, 2015 (which is incorporated herein by reference) that, the RuvC-like domain of Cpfl is responsible for cleaving both DNA strands and inactivation of the RuvC-like domain inactivates Cpfl nuclease activity. For example, mutations corresponding to D917A, E1006A, or D1255A in Francisella novicida Cpfl (SEQ ID NO: 382) inactivates Cpfl nuclease activity. In some embodiments, the dCpfl of the present disclosure comprises mutations corresponding to D917A, E1006A, D1255A, D917A / E1006A, D917A / D1255A, E1006A / D1255A, or D917A / E1006A / D1255A in SEQ ID NO: 376. It is to be understood that any mutations, e.g., substitution mutations, deletions, or insertions that inactivate the RuvC domain of Cpfl, may be used in accordance with the present disclosure.

[00302] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein 2024203284   17 May 2024 (napDNAbp) of any of the fusion proteins provided herein may be a Cpf 1 protein. In some embodiments, the Cpfl protein is a Cpfl nickase (nCpfl). In some embodiments, the Cpfl protein is a nuclease inactive Cpfl (dCpfl). In some embodiments, the Cpfl, the nCpfl, or the dCpfl comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at ease 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 376-382. In some embodiments, the dCpfl comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at ease 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 376-382, and comprises mutations corresponding to D917A, E1006A, D1255A, D917A / E1006A, D917A / D1255A, E1006A / D1255A, or D917A / E1006A / D1255A in SEQ ID NO: 376. In some embodiments, the dCpfl comprises an amino acid sequence of any one SEQ ID NOs: 376-382. It should be appreciated that Cpfl from other bacterial species may also be used in accordance with the present disclosure. Wild type Francisella novicida Cpfl (SEQ ID NO: 376) (D917, E1006, and D1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIDRGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV 2024203284   17 May 2024 VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFEDLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM RNSKTGTELDYLISPVADVNGNFFDSRQAPKNMPQDADANGAYHIGLKGLMLLGRI KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 376) Francisella novicida Cpfl D917A (SEQ ID NO: 377) (A917, E1006, and D1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIARGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFEDLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM RNSKTGTELDYLISPVADVNGNFFDSRQAPKNMPQDADANGAYHIGLKGLMLLGRI KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 377) Francisella novicida Cpfl E1006A (SEQ ID NO: 378) (D917, A1006, and D1255 are bolded 2024203284   17 May 2024 and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIDRGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFADLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM RNSKTGTELDYLISPVADVNGNFFDSRQAPKNMPQDADANGAYHIGLKGLMLLGRI KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 378) Francisella novicida Cpfl D1255A (SEQ ID NO: 379) (D917, E1006, and A1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY 2024203284   17 May 2024 SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIDRGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFEDLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM rnsktgteldylispvadvngnffdsrqapknmpqdaaangayhiglkglmllgri KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 379) Francisella novicida Cpfl D917A / E1006A (SEQ ID NO: 380) (A917, A1006, and D1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR 2024203284   17 May 2024 FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIARGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFADLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM RNSKTGTELDYLISPVADVNGNFFDSRQAPKNMPQDADANGAYHIGLKGLMLLGRI KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 380) Francisella novicida Cpfl D917A / D1255A (SEQ ID NO: 381) (A917, E1006, and A1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIARGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFEDLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM rnsktgteldylispvadvngnffdsrqapknmpqdaaangayhiglkglmllgri KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 381) 2024203284   17 May 2024 Francisella novicida Cpfl E1006A / D1255A (SEQ ID NO: 382) (D917, A1006, and A1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIDRGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFADLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM rnsktgteldylispvadvngnffdsrqapknmpqdaaangayhiglkglmllgri KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 382) Francisella novicida Cpfl D917A / E1006A / D1255A (SEQ ID NO: 383) (A917, A1006, and A1255 are bolded and underlined) MSIYQEFVNKYSLSKTLRFELIPQGKTLENIKARGLILDDEKRAKDYKKAKQIIDKYH QFFIEEILSSVCISEDLLQNYSDVYFKLKKSDDDNLQKDFKSAKDTIKKQISEYIKDSE KFKNLFNQNLIDAKKGQESDLILWLKQSKDNGIELFKANSDITDIDEALEIIKSFKGWT TYFKGFHENRKNVYSSNDIPTSIIYRIVDDNLPKFLENKAKYESLKDKAPEAINYEQIK KDLAEELTFDIDYKTSEVNQRVFSLDEVFEIANFNNYLNQSGITKFNTIIGGKFVNGEN 2024203284   17 May 2024 TKRKGINEYINLYSQQINDKTLKKYKMSVLFKQILSDTESKSFVIDKLEDDSDVVTTM QSFYEQIAAFKTVEEKSIKETLSLLFDDLKAQKLDLSKIYFKNDKSLTDLSQQVFDDY SVIGTAVLEYITQQIAPKNLDNPSKKEQELIAKKTEKAKYLSLETIKLALEEFNKHRDI DKQCRFEEILANFAAIPMIFDEIAQNKDNLAQISIKYQNQGKKDLLQASAEDDVKAIK DLLDQTNNLLHKLKIFHISQSEDKANILDKDEHFYLVFEECYFELANIVPLYNKIRNYI TQKPYSDEKFKLNFENSTLANGWDKNKEPDNTAILFIKDDKYYLGVMNKKNNKIFD DKAIKENKGEGYKKIVYKLLPGANKMLPKVFFSAKSIKFYNPSEDILRIRNHSTHTKN GSPQKGYEKFEFNIEDCRKFIDFYKQSISKHPEWKDFGFRFSDTQRYNSIDEFYREVE NQGYKLTFENISESYIDSVVNQGKLYLFQIYNKDFSAYSKGRPNLHTLYWKALFDER NLQDVVYKLNGEAELFYRKQSIPKKITHPAKEAIANKNKDNPKKESVFEYDLIKDKR FTEDKFFFHCPITINFKSSGANKFNDEINLLLKEKANDVHILSIARGERHLAYYTLVDG KGNIIKQDTFNIIGNDRMKTNYHDKLAAIEKDRDSARKDWKKINNIKEMKEGYLSQV VHEIAKLVIEYNAIVVFADLNFGFKRGRFKVEKQVYQKLEKMLIEKLNYLVFKDNEF DKTGGVLRAYQLTAPFETFKKMGKQTGIIYYVPAGFTSKICPVTGFVNQLYPKYESV SKSQEFFSKFDKICYNLDKGYFEFSFDYKNFGDKAAKGKWTIASFGSRLINFRNSDKN HNWDTREVYPTKELEKLLKDYSIEYGHGECIKAAICGESDKKFFAKLTSVLNTILQM rnsktgteldylispvadvngnffdsrqapknmpqdaaangayhiglkglmllgri KNNQEGKKLNLVIKNEEYFEFVQNRNN (SEQ ID NO: 383)

[00303] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein that does not require a canonical (NGG) PAM sequence. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is an argonaute protein. One example of such a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein is an Argonaute protein from Natronobacterium gregoryi (NgAgo). NgAgo is a ssDNA-guided endonuclease. NgAgo binds 5' phosphorylated ssDNA of ~24 nucleotides (gDNA) to guide it to its target site and will make DNA double-strand breaks at the gDNA site. In contrast to Cas9, the NgAgo-gDNA system does not require a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). Using a nuclease inactive NgAgo (dNgAgo) can greatly expand the bases that may be targeted. The characterization and use of NgAgo have been described in Gao et al., Nat Biotechnol., 2016 Jul;34(7):768-73. PubMed PMID: 27136078; Swarts et al., Nature. 507(7491) (2014):258-61; and Swarts et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 43(10) (2015):5120-9, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The sequence of Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute is provided in SEQ ID NO: 416. 2024203284   17 May 2024 Wild type Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (SEQ ID NO: 416) MTVIDLDSTTTADELTSGHTYDISVTLTGVYDNTDEQHPRMSLAFEQDNGERRYITL WKNTTPKDVFTYDYATGSTYIFTNIDYEVKDGYENLTATYQTTVENATAQEVGTTD EDETFAGGEPLDHHLDDALNETPDDAETESDSGHVMTSFASRDQLPEWTLHTYTLT ATDGAKTDTEYARRTLAYTVRQELYTDHDAAPVATDGLMLLTPEPLGETPLDLDCG VRVEADETRTLDYTTAKDRLLARELVEEGLKRSLWDDYLVRGIDEVLSKEPVLTCD EFDLHERYDLSVEVGHSGRAYLHINFRHRFVPKLTLADIDDDNIYPGLRVKTTYRPR RGHIVWGLRDECATDSLNTLGNQSVVAYHRNNQTPINTDLLDAIEAADRRVVETRR QGHGDDAVSFPQELLAVEPNTHQIKQFASDGFHQQARSKTRLSASRCSEKAQAFAER LDPVRLNGSTVEFSSEFFTGNNEQQLRLLYENGESVLTFRDGARGAHPDETFSKGIVN PPESFEVAVVLPEQQADTCKAQWDTMADLLNQAGAPPTRSETVQYDAFSSPESISLN VAGAIDPSEVDAAFVVLPPDQEGFADLASPTETYDELKKALANMGIYSQMAYFDRF RDAKIFYTRNVALGLLAAAGGVAFTTEHAMPGDADMFIGIDVSRSYPEDGASGQINI AATATAVYKDGTILGHSSTRPQLGEKLQSTDVRDIMKNAILGYQQVTGESPTHIVIHR DGFMNEDLDPATEFLNEQGVEYDIVEIRKQPQTRLLAVSDVQYDTPVKSIAAINQNEP RATVATFGAPEYLATRDGGGLPRPIQIERVAGETDIETLTRQVYLLSQSHIQVHNSTA RLPITTAYADQASTHATKGYLVQTGAFESNVGFL (SEQ ID NO: 416)

[00304] In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a prokaryotic homolog of an Argonaute protein. Prokaryotic homologs of Argonaute proteins are known and have been described, for example, in Makarova K., et al., “Prokaryotic homologs of Argonaute proteins are predicted to function as key components of a novel system of defense against mobile genetic elements”, Biol Direct. 2009 Aug 25;4:29. doi: 10.1186 / 1745-6150-4-29, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a Marinitoga piezophila Argunaute (MpAgo) protein. The CRISPR-associated Marinitoga piezophila Argunaute (MpAgo) protein cleaves single-stranded target sequences using 5’-phosphorylated guides. The 5’ guides are used by all known Argonautes. The crystal structure of an MpAgo-RNA complex shows a guide strand binding site comprising residues that block 5’ phosphate interactions. This data suggests the evolution of an Argonaute subclass with noncanonical specificity for a 5’-hydroxylated guide. See, e.g., Kaya et al., “A bacterial Argonaute with noncanonical guide RNA specificity”, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016 Apr 12;113(15):4057-62, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). It should be appreciated that other argonaute proteins may be used, and are within the scope of this disclosure. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00305] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) is a single effector of a microbial CRISPR-Cas system. Single effectors of microbial CRISPR-Cas systems include, without limitation, Cas9, Cpfl, C2cl, C2c2, and C2c3. Typically, microbial CRISPR-Cas systems are divided into Class 1 and Class 2 systems. Class 1 systems have multisubunit effector complexes, while Class 2 systems have a single protein effector. For example, Cas9 and Cpfl are Class 2 effectors. In addition to Cas9 and Cpfl, three distinct Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems (C2cl, C2c2, and C2c3) have been described by Shmakov et al., “Discovery and Functional Characterization of Diverse Class 2 CRISPR Cas Systems”, Mol. Cell, 2015 Nov 5; 60(3): 385-397, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Effectors of two of the systems, C2cl and C2c3, contain RuvC-like endonuclease domains related to Cpfl. A third system, C2c2 contains an effector with two predicated HEPN RNase domains. Production of mature CRISPR RNA is tracrRNA-independent, unlike production of CRISPR RNA by C2cl. C2cl depends on both CRISPR RNA and tracrRNA for DNA cleavage. Bacterial C2c2 has been shown to possess a unique RNase activity for CRISPR RNA maturation distinct from its RNA-activated singlestranded RNA degradation activity. These RNase functions are different from each other and from the CRISPR RNA-processing behavior of Cpfl. See, e.g., East-Seletsky, et al., “Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-C2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection”, Nature, 2016 Oct 13;538(7624):270-273, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In vitro biochemical analysis of C2c2 in Leptotrichia shahii has shown that C2c2 is guided by a single CRISPR RNA and can be programed to cleave ssRNA targets carrying complementary protospacers. Catalytic residues in the two conserved HEPN domains mediate cleavage. Mutations in the catalytic residues generate catalytically inactive RNA-binding proteins. See e.g., Abudayyeh et al., “C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector”, Science, 2016 Aug 5; 353(6299), the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[00306] The crystal structure of Alicyclobaccillus acidoterrastris C2cl (AacC2cl) has been reported in complex with a chimeric single-molecule guide RNA (sgRNA). See e.g., Liu et al., “C2cl-sgRNA Complex Structure Reveals RNA-Guided DNA Cleavage Mechanism”, Mol. Cell, 2017 Jan 19;65(2):310-322, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The crystal structure has also been reported in Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris C2cl bound to target DNAs as ternary complexes. See e.g., Yang et al., “PAM-dependent Target DNA Recognition and Cleavage by C2C1 CRISPR-Cas endonuclease”, Cell, 2016 Dec 15; 167(7): 1814-1828, the entire contents of which are hereby 2024203284   17 May 2024 incorporated by reference. Catalytically competent conformations of AacC2cl, both with target and non-target DNA strands, have been captured independently positioned within a single RuvC catalytic pocket, with C2cl-mediated cleavage resulting in a staggered seven-nucleotide break of target DNA. Structural comparisons between C2cl ternary complexes and previously identified Cas9 and Cpfl counterparts demonstrate the diversity of mechanisms used by CRISPR-Cas9 systems.

[00307] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) of any of the fusion proteins provided herein may be a C2cl, a C2c2, or a C2c3 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a C2cl protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a C2c2 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a C2c3 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at ease 99.5% identical to a naturally-occurring C2cl, C2c2, or C2c3 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a naturally-occurring C2cl, C2c2, or C2c3 protein. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at ease 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 438 or 439. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp comprises an amino acid sequence of any one SEQ ID NOs: 438 or 439. It should be appreciated that C2cl, C2c2, or C2c3 from other bacterial species may also be used in accordance with the present disclosure. C2c 1 (uniprot.org / uniprot / T0D7 A2#) splT0D7A2IC2Cl_ALIAG CRIS PR-associated endonuclease C2cl OS=Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris (strain ATCC 49025 / DSM 3922 / CIP 106132 / NCIMB 13137 / GD3B) GN=c2cl PE=1 SV=1 MAVKSIKVKLRLDDMPEIRAGLWKLHKEVNAGVRYYTEWLSLLRQENLYRRSPNG DGEQECDKTAEECKAELLERLRARQVENGHRGPAGSDDELLQLARQLYELLVPQAI GAKGDAQQIARKFLSPLADKDAVGGLGIAKAGNKPRWVRMREAGEPGWEEEKEKA ETRKSADRTADVLRALADFGLKPLMRVYTDSEMSSVEWKPLRKGQAVRTWDRDM FQQAIERMMSWESWNQRVGQEYAKLVEQKNRFEQKNFVGQEHLVHLVNQLQQDM KEASPGLESKEQTAHYVTGRALRGSDKVFEKWGKLAPDAPFDLYDAEIKNVQRRNT RRFGSHDLFAKLAEPEYQALWREDASFLTRYAVYNSILRKLNHAKMFATFTLPDAT AHPIWTRFDKLGGNLHQYTFLFNEFGERRHAIRFHKLLKVENGVAREVDDVTVPISM 2024203284   17 May 2024 SEQLDNLLPRDPNEPIALYFRDYGAEQHFTGEFGGAKIQCRRDQLAHMHRRRGARD VYLNVSVRVQSQSEARGERRPPYAAVFRLVGDNHRAFVHFDKLSDYLAEHPDDGKL GSEGLLSGLRVMSVDLGLRTSASISVFRVARKDELKPNSKGRVPFFFPIKGNDNLVAV HERSQLLKLPGETESKDLRAIREERQRTLRQLRTQLAYLRLLVRCGSEDVGRRERSW AKLIEQPVDAANHMTPDWREAFENELQKLKSLHGICSDKEWMDAVYESVRRVWRH MGKQVRDWRKDVRSGERPKIRGYAKDVVGGNSIEQIEYLERQYKFLKSWSFFGKVS GQVIRAEKGSRFAITLREHIDHAKEDRLKKLADRIIMEALGYVYALDERGKGKWVA KYPPCQLILLEELSEYQFNNDRPPSENNQLMQWSHRGVFQELINQAQVHDLLVGTM YAAFSSRFDARTGAPGIRCRRVPARCTQEHNPEPFPWWLNKFVVEHTLDACPLRAD DLIPTGEGEIFVSPFSAEEGDFHQIHADLNAAQNLQQRLWSDFDISQIRLRCDWGEVD GELVLIPRLTGKRTADSYSNKVFYTNTGVTYYERERGKKRRKVFAQEKLSEEEAELL VEADEAREKSVVLMRDPSGIINRGNWTRQKEFWSMVNQRIEGYLVKQIRSRVPLQD SACENTGDI (SEQ ID NO: 438) C2c2 (uniprot.org / uniprot / PODOC6) >splPODOC6IC2C2_LEPSD CRISPR-associated endoribonuclease C2c2 OS=Leptotrichia shahii (strain DSM 19757 / CCUG 47503 / CIP 107916 / JCM 16776 / LB37) GN=c2c2 PE=1 SV=1 MGNLFGHKRWYEVRDKKDFKIKRKVKVKRNYDGNKYILNINENNNKEKIDNNKFIR KYINYKKNDNILKEFTRKFHAGNILFKLKGKEGIIRIENNDDFLETEEVVLYIEAYGKS EKLKALGITKKKIIDEAIRQGITKDDKKIEIKRQENEEEIEIDIRDEYTNKTLNDCSIILRI IENDELETKKSIYEIFKNINMSLYKIIEKIIENETEKVFENRYYEEHLREKLLKDDKIDVI LTNFMEIREKIKSNLEILGFVKFYLNVGGDKKKSKNKKMLVEKILNINVDLTVEDIAD FVIKELEFWNITKRIEKVKKVNNEFLEKRRNRTYIKSYVLLDKHEKFKIERENKKDKI VKFFVENIKNNSIKEKIEKILAEFKIDELIKKLEKELKKGNCDTEIFGIFKKHYKVNFDS KKFSKKSDEEKELYKIIYRYLKGRIEKILVNEQKVRLKKMEKIEIEKILNESILSEKILK RVKQYTLEHIMYLGKLRHNDIDMTTVNTDDFSRLHAKEELDLELITFFASTNMELNK IFSRENINNDENIDFFGGDREKNYVLDKKILNSKIKIIRDLDFIDNKNNITNNFIRKFTKI GTNERNRILHAISKERDLQGTQDDYNKVINIIQNLKISDEEVSKALNLDVVFKDKKNII TKINDIKISEENNNDIKYLPSFSKVLPEILNLYRNNPKNEPFDTIETEKIVLNALIYVNKE LYKKLILEDDLEENESKNIFLQELKKTLGNIDEIDENIIENYYKNAQISASKGNNKAIK KYQKKVIECYIGYLRKNYEELFDFSDFKMNIQEIKKQIKDINDNKTYERITVKTSDKTI VINDDFEYIISIFALLNSNAVINKIRNRFFATSVWLNTSEYQNIIDILDEIMQLNTLRNEC ITENWNLNLEEFIQKMKEIEKDFDDFKIQTKKEIFNNYYEDIKNNILTEFKDDINGCDV 2024203284   17 May 2024 LEKKLEKIVIFDDETKFEIDKKSNILQDEQRKLSNINKKDLKKKVDQYIKDKDQEIKS KILCRIIFNSDFLKKYKKEIDNLIEDMESENENKFQEIYYPKERKNELYIYKKNLFLNIG NPNFDKIYGLISNDIKMADAKFLFNIDGKNIRKNKISEIDAILKNLNDKLNGYSKEYKE KYIKKLKENDDFFAKNIQNKNYKSFEKDYNRVSEYKKIRDLVEFNYLNKIESYLIDIN WKLAIQMARFERDMHYIVNGLRELGIIKLSGYNTGISRAYPKRNGSDGFYTTTAYYK FFDEESYKKFEKICYGFGIDLSENSEINKPENESIRNYISHFYIVRNPFADYSIAEQIDRV SNLLSYSTRYNNSTYASVFEVFKKDVNLDYDELKKKFKLIGNNDILERLMKPKKVSV LELESYNSDYIKNLIIELLTKIENTNDTL (SEQ ID NO: 439) Fusion proteins comprising a nuclease programmable DNA binding protein and an adenosine deaminase

[00308] Some aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins comprising a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein are base editors. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is a Cas9 domain, a Cpf 1 domain, a CasX domain, a CasY domain, a C2cl domain, a C2c2 domain, aC2c3 domain, or an Argonaute domain. In some embodiments, the napDNAbp is any napDNAbp provided herein. Some aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins comprising a Cas9 domain and an adenosine deaminase. The Cas9 domain may be any of the Cas9 domains or Cas9 proteins (e.g., dCas9 or nCas9) provided herein. In some embodiments, any of the Cas9 domains or Cas9 proteins (e.g., dCas9 or nCas9) provided herein may be fused with any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the structure: NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; or NH2- [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] -COOH

[00309] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins comprising an adenosine deaminase and a napDNAbp (e.g., Cas9 domain) do not include a linker sequence. In some embodiments, a linker is present between the adenosine deaminase domain and the napDNAbp . In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via any of the linkers provided herein. For example, in some embodiments the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via any of the linkers provided below in the section entitled “Linkers”. In some embodiments, the adenosine 2024203284   17 May 2024 deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via a linker that comprises between 1 and and 200 amino acids. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via a linker that comprises from 1 to 5, 1 to 10, 1 to 20, 1 to 30, 1 to 40, 1 to 50, 1 to 60, 1 to 80, 1 to 100, 1 to 150, 1 to 200, 5 to 10, 5 to 20, 5 to 30, 5 to 40, 5 to 60, 5 to 80, 5 to 100, 5 to 150, 5 to 200, 10 to 20, 10 to 30, 10 to 40, 10 to 50, 10 to 60, 10 to 80, 10 to 100, 10 to 150, 10 to 200, 20 to 30, 20 to 40, 20 to 50, 20 to 60, 20 to 80, 20 to 100, 20 to 150, 20 to 200, 30 to 40, 30 to 50, 30 to 60, 30 to 80, 30 to 100, 30 to 150, 30 to 200, 40 to 50, 40 to 60, 40 to 80, 40 to 100, 40 to 150, 40 to 200, 50 to 60 50 to 80, 50 to 100, 50 to 150, 50 to 200, 60 to 80, 60 to 100, 60 to 150, 60 to 200, 80 to 100, 80 to 150, 80 to 200, 100 to 150, 100 to 200, or 150 to 200 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via a linker that comprises 4, 16, 32, or 104 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via a linker that comprises the amino acid sequence of SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), SGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 384), SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 385), or GGSGGSPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTE PSEGSAPGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 386). In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), which may also be referred to as the XTEN linker. In some embodiments, the linker is 24 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 685). In some embodiments, the linker is 40 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 686). In some embodiments, the linker is 64 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGS SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 687). In some embodiments, the linker is 92 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence PGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTEPSEGSAP GTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATS (SEQ ID NO: 688). Fusion proteins comprising an inhibitor of base repair

[00310] Some aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins that comprise an 2024203284   17 May 2024 inhibitor of base repair (IBR). For example a fusion protein comprising an adenosine deaminase and a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein may further comprise an inhibitor of base repair. In some embodiments, the IBR comprises an inhibitor of inosine base repair. In some embodiments, the IBR is an inhibitor of inosine base excision repair. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of inosine base excision repair is a catalytically inactive inosine specific nuclease (dISN).

[00311] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein further comprise a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN). In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein that comprise a napDNAbp (e.g., a nuclease active Cas9 domain, a nuclease inactive dCas9 domain, or a Cas9 nickase) and an adenosine deaminase may be further fused to a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN) either directly or via a linker. Some aspects of this disclosure provide fusion proteins that comprise an adenosine deaminase (e.g., an engineered adenosine deaminase that deaminates adenosine in a DNA) a napDNAbp (e.g., a dCas9 or nCas9), and a dISN. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, cellular DNA-repair response to the presence of I:T heteroduplex DNA may be responsible for the decrease in nucleobase editing efficiency in cells. For example, AAG catalyzes removal of inosine (I) from DNA in cells, which may initiate base excision repair, with reversion of the I:T pair to a A:T pair as the most common outcome. In some embodiments, a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease may be capable of binding an inosine in a nucleic acid, without cleaving the nucleic acid, to prevent removal (e.g., by cellular DNA repair mechanisms) of the inosine residue in the DNA.

[00312] In some embodiments, a dISN may inhibit (e.g., by steric hindrance) inosine removing enzymes from excising the inosine residue from DNA. For example, catalytically dead inosine glycosylases (e.g., alkyl adenine glycosylase [AAG]) will bind inosine but will not create an abasic site or remove the inosine, thereby sterically blocking the newly-formed inosine moiety from potential DNA damage / repair mechanisms. Thus, this disclosure contemplates a fusion protein comprising a napDNAbp and an adenosine deaminase further fused to a dISN . This disclosure contemplates a fusion protein comprising any Cas9 domain, for example, a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) domain, a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) domain, a high fidelity Cas9 domain, or a Cas9 domain with reduced PAM exclusivity. It should be understood that the use of a dISN may increase the editing efficiency of a adenosine deaminase that is capable of catalyzing a A to I change. For example, fusion proteins comprising a dISN domain may be more efficient in deaminating A residues. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the structure: 2024203284   17 May 2024 NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp] -[dISN]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[dISN]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[dISN] -[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2- [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [dISN] -COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[dISN]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; or NH2- [dISN] - [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] -COOH

[00313] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between two domains or proteins (e.g., adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, or dISN). In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence. In some embodiments, a dISN comprises an inosine-specific nuclease that has reduced or nuclease activity, or does not have nuclease activity. In some embodiments, a dISN has up to 1%, up to 2%, up to 3%, up to 4%, up to 5%, up to 10%, up to 15%, up to 20%, up to 25%, up to 30%, up to 35%, up to 40%, up to 45%, or up to 50% of the nuclease activity of a corresponding (e.g., the wild-type) inosine-specific nuclease. In some embodiments, the dISN is a wild-type inosine-specific nuclease that comprises one or more mutations that reduces or eliminates the nuclease activity of the wild-type inosine-specific nuclease. Exemplary catalytically inactive inosine-specific nucleases include, without limitation, catalytically inactive AAG nuclease and catalytically inactive EndoV nuclease. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive AAG nuclease comprises an E125Q mutation as compared to SEQ ID NO: 32, or a corresponding mutation in another AAG nuclease. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive AAG nuclease comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive EndoV nuclease comprises an D35A mutation as compared to SEQ ID NO 32, or a corresponding mutation in another EndoV nuclease. In some embodiments, the catalytically inactive EndoV nuclease comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 33. It should be appreciated that other catalytically inactive inosine-specific nucleases (dISNs) would be apparent to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of this disclosure.

[00314] In some embodiments, the dISN proteins provided herein include fragments of dISN proteins and proteins homologous to a dISN or a dISN fragment. For example, in some embodiments, a dISN comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33. In some embodiments, a dISN fragment comprises an amino acid 2024203284   17 May 2024 sequence that comprises at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33. In some embodiments, a dISN comprises an amino acid sequence homologous to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33, or an amino acid sequence homologous to a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33. In some embodiments, proteins comprising a dISN or fragments of a dISN or homologs of a dISN or a dISN fragment are referred to as “dISN variants.” A dISN variant shares homology to a dISN, or a fragment thereof. For example a dISN variant is at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% identical to a wild-type dISN or a dISN as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33. In some embodiments, the dISN variant comprises a fragment of dISN, such that the fragment is at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% to the corresponding fragment of wild-type dISN or a dISN as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 or 33. In some embodiments, the dISN comprises the following amino acid sequence: AAG nuclease (E125Q); mutated residue underlined in bold. KGHLTRLGLEFFDQPAVPLARAFLGQVLVRRLPNGTELRGRIVET^AYLGPEDEAAH SRGGRQTPRNRGMFMKPGTLYVYIIYGMYFCMNISSQGDGACVLLRALEPLEGLET MRQLRSTLRKGTASRVLKDRELCSGPSKLCQALAINKSFDQRDLAQDEAVWLERGP LEPSEPAVVAAARVGVGHAGEWARKPLRFYVRGSPWVSVVDRVAEQDTQA (SEQ ID NO: 32) EndoV nuclease (D35A); mutated residue underlined in bold. DLASLRAQQIELASSVIREDRLDKDPPDLIAGAAVGFEQGGEVTRAAMVLLKYPSLE LVEYKVARIATTMPYIPGFLSFREYPALLAAWEMLSQKPDLVFVDGHGISHPRRLGV ASHFGLLVDVPTIGVAKKRLCGKFEPLSSEPGALAPLMDKGEQLAWVWRSKARCNP LFIATGHRVSVDSALAWVQRCMKGYRLPEPTRWADAVASERPAFVRYTANQP (SEQ ID NO: 33) 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00315] Suitable dISN proteins are provided herein and additional suitable dISN proteins are known to those in the art, and include, for example, AAG, EndoV, and variants thereof. It should be appreciated that additional proteins that block or inhibit base-excision repair, such as base excision of an inosine, are also within the scope of this disclosure. In some embodiments, a protein that binds inosine in DNA is used.

[00316] Some aspects of the disclosure relate to fusion proteins that comprise MBD4, or TDG, which may be used as inhibitors of base repair. Thus, this disclosure contemplates a fusion protein comprising a napDNAbp and an adenosine deaminase further fused to MBD4 or TDG. This disclosure contemplates a fusion protein comprising any Cas9 domain, for example, a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) domain, a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) domain, a high fidelity Cas9 domain, or a Cas9 domain with reduced PAM exclusivity. It should be understood that the use of MBD4 or TDG may increase the editing efficiency of a adenosine deaminase that is capable of catalyzing a A to I change. For example, fusion proteins comprising MBD4 or TDG may be more efficient in deaminating A residues. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the structure: NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[MBD4 or TDG]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[MBD4 or TDG]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[MBD4 or TDG] -[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-[MBD4 or TDG]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[MBD4 or TDG]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; or NH2-[MBD4 or TDG]-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH

[00317] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between two domains or proteins (e.g., adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, MBD4 or TDG). In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence. In some embodiments, the MBD4 or TDG is a wild-type MBD4 or TDG. Exemplary, MBD4 and TDG amino acid sequences would be apparent to the skilled artisan and include, without limitation, the MBD4 and TDG amino acid sequences provided below. 2024203284   17 May 2024 Sequence of MBD4: GTTGLESLSLGDRGAAPTVTSSERLVPDPPNDLRKEDVAMELERVGEDEEQMMIKRS SECNPLLQEPIASAQFGATAGTECRKSVPCGWERVVKQRLFGKTAGRFDVYFISPQG LKFRSKSSLANYLHKNGETSLKPEDFDFTVLSKRGIKSRYKDCSMAALTSHLQNQSN NSNWNLRTRSKCKKDVFMPPSSSSELQESRGLSNFTSTHLLLKEDEGVDDVNFRKVR KPKGKVTILKGIPIKKTKKGCRKSCSGFVQSDSKRESVCNKADAESEPVAQKSQLDR TVCISDAGACGETLSVTSEENSLVKKKERSLSSGSNFCSEQKTSGIINKFCSAKDSEHN EKYEDTFLESEEIGTKVEVVERKEHLHTDILKRGSEMDNNCSPTRKDFTGEKIFQEDTI PRTQIERRKTSLYFSSKYNKEALSPPRRKAFKKWTPPRSPFNLVQETLFHDPWKLLIA TIFLNRTSGKMAIPVLWKFLEKYPSAEVARTADWRDVSELLKPLGLYDLRAKTIVKF SDEYLTKQWKYPIELHGIGKYGNDSYRIFCVNEWKQVHPEDHKLNKYHDWLWENH EKLSLS (SEQ ID NO: 689) Sequence of TDG: EAENAGSYSLQQAQAFYTFPFQQLMAEAPNMAVVNEQQMPEEVPAPAPAQEPVQE APKGRKRKPRTTEPKQPVEPKKPVESKKSGKSAKSKEKQEKITDTFKVKRKVDRFNG VSEAELLTKTLPDILTFNLDIVIIGINPGLMAAYKGHHYPGPGNHFWKCLFMSGLSEV QLNHMDDHTLPGKYGIGFTNMVERTTPGSKDLSSKEFREGGRILVQKLQKYQPRIAV FNGKCIYEIFSKEVFGVKVKNLEFGLQPHKIPDTETLCYVMPSSSARCAQFPRAQDKV HYYIKLKDLRDQLKGIERNMDVQEVQYTFDLQLAQEDAKKMAVKEEKYDPGYEAA YGGAYGENPCSSEPCGFSSNGLIESVELRGESAFSGIPNGQWMTQSFTDQIPSFSNHC GTQEQEEESHA (SEQ ID NO: 690)

[00318] In some embodiments, the MBD4 or TDG proteins provided herein include fragments of MBD4 or TDG proteins and proteins homologous to a MBD4 or a TDG fragment. For example, in some embodiments, a MBD4 or TDG protein comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 689 or 690. In some embodiments, a MBD4 or TDG fragment comprises an amino acid sequence that comprises at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 689 or 690. In some embodiments, a MBD4 or TDG protein comprises an amino acid sequence homologous to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 689 or 690, or an amino acid sequence homologous to a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 689 or 690. In some embodiments, proteins comprising a MBD4 or TDG or fragments of a MBD4 or TDG or homologs of a MBD4 or TDG fragment are referred to as “MBD4 varients” or “TDG variants.” A MBD4 or TDG variant shares homology to a MBD4 or TDG, or a fragment thereof. For example a MBD4 or TDG variant is at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% identical to a wild-type MBD4 or TDG or a MBD4 or TDG as set forth in SEQ 2024203284   17 May 2024 ID NO: 689 or 690. In some embodiments, the MBD4 or TDG variant comprises a fragment of MBD4 or TDG, such that the fragment is at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% to the corresponding fragment of wild-type MBD4 or TDG or a MBD4 or TDG as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 689 or 690. In some embodiments, the dISN comprises the following amino acid sequence:

[00319] Some aspects of the disclosure relate to fusion proteins that comprise a uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) domain. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein that comprise a napDNAbp (e.g., a nuclease active Cas9 domain, a nuclease inactive dCas9 domain, or a Cas9 nickase), and an adenosine deaminase, may be further fused to a UGI domain either directly or via a linker. Some aspects of this disclosure provide fusion proteins that comprise an adenosine deaminase (e.g., an engineered adenosine deaminase that deaminates deoxy adenosine in a DNA) a napDNAbp (e.g., a dCas9 or nCas9), and a UGI domain. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the cellular DNA-repair response to the presence of I:T heteroduplex DNA may be responsible for the decrease in nucleobase editing efficiency in cells. For example, alkyl adenosine glycosylase (AAG) is involved in inosine (I) associated DNA repair and catalyzes removal of I from DNA in cells. This may initiate base excision repair, with reversion of the I:T pair to a A:T pair as the most common outcome. A UGI domain, may inhibit (e.g., by steric hindrance) inosine removing enzymes from excising the inosine residue from DNA. Thus, this disclosure contemplates a fusion protein comprising a Cas9 domain and an adenosine deaminase domain further fused to a UGI domain. This disclosure contemplates a fusion protein comprising any nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein, for example, a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) domain, a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) domain, a high fidelity Cas9 domain, or a Cas9 domain with reduced PAM exclusivity. It should be understood that the use of a UGI domain may increase the editing efficiency of a adenosine deaminase that is capable of catalyzing a A to I change. For example, fusion proteins comprising a UGI domain may be more efficient in deaminating adenosine residues. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the structure: NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[UGI]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[UGI]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2- [UGI] - [adenosine deaminase] -[napDNAbp] -COOH; 2024203284   17 May 2024 NH2- [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [UGI] -COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[UGI]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; or NH2- [UGI] - [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] -COOH

[00320] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between any of the domains or proteins (e.g., adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, and / or UGI domains). In some embodiments, the “-“ used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker.

[00321] In some embodiments, a UGI domain comprises a wild-type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the UGI proteins provided herein include fragments of UGI and proteins homologous to a UGI or a UGI fragment. For example, in some embodiments, a UGI domain comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, a UGI fragment comprises an amino acid sequence that comprises at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, a UGI comprises an amino acid sequence homologous to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or an amino acid sequence homologous to a fragment of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, proteins comprising UGI or fragments of UGI or homologs of UGI or UGI fragments are referred to as “UGI variants.” A UGI variant shares homology to UGI, or a fragment thereof. For example a UGI variant is at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% identical to a wild type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the UGI variant comprises a fragment of UGI, such that the fragment is at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or at least 99.9% to the corresponding fragment of wild-type UGI or a UGI as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the UGI comprises the following amino acid sequence: 2024203284   17 May 2024 >splP14739IUNGI_BPPB2 Uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor MTNLSDIIEKETGKQLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHTAYDESTDENVMLLT SDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKML (SEQ ID NO: 3)

[00322] Suitable UGI protein and nucleotide sequences are provided herein and additional suitable UGI sequences are known to those in the art, and include, for example, those published in Wang et al., Uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor gene of bacteriophage PBS2 encodes a binding protein specific for uracil-DNA glycosylase. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1163-1171(1989); Lundquist et al., Site-directed mutagenesis and characterization of uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein. Role of specific carboxylic amino acids in complex formation with Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase. J. Biol. Chem. 272:21408-21419(1997); Ravishankar et al., X-ray analysis of a complex of Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase (EcUDG) with a proteinaceous inhibitor. The structure elucidation of a prokaryotic UDG. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:4880-4887(1998); and Putnam et al., Protein mimicry of DNA from crystal structures of the uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein and its complex with Escherichia coli uracil-DNA glycosylase. J. Mol. Biol. 287:331-346(1999), the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference.

[00323] It should be appreciated that additional proteins that block or inhibit baseexcision repair, such as base excision of an inosine, are also within the scope of this disclosure. In some embodiments, a protein that binds DNA is used. In another embodiment, a substitute for UGI is used. In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a protein that binds single-stranded DNA. For example, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor may be a Erwinia tasmaniensis single-stranded binding protein. In some embodiments, the singlestranded binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 29). In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a protein that binds uracil. In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a protein that binds uracil in DNA. In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a catalytically inactive uracil DNA-glycosylase protein. In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a catalytically inactive uracil DNA-glycosylase protein that does not excise uracil from the DNA. For example, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a UdgX. In some embodiments, the UdgX comprises the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 30). As another example, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a catalytically inactive UDG. In some embodiments, a catalytically inactive UDG comprises the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 31). It should be appreciated that other uracil glycosylase inhibitors would be apparent to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of this 2024203284   17 May 2024 disclosure. In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a protein that is homologous to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 29-31. In some embodiments, a uracil glycosylase inhibitor is a protein that is at least 50% identical, at least 55% identical, at least 60% identical, at least 65% identical, at least 70% identical, at least 75% identical, at least 80% identical at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 29-31. Erwinia tasmaniensis SSB (themostable single-stranded DNA binding protein) MASRGVNKVILVGNLGQDPEVRYMPNGGAVANITLATSESWRDKQTGETKEKTEW HRVVLFGKLAEVAGEYLRKGSQVYIEGALQTRKWTDQAGVEKYTTEVVVNVGGT MQMLGGRSQGGGASAGGQNGGSNNGWGQPQQPQGGNQFSGGAQQQARPQQQPQ QNNAPANNEPPIDFDDDIP (SEQ ID NO: 29) UdgX (binds to Uracil in DNA but does not excise) MAGAQDFVPHTADLAELAAAAGECRGCGLYRDATQAVFGAGGRSARIMMIGEQPG DKEDLAGLPFVGPAGRLLDRALEAADIDRDALYVTNAVKHFKFTRAAGGKRRIHKT PSRTEVVACRPWLIAEMTSVEPDVVVLLGATAAKALLGNDFRVTQHRGEVLHVDDV PGDPALVATVHPSSLLRGPKEERESAFAGLVDDLRVAADVRP (SEQ ID NO: 30) UDG (catalytically inactive human UDG, binds to Uracil in DNA but does not excise) MIGQKTLYSFFSPSPARKRHAPSPEPAVQGTGVAGVPEESGDAAAIPAKKAPAGQEE PGTPPSSPLSAEQLDRIQRNKAAALLRLAARNVPVGFGESWKKHLSGEFGKPYFIKL MGFVAEERKHYTVYPPPHQVFTWTQMCDIKDVKVVILGQEPYHGPNQAHGLCFSV QRPVPPPPSLENIYKELSTDIEDFVHPGHGDLSGWAKQGVLLLNAVLTVRAHQANSH KERGWEQFTDAVVSWLNQNSNGLVFLLWGSYAQKKGSAIDRKRHHVLQTAHPSPL SVYRGFFGCRHFSKTNELLQKSGKKPIDWKEL (SEQ ID NO: 31) Fusion proteins comprising a nuclear localization sequence (NLS)

[00324] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein further comprise one or more nuclear targeting sequences, for example, a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). In some embodiments, a NLS comprises an amino acid sequence that facilitates the importation of a protein, that comprises an NLS, into the cell nucleus (e.g., by nuclear transport). In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein further 2024203284   17 May 2024 comprise a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the N-terminus of the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the C-terminus of the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the N-terminus of the IBR (e.g., dISN). In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the C-terminus of the IBR (e.g., dISN). In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the N-terminus of the napDNAbp. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the C-terminus of the napDNAbp. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the N-terminus of the adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the C-terminus of the adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the fusion protein via one or more linkers. In some embodiments, the NLS is fused to the fusion protein without a linker. In some embodiments, the NLS comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of the NLS sequences provided or referenced herein. In some embodiments, the NLS comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5. Additional nuclear localization sequences are known in the art and would be apparent to the skilled artisan. For example, NLS sequences are described in Plank et al., PCT / EP2000 / 011690, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for their disclosure of exemplary nuclear localization sequences. In some embodiments, a NLS comprises the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 4) or MDSLLMNRRKFLYQFKNVRWAKGRRETYLC (SEQ ID NO: 5).

[00325] In some embodiments, the general architecture of exemplary fusion proteins with an adenosine deaminase and a napDNAbp comprises any one of the following structures, where NLS is a nuclear localization sequence (e.g., any NLS provided herein), NH2 is the N-terminus of the fusion protein, and COOH is the C-terminus of the fusion protein.

[00326] Fusion proteins comprising an adenosine deaminase, a napDNAbp, and a NLS. NH2- [NLS] - [adenosine deaminase] - [napDNAbp] -COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2- [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [NLS] -COOH;

[00327] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between one or more of the domains or proteins (e.g., adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, and / or NLS). In some embodiments, the “- 2024203284   17 May 2024 “ used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker.

[00328] Fusion proteins comprising an adenosine deaminase, a napDNAbp, and an inhibitor of base repair (IBR). NH2-[IBR]-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[IBR]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-COOH; NH2- [IBR] -[napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] -COOH; NH2- [napDNAbp] - [IBR] - [adenosine deaminase] -COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]- [IBR]-COOH;

[00329] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between one or more of the domains or proteins (e.g., adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, and / or IBR). In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker.

[00330] Fusion proteins comprising an adenosine deaminase, a napDNAbp,an inhibitor of base repair (IBR) and a NLS. NH2- [IBR] -[NLS] - [adenosine deaminase] -[napDNAbp] -COOH; NH2- [NLS] - [IBR] - [adenosine deaminase] -[napDNAbp] -COOH; NH2- [NLS] - [adenosine deaminase] - [IBR] -[napDNAbp] -COOH; NH2- [NLS] - [adenosine deaminase] - [napDNAbp] - [IBR] -COOH; NH2-[IBR]-[adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[IBR]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[IBR]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-COOH; NH2-[IBR]-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[IBR]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[IBR]-COOH; NH2-[IBR]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[IBR]-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-[IBR]-COOH; NH2-[IBR]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-[NLS]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[IBR]-[adenosine deaminase]-COOH; 2024203284   17 May 2024 NH2-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[adenosine deaminase] -[IBR]-COOH; NH2- [IBR] -[napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] -[NLS] -COOH; NH2- [napDNAbp] - [IBR] - [adenosine deaminase] -[NLS] -COOH; NH2- [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [IBR] -[NLS] -COOH; NH2- [napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [NLS] - [IBR] -COOH;

[00331] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between one or more of the domains or proteins (e.g., adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, NLS, and / or IBR). In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker.

[00332] Some aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins that comprise a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) and at least two adenosine deaminase domains. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, dimerization of adenosine deaminases (e.g., in cis or in trans) may improve the ability (e.g., efficiency) of the fusion protein to modify a nucleic acid base, for example to deaminate adenine. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins may comprise 2, 3, 4 or 5 adenosine deaminase domains. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein comprise two adenosine deaminases. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein contain only two adenosine deaminases. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases are the same. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases are any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminases are different. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase is any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein, and the second adenosine is any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein, but is not identical to the first adenosine deaminase. As one example, the fusion protein may comprise a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase that both comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72, which contains a A106V, D108N, D147Y, and E155V mutation from ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1). As another example, the fusion protein may comprise a first adenosine deaminase domain that comprises the amino amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72, which contains a A106V, D108N, D147Y, and E155V mutation from ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1), and a second adenosine deaminase that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 421, which contains a L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation from ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[00333] In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises two adenosine deaminases (e.g., a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase). In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase. 2024203284   17 May 2024 In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase is N-terminal to the second adenosine deaminase in the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase is C-terminal to the second adenosine deaminase in the fusion protein. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase and the second deaminase are fused directly or via a linker. In some embodiments, the linker is any of the linkers provided herein, for example, any of the linkers described in the “Linkers” section. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 37-40, 384-386, or 685-688. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase is the same as the second adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase are any of the adenosine deaminases described herein. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase are different. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase is any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the second adenosine deaminase is any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein but is not identical to the first adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase is an ecTadA adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or to any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the second adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, 672-684, or to any of the adenosine deaminases provided herein. In some embodiments, the second adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase of the fusion protein comprise the mutations in ecTadA (SEQ ID NO: 1), or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, as shown in any one of the constructs provided in Table 4 (e.g., pNMG-371, pNMG-477, pNMG-576, pNMG-586, and pNMG-616). In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises the two adenosine deaminases (e.g., a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase) of any one of the constructs (e.g., pNMG-371, pNMG-477, pNMG-576, pNMG-586, and pNMG-616) in Table 4. 2024203284   17 May 2024

[00334] In some embodiments, the general architecture of exemplary fusion proteins with a first adenosine deaminase, a second adenosine deaminase, and a napDNAbp comprises any one of the following structures, where NLS is a nuclear localization sequence (e.g., any NLS provided herein), NH2 is the N-terminus of the fusion protein, and COOH is the C-terminus of the fusion protein.

[00335] Fusion proteins comprising a first adenosine deaminase, a second adenosine deaminase, and a napDNAbp. NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH;

[00336] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between one or more of the domains or proteins (e.g., first adenosine deaminase, second adenosine deaminase, and / or napDNAbp). In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker.

[00337] Fusion proteins comprising a first adenosine deaminase, a second adenosine deaminase, a napDNAbp, and an NLS. NH2-[NLS]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[second adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; 2024203284   17 May 2024 NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-COOH; NH2-[NLS]-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[NLS]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-[first adenosine deaminase]-COOH; NH2-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[first adenosine deaminase]-[NLS]-COOH;

[00338] In some embodiments, the fusion proteins provided herein do not comprise a linker. In some embodiments, a linker is present between one or more of the domains or proteins (e.g., first adenosine deaminase, second adenosine deaminase, napDNAbp, and / or NLS). In some embodiments, the used in the general architecture above indicates the presence of an optional linker.

[00339] It should be appreciated that the fusion proteins of the present disclosure may comprise one or more additional features. For example, in some embodiments, the fusion protein may comprise cytoplasmic localization sequences, export sequences, such as nuclear export sequences, or other localization sequences, as well as sequence tags that are useful for solubilization, purification, or detection of the fusion proteins. Suitable protein tags provided herein include, but are not limited to, biotin carboxylase carrier protein (BCCP) tags, myc-tags, calmodulin-tags, FLAG-tags, hemagglutinin (HA)-tags, polyhistidine tags, also referred to as histidine tags or His-tags, maltose binding protein (MBP)-tags, nus-tags, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tags, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tags, thioredoxin-tags, S-tags, Softags (e.g., Softag 1, Softag 3), strep-tags , biotin ligase tags, FlAsH tags, V5 tags, and SBP-tags. Additional suitable sequences will be apparent to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the fusion protein comprises one or more His tags. Linkers

[00340] In certain embodiments, linkers may be used to link any of the protein or protein domains described herein. The linker may be as simple as a covalent bond, or it may be a polymeric linker many atoms in length. In certain embodiments, the linker is a polypeptide or based on amino acids. In other embodiments, the linker is not peptide-like. In certain embodiments, the linker is a covalent bond (e.g., a carbon-carbon bond, disulfide 2024203284   17 May 2024 bond, carbon-heteroatom bond, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker is a carbon-nitrogen bond of an amide linkage. In certain embodiments, the linker is a cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic or heteroaliphatic linker. In certain embodiments, the linker is polymeric (e.g., polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyamide, polyester, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminoalkanoic acid. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an aminoalkanoic acid (e.g., glycine, ethanoic acid, alanine, beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, 4-aminobutanoic acid, 5-pentanoic acid, etc.). In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a monomer, dimer, or polymer of aminohexanoic acid (Ahx). In certain embodiments, the linker is based on a carbocyclic moiety (e.g., cyclopentane, cyclohexane). In other embodiments, the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG). In other embodiments, the linker comprises amino acids. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises a peptide. In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an aryl or heteroaryl moiety. In certain embodiments, the linker is based on a phenyl ring. The linker may include functionalized moieties to facilitate attachment of a nucleophile (e.g., thiol, amino) from the peptide to the linker. Any electrophile may be used as part of the linker. Exemplary electrophiles include, but are not limited to, activated esters, activated amides, Michael acceptors, alkyl halides, aryl halides, acyl halides, and isothiocyanates.

[00341] In some embodiments, the linker is an amino acid or a plurality of amino acids (e.g., a peptide or protein). In some embodiments, the linker is a bond ( e.g., a covalent bond), an organic molecule, group, polymer, or chemical moiety. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-100 amino acids in length, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, 130-140, 140-150, or 150-200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated. In some embodiments, a linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), which may also be referred to as the XTEN linker. In some embodiments, a linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37). In some embodiments, a linker comprises (SGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 37), (GGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 38), (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 39), (G)n, (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 40), (GGS)n, SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), or (XP)n motif, or a combination of any of these, wherein n is independently an integer between 1 and 30, and wherein X is any amino acid. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15. In some embodiments, a linker comprises SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), and SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37). In some embodiments, a linker comprises 2024203284   17 May 2024 SGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 384). In some embodiments, a linker comprises SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 385). In some embodiments, a linker comprises GGSGGSPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTE PSEGSAPGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 386). In some embodiments, the linker is 24 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 685). In some embodiments, the linker is 40 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 686). In some embodiments, the linker is 64 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGS SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 687). In some embodiments, the linker is 92 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence PGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTEPSEGSAP GTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATS (SEQ ID NO: 688). It should be appreciated that any of the linkers provided herein may be used to link a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase; an adenosine deaminase (e.g., a first or a second adenosine deaminase) and a napDNAbp; a napDNAbp and an NLS; or an adenosine deaminase (e.g., a first or a second adenosine deaminase) and an NLS.

[00342] In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein, comprise an adenosine deaminase and a napDNAbp that are fused to each other via a linker. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein, comprise a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase that are fused to each other via a linker. In some embodiments, any of the fusion proteins provided herein, comprise an NLS, which may be fused to an adenosine deaminase (e.g., a first and / or a second adenosine deaminase), a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp), and or an inhibitor of base repair (IBR). Various linker lengths and flexibilities between an adenosine deaminase (e.g., an engineered ecTadA) and a napDNAbp (e.g., a Cas9 domain), and / or between a first adenosine deaminase and a second adenosine deaminase can be employed (e.g., ranging from very flexible linkers of the form (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 38), (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 39), and (G)n to more rigid linkers of the form (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 40), (SGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 37), SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10) (see, e.g., Guilinger JP, Thompson 2024203284   17 May 2024 DB, Liu DR. Fusion of catalytically inactive Cas9 to FokI nuclease improves the specificity of genome modification. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014; 32(6): 577-82; the entire contents are incorporated herein by reference) and (XP)n) in order to achieve the optimal length for deaminase activity for the specific application. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a (GGS)n motif, wherein n is 1, 3, or 7. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp, and / or the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase of any of the fusion proteins provided herein are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), SGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 384), SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 385), or GGSGGSPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTE PSEGSAPGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 386). In some embodiments, the linker is 24 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 685). In some embodiments, the linker is 40 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 686). In some embodiments, the linker is 64 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGSSGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGS SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 687). In some embodiments, the linker is 92 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the linker comprises the amino acid sequence PGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTEPSEGSAP GTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATS (SEQ ID NO: 688).

[00343] Some aspects of the disclosure provide fusion proteins comprising a Cas9 domain and an adenosine deaminase. Exemplary fusion proteins include, without limitation, the following fusion proteins (for the purposes of clarity, the adenosine deaminase domain is shown in Bold; mutations of the ecTadA deaminase domain are shown in Bold underlining; the XTEN linker is shown in italics', the UGI / AAG / EndoV domains are shown in Bold italics', and NLS is shown in underlined italics')'. ecTadA (wt)-XTEN-nCas9-NLS: MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH 2024203284   17 May 2024 DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARDAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSESATPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVQTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAQVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTQKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDSGGSPKKKPKV (SEO ID NO: 11) ecTadA(D108N)-XTEN-nCas9-NLS: (mammalian construct, active on DNA, A to G editing): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARNAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSE&4TPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV 2024203284   17 May 2024 LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITORK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDSGGSPKKKRKV (SEP ID NO: 12) ecTadA(D108G)-XTEN-nCas9-NLS: (mammalian construct, active on DNA, A to G editing): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARGAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSESATPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA 2024203284   17 May 2024 KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAQVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTQKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDSGGSPKKKPKV (SEO ID NO: 13) ecTadA(D108V)-XTEN-nCas9-NLS: (mammalian construct, active on DNA, A to G editing): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARVAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSESATPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK 2024203284   17 May 2024 MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TRIDLSOLGGDSGGSPKKKPKVISEQ ID NO: 14) ecTadA(D108N)-XTEN-nCas9-UGI-NLS (BE3 analog of A to G editor): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARNAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTYESATPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN 2024203284   17 May 2024 EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAQVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDSGGSTNLSDIIEKETGKOLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHT AYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKMLSGGSPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 15) ecTadA(D108G)-XTEN-nCas9-UGI-NLS (BE3 analog of A to G editor): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARGAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTYESATPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL 2024203284   17 May 2024 AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDH IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TR1DLSQLGGDSGGSTNLSDIIEKETGKOLVIOESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHT AYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKMLSGGSPKKKRKV (SEP ID NO: 16) ecTadA(D108V)-XTEN-nCas9-UGI-NLS (BE3 analog of A to G editor): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARVAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSE&4TPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDH 2024203284   17 May 2024 IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITQRK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDSGGSTNLSDIIEKETGKOLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHT AYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKMLSGGSPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 17) ecTadA(D108N)-XTEN-dCas9-UGI-NLS (mammalian cells, BE2 analog of A to G editor): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARNAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSE&4TPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDA IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITORK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV 2024203284   17 May 2024 KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TR1DLSQLGGDSGGSTNLSDIIEKETGKOLVIOESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHT AYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKMLSGGSPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 18) ecTadA(D108G)-XTEN-dCas9-UGI-NLS (mammalian cells, BE2 analog of A to G editor): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARGAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSE&4TPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDA IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITORK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE 2024203284   17 May 2024 TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVQTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TRIDLSQLGGDSGGSTNLSDIIEKETGKOLVIQESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHT AYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKMLSGGSPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 19) ecTadA(D108V)-XTEN-dCas9-UGI-NLS (mammalian cells, BE2 analog of A to G editor): MSEVEFSHEYWMRHALTLAKRAWDEREVPVGAVLVHNNRVIGEGWNRPIGRH DPTAHAEIMALRQGGLVMQNYRLIDATLYVTLEPCVMCAGAMIHSRIGRVVFG ARVAKTGAAGSLMDVLHHPGMNHRVEITEGILADECAALLSDFFRMRRQEIKA OKKAOSSTDSGSETPGTSE&4TPESDKKYSIGLAIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKV LGNTDRHSIKKNLIGALLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLOEIFSNEMAK VDDSFFHRLEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIOLVOTYNOLFEENPINASGVDA KAILS ARLSKSRRLENLIAOLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTPNFKSNFDLAEDAKLOLS KDTYDDDLDNLLAOIGDOYADLFLAAKNLSDAILLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRY DEHHODLTLLKALVROOLPEKYKEIFFDOSKNGYAGYIDGGASOEEFYKFIKPILEK MDGTEELLVKLNREDLLRKORTFDNGSIPHOIHLGELHAILRROEDFYPFLKDNREKI EKILTFRIPYYVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAOSFIERMTNF DKNLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEOKKAIVDLLFK TNRKVTVKOLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKIIKDKDFLDNEEN EDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKOLKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGI RDKOSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMOLIHDDSLTFKEDIOKAOVSGOGDSLHEHIANL AGSPAIKKGILOTVKVVDELVKVMGRHKPENIVIEMARENOTTOKGOKNSRERMKR IEEGIKELGSOILKEHPVENTOLONEKLYLYYLONGRDMYVDOELDINRLSDYDVDA IVPOSFLKDDSIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWROLLNAKLITORK FDNLTKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKROLVETROITKHVAOILDSRMNTKYDENDKLIREV KVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFOFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKKYPKLESEFVY GDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEOEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEITLANGEIRKRPLIETNGE TGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPOVNIVKKTEVOTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKD WDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVEKGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFL 2024203284   17 May 2024 EAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPKYSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELOKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLA SHYEKLKGSPEDNEOKOLFVEOHKHYLDEIIEOISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKH RDKPIREOAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHOSITGLYE TR1DLSQLGGDSGGSTNLSDIIEKETGKOLVIOESILMLPEEVEEVIGNKPESDILVHT AYDESTDENVMLLTSDAPEYKPWALVIQDSNGENKIKMLSGGSPKKKRKV (SEQ ID NO: 20) ecTadA(D108N)-XTEN-nCas9-AA...

Claims

1. An adenosine deaminase capable of deaminating adenine of deoxyadenosine in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

2. The adenosine deaminase of claim 1, wherein the adenosine deaminase is from a bacterium.

3. The adenosine deaminase of claim 1 or 2, wherein the adenosine deaminase is from an E.coli or S. aureus bacterium.

4. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the adenosine deaminase is a TadA deaminase.

5. The adenosine deaminase of claim 4, wherein the TadA deaminase is an E. coli TadA deaminase (ecTadA).

6. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

7. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the amino acid sequence ofthe adenosine deaminase comprises a D108X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than D.

8. The adenosine deaminase of claim 7, wherein X is G, N, V, A, or Y.2024203284   17 May 202410. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a A106X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than A.

11. The adenosine deaminase of claim 10, wherein X is V, I, or L.

12. The adenosine deamianse of claim 10, wherein X is V.

13. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a E155X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than E.

14. The adenosine deaminase of claim 13, wherein X is D, G, or V.

15. The adenosine deaminase of claim 13, wherein X is V.

16. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the amino acid sequence ofthe adenosine deaminase comprises a D147X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than D.

17. The adenosine deaminase of claim 16, wherein X is Y, or F.

18. The adenosine deaminase of claim 16, wherein X is Y.

19. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of S2A, H8Y, I49F, L84F, A106V, A106T, D108R, H123Y, N127S, D147Y, E155V, I156F, and K160S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or one or more corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 2024the adenosine deaminase comprises a L84F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenine deaminase.

21. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a H123Y mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenine deaminase.

22. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a H156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenine deaminase.

23. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than E.

24. The adenosine deaminase of claim 23, wherein X is M, D, A, R, V, S, or Y.

25. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the amino acid sequence ofthe adenosine deaminase comprises an R26X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than R.

26. The adenosine deaminase of claim 25, wherein X is G, N, Q, C, L, or K.

27. The adenosine deaminase of claim 25 or 26, wherein X is G.

28. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the amino acid sequence ofthe adenosine deaminase comprises an R107X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than R.

29. The adenosine deaminase of claim 28, wherein X is P, K, A, N, W, H, or S.2024203284   17 May 202430. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A142 mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than A.

31. The adenosine deaminase of claim 30, wherein X is N, D, or G.

32. The adenosine deaminase of claim 30 or 31, wherein X is N.

33. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A143 mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than A.

34. The adenosine deaminase of claim 33, wherein X is D, G, E, L, W, M, S, Q, or R.

35. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-34, wherein the amino acid sequence ofthe adenosine deaminase comprises an H36X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than H.

36. The adenosine deaminase of claim 35, wherein X is L.

37. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-36, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an N37X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than N.

38. The adenosine deaminase of claim 37, wherein X is T or S.

39. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-38, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an P48X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than P.2024203284   17 May 202441. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-40, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R51X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than R.

42. The adenosine deaminase of claim 41, wherein X is H or L.

43. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-42, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an S146X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than S.

44. The adenosine deaminase of claim 43, wherein X is R or C.

45. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-44, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an L157X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than L.

46. The adenosine deaminase of claim 45, wherein X is N.

47. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V and D108N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

48. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R107C and D108N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

49. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an H8Y, D108N, S127S, D147Y, and Q154H mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 202450. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an H8Y, R24W, D108N, N127S, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

51. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

52. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an H8Y, D108N, S127S mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

53. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an H8Y, D108N, N127S, D147Y, and Q154H mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

54. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an H8Y, R24W, D108N, N127S, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

55. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V, D108N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

56. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108Q, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

57. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108M, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 202458. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108L, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

59. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108K, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

60. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108I, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

61. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an D108F, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

62. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V, D108N, and D147Y mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

63. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises A106V, D108M, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

64. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E59A, A106V, D108N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

65. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E59A mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding2024203284   17 May 2024mutation in another adenosine deaminase.

66. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156Y mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

67. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R26G, L84F, A106V, R107H, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143D, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

68. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25G, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107H, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143D, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

69. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R26Q, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, A142N, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

70. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25M, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107P, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143D, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

71. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R26C, L84F, A106V, R107H, D108N, H123Y, A142N, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 202472. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143L, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

73. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R26G, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, A142N, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

74. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25A, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107N, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143E, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

75. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25D, R26G, L84F, A106V, R107K, D108N, H123Y, A142N, A143G, D147Y, E155V, and I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

76. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, D147Y, E155V, I156F mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

77. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V, D108N, A142N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

78. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R26G, A106V, D108N, A142N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 202479. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25D, R26G, A106V, R107K, D108N, A142N, A143G, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

80. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an R26G, A106V, D108N, R107H, A142N, A143D, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

81. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an E25D, R26G, A106V, D108N, A142N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

82. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V, R107K, D108N, A142N, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

83. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V, D108N, A142N, A143G, D147Y,E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

84. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an A106V, D108N, A142N, A143L, D147Y, and E155V mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

85. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an H36L, R51L, L84F, A106V, D108N, H123Y, S146C, D147Y, E155V, I156F, and K157N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 202486. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-85, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a P48X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than P.

87. The adenosine deaminase of claim 86, wherein X is S, T, or A.88    The adenosine deaminase of claim 87, wherein X is A.

89. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-88, wherein the amino acid sequence ofthe adenosine deaminase comprises a A142X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than A.

90. The adenosine deaminase of claim 89, wherein X is N.

91. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-90, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a W23X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than W.

92. The adenosine deaminase of claim 91, wherein X is R or L.

93. The adenosine deaminase of claim 91, wherein X is L.

94. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-93, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a R152X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than R.

95. The adenosine deaminase of claim 94, wherein X is P or H.

96. The adenosine deaminase of claim 94, wherein X is P.2024203284   17 May 202497. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the TadA deaminase is a S. aureus TadA deaminase (saTadA).

98. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-4 or 97, wherein the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

99. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-98, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a D107X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than D.

100. The adenosine deaminase of claim 99, wherein X is A.

101. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-100, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a D108X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than D.

102. The adenosine deaminase of claim 101, wherein X is N.

103. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-102, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a G26X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than G.

104. The adenosine deaminase of claim 103, wherein X is P.

105. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-104, wherein the amino acid sequenceof the adenosine deaminase comprises a S142X mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or a corresponding mutation in another adenosine deaminase, wherein X is any amino acid other than S.

106. The adenosine deaminase of claim 105, wherein X is A.2024203284   17 May 2024107. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-106, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a D107A and D108N mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

108. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-106, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a D107A, D108N, and G26P mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

109. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 97-106, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises a D107A, D108N, G26P, and S142A mutation in SEQ ID NO: 8, or corresponding mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

110. The adenosine deaminase of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, or 672-684.

111. The adenosine deaminase of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, or 672-684.

112. The adenosine deaminase of claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence of the adenosine deaminase consists of the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 64-84, 420-437, or 672-684.

113. The adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-112, wherein the adenosine deaminase comprises any of the mutations or combination of mutations shown in Table 4, or a corresponding mutation or mutations in another adenosine deaminase.

114. A fusion protein comprising: (i) a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp), and (ii) the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113.2024203284   17 May 2024115. The fusion protein of claim 114, wherein the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) is a Cas9 domain, a Cpfl, a CasX, a CasY, a C2cl, a C2c2, or a C2c3.

116. The fusion protein of claim 115, wherein the Cas9 domain is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9), a Cas9 nickase (nCas9), or a nuclease active Cas9.

117. The fusion protein of claim 115 or 116, wherein the Cas9 domain is a nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9).

118. The fusion protein of claim 117, wherein the nuclease dead Cas9 (dCas9) comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 34.

119. The fusion protein of claim 116, wherein the Cas9 domain is a Cas9 nickase (nCas9).

120. The fusion protein of claim 119, wherein the Cas9 nickase comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35.

121. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-120, further comprising (iii) an inhibitor of base repair (IBR).

122. The fusion protein of claim 121, wherein the inhibitor of base repair (IBR) is an inhibitor of base excision repair.

123. The fusion protein of claim 121 or 122, wherein the inhibitor of base repair is a protein that binds inosine.

124. The fusion protein of any one of claims 121-123, wherein the inhibitor of base repair is a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN).

125. The fusion protein of claim 124, wherein the catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN) comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32, or SEQ ID NO:2024203284   17 May 202433.

126. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-125, further comprising one or more linkers between the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp), and the adenosine deaminase.

127. The fusion protein of claim 126, wherein the one or more linkers comprises the aminoacid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 37-40, 384-386, or 685-688.

128. The fusion protein of claim 126 or 127, wherein the one or more linkers comprises theamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10.

129. The fusion protein of claim 126, wherein the one or more linkers comprises the aminoacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37.

130. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-129, further comprising one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLS).

131. The fusion protein of claim 130, wherein the NLS comprises the amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 4.

132. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-131, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp];[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]- [NLS];[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]; or[adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-[NLS], wherein the napDNAbp is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein, and wherein the IBR is an inhibitor of base repair.

133. The fusion protein of claim 132, wherein each in the structure indicates the presence of2024203284   17 May 2024an optional linker sequence.

134. The fusion protein of claim 132 or 133, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 domain.

135. The fusion protein of claim 134, wherein the Cas9 domain is a dCas9 or an nCas9.

136. The fusion protein of any one of claims 132-135, wherein the IBR is a dISN.

137. The fusion protein of any one of claims 132-136, wherein the napDNAbp and the NLS are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

138. The fusion protein of any one of claims 132-137, wherein the napDNAbp and the IBR are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

139. The fusion protein of any one of claims 132-138, wherein the IBR and the NLS are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

140. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-131, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase];[napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [NLS ];[napDNAbp]-[adenosine deaminase]-[IBR]; or[napDNAbp] - [adenosine deaminase] - [IBR] - [NLS ],wherein the napDNAbp is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein, and wherein the IBR is an inhibitor of base repair.

141. The fusion protein of claim 140, wherein each in the structure indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.2024203284   17 May 2024142. The fusion protein of claim 140 or 141, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 domain.

143. The fusion protein of claim 142, wherein the Cas9 domain is a dCas9 or an nCas9.

144. The fusion protein of any one of claims 140-143, wherein the IBR is a dISN.

145. The fusion protein of any one of claims 140-144, wherein the adenosine deaminase and the NLS are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

146. The fusion protein of any one of claims 140-145, wherein the adenosine deaminase and the IBR are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

147. The fusion protein of any one of claims 140-146, wherein the IBR and the NLS are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

148. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-147, wherein the napDNAbp and the adenosine deaminase are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), or SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 385).

149. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-148, wherein the napDNAbp and the adenosine deaminase are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37).

150. The fusion protein of any on of claims 114-149, further comprising a second adenosine deaminase.2024203284   17 May 2024151. The fusion protein of claim 150, wherein the second adenosine deaminase is the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113.

152. The fusion protein of claim 150 or 151, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure[first adenosine deaminse]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp];[first adenosine deaminse]-[napDNAbp]-[second adenosine deaminase]; or [napDNAbp]-[first adenosine deaminse]-[second adenosine deaminase];wherein the napDNAbp is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein.

153. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-152, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure[first adenosine deaminse]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[NLS];[first adenosine deaminse]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]; or[first adenosine deaminse]-[second adenosine deaminase]-[napDNAbp]-[IBR]-[NLS], wherein the napDNAbp is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein, and wherein the IBR is an inhibitor of base repair.

154. The fusion protein of claim 152 or 153, wherein each in the structure indicates the presence of an optional linker sequence.

155. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-154, wherein the napDNAbp is a Cas9 domain.

156. The fusion protein of claim 155, wherein the Cas9 domain is a dCas9 or an nCas9.

157. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-156, wherein the IBR is a dISN.

158. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-157, wherein the first adenosine deaminase and / or the second adenosine deaminase is the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113.2024203284   17 May 2024159. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-158, wherein the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase are the same.

160. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-158, wherein the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase are different.

161. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-160, wherein the first adenosine deaminase comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

162. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-161, wherein the first adenosine deaminase comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

163. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-162, wherein the first adenosine deaminase is N-terminal to the second adenosine deaminase.

164. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-163, wherein the first adenosine deaminase and the second adenosine deaminase are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 385), orGGSGGSPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTEPSE GSAPGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 386).

165. The fusion protein of any one of claims 152-164, wherein the first adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp or the second adenosine deaminase and the napDNAbp are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10), SGGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 385), orGGSGGSPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSESATPESGPGTSTEPSEGSAPGSPAGSPTSTEEGTSTEPSE GSAPGTSTEPSEGSAPGTSESATPESGPGSEPATSGGSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 386).

166. The fusion protein of any one of claims 153-165, wherein the napDNAbp and the NLS2024203284   17 May 2024are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

167. The fusion protein of any one of claims 153-166, wherein the napDNAbp and the IBR are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

168. The fusion protein of any one of claims 153-167, wherein the IBR and the NLS are fused via a linker comprising the amino acid sequence SGGS (SEQ ID NO: 37), or SGSETPGTSESATPES (SEQ ID NO: 10).

169. The fusion protein of any one of claims 153-168, wherein the fusion protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% identical to any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 11-28, 387388,440, or 691-706.

170. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-169, wherein the fusion protein comprises any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 11-28, 387-388, 440, or 691-706.

171. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-170, wherein the fusion protein consists of any one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 11-28, 387-388, 440, or 691-706.

172. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-171, wherein the fusion protein comprises the structure of any one of the fusion proteins of Table 4.

173. The fusion protein of any one of claims 114-172, wherein the fusion protein comprises any one of the fusion proteins of Table 4.

174. A complex comprising the fusion protein of any one of claims 114-173 and a guide RNA2024203284   17 May 2024bound to the nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) of the fusion protein.

175. The complex of claim 174, wherein the guide RNA is from 15-100 nucleotides long and comprises a sequence of at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 contiguous nucleotides that is complementary to a target sequence.

176. The complex of claim 174 or 175, wherein the guide RNA comprises a sequence of 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 contiguous nucleotides that is complementary to a target sequence.

177. The complex of any one of claims 174-176, wherein the guide RNA is 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides long.

178. The complex of any one of claims 175-177, wherein the target sequence is a DNA sequence.

179. The complex of any one of claims 175-178, wherein the target sequence is in the genome of an organism.

180. The complex of claim 179, wherein the organism is a prokaryote.

181. The complex of claim 180, wherein the prokaryote is bacteria.

182. The complex of claim 179, wherein the organism is a eukaryote.

183. The complex of claim 182, wherein the organism is a plant or fungus.

184. The complex of claim 182, wherein the organism is a vertebrate.2024203284   17 May 2024185. The complex of claim 184, wherein the vertebrate is a mammal.

186. The complex of claim 185, wherein the mammal is a mouse, rat, or human.

187. The complex of claim 179, wherein the organism is a cell.

188. The complex of claim 187, wherein the cell is a mouse cell, a rat cell, or human cell.

189. The complex of claim 188, wherein the cell is a HEK-293 cell.

190. A method comprising contacting a nucleic acid molecule with the fusion protein of any one of claims 114-173 and a guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA is from 15-100 nucleotides long and comprises a sequence of at least 10 contiguous nucleotides that is complementary to a target sequence.191 A method comprising contacting a nucleic acid molecule with the complex of any one of claims 174-189.

192. The method of claim 190 or 191, wherein the nucleic acid is DNA.

193. The method of claim 192, wherein the nucleic acid is double-stranded DNA.

194. The method of any one of claims 190-193, wherein the target sequence comprises asequence associated with a disease or disorder.

195. The method of any one of claims 190-194, wherein the target sequence comprises a point mutation associated with a disease or disorder.

196. The method of claim 195, wherein the activity of the fusion protein, or the complex results in a correction of the point mutation.2024203284   17 May 2024197. The method of any one of claims 190-196, wherein the target sequence comprises a G to A point mutation associated with a disease or disorder, and wherein the deamination of the mutant A base results in a sequence that is not associated with a disease or disorder.

198. The method of any one of claims 190-196, wherein the target sequence comprises a C to T point mutation associated with a disease or disorder, and wherein the deamination of the A base that is complementary to the T base of the C to T point mutation results in a sequence that is not associated with a disease or disorder.

199. The method of claim 197 or 198, wherein the target sequence encodes a protein, and wherein the point mutation is in a codon and results in a change in the amino acid encoded by the mutant codon as compared to a wild-type codon.

200. The method of claim 199, wherein the deamination of the mutant A results in a change of the amino acid encoded by the mutant codon.

201. The method of claim 200, wherein the deamination of the mutant A results in the codon encoding a wild-type amino acid.

202. The method of claim 199, wherein the deamination of the A base that is complementary to the T base of the C to T point mutation results in a change of the amino acid encoded by the mutant codon.

203. The method of claim 202, wherein the deamination of the A base that is complementary to the T base of the C to T point mutation results in the codon encoding a wild-type amino acid.

204. The method of any one of claims 197-203, wherein the deamination results in the removal of a stop codon.

205. The method of claim 204, wherein the stop codon comprises the nucleic acid sequence 5'-TAG-3', 5'-TAA-3', or 5'-TGA-3'.2024203284   17 May 2024206. The method of any one of claims 197-203, wherein the deamination results in the introduction of a splice site.

207. The method of any one of claims 197-203, wherein the deamination results in the removal of a splice site.

208. The method of any one of claims 197-203, wherein the deamination results in the introduction of a mutation in a gene promoter.

209. The method of claim 208, wherein the mutation leads to an increase in the transcription of a gene operably linked to the gene promoter.

210. The method of claim 208, wherein the mutation leads to a decrease in the transcription of a gene operably linked to the gene promoter.

211. The method of any one of claims 197-203, wherein the deamination results in the introduction of a mutation in a gene repressor.

212. The method of claim 211, wherein the mutation leads to an increase in the transcription of a gene operably linked to the gene repressor.

213. The method of claim 211, wherein the mutation leads to a decrease in the transcription of a gene operably linked to the gene repressor.

214. The method of any one of claims 190-213, wherein the contacting is performed in vivo in a subject.

215. The method of any one of claims 190-213, wherein the contacting is performed in vitro.

216. The method of claim 214, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with a disease or2024203284   17 May 2024disorder.

217. The method of any one of claims 190-216, wherein the target sequence comprises the DNA sequence 5'-NAN-3', wherein N is A, T, C, or G.

218. The method of claim 217, wherein the A, in the middle of the 5'-NAN-3' sequence is deaminated.

219. The method of claim 217 or 218, wherein the A, in the middle of the 5'-NAN-3' sequence is changed to G.

220. The method of any one of claims 217-219, wherein the target sequence comprises a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of AAA, AAT, AAC, AAG, TAA, TAT, TAC, TAG, CAA, CAT, CAC, CAG, GAA, GAT, GAC, and GAG.

221. The method of any one of claims 190-220, wherein the method causes less than 20%, 19%, 18%, 16%, 14%, 12%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1% indel formation.

222. The method of any one of claims 218-221, wherein the efficiency of deaminating the A is at least 5%.

223. The method of claim 222, wherein the efficiency is at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%.

224. The method of any one of claims 219-223, wherein the efficiency of changing the A to a G is at least 5%.

225. The method of claim 224, wherein the efficiency is at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%.

226. A method for editing a nucleobase pair of a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method2024203284   17 May 2024comprising:a. contacting a target region of the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex comprising a nucleobase editor and a guide nucleic acid, wherein the target region comprises a target nucleobase pair;b. inducing strand separation of said target region;c. converting a first nucleobase of said target nucleobase pair in a single strand of the target region to a second nucleobase; andd. cutting no more than one strand of said target region;wherein a third nucleobase complementary to the first nucleobase base is replaced by a fourth nucleobase complementary to the second nucleobase and the method causes less than 20% indel formation in the double-stranded DNA sequence.

227. The method of claim 226, wherein the method causes less than 20%, 19%, 18%, 16%, 14%, 12%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, or 0.1% indel formation.

228. The method of claim 226 or 227, further comprising replacing the second nucleobase with a fifth nucleobase that is complementary to the fourth nucleobase, thereby generating an intended edited base pair.

229. The method of any one of claims 226-228, wherein the efficiency of generating the intended edited base pair is at least 5%.

230. The method of claim 229, wherein the efficiency is at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98%.

231. The method of claim 228, wherein the ratio of intended products to unintended products at the target nucleotide is at least 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or 200:1.

232. The method of claim 228, wherein the ratio of intended point mutation to indel formation is greater than 1:1, 10:1, 50:1, 100:1, 500:1, or 1000:1.2024203284   17 May 2024233. The method of any one of claims 226-232, wherein the cut single strand is hybridized to the guide nucleic acid.

234. The method of any one of claims 226-233, wherein the cut single strand is opposite to the strand comprising the first nucleobase.

235. The method of any one of claims 226-234, wherein said first base is adenine.

236. The method of any one of claims 226-235, wherein the second nucleobase is not a G, C,A, or T.

237. The method of any one of claims 226-236, wherein said second base is inosine.

238. The method of any one of claims 226-237, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises baserepair inhibition activity.

239. The method of any one of claims 226-237, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN).

240. The method of any one of claims 226-239, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises nickase activity.

241. The method of any one of claims 228-240, wherein the intended edited basepair is upstream of a PAM site.

242. The method of claim 241, wherein the intended edited base pair is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides upstream of the PAM site.

243. The method of claim 242, wherein the intended edited basepair is downstream of a PAM site.2024203284   17 May 2024244. The method of claim 243, wherein the intended edited base pair is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides downstream stream of the PAM site.

245. The method of any one of claims 226-244, wherein the method does not require a canonical PAM site.

246. The method of claim 245, wherein the canonical PAM site comprises NGG, wherein N is A, T, C, or G.

247. The method of any one of claims 226-246, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises a linker.

248. The method of claim 247, wherein the linker is 1-25 amino acids in length.

249. The method of claim 247 or 248, wherein the linker is 5-20 amino acids in length.

250. The method of any one of claims 247-249, wherein the linker is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids in length.

251. The method of any one of claims 226-250, wherein the target region comprises a target window, wherein the target window comprises the target nucleobase pair.

252. The method of claim 251, wherein the target window comprises 1-10 nucleotides.

253. The method of claim 251, wherein the target window is 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,1-2, or 1 nucleotides in length.

254. The method of claim 251, wherein the target window is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length.2024203284   17 May 2024255. The method of claim any one of claims 226-254, wherein the intended edited base pair occurs within the target window.

256. The method of claim any one of claims 226-255, wherein the target window comprises the intended edited base pair.

257. The method of any one of claims 226-256, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises any one of the fusion proteins of claims 114-173.

258. A method for editing a nucleobase pair of a double-stranded DNA sequence, the method comprising:a. contacting a target region of the double-stranded DNA sequence with a complex comprising a nucleobase editor and a guide nucleic acid, wherein the target region comprises a target nucleobase pair;b. inducing strand separation of said target region;c. converting a first nucleobase of said target nucleobase pair in a single strand of the target region to a second nucleobase;d. cutting no more than one strand of said target region;wherein a third nucleobase complementary to the first nucleobase base is replaced by a fourth nucleobase complementary to the second nucleobase; ande. replacing the second nucleobase with a fifth nucleobase that is complementary to the fourth nucleobase, thereby generating an intended edited basepair,wherein the efficiency of generating the intended edited basepair is at least 5%.

259. The method of claim 258, wherein the efficiency is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%.

260. The method of claim 258 or 259, wherein the method causes less than 19%, 18%, 16%, 14%, 12%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2%, or 1% indel formation.

261. The method of any one of claims 258-260, wherein the ratio of intended product to2024203284   17 May 2024unintended products at the target nucleotide is at least 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1,80:1,90:1, 100:1, or 200:1.

262. The method of any one of claims 258-261, wherein the ratio of intended point mutation to indel formation is greater than 1:1, 10:1,50:1, 100:1, 500:1, or 1000:1.

263. The method of any one of claims 258-262, wherein the cut single strand is hybridized to the guide nucleic acid.

264. The method of claim any one of claims 258-263, wherein the cut single strand is opposite to the strand comprising the first nucleobase.

265. The method of any one of claims 258-264, wherein said first base is adenine.

266. The method of any one of claims 258-265, wherein the second nucleobase is not G, C, A,or T.

267. The method of any one of claims 258-266, wherein said second base is inosine.

268. The method of any one of claims 258-267, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises baserepair inhibition activity.

269. The method of any one of claims 258-267, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises a catalytically inactive inosine-specific nuclease (dISN).

270. The method of any one of claims 258-269, wherein the nucleobase edit comprises nickase activity.

271. The method of any one of claims 258-270, wherein the intended edited base pair is upstream of a PAM site.2024203284   17 May 2024272. The method of claim 271, wherein the intended edited base pair is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides upstream of the PAM site.

273. The method of any one of claims 258-270, wherein the intended edited base pair is downstream of a PAM site.

274. The method of claim 273, wherein the intended edited base pair is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides downstream stream of the PAM site.

275. The method of any one of claims 258-274, wherein the method does not require a canonical PAM site.

276. The method of claim 275, wherein the canonical PAM site comprises NGG, wherein N is A, T, C, or G.

277. The method of any one of claims 258-276, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises a linker.

278. The method of claim 277, wherein the linker is 1-25 amino acids in length.

279. The method of claim 277 or 278, wherein the linker is 5-20 amino acids in length.

280. The method of any one of claims 277-279, wherein the linker is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids in length.

281. The method of any one of claims 277-280, wherein the target region comprises a target window, wherein the target window comprises the target nucleobase pair.

282. The method of claim 281 wherein the target window comprises 1-10 nucleotides.

283. The method of claim 281, wherein the target window is 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,2024203284   17 May 20241-2, or 1 nucleotides in length.

284. The method of claim 281, wherein the target window is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length.

285. The method of any one of claims 281-284, wherein the intended edited base pair occurs within the target window.

286. The method of any one of claims 281-285, wherein the target window comprises the intended edited base pair.

287. The method of any one of claims 281-286, wherein the nucleobase editor comprises any one of the fusion proteins of claims 114-173.

288. A nucleic acid-guided adenosine deaminase coupled to an inhibitor of base excision repair.

289. The nucleic acid-guided adenosine deaminase of claim 288 comprising an initiator of mismatch repair.

290. The nucleic acid-guided adenosine deaminase of claim 288 or 289 comprising a nickase.

291. A kit comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising(a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113;and(b) a heterologous promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (a).

292. A kit comprising a nucleic acid construct, comprising(a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding the fusion protein of any one of claims 114-173; and (b) a heterologous promoter that drives expression of the sequence of (a).2024203284   17 May 2024293. The kit of claim 292, further comprising an expression construct encoding a guide RNA backbone, wherein the construct comprises a cloning site positioned to allow the cloning of a nucleic acid sequence identical or complementary to a target sequence into the guide RNA backbone.

294. A polynucleotide encoding the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113, or the fusion protein of any one of claims 114-173.

295. A vector comprising a polynucleotide of claim 229.

296. The vector of claim 295, wherein the vector comprises a heterologous promoter driving expression of the polynucleotide.

297. A cell comprising the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113, or the fusion protein of any one of claims 114-173.

298. A cell comprising the complex of any one of claims 174-189.

299. A cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule encoding the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113, or the fusion protein of any one of claims 114-173.

300. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the adenosine deaminase of any one of claims 1-113.

301. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein of any one of claims 114173.

302. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the complex of any one of claims 174-189.

303. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 300-302, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

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