Methods and compositions for preserving bacteria

Abstract

The disclosure provides methods and compositions for the preservation of bacteria. 20 24 21 31 41 22 A ug 2 02 4 A B S T R A C T 2 0 2 4 2 1 3 1 4 1 2 2 A u g 2 0 2 4

Description

RELATED APPLICATION This application is a divisional of Australian Application No. 2017347870 filed 5 October 27,2017, is related to PCT / US2017 / 058746, and claims priority from United States of America Provisional Application No. 62 / 414,489 filed October 28, 2016, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein for all purposes. REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING 10          Preceding applications contained a Sequence Listing which was originally submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present application contains a sequence listing which has been submitted electronically as an XML document in the ST.26 format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 15                       FIELD OF THE INVENTION The disclosure provides methods and compositions for the preservation of bacteria. BACKGROUND The human intestinal microbiome includes a large number of microorganisms. A 20 significant number of these microorganisms are anaerobic bacteria. Compositions that include anaerobic bacteria that originated from the human intestinal microbiome have shown potential in the treatment of human disease (See e.g., Atarashi et al., Nature 500, 232, 2013; Atarashi et al., Cell 163, 1, 2015; Mathewson et al., Nature Immunology 17, 505, 2016). Anaerobic bacteria are challenging to preserve because of their sensitivity to oxygen. 25 Improved compositions and methods for the preservation of anaerobic bacteria are needed therefore. SUMMARY Provided herein are compositions and methods for the preservation of bacteria. 30 Bacteria can be preserved through lyophilization (freeze-drying), which allows for the longterm storage of bacteria, including therapeutic amounts of bacteria. In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for the lyophilization of bacterial compositions. In one aspect, 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 the disclosure provides compositions that allow for the lyophilization of anaerobic bacterial strains. Prior to the current disclosure, compositions comprising such bacterial strains would lose all, or most, of their viability upon lyophilization, severely impeding the options for preserving such bacterial strains in amounts sufficient for therapeutic applications. The 5 compositions and methods provided herein allow for the first time the preservation of bacterial strains through lyophilization. The compositions disclosed herein are thought to have these desired preservative properties because of the combination of specific la 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 lyoprotectant (s), nutrient(s), and / or excipient(s). In addition or alternatively, the lyophilization cycle, such as the temperature ramp rate, may also contribute to the beneficial preservation properties of the compositions and methods described herein. Provided herein are compositions and methods for the preservation of bacteria. In one 5 aspect, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a lyoprotectant, a nutrient, an antioxidant, and a buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the lyoprotectant is a sugar. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the sugar is a disaccharide. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the disaccharide is sucrose. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the 10 sucrose is at a concentration of sucrose is between 6.0% and 10.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the sucrose is at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the disaccharide is trehalose. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the trehalose is at a 15 concentration between 6.0% and 10.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the trehalose is at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the nutrient is yeast extract, Luria-Bertani broth, or plant peptone. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the nutrient is yeast extract. In some embodiments of the compositions 20 provided herein, the concentration of the yeast extract is between 0.5% and 2.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the antioxidant is inulin, riboflavin, or cysteine. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the antioxidant is cysteine. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the concentration of cysteine is between 0.01% and 0.5%. 25          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is a histidine buffer or a tris buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is a histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is about pH 7.0. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is at a concentration between 10 mM and 50 mM. 30          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition has been reduced. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 20 mM histidine buffer. 5          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 20 mM histidine buffer. Any of the compositions described herein may further comprise an excipient. In some 10 embodiments, the excipient is a stabilizing agent. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the sodium metabisulfite is 0.05%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and an excipient. In some embodiments 15 of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and an excipient. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 20   0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes bacteria of one or more families, classes, genera and / or species. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria are anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the anaerobic bacteria are strict anaerobic bacteria. In 25 some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the anaerobic bacteria are facultative anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the class Clostridia. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging 30 to the family Clostridiaceae. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the genus Clostridium. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Clostridium bolteae, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Ruminococcus torques, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium, and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments, the one or more bacterial strains comprise one or more 16s rRNA sequences 5 having at least 97% sequence identity with the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-8. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes at least 1 x 108 colony forming units of bacteria per milliliter of the composition. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition is a 10 stabilizing composition. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, a stabilizing composition allows for the recovery of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or up to 100% of the colony forming units of the bacteria over a period of time. In some embodiments, the period of time is at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 15   2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, or at least 1 year or more. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, a stabilizing composition allows for the recovery of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or up to 100% of the colony forming units after a specific event. In some embodiments, the specific event is one 20 or more freeze-thaw cycle or lyophilization cycle. In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for preserving bacteria. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes adding bacteria to a composition of any of the preceding claims and subjecting the composition including the bacteria to a lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments, the lyophilization cycle comprises 25 one or more steps of a temperature ramp rate between 0.5°C / min to 3°C / min. In some embodiments, the lyophilization cycle comprises one or more steps of a temperature ramp rate is 2.5°C / min. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises assessing the bacteria in a sensitivity assay prior to adding the bacteria to the composition. In some embodiments, the sensitivity assay is a Gram stain or freeze-thaw assay. In some 30 embodiments, if the bacteria are assessed to be sensitive, (i) an excipient is added to the composition; and / or (ii) the lyophilization cycle comprises one or more steps of a temperature ramp rate of 2.5°C / min. In some embodiments, the excipient is a stabilizing agent. In some 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the sodium metabisulfite is 0.05%. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method further includes measuring the number of colony forming units after subjecting the composition comprising 5 the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method further includes measuring the number of colony forming units prior to subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the method provided herein, the method further comprises comparing the number of colony forming units prior to subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria 10 to the lyophilization cycle and the number of colony forming units after subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle, and determining a level of preservation. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method results in the preservation of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, up to 100% of the colony forming 15 units. In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for generating the compositions provided herein. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes creating a mixture by combining the lyoprotectant, the nutrient, the antioxidant, and the buffer, reducing the mixture thereby generating the composition. In some embodiments of 20 the methods provided herein, further comprising adding an excipient to the mixture. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the excipient is a stabilizing agent. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method further 25 comprises adding bacteria to the mixture. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the bacteria are strict anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the class Clostridia. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the family 30 Clostridiaceae. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the genus Clostridium. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Clostridium hot teas. Anaerotruncus colihominis, Ruminococcus torques, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium, and Subdolinogranulum spp. 5 In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains comprise 16S rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-8. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method further comprises assessing the bacteria in a sensitivity assay prior to adding the bacteria to the mixture. In 10 some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the sensitivity assay is a Gram stain or a freeze-thaw assay. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, if the bacteria are assessed to be sensitive, an excipient is added to the mixture. In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In 15 one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia. In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions 20 comprising 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia. In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia. In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions comprising 7.0% 25 sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia. These and other aspects of the invention, as well as various embodiments thereof, will become more apparent in reference to the drawings and detailed description of the invention. 30          Each of the limitations of the invention can encompass various embodiments of the invention. It is, therefore, anticipated that each of the limitations of the invention involving any one element or combinations of elements can be included in each aspect of the invention. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 This invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. 5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. The figures are illustrative only and are not required for enablement of the disclosure. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings: 10 Figure 1 shows a schematic overview of example experiments described in the Examples. Figure 2 shows a table including formulations described in Example 1. 15 Figure 3 shows photographs of representative lyophilization cakes generated in Example 1. Figure 4 shows a table including example formulations used in Example 1. 20 Figure 5 shows a table including results described in Example 3. Figure 6 shows a graph of the pressure during the lyophilization cycle described in Example 5. 25 DETAILED DESCRIPTION The preservation of bacterial compositions, including anaerobic bacteria, has been challenging. While bacteria can be frozen down and regrown on plates or in solution, it has been difficult to standardize this process. There is a need to preserve bacteria that can be 30 used for therapeutic purposes. Preservation processes, such as cryopreservation and lyophilization, have been well established for aerobic bacteria, and many factors that affect survival and recovery of aerobic bacteria in the preservation process are understood (Prakash 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 et al. FEMS Microbiol Lett (2013)339:1-9). However, the development of preservation processes for use with anaerobic bacteria are not sufficient. Such development and research using anaerobic bacteria is hindered by the significant difficulties of working with anaerobic bacteria (Mori et al. “The Challenges of Studying the Anaerobic Microbial World” Microbes 5 Environ. (2014) 29(4) 335-337). Given that anaerobic bacteria, such as bacterial strains obtained from the human intestinal microbiome have shown potential in the treatment of human disease, improved methods for preserving anaerobic bacteria that allow for high levels of bacterial recovery are needed. Lyophilization is a recognized process for the preservation of peptides and proteins, 10 and may be used in the preparation of therapeutic compositions to be resuspended and administered to subjects. However, lyophilization of bacterial compositions, in particular anaerobic bacteria, has been challenging. This disclosure, for the first time provides compositions that allow for the lyophilization of anaerobic bacteria without a loss of viability. The disclosure also provides compositions and methods for preserving bacteria that are 15 considered to be sensitive and difficult to preserve without substantial loss of viability. The disclosure teaches that formulations that include certain lyoprotectants, such as disaccharides e.g., trehalose and sucrose, allow for the preservation of anaerobic bacteria, while closely related lyoprotectants, such as mannitol and sorbitol, do not. Further, many proposed methods for generating lyophilized compositions containing 20 bacteria include animal-derived products. For example, Staab et al. report freeze-drying (lyophilizing) anaerobic bacteria using chopped meat carbohydrate broth supplemented with 12% sucrose or double strength skim milk (Staab et al. Cryobiology (1987)24:174-178). Phillips et al. demonstrated that many of the anaerobic rumen bacteria tested retained viability after drying in horse serum supplemented with glucose (Philips, et al. J. AppL Bact. 25   (1975)38:319-322). Finally, Sourek recommends a mixture of calf serum or defibrinated sheep blood and lactose for lyophilization of most bacteria (Sourek, Int. J. Sys. Bacterial. (1974) 24(3):358-365). Important for administration of therapeutic products to human subjects, the compositions described herein do not include animal products or animal-derived products. 30           This invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. 5          Provided herein are compositions and methods for the preservation of bacteria. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a composition comprising a lyoprotectant, a nutrient, an antioxidant, and a buffer. In some embodiments, the compositions also comprise an excipient, such as a stabilizing agent. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the lyoprotectant is a sugar. In some embodiments of the compositions provided 10 herein, the sugar is a disaccharide, such as sucrose, trehalose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose, chitobiose, or lactulose. In some embodiments, the composition does not include mannitol. In some embodiments, the composition does not include sorbitol. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the disaccharide is sucrose. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the sucrose is at a 15 concentration between 6.0% and 10.0%, inclusive, such as 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 9.0%, or 10.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the sucrose is at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 20 inclusive, such as 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, or 8.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the disaccharide is trehalose. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the trehalose is at a concentration between 6.0% and 10.0%, inclusive, such as 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 25   7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 9.0%, or 10.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the trehalose is at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, inclusive, such as 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, or 8.0%. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the nutrient is yeast 30 extract, Luria-Bertani broth, or plant peptone. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the nutrient is yeast extract. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the concentration of the yeast extract is between 0.5% and 2.0%, inclusive, 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 such as 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, or 2.0%. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a nutrient that is not an animal product. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a nutrient that is not animal blood. In some embodiments, the composition does not include a nutrient. 5          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the antioxidant is inulin, riboflavin or cysteine. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the antioxidant is cysteine. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the concentration of cysteine is between 0.01% and 0.5%, inclusive, such as 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 10   0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%,0.30%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.40%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, or 0.50%. In some embodiments, an antioxidant other than, or in addition to, cysteine is added to 15 the composition. Antioxidants that can be added to the composition other than, or in addition to, cysteine include inulin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol, tocotrienol, vitamin E, carotenoids, carotene, provitamin A, vitamin A, propyl gallate, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ubiquinol, glutathione, thiols, polyphenol, catechols, titilazad, NXY-059 (disufenton sodium, Cerovive), 20 oxalic acid, phytic acid, tannins, eugenol, lipoic acid, uric acid, coenzyme Q, melatonin, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the composition does not include an antioxidant. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is a histidine buffer or a tris buffer (Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane; also known as THAM; 2-Amino-25 2-(hydroxymethyl)-l,3-propanediol; Tromethamine; or Trometamol). In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is a histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the buffer is about pH 7.0, such as 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, or 7.3. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the concentration of the buffer is between 10 mM and 50 mM, inclusive, such as 10 mM, 11 mM, 12 mM, 13 mM, 30   14 mM, 15 mM, 16 mM, 17 mM, 18 mM, 19 mM, 20 mM, 21 mM, 22 mM, 23 mM, 24 mM, 25 mM, 26 mM, 27 mM, 28 mM, 29 mM, 30 mM, 31 mM, 32 mM, 33 mM, 34 mM, 35 mM, 36 mM, 37 mM, 38 mM, 39 mM, 40 mM, 41 mM, 42 mM, 43 mM, 44 mM, 45 mM, 46 mM, 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 47 mM, 48 mM, 49 mM, or 50 mM. In some embodiments, the composition does not include a buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes an excipient. In some embodiments, the excipient is a stabilizing agent. In some 5 embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent, chelating agent, acid amino acid, basic amino acid, or neutral surfactant, or polymer. In some embodiments, the excipient is a stabilizing agent. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the stabilizing agent is present in the composition at a concentration between 0.01% and 0.1%, inclusive, such as 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 10   0.08%, 0.09%, or 0.1%. In some embodiments, the composition does not include an excipient. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the composition comprises sodium metabisulfite between 0.01% and 0.1%, inclusive, such as 15   0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, or 0.1%. In some embodiments, the composition comprises sodium metabisulfite at 0.05%. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is ascorbic acid. In some embodiments, the reducing agent is citric acid. In some embodiments, the chelating agent is citric acid. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is an acidic amino acid. 20 In some embodiments, the acidic amino acid is sodium glutamate. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a basic amino acid. In some embodiments, the basic amino acid is arginine. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a neutral surfactant. In some embodiments, the neutral surfactant is polaxamer. In some embodiments, the stabilizing 25 agent is a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is nonionic triblock copolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is polaxamer. In some embodiments, the polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g., KOLLIDON®). In some embodiments, the excipient is not a polymer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition has been 30 reduced. Methods for reducing a composition are known in the art and include bringing the composition into an anaerobic environment and exposing the composition to the mixed gas atmosphere in the anaerobic chamber. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes sucrose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some 5 embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition comprises 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the composition also includes a bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain is an anaerobic bacterial strain. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 10 sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and an excipient. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes sucrose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition comprises 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine 15 buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the composition also includes a bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain is an anaerobic bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain belongs to the class Clostridia. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the 20 compositions provided herein, the composition includes trehalose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the composition also includes a bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain is an 25 anaerobic bacterial strain. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and an excipient. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes trehalose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 30   0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the composition also 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 includes a bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain is an anaerobic bacterial strain. In one aspect, the compositions provided herein allow for preservation of bacteria. The compositions allow the bacteria to go through a freeze-dry cycle with a minimal loss to 5 viability. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes bacteria. In some embodiments, the composition includes one or more bacterial strains. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria are anaerobic bacteria (e.g., strict anaerobic bacteria). In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the anaerobic bacteria are strict anaerobic bacteria. In some embodiments of 10 the compositions provided herein, the bacteria are from the class Clostridia. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria are from the family Clostridiaceae. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria are from the genus Clostridium. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria belong to Clostridium cluster IV, XlVa, XVI, XVII, or XVIII. In some 15 embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria belong to Clostridium cluster IV, XlVa, or XVII. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the bacteria belong to Clostridium cluster IV or XlVa. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one or more of the following bacterial strains: Clostridium bolteae, Anaerotruncus 20   colihominis, Eubacterium fissicatena, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one or more of the following bacterial strains: Clostridium bolteae 90A9, Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM17241, Sellimonas intestinalis, Clostridium bacterium UC5.1-1D4, Dorea longicatena 25   CAG:42, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 21-3, and Clostridium orbiscindens 1 3 50AFAA In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, or 8) of the following bacterial strains: Clostridium bolteae, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Eubacterium fissicatena, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium and Subdolinogranulum spp. In 30 some embodiments, the composition includes Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, the composition includes Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the composition includes Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the composition includes Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the composition includes Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the composition includes Subdolinogranulum spp. 5          In one aspect, as shown herein (e.g., in the Examples) the compositions and methods provided herein allow for the stabilization and preservation of anaerobic bacterial strains. In one aspect, as shown herein (e.g., in the Examples) the compositions and methods provided herein allow for the stabilization and preservation of anaerobic bacterial strains belonging to Clostridium cluster IV, XlVa, or XVII. In one aspect, as shown herein (e.g., in the 10 Examples) the compositions and methods provided herein allow for the stabilization and preservation of anaerobic bacterial strains Clostridium bolteae, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Eubacterium fissicatena, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium and Subdolinogranulum spp. The exemplary bacterial strains of compositions disclosed herein can also be identified by their 16s rRNA sequences (SEQ 15 IDNOs: 1-8). Identifying bacteria by their sequences furthermore allows for the identification of additional bacterial strains that are identical or highly similar to the exemplified bacteria. For instance, the 16s rRNA sequences of bacterial strains were used to identify the closest relative (based on percent identity) through whole genome sequencing and by comparing these sequences with 16S databases (Table 1). In addition, based on whole 20 genome sequencing and comparing of the whole genome to whole genome databases, the bacterial strains having 16S rRNA sequences provided by SEQ ID NOs: 1-8 are most closely related to the following bacterial species: Clostridium bolteae 90A9, Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM17241, Dracourtella massiliensis GDI, Clostridium symbiosum WAL-14163, Clostridium bacterium UC5.1-1D4, Dorea longicatena CAG:42, Erysipelotrichaceae 25 bacterium 213, and Clostridium orbiscindens 1 3 50AFAA (see, e.g., Table 1). Thus, in one aspect it should be appreciated that each row of Table 1, the bacterial strains are highly similar and / or are identical. In some embodiments, in context of the instant disclosure the names of bacterial strains within a row of Table 1 can be used interchangeably. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Table 1: Examples of Bacterial species of the compositions disclosed herein Strain number SEQID NO: Closest species based on Sanger sequencing of 16S region Closest species based on Consensus SEQ ID # of 16S region as compared with 16S database Closest species based on WGS compared versus WG databases Additional closely related sequences Clostridium cluster 1 1 Clostridium bolteae Clostridium bolteae Clostridium bolteae 90A9 XlVa 2 2 Anaerotruncus coliho minis Anaerotruncus coliho minis Anaerotruncus colihominis DSM 17241 IV 3 3 Eubacterium fissicatena Dracourtella massiliensis Dracourtella massiliensis GDI Ruminococcus torques; Sellimonas intestinalis XlVa 4 4 Clostridium symbiosum Clostridium symbiosum Clostridium symbiosum WAL-14163 XlVa 5 5 Blautia producta Blautia producta Clostridium bacterium UC5.1-1D4 Blautia product ATCC 27340 XlVa 6 6 Dorea longicatena Dorea longicatena Dorea longicatena CAG:42 XlVa 7 7 Clostridium innocuum Clostridium innocuum Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 21 3 XVII 8 8 Flavinofractor plautii Flavinofractor plautii Clostridium orbiscindens l_3_50AFAA Subdolinogranulum IV 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the composition includes 5   7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the composition includes 10   7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Subdolinogranulum spp. 15          In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast 20 extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and 25   Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 30 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, the 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 5   0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 10 mM histidine buffer, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, 15 the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and 20 Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% 25 sodium metabisulfite, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the composition includes 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Subdolinogranulum spp. Aspects of the disclosure relate to bacterial strains with 16S rDNA sequences that have homology to a nucleic acid sequence of any one of the sequences of the bacterial strains 30 or species described herein. In some embodiments, the bacterial strain has at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% homology relative to any of the strains or bacterial species described herein over a specified region of nucleic acid or amino acid 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 sequence or over the entire sequence. It would be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the term “homology” or “percent homology,” in the context of two or more nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences, refers to a measure of similarity between two or more sequences or portion(s) thereof. The homology may exist over a region of a sequence that is 5 at least about 50 nucleotides in length, or more preferably over a region that is 100 to 500 or 1000 or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the homology exists over the length the 16S rRNA or 16S rDNA sequence, or a portion thereof. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one or more bacterial strains, wherein the one or more bacterial strains include one or more 10   16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQIDNO:2, SEQIDNO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQIDNO:5, SEQIDNO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID 15  NO:1, SEQIDNO:2, SEQIDNO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQIDNO:5, SEQIDNO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 20   91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.9%, or up to 100% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, or SEQ ID NO:8. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 25 one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments of the 30 compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:3. In some embodiments of the compositions 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 5   16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial 10 strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:7. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% homology with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:8. 15          Additionally, or alternatively, two or more sequences may be assessed for the identity between the sequences. The terms “identical,” percent “identity” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or amino acid sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same. Two sequences are “substantially identical” if two sequences have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (e.g., at least 20   80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% sequence identity) over a specified region of a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence or over an entire sequence, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Optionally, the 25 identity exists over a region that is at least about 50 nucleotides in length, or more preferably over a region that is 100 to 500 or 1000 or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the identity exists over the length the 16S rRNA or 16S rDNA sequence. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one or more bacterial strains, wherein the one or more bacterial strains include one or more 30   16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, or SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments of the compositions provided 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, or SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments of the compositions 5 provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.9%, or up to 100% sequence 10 identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, or SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 1. In some 15 embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence 20 identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:4. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the 25 bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments of the 30 compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:7. In some embodiments of the 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 compositions provided herein, the composition includes one bacterial strain, wherein the bacterial strain includes one or more 16s rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with nucleic acid sequences SEQ ID NO:8. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more sequences may be assessed for the 5 alignment between the sequences. The terms " alignment" or percent" alignment" in the context of two or more nucleic acids or amino acid sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same. Two sequences are "substantially aligned" if two sequences have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 10   99.9% identical) over a specified region of the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence or over the entire sequence, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Optionally, the alignment exists over a region that is at least about 50 nucleotides in length, or more 15 preferably over a region that is 100 to 500 or 1000 or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the identity exists over the length the 16S rRNA or 16S rDNA sequence. For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. See, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman 20   (1970) A dv. AppL Math. 2:482c, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. (1970) 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 85:2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group. Madison. WI), or by manual alignment and 25 visual inspection (see. e.g., Brent et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Ringbou ed., 2003)). Two examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al., Nuc. Acids Res. (1977) 25:3389-3402, and Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. (1990) 215:403-410, respectively. 30           It should be appreciated that the terms “bacteria” and “bacterial strains” as used herein are interchangeable. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments, the bacterial strains are grown up from a single colony. In some embodiments, the bacterial strains are purified bacterial strains. As used herein, the term “purified” refers to a bacterial strain or composition comprising such that has been separated from one or more components, such as contaminants. In some embodiments, the 5 bacterial strain is substantially free of contaminants. In some embodiments, one or more bacterial strains of a composition may be independently purified from one or more other bacteria produced and / or present in a culture or a sample containing the bacterial strain. In some embodiments, a bacterial strain is isolated or purified from a sample and then cultured under the appropriate conditions for bacterial replication, e.g., under anaerobic culture 10 conditions. The bacteria that is grown under appropriate conditions for bacterial replication can subsequently be isolated / purified from the culture in which it is grown. The bacterial strains of the composition can be manufactured using fermentation techniques well known in the art. In some embodiments, the active ingredients are manufactured using anaerobic fermenters, which can support the rapid growth of anaerobic 15 bacterial strains. The anaerobic fermenters may be, for example, stirred tank reactors or disposable wave bioreactors. Culture media such as BL media and EG media, or similar versions of these media devoid of animal components, can be used to support the growth of the bacterial species. The bacterial product can be purified and concentrated from the fermentation broth by traditional techniques, such as centrifugation and filtration. Generally, 20 the bacteria are pelleted prior to introducing the bacteria in the composition that already includes the lyoprotectant, nutrient, buffer, and antioxidant. In some embodiments, the bacteria are pelleted prior to introducing the bacteria in the composition that already includes the lyoprotectant, nutrient, buffer, antioxidant, and excipient (e.g., reducing agent). In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain about 10, about 102, 25 about 103, about 104, about 105, about 106, about 107, about 108, about 109, about 1010, about 1011, about 1012, about 1013 or more bacteria. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain about 10, about 102, about 103, about 104, about 105, about 106, about 107, about 108, about 109, about 1010, about 1011, about 1012, about 1013 or more bacteria per milliliter. It should be appreciated that some of the bacteria may not be viable. 30 In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain about 10, about 102, about 103, about 104, about 105, about 106, about 107, about 108, about 109, about 1010, about 1011, about 1012, about 1013 or more colony forming units (cfus) of bacteria. In some 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain about 10, about 102, about 103, about 104, about 105, about 106, about 107, about 108, about 109, about 1010, about 1011, about 1012, about 1013 or more colony forming units (cfus) of bacteria per milliliter. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain between 10 and 5   1013, between 102 and 1013, between 103 and 1013, between 104 and 1013, between 105 and 1013, between 106 and 1013, between 107 and 1013, between 108 and 1013, between 109 and 1013, between 1010 and 1013, between 1011 and 1013, between 1012 and 1013, between 10 and 1012, between 102 and 1012, between 103 and 1012, between 104 and 1012, between 105 and 1012, between 106 and 1012, between 107 and 1012, between 108 and 1012, between 109 and 10   1012, between 1010 and 1012, between 1011 and 1012, between 10 and 1011, between 102 and 1011, between 103 and 1013, between 104 and 1013, between 105 and 1013, between 106 and 1013, between 107 and 1011, between 108 and 1011, between 109 and 1011, between 1010 and 1011, between 10 and 1010, between 102 and 1010, between 103 and 1010, between 104 and 1010, between 105 and 1010, between 106 and 1010, between 107 and 1010, between 108 and 15   1010, between 109 and 1010, between 10 and 109, between 102 and 109, between 103 and 109, between 104 and 109, between 105 and 109, between 106 and 109, between 107 and 109, between 108 and 109, between 10 and 108, between 102 and 108, between 103 and 108, between 104 and 108, between 105 and 108, between 106 and 108, between 107 and 108, between 10 and 107, between 102 and 107, between 103 and 107, between 104 and 107, 20 between 105 and 107, between 106 and 107, between 10 and 106, between 102 and 106, between 103 and 106, between 104 and 106, between 105 and 106, between 10 and 105, between 102 and 105, between 103 and 105, between 104 and 105, between 10 and 104, between 102 and 104, between 103 and 104, between 10 and 103, between 102 and 103, or between 10 and 102 total bacteria. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein 25 contain between 10 and 10 , between 10 and 10 , between 10 and 10 , between 10 and 1013, between 105 and 1013, between 106 and 1013, between 107 and 1013, between 108 and 1013, between 109 and 1013, between 1010 and 1013, between 1011 and 1013, between 1012 and 1013, between 10 and 1012, between 102 and 1012, between 103 and 1012, between 104 and 1012, between 105 and 1012, between 106 and 1012, between 107 and 1012, between 108 and 30   1012, between 109 and 1012, between 1010 and 1012, between 1011 and 1012, between 10 and 1011, between 102 and 1011, between 103 and 1013, between 104 and 1013, between 105 and 1013, between 106 and 1013, between 107 and 1011, between 108 and 1011, between 109 and 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 1011, between IO10 and IO11, between 10 and IO10, between 102 and IO10, between 103 and IO10, between 104 and IO10, between 105 and IO10, between 106 and IO10, between 107 and IO10, between 108 and IO10, between 109 and IO10, between 10 and 109, between 102 and 109, between 103 and 109, between 104 and 109, between 105 and 109, between 106 and 109, 5 between 107 and 109, between 108 and 109, between 10 and 108, between 102 and 108, between 103 and 108, between 104 and 108, between 105 and 108, between 106 and 108, between 107 and 108, between 10 and 107, between 102 and 107, between 103 and 107, between 104 and 107, between 105 and 107, between 106 and 107, between 10 and 106, between 102 and 106, between 103 and 106, between 104 and 106, between 105 and 106, 10 between 10 and IO5, between 102 and IO5, between 103 and IO5, between 104 and IO5, between 10 and 104, between 102 and 104, between 103 and 104, between 10 and IO3, between 102 and IO3, or between 10 and 102 total bacteria per milliliter. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain between 10 and IO13, between 102 and IO13, between 103 and IO13, between 104 and IO13, between 105 and 15   IO13, between 106 and IO13, between 107 and IO13, between 108 and IO13, between 109 and IO13, between IO10 and IO13, between 1011 and IO13, between 1012 and IO13, between 10 and 1012, between 102 and 1012, between 103 and 1012, between 104 and 1012, between 105 and 1012, between 106 and 1012, between 107 and 1012, between 108 and 1012, between 109 and 1012, between IO10 and 1012, between 1011 and 1012, between 10 and IO11, between 102 and 20   IO11, between 103 and IO13, between 104 and IO13, between 105 and IO13, between 106 and IO13, between 107 and IO11, between 108 and IO11, between 109 and IO11, between IO10 and IO11, between 10 and IO10, between 102 and IO10, between 103 and IO10, between 104 and IO10, between 105 and IO10, between 106 and IO10, between 107 and IO10, between 108 and IO10, between 109 and IO10, between 10 and IO9, between 102 and 109, between 103 and 109, 25 between 104 and IO9, between 105 and IO9, between 106 and IO9, between 107 and IO9, between 108 and 109, between 10 and 108, between 102 and 108, between 103 and 108, between 104 and 108, between 105 and 108, between 106 and 108, between 107 and 108, between 10 and 107, between 102 and 107, between 103 and 107, between 104 and 107, between 105 and 107, between 106 and 107, between 10 and 106, between 102 and 106, 30 between 103 and 106, between 104 and 106, between 105 and 106, between 10 and IO5, between 102 and IO5, between 103 and IO5, between 104 and IO5, between 10 and 104, between 102 and 104, between 103 and 104, between 10 and IO3, between 102 and IO3, or 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 between 10 and 102 colony forming units of bacteria. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein contain between 10 and 1013, between 102 and 1013, between 103 and 1013, between 104 and 1013, between 105 and 1013, between 106 and 1013, between 107 and 1013, between 108 and 1013, between 109 and 1013, between 1010 and 1013, between 1011 5 and 1013, between 1012 and 1013, between 10 and 1012, between 102 and 1012, between 103 and 1012, between 104 and 1012, between 105 and 1012, between 106 and 1012, between 107 and 1012, between 108 and 1012, between 109 and 1012, between 1010 and 1012, between 1011 and 1012, between 10 and 1011, between 102 and IO11, between 103 and 1013, between 104 and 1013, between 105 and 1013, between 106 and 1013, between 107 and 1011, between 108 and 1011, 10 between 109 and 1011, between 1010 and IO11, between 10 and IO10, between 102 and IO10, between 103 and IO10, between 104 and IO10, between 105 and IO10, between 106 and IO10, between 107 and IO10, between 108 and IO10, between 109 and IO10, between 10 and 109, between 102 and 109, between 103 and 109, between 104 and 109, between 105 and 109, between 106 and 109, between 107 and 109, between 108 and 109, between 10 and 108, 15 between 102 and 108, between 103 and 108, between 104 and 108, between 105 and 108, between 106 and 108, between 107 and 108, between 10 and 107, between 102 and 107, between 103 and 107, between 104 and 107, between 105 and 107, between 106 and 107, between 10 and 106, between 102 and 106, between 103 and 106, between 104 and 106, between 105 and 106, between 10 and IO5, between 102 and IO5, between 103 and IO5, 20 between 104 and IO5, between 10 and 104, between 102 and 104, between 103 and 104, between 10 and IO3, between 102 and IO3, or between 10 and 102 colony forming units of bacteria per milliliter. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes at least 1 x 108 colony forming units of bacteria per milliliter. 25           Compositions that include bacterial strains can be lyophilized to preserve the bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the composition or the bacterial strains of the composition are lyophilized. Methods of lyophilizing compositions, including compositions comprising bacteria, are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Patent 3,261,761; U.S. Patent 4,205,132; PCT Publications WO 2014 / 029578, WO 2012 / 098358, WO2012 / 076665 and WO2012 / 088261, 30 herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. However, finding conditions that allow for the lyophilization of certain bacteria, such as anaerobic bacteria has been challenging. See e.g., Peiren et al., Appl Microbol Biotechnol (2015) 99: 3559. It should be appreciated that 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 in one aspect the methods of stabilization and preservation provided herein allow for the ability to generate compositions that allow for the manufacture of bacterial strains, in particular anaerobic bacterial strains. Prior to the instant disclosure, none of the published methods provided for levels of stabilization and preservation that would allow for the 5 manufacture of bacterial strains, particular anaerobic bacterial strains. Aspects of the disclosure provide methods of preserving bacteria involving subjecting a composition comprising the bacteria to a lyphophilization cycle. In general, lyophilization is a dessication process to preserve a material, such as bacteria, involving freeze-drying. Water is removed from material by freezing the material and then placing the material under 10 a vacuum, during which the ice undergoes sublimation. In some embodiments, the lyophilization cycle involves the steps of freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying. The term “temperature ramp rate” refers to the rate by which the temperature is adjusted between steps of the lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments, the lyophilization cycle includes one or more steps having a 15 temperature ramp rate between 0.5°C / min to 3°C / min. In some embodiments, the temperature ramp rate is 0.5°C / min, 0.6°C / min ,0.7°C / min, 0.8°C / min, 0.9°C / min, 1.0°C / min, l.l°C / min, 1.2°C / min, 1.3°C / min, 1.4°C / min, 1.5°C / min, 1.6°C / min, 1.7°C / min, 1.8°C / min, 1.9°C / min, 2.0°C / min, 2.1°C / min, 2.2°C / min, 2.3°C / min, 2.4°C / min, 2.5°C / min, 2.6°C / min, 2.7°C / min, 2.8°C / min, 2.9°C / min, or 3.0°C / min. In some embodiments, the 20 lyophilization cycle includes one or more steps having a temperature ramp rate of 1.0°C / min. In some embodiments, the lyophilization cycle includes one or more steps having a temperature ramp rate of 2.5°C / min. In some embodiments, each of the steps of the lyophilization cycle have a temperature ramp rate between 0.5°C / min to 3°C / min. In some embodiments, the temperature ramp rate 25 is 0.5°C / min, 0.6°C / min ,0.7°C / min, 0.8°C / min, 0.9°C / min, 1.0°C / min, l.l°C / min, 1.2°C / min, 1.3°C / min, 1.4°C / min, 1.5°C / min, 1.6°C / min, 1.7°C / min, 1.8°C / min, 1.9°C / min, 2.0°C / min, 2.1°C / min, 2.2°C / min, 2.3°C / min, 2.4°C / min, 2.5°C / min, 2.6°C / min, 2.7°C / min, 2.8°C / min, 2.9°C / min, or 3.0°C / min. In some embodiments, each of the steps of the lyophilization cycle have a temperature ramp rate of 1.0°C / min. In some embodiments, each 30 of the steps of the lyophilization cycle have a temperature ramp rate of 2.5°C / min. As discussed herein, in some embodiments, a bacteria may be determined to be sensitive, for example in a sensitivity assay, and the temperature ramp rate in the 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 lyophilization is increased. In some embodiments, a bacteria may be determined to be sensitive and the lyophilization cycle includes one or more steps having a temperature ramp rate of 2.5°C / min. In one aspect, the compositions provided herein that include bacteria are in solid 5 form. In some embodiments, the solid form is a lyophilized cake (also referred to as a “lyocake”). As used herein, the terms “lyophilization cake” and “lyocake” refer to the solid composition formed by lyophilization of a composition, such as a composition comprising bacteria. The appearance of the lyophilization cake may be evaluated. In embodiments, a lyophilization cake that appears intact and not collapsed is desired. 10          It should be appreciated that the disclosure embraces solid compositions. The solid compositions may be generated for instance after lyophilization of one of the compositions that include bacteria disclosed herein. The solid form of the composition will have the same components as the liquid formulation used to generate the solid form. Thus, for instance, if a liquid composition included lyoprotectant, a nutrient, an antioxidant, and a buffer and the 15 liquid composition was subject to lyophilization, the lyocake generated would have the same components. The definition of the amount / percentage of each of the components is different when describing the solid formulation. The indicators “mM” and “pH: are not appropriate to describe solid components. However, it should be appreciated that reconstitution of a solid formulation in the same amount of liquid should results in the same composition. In one 20 aspect, the disclosure provides solid compositions that have been generated by the lyophilization of the compositions provided herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a solid composition that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising a lyoprotectant, a nutrient, an antioxidant, and a buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a solid 25 composition that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising a lyoprotectant, a nutrient, an antioxidant, a buffer, and an excipient (e.g., stabilizing agent). In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a solid composition that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides 30 a solid composition that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a solid composition that 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a solid composition that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and sodium 5 metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a lyocake that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a lyocake that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, 10 the disclosure provides a lyocake that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a lyocake that includes bacteria generated by the lyophilization of a liquid composition comprising trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and sodium metabisulfite. 15          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine 20 buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some 25 embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 30 a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 5 a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the 10 solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the 15 lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 20   0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. 25          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% 30 cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated 5 by the lyophilization of 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% 10 cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium bolteae. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. 15          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 20   0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Anaerotruncus colihominis. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Eubacterium fissicatena. n some embodiments of the 25 compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Eubacterium fissicatena. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 30 a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Clostridium symbiosum. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes 5 a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Blautiaproducta. In some embodiments, the solid 10 composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the 15 lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Dorea longicatena. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% 20 cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. 25          In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition includes a solid composition generated by the lyophilization of 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 30   0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and Subdolinogranulum spp. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a lyocake. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 In some embodiments, the solid compositions that include bacterial strains provided herein may be formulated for administration as a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., by reconstitution of a lyophilized product. The term “pharmaceutical composition” as used herein means a product that results from the mixing or combining of a solid formulation 5 provided herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. An “acceptable” excipient refers to an excipient that must be compatible with the active ingredient (e.g., the bacterial strain) and not deleterious to the subject to which it is administered. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is selected based on the intended route of administration of the composition, for example a composition 10 for oral or nasal administration may comprise a different pharmaceutically acceptable excipient than a composition for rectal administration. Examples of excipients include sterile water, physiological saline, solvent, a base material, an emulsifier, a suspending agent, a surfactant, a stabilizer, a flavoring agent, an aromatic, an excipient, a vehicle, a preservative, a binder, a diluent, a tonicity adjusting agent, a soothing agent, a bulking agent, a 15 disintegrating agent, a buffer agent, a coating agent, a lubricant, a colorant, a sweetener, a thickening agent, and a solubilizer. In one aspect, the disclosure provides compositions that allow for the preservation of bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria are anaerobic bacteria. Compositions useful for the preservations of bacteria are also referred to herein as stabilizing compositions. A 20 composition that allows for the preservation of bacteria (e.g., anaerobic bacteria) or stabilization of bacteria, as used herein, refers to a composition that promotes the viability of the bacteria therein and allows for the recovery of the bacteria following a lyophilization cycle. The stabilization or preservation functionality of the composition can be assessed by comparing the number of viable bacteria (e.g., colony forming units) at two specific time 25 points (e.g., at day 1 and at day 100). In some embodiments, the stabilization or preservation functionality of the composition is assessed by comparing the number of viable bacteria (e.g., colony forming units) at a first time point to the number of viable bacteria (e.g., colony forming units) at a second time point. If the number of colony forming units is the same or substantially the same at the two time points or over a time period, the composition is a 30 perfect stabilizing composition. A large decrease in the number of colony forming units between two time points or over a time period indicates that the composition is not a good stabilizing composition. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 The stabilization functionality of the composition can also be assessed by comparing the number of viable bacteria (e.g., colony forming units) before and after a specific event (e.g., lyophilization or a freeze-thaw event). If the number of colony forming units is the same or substantially the same, the composition is a perfect stabilizing composition. A large 5 decrease in the number of colony forming units after a specific event, relative to prior to the specific event, indicates that the composition is not a good stabilizing composition. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, the composition is a stabilizing composition. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the 10 stabilizing composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes trehalose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine buffer, and an excipient (e.g., a stabilizing agent). In some 15 embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes trehalose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes sucrose, yeast extract, 20 cysteine, and a histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes sucrose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition comprises 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, a histidine 25 buffer, and an excipient (e.g., a stabilizing agent). In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition includes sucrose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. In some embodiments, the stabilizing composition comprises 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite. 30           Aspects of the disclosure relate to assessing the bacteria in a sensitivity assay. In some embodiments, the bacteria are subjected to a sensitivity assay prior to adding the bacteria to a composition for lyophilization. Sensitivity assays may be used to determine 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 whether a bacterial may be more sensitive, for example to stresses, such as the presence of oxygen or cell wall / membrane stress. The performance of bacteria in a sensitivity assay may also indicate or predict how the bacteria will survive (remain viable) through a lyophilization cycle. In general, subjecting bacteria that are determined to be sensitive, or more sensitive 5 relative to other bacteria, to a lyophilization cycle may result in reduced recovery of viable bacteria; therefore, in some embodiments, if a bacteria is determined to be sensitive, an excipient may be added to the composition and / or the temperature ramp rate of the lyophilization cycle may be increased. In some embodiments, the sensitivity assay may determine the sensitivity of the bacteria to a stress. 10          In some embodiments, the sensitivity of a bacteria is compared to the sensitivity of another bacteria or to a reference value. In some embodiments, performance of the bacteria in the sensitivity assay may be compared to the performance of another bacteria or to a reference value. Examples of sensitivity assays include, for example, Gram staining and freeze-thaw assays. 15          Gram staining is a method typically used to assess the cell wall (peptidoglycan) structure of bacteria. As will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art, a Gram stain involves subjecting bacteria to a series of steps: first contacting the bacteria with a watersoluble dye (crystal violet) and an iodine solution, then a decolorizing step, and finally a counterstaining step, typically with safanin. The crystal violet binds to peptidoglycan of the 20 bacterial cell wall and forms complexes with the iodine. Bacteria having thick layers of peptidoglycan appear purple in a Gram stain and are referred to as Gram positive (Gram +), whereas bacteria having thinner layers of peptidoglycan or are surrounded with an outer membrane, appear pink in a Gram stain, as these cells are stained with the counterstain and not crystal violet. These cells are referred to as Gram negative (Gram -) bacteria. Bacteria 25 that are characterized as Gram positive (e.g., known in the art to have the peptidoglycan structure of Gram positive bacteria) but do not appear Gram positive in a Gram stain may be considered sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria are subjected to a Gram stain and are determined to be sensitive. In some embodiments, the sensitivity assay is a freeze-thaw assay. As will be evident 30 to one of ordinary skill in the art, freeze-thaw assays involve freezing bacteria, e.g. in a dry ice / ethanol bath or freezer, and then thawing the bacteria. In some embodiments, the freezethaw assay involves one or more cycles of freezing and thawing the bacteria. In some 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 embodiments, the viability of the bacteria is assessed after the freeze-thaw assay. The freezethaw process may cause lysis and therefore reduced viability (reduced recovery) of sensitive bacteria. In some embodiments, reduced viability of bacteria in a freeze-thaw assay may indicated that the bacteria are sensitive or are more sensitive compared to other bacteria. 5          In some embodiments, the methods described herein involve assessing the bacteria in a sensitivity assay. In some embodiments, if the bacteria are determined to be sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria, an excipient is added to compositions containing the sensitive bacteria. In some embodiments, if the bacteria are determined to be sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria, a stabilizing agent is added to compositions 10 containing the sensitive bacteria. In some embodiments, if the bacteria are determined to be sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria, a reducing agent is added to compositions containing the sensitive bacteria. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the presence of a reducing agent may scavenge oxygen in the composition, thereby improving the viability of sensitive bacteria. In some embodiments, if the bacteria 15 are determined to be sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria, 0.05% sodium metabiulfite is added to compositions containing the sensitive bacteria. In some embodiments, if the bacteria are determined to be sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria, the composition comprising the sensitive bacteria is subjected to a lyophilization cycle having an increased temperature ramp rate (e.g., greater than l°C / min). 20 Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, increasing the temperature ramp rate may reduce the potential exposure of the bacteria to oxygen. In some embodiments, if the bacteria are determined to be sensitive or more sensitive compared to other bacteria, lyophilized compositions comprising the sensitive bacteria are generated by subjecting a composition comprising the sensitive bacteria to a lyophilization cycle having one or more 25 steps of a temperature ramp rate of 2.5°C / min. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, a stabilizing composition is a composition that allows for the recovery of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, up to 100% of the colony forming units over a period of time. In some embodiments, the period of 30 time is at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, or at least 1 year or more. In some embodiments, the percentage of recovered colony forming units or level of preservation is determined by comparing a number 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 of colony forming units of bacteria (e.g., of a bacterial strain or total bacteria) at a first time point relative to the number of colony forming units of bacteria (e.g., of a bacterial strain or total bacteria) at a second time point over a period of time. For example, a 50% recovery or preservation of 50% of bacteria indicates that half of the bacteria remained viable over the 5 period of time; and a 100% recovery or preservation of 100% of bacteria indicates that all (or substantially all) bacteria remained viable over the period of time. In some embodiments of the compositions provided herein, a stabilizing composition is a composition that allows for the recovery of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, up to 10   100% of the colony forming units after a specific event. In some embodiments, the specific event is a freeze-thaw cycle or a lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments, the percentage of recovered colony forming units or level of preservation is determined by comparing a number of colony forming units of bacteria (e.g., of a bacterial strain or total bacteria) prior to the specific event relative to the number of colony forming units of bacteria (e.g., of a 15 bacterial strain or total bacteria) after the specific event. For example, a 50% recovery or 50% preservation indicates that half of the bacteria remained viable after the specific event; and a 100% recovery or 100% preservation indicates that all (or substantially all) bacteria remained viable after the specific event. In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for preserving bacteria. In some 20 embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes adding bacteria to any of the compositions provided herein and subjecting the composition to which the bacteria have been added to a lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes adding bacteria to a composition including sucrose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 20 mM histidine buffer and 25 subjecting the composition to which the bacteria have been added to a lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes adding bacteria to a composition including sucrose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and subjecting the composition to which the bacteria have been added to a lyophilization cycle. In some 30 embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes adding bacteria to a composition including trehalose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 20 mM histidine buffer and subjecting the composition to which the 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 bacteria have been added to a lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes adding bacteria to a composition including trehalose at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and subjecting the composition to which the bacteria have been added to a lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method further includes measuring the number of colony forming units after subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method results in the preservation of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, up to 100% of the colony forming units. In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for generating the compositions provided herein. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes creating a mixture by combining the lyoprotectant, the nutrient, the antioxidant, and the buffer, followed by reduction of the mixture thereby generating the composition. In some embodiments, the method further includes the addition of bacteria. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes creating a mixture by combining trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine and histidine buffer to create a mixture, followed by reduction of the mixture thereby generating the composition. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes creating a mixture by combining trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, histidine buffer, and an excipient to create a mixture, followed by reduction of the mixture thereby generating the composition. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes creating a mixture by combining sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, and histidine buffer to create a mixture, followed by reduction of the mixture thereby generating the composition. In some embodiments of the methods provided herein, the method includes creating a mixture by combining sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, histidine buffer, and excipient to create a mixture, followed by reduction of the mixture thereby generating the composition. SEQ ID NO:1 Strain 1      16S ribosomal RNA Clostridium bolteae ATGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCCTAACACATGCAAGTCGAACGAAGC AATTAAAATGAAGTTTTCGGATGGATTTTTGATTGACTGAGTGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACGCGTGGAT AACCTGCCTCACACTGGGGGATAACAGTTAGAAATGACTGCTAATACCGCATAAGCGCACAGTACCGC ATGGTACGGTGTGAAAAACTCCGGTGGTGTGAGATGGATCCGCGTCTGATTAGCCAGTTGGCGGGGTA 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 ACGGCCCACCAAAGCGACGATCAGTAGCCGACCTGAGAGGGTGACCGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGACAC GGCCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATGCAGCGAC GCCGCGTGAGTGAAGAAGTATTTCGGTATGTAAAGCTCTATCAGCAGGGAAGAAAATGACGGTACCTG ACTAAGAAGCCCCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGA 5 TTTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGAGCGTAGACGGCGAAGCAAGTCTGAAGTGAAAACCCAGGGCTCAACCCTG GGACTGCTTTGGAAACTGTTTTGCTAGAGTGTCGGAGAGGTAAGTGGAATTCCTAGTGTAGCGGTGAA ATGCGTAGATATTAGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGCTTACTGGACGATAACTGACGTTGAGGCT CGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGAATGCTAGGT GTTGGGGGGCAAAGCCCTTCGGTGCCGTCGCAAACGCAGTAAGCATTCCACCTGGGGAGTACGTTCGC 10 AAGAATGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGACCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAGC AACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAAGTCTTGACATCCTCTTGACCGGCGTGTAACGGCGCCTTCCCTTCGGGG CAAGAGAGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAAC GAGCGCAACCCTTATCCTTAGTAGCCAGCAGGTAAAGCTGGGCACTCTAGGGAGACTGCCAGGGATAA CCTGGAGGAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGATTTGGGCTACACACGTGCTACA 15 ATGGCGTAAACAAAGGGAAGCAAGACAGTGATGTGGAGCAAATCCCAAAAATAACGTCCCAGTTCGGA CTGTAGTCTGCAACCCGACTACACGAAGCTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGAATCAGAATGTCGCGGTGA ATACGTTCCCGGGTCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTCAGCAACGCCCGAAGTCAGTGA CCCAACTCGCAAGAGAGGGAGCTGCCGAAGGCGGGGCAGGTAACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAG CCGTATCGGAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT 20 SEQIDNO:2 Strain 2      16S ribosomal RNA Anaerotruncus colihominis TCAAAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGACGAACGCTGGCGGCGCGCCTAACACATGCAAGTCGAACGGAG CTTACGTTTTGAAGTTTTCGGATGGATGAATGTAAGCTTAGTGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACACGTGAGC 25 AACCTGCCTTTCAGAGGGGGATAACAGCCGGAAACGGCTGCTAATACCGCATGATGTTGCGGGGGCAC ATGCCCCTGCAACCAAAGGAGCAATCCGCTGAAAGATGGGCTCGCGTCCGATTAGCCAGTTGGCGGGG TAACGGCCCACCAAAGCGACGATCGGTAGCCGGACTGAGAGGTTGAACGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGAC ACGGCCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGGATATTGCACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATGCAGCG ACGCCGCGTGAGGGAAGACGGTCTTCGGATTGTAAACCTCTGTCTTTGGGGAAGAAAATGACGGTACC 30 CAAAGAGGAAGCTCCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGAGCAAGCGTTGTCCG GAATTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGAGCGTAGGCGGGATGGCAAGTAGAATGTTAAATCCATCGGCTCAACCG GTGGCTGCGTTCTAAACTGCCGTTCTTGAGTGAAGTAGAGGCAGGCGGAATTCCTAGTGTAGCGGTGA AATGCGTAGATATTAGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGCCTGCTGGGCTTTAACTGACGCTGAGGC TCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGATTACTAGG 35 TGTGGGGGGACTGACCCCTTCCGTGCCGCAGTTAACACAATAAGTAATCCACCTGGGGAGTACGGCCG CAAGGTTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCAGTGGAGTATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAG CAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAGGTCTTGACATCGGATGCATAGCCTAGAGATAGGTGAAGCCCTTCGGG GCATCCAGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAAC GAGCGCAACCCTTATTATTAGTTGCTACGCAAGAGCACTCTAATGAGACTGCCGTTGACAAAACGGAG 40 GAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGACCTGGGCTACACACGTACTACAATGGCAC TAAAACAGAGGGCGGCGACACCGCGAGGTGAAGCGAATCCCGAAAAAGTGTCTCAGTTCAGATTGCAG GCTGCAACCCGCCTGCATGAAGTCGGAATTGCTAGTAATCGCGGATCAGCATGCCGCGGTGAATACGT TCCCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTCGGTAACACCCGAAGCCAGTAGCCTAAC CGCAAGGGGGGCGCTGTCGAAGGTGGGATTGATGACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAGCCGTATCG 45 GAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT SEQIDNO:3 Strain 3      16S ribosomal RNA Ruminococcus torques TACGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCCTAACACATGCAAGTCGAGCGAAG CGCTGTTTTCAGAATCTTCGGAGGAAGAGGACAGTGACTGAGCGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACGCGTGGG 50 CAACCTGCCTCATACAGGGGGATAACAGTTAGAAATGACTGCTAATACCGCATAAGCGCACAGGACCG CATGGTGTAGTGTGAAAAACTCCGGTGGTATGAGATGGACCCGCGTCTGATTAGGTAGTTGGTGGGGT AAAGGCCTACCAAGCCGACGATCAGTAGCCGACCTGAGAGGGTGACCGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGACA CGGCCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGGGAAACCCTGATGCAGCGA 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 CGCCGCGTGAAGGAAGAAGTATTTCGGTATGTAAACTTCTATCAGCAGGGAAGAAAATGACGGTACCT GAGTAAGAAGCACCGGCTAAATACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTATGGTGCAAGCGTTATCCGG ATTTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGAGCGTAGACGGATAGGCAAGTCTGGAGTGAAAACCCAGGGCTCAACCCT GGGACTGCTTTGGAAACTGCAGATCTGGAGTGCCGGAGAGGTAAGCGGAATTCCTAGTGTAGCGGTGA 5 AATGCGTAGATATTAGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGCTTACTGGACGGTGACTGACGTTGAGGC TCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGACTACTAGG TGTCGGTGTGCAAAGCACATCGGTGCCGCAGCAAACGCAATAAGTAGTCCACCTGGGGAGTACGTTCG CAAGAATGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGACCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAG CAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCTGGTCTTGACATCCGGATGACGGGCGAGTAATGTCGCCGTCCCTTCGGG 10 GCGTCCGAGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAA CGAGCGCAACCCTTATCTTCAGTAGCCAGCATATAAGGTGGGCACTCTGGAGAGACTGCCAGGGAGAA CCTGGAGGAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGGCCAGGGCTACACACGTGCTACA ATGGCGTAAACAAAGGGAAGCGAGAGGGTGACCTGGAGCGAATCCCAAAAATAACGTCTCAGTTCGGA TTGTAGTCTGCAACTCGACTACATGAAGCTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGGATCAGCATGCCGCGGTGA 15 ATACGTTCCCGGGTCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTCAGTAACGCCCGAAGCCAGTGA CCCAACCTTAGAGGAGGGAGCTGTCGAAGGCGGGACGGATAACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAGC CGTATCGGAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT 20 SEQIDNO:4 Strain 4      16S ribosomal RNA Clostridium symbiosum ATGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCCTAACACATGCAAGTCGAACGAAGC GATTTAACGGAAGTTTTCGGATGGAAGTTGAATTGACTGAGTGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACGCGTGGGT AACCTGCCTTGTACTGGGGGACAACAGTTAGAAATGACTGCTAATACCGCATAAGCGCACAGTATCGC ATGATACAGTGTGAAAAACTCCGGTGGTACAAGATGGACCCGCGTCTGATTAGCTAGTTGGTAAGGTA 25 ACGGCTTACCAAGGCGACGATCAGTAGCCGACCTGAGAGGGTGACCGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGACAC GGCCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATGCAGCGAC GCCGCGTGAGTGAAGAAGTATTTCGGTATGTAAAGCTCTATCAGCAGGGAAGAAAATGACGGTACCTG ACTAAGAAGCCCCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGA TTTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGAGCGTAGACGGTAAAGCAAGTCTGAAGTGAAAGCCCGCGGCTCAACTGCG 30 GGACTGCTTTGGAAACTGTTTAACTGGAGTGTCGGAGAGGTAAGTGGAATTCCTAGTGTAGCGGTGAA ATGCGTAGATATTAGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGACTTACTGGACGATAACTGACGTTGAGGCT CGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGAATACTAGGT GTTGGGGAGCAAAGCTCTTCGGTGCCGTCGCAAACGCAGTAAGTATTCCACCTGGGGAGTACGTTCGC AAGAATGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGACCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAGC 35 AACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAGGTCTTGACATCGATCCGACGGGGGAGTAACGTCCCCTTCCCTTCGGGG CGGAGAAGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAAC GAGCGCAACCCTTATTCTAAGTAGCCAGCGGTTCGGCCGGGAACTCTTGGGAGACTGCCAGGGATAAC CTGGAGGAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGATCTGGGCTACACACGTGCTACAA TGGCGTAAACAAAGAGAAGCAAGACCGCGAGGTGGAGCAAATCTCAAAAATAACGTCTCAGTTCGGAC 40 TGCAGGCTGCAACTCGCCTGCACGAAGCTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGAATCAGAATGTCGCGGTGAA TACGTTCCCGGGTCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTCAGTAACGCCCGAAGTCAGTGAC CCAACCGCAAGGAGGGAGCTGCCGAAGGCGGGACCGATAACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAGCCG TATCGGAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT 45 SEQIDNO:5 Strain 5      16S ribosomal RNA Blautiaproducta ATCAGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCTTAACACATGCAAGTCGAGCGAA GCACTTAAGTGGATCTCTTCGGATTGAAGCTTATTTGACTGAGCGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACGCGTGG GTAACCTGCCTCATACAGGGGGATAACAGTTAGAAATGGCTGCTAATACCGCATAAGCGCACAGGACC GCATGGTCTGGTGTGAAAAACTCCGGTGGTATGAGATGGACCCGCGTCTGATTAGCTAGTTGGAGGGG 50 TAACGGCCCACCAAGGCGACGATCAGTAGCCGGCCTGAGAGGGTGAACGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGAC ACGGCCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGGGAAACCCTGATGCAGCG ACGCCGCGTGAAGGAAGAAGTATCTCGGTATGTAAACTTCTATCAGCAGGGAAGAAAATGACGGTACC TGACTAAGAAGCCCCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGGGCAAGCGTTATCCG 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 GATTTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGAGCGTAGACGGAAGAGCAAGTCTGATGTGAAAGGCTGGGGCTTAACCC CAGGACTGCATTGGAAACTGTTTTTCTAGAGTGCCGGAGAGGTAAGCGGAATTCCTAGTGTAGCGGTG AAATGCGTAGATATTAGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGCTTACTGGACGGTAACTGACGTTGAGG CTCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGAATACTAG 5 GTGTCGGGTGGCAAAGCCATTCGGTGCCGCAGCAAACGCAATAAGTATTCCACCTGGGGAGTACGTTC GCAAGAATGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGACCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAA GCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAAGTCTTGACATCCCTCTGACCGGCCCGTAACGGGGCCTTCCCTTCGG GGCAGAGGAGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCA ACGAGCGCAACCCCTATCCTTAGTAGCCAGCAGGTGAAGCTGGGCACTCTAGGGAGACTGCCGGGGAT 10 AACCCGGAGGAAGGCGGGGACGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGATTTGGGCTACACACGTGCTA CAATGGCGTAAACAAAGGGAAGCGAGACAGCGATGTTGAGCAAATCCCAAAAATAACGTCCCAGTTCG GACTGCAGTCTGCAACTCGACTGCACGAAGCTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGAATCAGAATGTCGCGGT GAATACGTTCCCGGGTCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTCAGTAACGCCCGAAGTCAGT GACCCAACCTTACAGGAGGGAGCTGCCGAAGGCGGGACCGATAACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTA 15 GCCGTATCGGAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT SEQ ID NO:6 Strain 6      16S ribosomal RNA Dorea Longicatena AACGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCTTAACACATGCAAGTCGAGCGAAG 20 CACTTAAGTTTGATTCTTCGGATGAAGACTTTTGTGACTGAGCGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACGCGTGGG TAACCTGCCTCATACAGGGGGATAACAGTTAGAAATGACTGCTAATACCGCATAAGACCACGGTACCG CATGGTACAGTGGTAAAAACTCCGGTGGTATGAGATGGACCCGCGTCTGATTAGGTAGTTGGTGGGGT AACGGCCTACCAAGCCGACGATCAGTAGCCGACCTGAGAGGGTGACCGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGACA CGGCCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGAGGAAACTCTGATGCAGCGA 25 CGCCGCGTGAAGGATGAAGTATTTCGGTATGTAAACTTCTATCAGCAGGGAAGAAAATGACGGTACCT GACTAAGAAGCCCCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGGGCAAGCGTTATCCGG ATTTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGAGCGTAGACGGCACGGCAAGCCAGATGTGAAAGCCCGGGGCTCAACCCC GGGACTGCATTTGGAACTGCTGAGCTAGAGTGTCGGAGAGGCAAGTGGAATTCCTAGTGTAGCGGTGA AATGCGTAGATATTAGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGCTTGCTGGACGATGACTGACGTTGAGGC 30 TCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGACTGCTAGG TGTCGGGTGGCAAAGCCATTCGGTGCCGCAGCTAACGCAATAAGCAGTCCACCTGGGGAGTACGTTCG CAAGAATGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGACCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAG CAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCTGATCTTGACATCCCGATGACCGCTTCGTAATGGAAGCTTTTCTTCGGA ACATCGGTGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAA 35 CGAGCGCAACCCCTATCTTCAGTAGCCAGCAGGTTAAGCTGGGCACTCTGGAGAGACTGCCAGGGATA ACCTGGAGGAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGACCAGGGCTACACACGTGCTAC AATGGCGTAAACAAAGAGAAGCGAACTCGCGAGGGTAAGCAAATCTCAAAAATAACGTCTCAGTTCGG ATTGTAGTCTGCAACTCGACTACATGAAGCTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCAGATCAGAATGCTGCGGTG AATACGTTCCCGGGTCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTCAGTAACGCCCGAAGTCAGTG 40 ACCCAACCGTAAGGAGGGAGCTGCCGAAGGTGGGACCGATAACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAGC CGTATCGGAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT SEQIDNO:7 Strain 7      16S ribosomal RNA Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium ATGGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCATGCCTAATACATGCAAGTCGAACGAAG 45 TTTCGAGGAAGCTTGCTTCCAAAGAGACTTAGTGGCGAACGGGTGAGTAACACGTAGGTAACCTGCCC ATGTGTCCGGGATAACTGCTGGAAACGGTAGCTAAAACCGGATAGGTATACAGAGCGCATGCTCAGTA TATTAAAGCGCCCATCAAGGCGTGAACATGGATGGACCTGCGGCGCATTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAAC GGCCCACCAAGGCGATGATGCGTAGCCGGCCTGAGAGGGTAAACGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGACACGG CCCAAACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATTTTCGTCAATGGGGGAAACCCTGAACGAGCAATGC 50 CGCGTGAGTGAAGAAGGTCTTCGGATCGTAAAGCTCTGTTGTAAGTGAAGAACGGCTCATAGAGGAAA TGCTATGGGAGTGACGGTAGCTTACCAGAAAGCCACGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATAC GTAGGTGGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATCATTGGGCGTAAAGGGTGCGTAGGTGGCGTACTAAGTCTGTAG TAAAAGGCAATGGCTCAACCATTGTAAGCTATGGAAACTGGTATGCTGGAGTGCAGAAGAGGGCGATG 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 GAATTCCATGTGTAGCGGTAAAATGCGTAGATATATGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGTCGCCTG GTCTGTAACTGACACTGAGGCACGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAATAGGATTAGATACCCTAGTAGTCCACG CCGTAAACGATGAGAACTAAGTGTTGGAGGAATTCAGTGCTGCAGTTAACGCAATAAGTTCTCCGCCT GGGGAGTATGCACGCAAGTGTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGTATGT 5 GGTTTAATTCGAAGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAGGCCTTGACATGGAAACAAATACCCTAGAGATAG GGGGATAATTATGGATCACACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTA AGTCCCGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTGTCGCATGTTACCAGCATCAAGTTGGGGACTCATGCGAGACTGC CGGTGACAAACCGGAGGAAGGTGGGGATGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGGCCTGGGCTACACA CGTACTACAATGGCGGCCACAAAGAGCAGCGACACAGTGATGTGAAGCGAATCTCATAAAGGTCGTCT 10 CAGTTCGGATTGAAGTCTGCAACTCGACTTCATGAAGTCGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCAGATCAGCATG CTGCGGTGAATACGTTCTCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCAAACCATGGGAGTCAGTAATACCCGA AGCCGGTGGCATAACCGTAAGGAGTGAGCCGTCGAAGGTAGGACCGATGACTGGGGTTAAGTCGTAAC AAGGTATCCCTACGGGAACGTGGGGATGGATCACCTCCTTT SEQIDNO:8 Strain 8      16S ribosomal RNA Subdoligramdum spp TATTGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATGAACGCTGGCGGCGTGCTTAACACATGCAAGTCGAACGGG GTGCTCATGACGGAGGATTCGTCCAACGGATTGAGTTACCTAGTGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAACGCGTGA GGAACCTGCCTTGGAGAGGGGAATAACACTCCGAAAGGAGTGCTAATACCGCATGATGCAGTTGGGTC 20 GCATGGCTCTGACTGCCAAAGATTTATCGCTCTGAGATGGCCTCGCGTCTGATTAGCTAGTAGGCGGG GTAACGGCCCACCTAGGCGACGATCAGTAGCCGGACTGAGAGGTTGACCGGCCACATTGGGACTGAGA CACGGCCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGGGCAATGGGCGCAAGCCTGACCCAGC AACGCCGCGTGAAGGAAGAAGGCTTTCGGGTTGTAAACTTCTTTTGTCGGGGACGAAACAAATGACGG TACCCGACGAATAAGCCACGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGTGGCAAGCGTTA 25 TCCGGATTTACTGGGTGTAAAGGGCGTGTAGGCGGGATTGCAAGTCAGATGTGAAAACTGGGGGCTCA ACCTCCAGCCTGCATTTGAAACTGTAGTTCTTGAGTGCTGGAGAGGCAATCGGAATTCCGTGTGTAGC GGTGAAATGCGTAGATATACGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGGATTGCTGGACAGTAACTGACGCT GAGGCGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGGATA CTAGGTGTGGGGGGTCTGACCCCCTCCGTGCCGCAGTTAACACAATAAGTATCCCACCTGGGGAGTAC 30 GATCGCAAGGTTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGTATGTGGTTTAATT CGAAGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAGGGCTTGACATCCCACTAACGAAGCAGAGATGCATTAGGTGCC CTTCGGGGAAAGTGGAGACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAG TCCCGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTATTGTTAGTTGCTACGCAAGAGCACTCTAGCGAGACTGCCGTTGAC AAAACGGAGGAAGGTGGGGACGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCCCTTATGTCCTGGGCCACACACGTACTA 35 CAATGGTGGTTAACAGAGGGAGGCAATACCGCGAGGTGGAGCAAATCCCTAAAAGCCATCCCAGTTCG GATTGCAGGCTGAAACCCGCCTGTATGAAGTTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGGATCAGCATGCCGCGGT GAATACGTTCCCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGAGAGTCGGGAACACCCGAAGTCCGT AGCCTAACCGCAAGGAGGGCGCGGCCGAAGGTGGGTTCGATAATTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAG CCGTATCGGAAGGTGCGGCTGGATCACCTCCTTT This invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being 45 carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms hall include the singular. The methods and techniques of 5 the present disclosure are generally performed according to conventional methods well-known in the art. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of biochemistry, enzymology, molecular and cellular biology, microbiology, virology, cell or tissue culture, genetics and protein and nucleic chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. The methods and techniques of the present disclosure 10 are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. The present invention is further illustrated by the following Examples, which in no way should be construed as further limiting. The entire contents of all of the references 15 (including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications) cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference, in particular for the teaching that is referenced hereinabove. However, the citation of any reference is not intended to be an admission that the reference is prior art. 20 EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 25 Overview A variety of lyophilization formulations were assessed for the lyophilization of the anaerobic bacterium Dorea longicatena. The experimental design is depicted in Figure 1. Bacterial culture 30          An inoculum of Dorea langicatena was started from a single colony until it reached an OD600 of about 0.68, corresponding to late log phase, and then transferred to a larger flask. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Aliquots of 40 mis of bacteria were pelleted. The pelleted bacteria were at 1.6 X 107 cfu / ml. (cfu = colony forming units) Lyophilization buffer preparation 5          The formulations depicted in Figure 2 and Table 2 were prepared in an anaerobic chamber. The mannitol and sorbitol were crystalline, while the sucrose and trehalose were amorphous. In addition to the formulation components shown in Figure 2, all formulations included 1% yeast extract, and 0.05% cysteine. The concentrations of the histidine and trisbase buffer was 20 mM. Formulations were filtered through a 0.22 microM filter. Sixteen 50 10 ml conical tubes contain the bacterial pellets were stored in a chamber at 2-8°C were provided The number of bacteria in each tube was 1.6 X 107 cfu / ml. Pellets were washed with 20 ml lyophilization formulation twice and spun at 3900 rpm for 10 minutes. The osmolality of the formulations ranged from 292 to 329 mosmole. The washed pellets were re-suspended with 25ml lyophilization buffer and 5 vials were prepared for each lyophilization formulation. Four 15 vials were used in the lyophilization cycle and one vial was kept at -80°C as a control. The vials were partially stoppered with 20-mm diameter Type I elastomeric chlorobutyl stoppers. One of the sixteen 50 ml conical tubes was washed with culture media and used as a control for the lyophilization cycle. Bacterial pellets used as controls were washed with 12 ml cell culture medium twice, 20 and spun at 3900 rpm for 10 minutes. The cells were subsequently re-suspended with 25 ml cell culture medium and a total of 5 vials were filled: 5 ml fill in a 20 ml vial. Four vials were lyophilized and one was kept at -80°C as a control. The vials were partially stoppered with 20mm diameter Type I elastomeric chlorobutyl stoppers. 25 Table 2: Formulations used in Example 1. Formulation # Buffer / pH Mannitol Trehalose Sorbitol Sucrose Lactose Osmolality 1 His / 6.5 4% 318 2 His / 7.0 4% 314 3 Tris / 7.0 4% 307 4 Tris / 7.5 4% 300 5 His / 6.5 8% 304 6 His / 7.0 8% 302 7 Tris / 7.0 8% 312 8 Tris / 7.5 8% 318 9 His / 6.5 8% 316 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 10 His / 7.0 8% 317 11 Tris / 7.0 8% 308 12 His / 7.0 8% 309 13 His / 7.0 4% 304 14 Tris / 7.0 4% 292 15 His / 7.0 4% 4% 329 16 Culture Media Lyophilization cycle: The lyophilization cycle was performed with the lyophilization parameters shown in Table 3 below. Table 3. Lyophilization cycle Step Temperature Temperature Ramp (°C / min) Hold in hrs Pressure Loading 4°C l°C / min 2 N / A Freeze -50°C l°C / min. 2 N / A Primary Drying -25°C l°C / min 67 100 mTorr Secondary Drying +20°C l°C / min 20.9 100 mTorr Upon completion of the lyophilization cycle, back fill of nitrogen was performed to 10 reach 600,000 mTorr and then vials were stoppered to keep N2 in the vials in vacuum. Once the vials were stoppered, the back fill was completed to reach 760,000 mtorr. The lyophilized products in glass vials were retrieved from the lyophilizer and promptly sealed with the aluminum crimp-caps to prevent the atmospheric air contamination and to prevent the N2 releasing from the vial. The completion of primary and secondary drying stages was 15 determined based on the Pirani pressure. All lyophilized containers were stored at -20°C for storage prior to viability testing. The samples were cooled to 4°C for 2hrs and frozen at -50°C for 2 hrs. As the 16 formulation will have different Tg’, the primary drying was set to -25°C. It is known the amorphous sugars such as sucrose have a transition of -32°C and the crystalline mannitol has 20 the eutectic temperature of about 15°C. The primary drying at -25°C was selected so that the majority of the formulations would stay below transition or eutectic temperature during 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 lyophilization. The pressure profile suggests that Pirani pressure reached 100 mtorr at about 63 hrs of lyophilization. The primary drying was extended to 73 hrs to ensure the ending of primary drying. The bound water was removed during the secondary drying. Based on the Pirani pressure profile, the secondary drying was completed at 81 hrs of lyophilization. The 5 lyophilization was extended to 88 hrs to ensure the complete removal of the bound water. Results of lyophilization cycle The physical appearance of the lyophilized formulations are shown in Figure 3. The data indicates that except the formulation containing the crystalline sorbitol and formulation 10 containing culture media, all the cakes of other 13 formulations are not collapsed and are intact. The cake of the formulation containing sorbitol were collapsed and raised with the bubbling. Similarly, the formulation containing culture media alone also collapsed. Based on the cake appearances, this lyophilization run looks acceptable for the formulation containing amorphous trehalose and sucrose and crystalline mannitol. The cakes 15 of the formulation containing sorbitol and culture media collapsed after lyophilization. Viability of lyophilized samples. The lyophilized cakes were moved into the anaerobic chamber, opened and resuspended in 5 ml of culture media as the cakes were representative of a 5 ml sample. 20 (resuspended in culture media HiVeg media). Dilutions were prepared from 101 to 106 to 107 and 100 microliter of the each dilution was dispensed on an Eggerth Gagnon plate and spread with help of sterile glass beads. Plating was done on pre-reduced Eggerth Gagnon plates enriched with 5% horse blood. Incubation was done at 37°C in the incubator in the anaerobic chamber. Colony forming units were counted 48-72 hours after plating. 25          The combined results of the lyophilization experiment and the viability of the assessed samples is shown in Figure 4 and Table 4. The best results are obtained with His pH 7.0 or Tris pH 7.5 as the buffer and sucrose or trehalose as the sugar. Table 4: Results of formulation experiment Formulation # Buffer / pH Mannitol Trehalose Sorbitol Sucrose Lactose Viability (CFU) 1 His / 6.5 4% 0 2 His / 7.0 4% 0 3 Tris / 7.0 4% 0 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 4 Tris / 7.5 4% 0 5 His / 6.5 8% 2.8 x 10A3 6 His / 7.0 8% 9.5 x 10A4 7 Tris / 7.0 8% 1.0 x 10A4 8 Tris / 7.5 8% 1.7 x 10A5 9 His / 6.5 8% -150 10 His / 7.0 8% 3.1 x 10A5 11 Tris / 7.0 8% 2.9 x 10A4 12 Tris / 7.5 8% 2.3 x 10A5 13 His / 7.0 4% 6.4 x 10A4 14 Tris / 7.0 4% 2.3 x 10A5 15 His / 7.0 4% 4% 0 16 Media -350 EXAMPLE 2 Overview 5          This study assessed lyophilization formulations and components for the lyophilization of the anaerobic bacterium Dorea longicatena.. Bacterial culture An inoculum of Dorea longicatena was started from a single colony in 50 mL 10 centrifuge tubes containing 40mL of Vegitone media. The inoculum was allowed to grow overnight and two tubes were used to inoculate 750 mL of Vegitone in a 1 Liter bottle at a starting OD of 0.025. This was allowed to grow for twenty hours and was harvested at an OD of 0.68. Aliquots of 40 mL were added to sixteen 50 mL centrifuge tubes. The tubes were spun down at 3560 RCF for 10 minutes and the supernatants were discarded. The tubes were 15 sealed and placed in an BD EZPak Anaerobic Container with a BD EZPak Gas Generating Pouch (Becton, Dicksinon and Company; Franklin Lakes, NY) to ensure an anaerobic environment. The box was placed in a 2 - 8°C refrigerator prior to viability testing. Lyophilization buffer preparation and lyophilization cycle 20          The formulations presented in Table 5 were prepared to assess lyophilization of the bacterial cultures. Each formulation tested had 1% yeast extract and 0.05% L-Cysteine added. Yeast extract was added to provide each strain animal-free nutrients. L-Cysteine was added as a reducing agent to mitigate oxygen exposure. 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Prior to viability testing, the vials were resuspended in 25 mL of media and plated to determine starting viabilities. Each sample was washed twice using the formulation buffers shown in Table 5. A volume of 25mL was used for the final resuspension, to concentrate the starting sample. Each 5 formulation shown in Table 5 had aliquots of 5mL added to separate 20mL vials and were then lyophilized using a primary drying of -25°C at lOOmTorr and using a secondary drying of 20°C at lOOmTorr. Viability of lyophilized samples 10          After lyophilization, the final viable cell counts were determined by resuspending each vial in 5mL of media and plating on EGHB (Table 6). The data indicates that bacteria that were lyophilized in formulations containing sucrose or trehalose as a lyoprotectant were able to be recovered. Formulations with mannitol results in no recoverable, viable bacteria, and using culture media only for lyophilization resulted in poor recovery. Formulations with sorbitol had 15 poor lyophilization cake formation. Histidine was selected as the buffer, as it resulted in viability with both sucrose and trehalose. Formulations 6 and 10 were further evaluated. 4— oe 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Table 5: Lyophilization Formulations Formulation 20 mM Histidine (pH) 20mM Tris (pH) Mannitol (%) Trehalose (%) Sorbitol (%) Sucrose (%) Lactose (%) Culture Medium (mL) mOsmo / kg 1 6.5 4 318 2 7 4 314 3 7 4 307 4 7.5 4 300 5 6.5 7.5 304 6 7 7.5 302 7 7 7.5 312 8 7.5 7.5 318 9 6.5 7 316 10 7 7 317 11 7 7 308 12 7 7 309 13 7 4 304 14 7 4 292 15 7 4 4 329 16 25 N / A 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 Table 6: Viability of lyophilized samples Formulation* Formulation Count A Count B Average SD 1 4% mannitol-His pH 6.5 0 0 0 0 2 4% mannitol-His pH 7.0 N / AA 0 0 3 4% mannitol-Tris-pH 7.0 0 0 0 0 4 4% mannitol-Tris-pH 7.5 0 0 0 0 5 7.5% Trehalose His pH 6.5 3.30x 103 2.30xl03 2.80xl03 7.07xl02 6 7.5% Trehalose His pH 7.0 8.00xl04 1.10x10s 9.50xl04 2.12xl04 7 7.5% Trehalose Tris-pH 7.0 l.OOxlO3 1.90xl04 l.OOxlO4 1.27xl04 8 7.5% Trehalose Tris-pH 7.5 5.20xl04 2.80x10s 1.66x10s 1.61x10s 9 7% Sucrose-His pH 6.5 3.00xl02 0 150 212 10 7% Sucrose-His pH 7.0 1.50xl04 6.00x10s 3.08x10s 4.14x10s 11 7% Sucrose-Tris-pH 7.0 5.70xl04 0 2.85xl04 4.03xl04 12 7% Sucrose-Tris-pH 7.5 1.90x10s 2.60x10s 2.25xl05 4.95xl04 13 4% sorbitol His-pH 7.0 8.40xl04 4.30xl04 6.35xl04 2.90xl04 14 4% sorbitol Tris-pH 7.0 1.20x10s 3.40x10s 2.30x10s 1.56x10s 15 4% mannitol+4% Lactose-His pH 7.0 0 0 0 0 16 Culture Medium 100 600 350 353 *Formulations correspond to the formulations presented in Table 5. Asample contaminated; no value determinable. EXAMPLE 3 Overview A selected number of optimized lyophilization formulations were assessed for the lyophilization of eight different anaerobic strains. The experimental design is depicted in 10 Figure 1. Bacterial cultures 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 An inoculum of each of the bacterial strains shown in Table 7 was started from a single colony until it reached the OD shown in Table 8 and then transferred to a larger flask. Aliquots 40 mis of bacteria were pelleted. The cfus of the pelleted bacteria are shown in Figure 5. 5 Table 7. Bacterial strains used in Example 3 Strain number Closest known relative 1 Clostridium bolteae 2 Anaerotruncus colihominis 3 Ruminococcus torques 4 Clostridium symbiosum 5 Blautia producta 6 Dorea longicatena 7 Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium 8 Subdoligranulum spp Bacterial strains were identified by the closest known relative as identified by sequence homol ogy / i dentity. 10 Table 8: OD600 of bacterial strains used for Example 3 Strain OD (600nm) 1 2.73 2 0.55 3 0.84 4 1.93 5 0.95 6 0.61 7 1.79 8 0.272 Lyophilization buffer preparation 15          Two lyophilization formulations were assessed: - Formulation A: 20 mM Histidine pH 7.0, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 7.5 % trehalose with osmolality of 305 mOsmo / kg 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 - Formulation B: 20 mM Histidine pH 7.0, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine and 7.0 % sucrose with osmolality of 315 mOsmo / kg. The formulations were prepared in the anaerobic chamber. Sixteen 50 ml conical tubes 5 containing the bacterial pellets were used. The number of bacteria in each tube varied per strain and varied between 1.4 x 107 and 2.75 x 109 cfus / ml (See Figure 5). The bacterial pellets were washed with 20 ml lyophilization formulation twice, and spun at 3900 rpm for 10 minutes. The osmolality of the formulations ranged from 305-315 mosmole. The pellets were re-suspended with 20 ml lyophilization formulation buffer and 4 vials were filled for each (5 10 ml fill in a 20 ml). Three vials were lyophilized and one vial was kept at -80°C as a control. The vials were partially stoppered with 20-mm diameter Type I elastomeric chlorobutyl stoppers. Lyophilization cycle: 15          The lyophilization run was performed with the lyophilization parameters shown in Table 9 below. Table 9: Lyophilization cycle Step Temperature Temperature Ramp (°C / min) Hold in hrs Pressure Loading 4°C l°C / min 0.1 NA Freeze -50°C l°C / min. 2 NA Primary Drying -25°C l°C / min 66 100 mTorr Secondary Drying +20°C l°C / min 9.0 100 mTorr Upon completion of the lyophilization cycle, back fill of nitrogen was performed to reach 600,000 mTorr and then vials were stoppered to keep N2 in the vials in vacuum. Once the vials were stoppered, the back fill was completed to reach 760,000 mtorr. The lyophilized samples in glass vials were retrieved from the lyophilizer and promptly sealed 25 with the aluminum crimp-caps to prevent the atmospheric air contamination and to prevent the N2 releasing from the vial. The completion of primary and secondary drying stages was 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 determined based on the Pirani pressure reaching the set shelf pressure. All lyophilized containers were stored at -20C prior to viability testing. The samples were cooled to 4°C for 10 minutes and frozen at -50°C for 2 hrs. As the 2 formulation will have different Tg’, the primary drying was set to -25°C. It is known that 5 the amorphous sugars such as sucrose have a transition of -32°C while the Trehalose transition temperature (-29°C) is about 3 °C higher than sucrose. The primary drying at -25°C was selected so that the majority of the formulations will stay below transition during lyophilization. The pressure profile suggests that Pirani pressure reached 100 mtorr at about 56 hrs of lyophilization. The primary drying was extended to 66 hrs to ensure the ending of 10 primary drying. The bound water was removed during the secondary drying. Based on the Pirani pressure profile, the secondary drying was completed at 76 hrs of lyophilization. Results of lyophilization cycle The physical appearance of each lyophilized formulation data showed that none of the 15 cakes are collapsed. The color of the lyophilization cakes varied slightly between bacterial strains. Viability of lyophilized samples. The lyophilized caked were moved into the anaerobic chamber, opened and 20 resuspended in 5 ml of culture media as the cakes were representative of a 5ml sample. (Resuspended in peptone yeast extract glucose media with tween). Dilutions were prepped from 101 to 106 to 107 and 100 microliter of the each dilution was dispensed on an Eggerth Gagnon plate and spread with help of sterile glass beads. Plating was done on pre-reduced Eggerth Gagnon plates enriched with 5% horse blood. Incubation was done at 37 degrees in 25 the incubator in the anaerobic chamber. Colony forming units were counted 48-72 hours after plating. The results of the lyophilization experiment and the viability of the assessed samples is shown in Figure 5 and Table 10. Formulations A and B provide a good recovery for bacterial strains 2-5 and 7-8. 30 Assessment of lyophilization (freeze-dry) versus freeze only) 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 The impact of the lyophilization cycle on bacterial strains in Formulations A and B was assessed by comparing the lyophilization of samples versus freezing the samples only (i.e., freezing the samples at -80°C, but not exposing the samples to a vacuum “freeze-thaw”). Viability of the freeze-thaw samples was assessed in the same way as the viability for the 5 sample that went through the lyophilization cycle. The results of the freeze-thaw cycle experiment are shown in Figure 5 and Table 10. Formulations A and B provide a good stability for bacterial strains 2-5 and 7-8. Strains 1 and 6 were further evaluated. 10 Table 10: Viability Results of Example 3 Bacterial Strain Initial CFU Post Lyo CFU (Condition A) Post Freeze Thaw (Condition A) Post Lyo CFU (Condition B) Post Freeze Thaw (Condition B) 01 1.04 x 108 5 x 107 3x 107 2x 106 8x 107 02 2.16x 108 lx 108 7 x 109 1.5 x 108 1.4 x 1010 03 8.1 x 108 8x 109 3.1 x 1010 7.5 x 109 1 x 1010 04 9.6 x 108 3x 108 3.2 x 109 3.05 x 109 1.2 x 109 05 6.7 x 107 1.2 x 109 2.5 x 1010 lx 109 2x 1010 06 1.4 x 107 4.4 x 105 N / A lx 106 8x 105 07 2.75 x 109 4x 109 5 x 109 4x 1010 Lawn on 107 08 1.65 x 108 3.1 x 108 3.1 x 109 4.1 x 108 2.4 x 1010 EXAMPLE 4 Lyophilization formulations for bacterial strains 1 and 6 (Clostridium bolteae and 15 Dorea longicatena) were further evaluated using additional excipients (Tables 11 and 12) to improve the yield post lyophilization. Strains 1 and 6 were harvested at an OD of 2.83 and 1.27, respectively. The cultures were aliquoted into centrifuge tubes and pelleted at 3560RCF for 10 minutes. The supernatants were discarded and the pellets were placed in an BD EZPak Anaerobic Container with a BD EZPak Gas Generating Pouch until use in the 20 studies. Prior to viability testing, the pellets were washed twice using the formulation buffers to be tested, aliquoted out 5 mL from the final resuspension into vials and lyophilized them. The lyophilization used a primary drying of -25°C at 100 mTorr and used a secondary drying of 20°C at lOOmTorr. The temperature ramp rate used in the lyophilization cycle was 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 increased to 2.5°C / min between conditions, as compared to the 1.0°C / min used in Examples 1-3. To assess viability of the bacterial strains, the final lyophilized bacteria were resuspended in 5 mL of media and plated to determine the viable cell count after 5 lyophilization. The excipients in the formulations and the results for strain 1 and 6 are shown in Tables 11 and 12, respectively. The initial viable cell counts prior to lyophilization for strain 1 and 6 were of 2.14^109 CFU / mL and 5.15^107 CFU / mL, respectively. The postlyophilization average is the average of results from two vials. 10 Table 11: Lyophilization Formulation Excipients and Viability of Strain 1 Condition Formulation # Additional Excipients Post Lyo Average Viability Average 1 None 4.40xl08 20.59% 2 0.05% sodium meta bisulfite 5.30xl08 24.80% 3 0.05% Ascorbic acid 4.40xl08 20.59% 4 0.05% Citric acid 7.60xl08 35.57% 5 0.5% sodium glutamate 3.75xl08 17.55% 6 0.5% Arginine 5.75x10s 26.91% 7 5% poloxamer 188 8.50x10s 0.04% 8 5% Kollidon 30 3.40x10s 0.16% 9 Poloxamer + Kollidon 30 1.03xl07 0.48% Table 12: Lyophilization Formulation Excipients and Viability of Strain 6 Condition Formulation # Additional Excipients Post-Lyo Average Viability Average 1 None 6.23xl06 11.96% 2* 0.05% sodium meta bisulfite 4.32xl07 84.22% 3 0.05% Ascorbic acid 3.56x10s 6.92% 4* 0.05% Citric acid 1.31x10' 25.35% 5* 0.5% sodium glutamate 1.89xl07 36.72% 6 0.5% Arginine 9.25x10s 17.97% 7 5% poloxamer 188 2.93x10s 5.69% 8 5% Kollidon 30 2.76x10s 0.54% 9 Poloxamer + Kollidon 30 7.00x10s 0.01% EXAMPLE 5 15          This study was performed to evaluate lyophilization parameters in the freeze-drying trays (e.g., GORE® Lyoguard® freeze-drying trays) that would be used for scaling up the lyophilization process for manufacturing. The previous studies described in Examples 1-4 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 were performed in 20mL vials. An engineering batch of Strain 3 (Ruminococcus torques) was compared to a tray of formulation buffer in separate freeze-drying trays. The bacterial culture was grown in a 10 Liter fermenter volume which was diafiltered into the 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 5 formulation buffer. The freeze-drying trays were filled with a volume of 750 mL. The lyophilization cycle was run with the ramp rate of 1°C per minute. The lyophilization cycle data is shown in Figure 6. The pressure profile shows the pirani pressure reached 70 mTorr at 48 hrs. The bound water was removed during the secondary drying and the pirani reaches 70 mTorr at 57 hours. The appearance of the freeze-drying trays after lyophilization showed 10 lyophilization cakes that were intact and not collapsed (data not shown), demonstrating the adequacy of the cycle. The primary drying step using 70 mTorr and -10°C along with a secondary drying step using 70 mTorr and 20°C successfully lyophilized strain 3 in the freeze-draying trays. This scaled up process for lyophilizing bacterial compositions can be applied to the other bacterial strains. 15 EXAMPLE 6 Additional studies were performed to evaluate bacterial recovery using 0.05% sodium metabisulfite as an excipient in the formulation and an increased temperature ramp of 2.5°C / min. A culture of bacterial strain 2 (Anaerotr uncus colihominis) was inoculated in a 20   500 mL centrifuge bottle with a 1 mL cryovial. The culture was grown overnight and harvested at an OD of 0.325. This bacteria were spun down and washed with the a lyophilization formulation buffer containing 7% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and 20mM histidine. The bacteria were pelleted again, the supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended in a final volume of 100 mL of the 25 same lyophilization formulation buffer. Seven milliliters of the resuspension were aliquoted into 20 mL vials and lyophilized using a temperature ramp rate of 2.5°C / min between temperature hold points. The viability of strain 2 before lyophilization was measured as 6.4* 108 CFU / mL. The viability after lyophilization was 1.93 * 108 CFU / mL, resulting in a viability of 30%. This was 30 an improved yield from previous runs, so the formulation buffer selected for strain 2 included 0.05% sodium metabisulfite as an excipient. The freezing rate of 2.5°C / min was selected for 2024213141   22 Aug 2024 10 strain 2 based on this run, which was used as the rate of temperature ramp rate between all steps during lyophilization. Formulations and lyophilization cycle conditions for each of bacterial strains 1-8 are shown in Table 13. Table 13: Lyophilization formulations and conditions Bacterial Strain* Formulation Temperature Ramp Rate Primary Drying Secondary Drying 1 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 0.05% Sodium Metabisulfite, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 2.5°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 2 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 0.05% Sodium Metabisulfite, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 2.5°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 3 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 l°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 4 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 l°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 5 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 l°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 6 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 0.05% Sodium Metabisulfite, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 2.5°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 7 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 l°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr 8 7% Sucrose, 1% Yeast Extract, 0.05% L-Cysteine, 20mM Histidine, pH 7.0 l°C / min -10°C / 70mTorr 20°C / 70mTorr *Strain numbering corresponds to Table 7.

Claims

1. A composition comprising a lyoprotectant, a nutrient, an antioxidant, and a buffer.

52. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lyoprotectant is a sugar.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the sugar is a disaccharide.10   4.     The composition of claim 3, wherein the disaccharide is sucrose.

5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the sucrose is at a concentration between 6.0%and 10.0%.15   6. The composition of claim 4 or 5, wherein the sucrose is at a concentration between7.0% and 8.0%.

7. The composition of claim 3, wherein the disaccharide is trehalose.20   8.     The composition of claim 7, wherein the trehalose is at a concentration between 6.0%and 10.0%.

9. The composition of claim 7 or 8, wherein the trehalose is at a concentration between 7.0% and 8.0%.2510. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nutrient is yeast extract, Luria-Bertani broth, or plant peptone.

11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the nutrient is yeast extract.3012. The composition of claim 11, wherein the concentration of the yeast extract is between 0.5% and 2.0%.2024213141   22 Aug 202413. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antioxidant is inulin, riboflavin, or cysteine.5   14.    The composition of claim 13, wherein the antioxidant is cysteine.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the concentration of cysteine is between 0.01%and 0.5%.10   16. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the buffer is a histidinebuffer or a tris buffer.

17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the buffer is a histidine buffer.15   18.    The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the buffer is about pH7.0.

19. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the buffer is at a concentration between 10 mM and 50 mM.2020. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition has been reduced.

21. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition25 comprises trehalose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer.

22. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer.30   23. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the compositioncomprises sucrose, yeast extract, cysteine, and a histidine buffer.2024213141   22 Aug 202424. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition comprises 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, and 20 mM histidine buffer.

25. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further 5 comprises an excipient.

26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the excipient is a stabilizing agent.

27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent.1028.    The composition of claim 27, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite.

29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the concentration of sodium metabisulfite is0.05%.1530. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition further comprises bacteria.

31. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bacteria are 20 anaerobic bacteria.

32. The composition of claim 31, wherein the anaerobic bacteria are strict anaerobic bacteria.25   33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterialstrains belonging to the class Clostridia.

34. The composition of claim 33, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the family Clostridiaceae.3035. The composition of claim 34, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the genus Clostridium.2024213141   22 Aug 202436. The composition of any one of claims 30-35, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Clostridium bolteae, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Ruminococcus torques, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia5 producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium, and Subdolinogranulum spp.

37. The composition of any one of claims 30-36, wherein the one or more bacterial strains comprise 16S rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-8.1038. The composition of any one of claim 30-37, wherein the composition comprises at least 1 x 108 colony forming units of bacteria per milliliter of the composition.

39. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a 15 stabilizing composition.

40. The composition of claim 39, wherein the stabilizing composition is a composition that allows for the recovery of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or up to 100% of 20   colony forming units of the bacteria over a period of time.

41. The composition of claim 40, wherein the period of time is at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, or at least 1 year or more.2542. The composition of any one of claims 39-41, wherein the stabilizing composition allows for the recovery of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or up to 100% of the colony forming units after a specific event.3043. The composition of claim 42, wherein the specific event is one or more freeze-thaw cycle or lyophilization cycle.2024213141   22 Aug 202444. A method for preserving bacteria, the method comprisingadding bacteria to a composition of any of the preceding claims; and subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to a lyophilization cycle.

545. The method of claim 44, wherein the lyophilization cycle comprises one more steps of a temperature ramp rate between 0.5 °C / min to 3 °C / min.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the temperature ramp rate is 1 °C / min.1047.    The method of claim 45, wherein the temperature ramp rate is 2.5 °C / min.

48. The method of any one of claims 44-47, further comprising assessing the bacteria in asensitivity assay prior to adding the bacteria to the composition.1549. The method of claim 48, wherein the sensitivity assay is a Gram stain or a freeze-thaw assay.

50. The method of claim 48 or 49, wherein if the bacteria are assessed to be sensitive,20          (i) an excipient is added to the composition; and / or(ii) the lyophilization cycle comprises one more steps of a temperature ramp rate of2.5 °C / min.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the excipient is a stabilizing agent.2552.    The method of claim 51, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite.30   54.    The method of claim 53, wherein the concentration of sodium metabisulfite is 0.05%.2024213141   22 Aug 202455. The method of any one of claims 44-54, wherein the method further comprises measuring the number of colony forming units after subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle.5   56. The method of any one of claims 44-55, wherein the method further comprisesmeasuring the number of colony forming units prior to subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the method further comprises10          comparing the number of colony forming units prior to subjecting the compositioncomprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle and the number of colony forming units after subjecting the composition comprising the bacteria to the lyophilization cycle, and determining a level of preservation of the bacteria.15   58. The method of any one of claims 44-57, wherein the method results in thepreservation of at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, up to 100% of the colony forming units.20   59. A method for generating the composition of any one of the preceding claims, themethod comprisingcreating a mixture by combining the lyoprotectant, the nutrient, the antioxidant, and the buffer; andreducing the mixture, thereby generating the composition.2560.    The method of claim 59, further comprising adding an excipient to the mixture.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the excipient is a stabilizing agent.30   62.    The method of claim 61, wherein the stabilizing agent is a reducing agent.

63. The method of claim 62, wherein the reducing agent is sodium metabisulfite.2024213141   22 Aug 202464. The method of any one of claims 59-63, further comprising adding bacteria to the mixture.5   65.    The method of claim 64, wherein the bacteria are strict anaerobic bacteria.

66. The method of claim 64 or 65, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterialstrains belonging to the class Clostridia.10   67. The method of any one of claims 64-66, wherein the bacteria comprise one or morebacterial strains belonging to the family Clostridiaceae.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains belonging to the genus Clostridium.1569. The method of any one of claims 64-68, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains selected from the group consisting of Clostridium bolteae, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Ruminococcus torques, Clostridium symbiosum, Blautia producta, Dorea longicatena, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium and Subdolinogranulum spp.2070. The method of any one of claims 64-69, wherein the bacteria comprise one or more bacterial strains comprise 16S rDNA sequences having at least 97% sequence identity with the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-8.25   71. The method of any one of claims 64-70, further comprising assessing the bacteria in asensitivity assay prior to adding the bacteria to the mixture.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein the sensitivity assay is a Gram stain or a freeze-thaw assay.3073. The method of claim 71 or 72, wherein if the bacteria are assessed to be sensitive, an excipient is added to the mixture.2024213141   22 Aug 202474. A composition comprising 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite.5   75. A composition comprising 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mMhistidine buffer, and 0.05% sodium metabisulfite.

76. A composition comprising 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia.1077. A composition comprising 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia.

78. A composition comprising 7.5% trehalose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM 15 histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to the class Clostridia.

79. A composition comprising 7.0% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.05% cysteine, 20 mM histidine buffer, 0.05% sodium metabisulfite, and one or more bacterial strain belonging to 20 the class Clostridia.

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