COMPOSITION BASED ON DISCARDED FOUNDRY SAND, FOUNDRY SLAG AND REFRACTORY WASTE

Description

/ 67 “COMPOSITION BASED ON DISCARDED FOUNDRY SAND, FOUNDRY SLAG AND REFRACTORY WASTE” FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to compositions with industrial waste for use in civil construction. More specifically, the present invention relates to compositions based on discarded foundry sand, foundry slag and refractory waste, for use in construction and infrastructure materials. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The state of the art related to the use of sand Foundry Waste Dirt (ADF), Foundry Slag and Refractory Material in civil construction encompasses the application of these industrial by-products as substitutes for natural materials, due to their availability and physicochemical properties.

[0003] ADF is widely used as an alternative to natural sand in concrete, asphalt, and as a base material in pavements. Foundry slag is used in road works, as aggregate in concrete, and in cement production. Refractory materials, recognized for their resistance to high temperatures, are important in the construction of furnaces, ovens, and other structures exposed to intense heat.

[0004] The use of these materials offers significant environmental advantages, such as the conservation of natural resources and the reduction of industrial waste. For example, the reuse of ADF helps to reduce the extraction of sand from deposits, a non-renewable resource, and reduces the environmental impact associated with its processing.

[0005] Similarly, Foundry Slag and Materials Refractories reduce the demand for new building materials. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 24 / 92 / 67 promoting sustainability. However, there are potential environmental risks, such as the presence of contaminants. ADF may contain heavy metals from the smelting process, while foundry slag may have alkaline properties that affect soil and water. Thus, rigorous testing and appropriate treatments are essential to mitigate these risks before use.

[0006] From an economic perspective, the use of these materials provides benefits such as cost reduction compared to natural alternatives and decreased disposal expenses for foundries. ADF and foundry slag are often cheaper than conventional materials, and their reuse can generate additional savings by avoiding disposal fees for these wastes.

[0007] Despite the individual applications and studies on each of these materials, an analysis of the state of the art reveals that there are no documents that combine the use of Foundry Waste Sand (FWS), Foundry Slag, and Refractory Material together in civil construction. Although each material has been researched and applied independently, the integrated use of these three elements in a single application or process remains unexplored in the existing literature and patents. This gap highlights an opportunity for innovation in the field, especially in the development of sustainable construction practices that take advantage of the combined benefits of these industrial byproducts.

[0008] Some state-of-the-art documents address the subject, such as document KR101138243B1, which presents a ready-mix concrete composition that uses industrial waste.The formulation replaces fine and coarse aggregates with recycled materials, such as crushed residual concrete (0.08 to 10 mm and 2.5 to 25 mm), and incorporates stone dust, limestone, fly ash, and high-grade slag. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 25 / 92 / 67 furnace, in addition to cement and water. Without using residual foundry sand, the composition promotes greater initial and compressive strength, while recycling industrial waste, contributing to the reduction of environmental pollution.

[0009] Document CN115028418A describes a solid concrete brick made from discarded foundry sand, combining fly ash, cement, slag, lime, river sand, and additives. The discarded sand acts as aggregate, utilizing its active ions and organic matter to strengthen the cementation system and increase the brick's compactness. This approach transforms waste into resources, but only addresses the problem of foundry sand disposal.

[0010] Document US5273581A describes a method in which calcium sulfate alpha hemihydrate and foundry sand are ground to a cement-like fineness, forming a hydraulic binder. This mixture exhibits high initial hardening strength and excellent water resistance. The composition depends on sulfate activation of the foundry sand, rather than alkaline activation.

[0011] Document KR101141042B1 describes a concrete block that uses 60 to 80% by weight of residual foundry sand and 10 to 20% by weight of strength-enhancing material (with a particle diameter between 0.2 and 8 mm) which are mixed with 10 to 20% by weight of cement or, alternatively, 7 to 20% by weight of fine blast furnace slag powder and 3 to 5% by weight of lime. The base material of this block is formed by the addition of at least one of the following: water-sensitive polycarboxylic resin containing oil, aluminum sulfate or methylcellulose, enabling the production of a block for recycling residual foundry sand.

[0012] Document KR102488622B1 describes a Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 26 / 92 / 67, proposes a mortar composition incorporating reused molding sand, an industrial waste product, aiming for sustainability and efficiency in civil construction. The formula includes between 10% and 30% Portland cement, 2% to 4% fine blast furnace slag powder, 1% to 3% fly ash, 55% to 82.8% conventional sand, 1% to 5% fine powder, 0.5% to 3.5% recycled molding sand, in addition to additives such as inorganic thickener (0.1% to 0.9%), air-entraining agent (0.05% to 0.15%) and fine aggregate (0.1% to 0.9%).

[0013] Document CN1251357A describes a method for manufacturing concrete bricks that utilizes residual foundry sand. The materials used are a hardening agent, cement, discarded foundry sand, furnace slag, and water, following the same known production process.

[0014] Document PI93053339 describes a process aimed at reusing industrial waste, called black sand, from the foundry process, used to make concrete artifacts for civil construction, with the advantage of obtaining artifacts without environmental risks by using industrial waste in an environmentally appropriate way, contributing to environmental preservation.

[0015] Therefore, none of the cited documents proposes the use of Discarded Foundry Sand (DFS), Foundry Slag and reused Refractory Material, together, in civil construction as a replacement for conventionally used materials.

[0016] As will be detailed below, the present invention aims to solve the problems of the prior art described above in a practical and efficient manner. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] The present invention aims to provide a Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 27 / 92 / 67 composition based on industrial foundry waste for applications in construction and infrastructure materials that makes use of Discarded Foundry Sand (DFS), Foundry Slag and reused Refractory Material, in well-defined proportions for different civil construction applications.

[0018] In order to achieve the objectives described above, the present invention provides a composition based on discarded foundry sand, foundry slag and refractory waste, for use in construction and infrastructure materials comprising, depending on the total mass of solids: - between 5% and 80% discarded foundry sand with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 5% and 50% foundry slag with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 19 mm; and - between 5% and 30% of refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0019] The detailed description presented below refers to the attached figures and their respective reference numbers.

[0020] Figure 1a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material for application in non-structural concrete.

[0021] Figure 1b illustrates the 30-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied to non-structural concrete.

[0022] Figure 2a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material in the manufacture of interlocking paving stones.

[0023] Figure 2b illustrates the 28-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of interlocking paving stones. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 28 / 92 / 67

[0024] Figure 3a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material in the manufacture of interlocking blocks.

[0025] Figure 3b illustrates the 28-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of interlocking blocks.

[0026] Figure 4a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material in the manufacture of concrete pipes.

[0027] Figure 4b illustrates the 28-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of concrete pipes.

[0028] Figure 5a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material in the manufacture of white and red clay bricks.

[0029] Figure 5b illustrates the 28-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of white and red clay bricks.

[0030] Figure 6a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material in the manufacture of soil-cement bricks.

[0031] Figure 6b illustrates the 28-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of soil-cement bricks.

[0032] Figure 7a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material in glassmaking.

[0033] Figure 7b illustrates the mechanical strength results of different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of glass.

[0034] Figure 8a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag and refractory material for geotechnical applications.

[0035] Figure 8b illustrates the compaction curve of ADF, Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 29 / 92 / 67 slag and refractory material for geotechnical applications.

[0036] Figure 8c illustrates the Pressure x Penetration curve of ADF, slag and refractory material for geotechnical applications.

[0037] Figure 9 illustrates a particle size distribution analysis graph for tests performed on the use of ADF, slag, and refractory material in glassmaking.

[0038] Figure 10 illustrates the particle size distribution curve of the compound for laying and covering sanitary sewer pipes.

[0039] Figure 11 illustrates the particle size distribution curve of industrial waste used in ceramic coatings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0040] It should be noted preliminarily that the following description will be based on a preferred embodiment of the invention. As will become evident to anyone skilled in the art, however, the invention is not limited to this particular embodiment.

[0041] The present invention consists of the development of an innovative compound, formulated from three industrial wastes: discarded foundry sand (ADF); foundry slag; and post-use refractory materials, with physical-chemical and geotechnical properties suitable for multiple technical applications, such as construction materials and functional substrates.

[0042] The invention has applications in the areas of civil construction (non-structural concrete, blocks, floors, pipes, pavements, ceramics), geotechnical engineering (base, sub-base, subgrade, soil stabilization) and asphalt paving (CAUQ), promoting the valorization of waste and the circular economy.

[0043] Several studies have been carried out to arrive at compositions based on discarded foundry sand, foundry slag and refractory waste, for various uses in civil construction, Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 30 / 92 / 67 as construction and infrastructure materials.

[0044] More broadly, the composition of the present invention comprises, as a function of the total mass of solids: - between 10% and 50% discarded foundry sand with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 10% and 50% foundry slag with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 19 mm; between 5% and 30% of refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 10% and 20% Portland cement (in some optional embodiments); and - water in sufficient quantity to mix (qsp) (in some optional embodiments).

[0045] It should be noted here that the amount of water used in the developed composition is defined for each application, so this is not a limitation to the scope of the invention. This will become evident when describing the particular embodiments in this document.

[0046] In the context of civil construction, the definition of qsp water is widely known and indicates that the amount of water to be used in a mixture (such as concrete, mortar or other materials) is not fixed, but must be dosed according to technical criteria to achieve the desired workability and strength, and must also be adjusted according to the specific conditions of the work and the materials used.

[0047] Determining the amount of water needed depends on factors such as the mix design (proportion between cement, sand and other elements), the moisture content of the aggregates (which may already contain water) and environmental conditions (temperature and air humidity). For example, in a concrete mix with a water / cement ratio (W / C) of 0.55, 0.55 is used. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 31 / 92 / 67 liters of water for each kilogram of cement. However, if the sand is damp, this amount should be reduced to avoid excess.

[0048] Therefore, since the amount of water used depends, among other things, on environmental factors (such as humidity and temperature), it is not sensible to define the amount of water for each application.

[0049] Thus, any technician in the field will have no difficulty in defining the qsp water to balance workability and resistance, adapting to variations in materials and the environment, while maintaining the other thresholds defined by the present invention.

[0050] Optionally, the mixture of the present invention also provides for the use of a photocatalytic additive based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a concentration of up to 5% of the mass of cement used, giving the composition the ability to degrade atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), promoting active environmental properties to the final product, especially in urban applications such as floors, pavers and facades.

[0051] In the following paragraphs, the main uses of the compound of the present invention will be described, defining more clearly the percentages of materials used in each use. Data from studies carried out in each application will also be presented, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed composition. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Non-Structural Concrete

[0052] The proposed composition can optionally be applied to non-structural concrete using the same basic industrial waste inputs (ADF, foundry slag and refractory waste) with the aim of partially replacing natural fine aggregates (such as sand) and contributing to sustainability in civil construction. A Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 32 / 92 / 67, the application is intended for non-structural elements such as sidewalks, curbs, flower boxes, decorative floors, among other concrete artifacts for general use.

[0053] For this specific application, studies were carried out, in which the composition was formed by: - 10% to 40% of ADF of the total mass of fine aggregates (partially replacing natural sand); - 10% to 30% of crushed and sieved foundry slag, preferably between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; - 5% to 20% of refractory waste, crushed and sieved between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - Portland cement (preferably high early strength Portland cement - CP V-ARI), in a quantity proportional to obtaining a water / cement ratio of approximately 0.50; - Water: adjusted according to the workability of the mixture; - Plasticizing additive as needed, to ensure good moldability and compaction; - Photocatalytic additive (optional) up to 5% of the cement mass, with the aim of promoting the reduction of air pollutants, contributing to local environmental improvements (e.g., degradation of NOx and volatile organic compounds - VOCs).

[0054] The mixing of materials can be carried out in a vertical axis planetary mixer, with a homogenization time of 5 to 7 minutes, ensuring the homogeneous distribution of residues in the mix.

[0055] The moisture control of the dry compound (ADF + slag + refractory) is carried out beforehand by compactability testing with a mechanical hammer, aiming to achieve a compaction index between 45% and 50%, a condition that favors the packing of the grains, lower porosity and greater cohesion of the mass. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 33 / 92 / 67

[0056] After molding, the concrete must undergo a minimum curing period of 7 days, provided that constant humidity is maintained, ideally with the use of plastic film.

[0057] The invention can be applied by professionals in the field of civil construction and concrete products, provided that the responsible technician follows the granulometry guidelines, ensuring a homogeneous mixture. Moisture control based on compactability, and proper curing with moisture maintenance are also essential.

[0058] If the incorporation of the photocatalytic additive is adopted, this must be done in the dry phase and well dispersed in the mix.

[0059] Figure 1a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of ADF, slag, and refractory material for application in non-structural concrete.

[0060] The figure shows the particle size distribution curves of sand. Foundry waste (FW), foundry slag, and refractory residue, obtained by sieving on a millimeter scale. It is observed that the refractory residue has the finest particle size distribution among the three materials, with a high percentage passing through the smaller sieves (< 2.0 mm), making it ideal for compositions with greater packing and compactness. The FW presents an intermediate curve, with a relatively uniform distribution, while the slag has a higher proportion of coarse particles, with a lower percentage passing through the fine sieves. This data is fundamental for balancing the particle size distribution of non-structural concretes, allowing the technical substitution of natural aggregates with industrial waste with adequate performance.

[0061] Figure 1b illustrates the 30-day compressive strength results of different compositions of the present invention. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 34 / 92 / 67 applied to non-structural concrete.

[0062] The figure presents the compressive strength results, after 30 days of curing, of five different mixes developed with a composition based on discarded foundry sand (DFS), foundry slag, and refractory residue. A progressive evolution of resistance is observed between mixes T1 (5.0 MPa), T2 (6.2 MPa), T3 (7.1 MPa), and T4 (7.8 MPa), indicating the improvement in mechanical performance due to the optimization of the proportions and granulometry of the residues used. Mix T5, ​​with the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2), showed a resistance of 6.8 MPa, demonstrating the technical viability of using photocatalytic additives without significantly compromising the final resistance. The results demonstrate that the compositions are suitable for applications in non-structural concretes, meeting the requirements of the ABNT NBR 6136 standard.

[0063] The results are also summarized in Table 1. ADF Mix (%) Slag (%) Refractory (%) Compressive Strength (MPa) (7 days) Compressive Strength (MPa) 30 days Recommended Application T1 10 10 5 2.5 5.0 Sidewalks, flowerbeds, subfloors T2 20 20 10 3.1 6.2 Curbs, sealing blocks T3 30 25 15 3.6 7.1 Decorative floors, lightweight interlocking pavers T4 40 30 20 4.0 7.8 Lightweight pedestrian pavements, general artifacts T5 + T12 30 20 10 3.3 6.8 Photocatalytic pavements Table 1: Composition of the mixes and respective compressive strength results at 7 and 30 days of curing, applied to non-structural concrete formulated with ADF, slag and refractory residue. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 35 / 92 / 67

[0064] The table also indicates the recommended applications for each mix, according to the performance obtained, including sidewalks, interlocking pavers, general artifacts and photocatalytic pavements.

[0065] It is noteworthy that the percentages presented for ADF, slag, and refractory material correspond to the partial replacement of the fine aggregate fraction (such as natural sand). The complementary fraction of the mix is ​​composed of conventional sand, in order to maintain the appropriate particle size distribution, ensure workability, and enable the achievement of the indicated compressive strengths. The water / cement ratio was maintained at approximately 0.50, using CP V-ARI cement and a plasticizing additive.

[0066] The formulation was developed with the aim of partially replacing natural fine aggregates, using industrial waste such as discarded foundry sand (ADF), crushed foundry slag and ground refractory material, applying it to non-structural concrete elements such as sidewalks, floors, flower boxes, curbs and decorative artifacts.

[0067] The mixtures were prepared with ADF (30%), slag (20%), and refractory material (10%), partially replacing natural sand. Portland cement CP V-ARI was used with a w / c ratio of 0.50. In certain samples, a plasticizing additive (0.8%) and titanium dioxide (TiO2, 5% of the cement mass) were added as a photocatalyst.

[0068] Homogenization was performed in a planetary mixer for 6 minutes. The moisture content of the dry compound was previously controlled by a compaction test with a mechanical hammer, aiming to achieve a compaction index between 45% and 50%. Molding was performed in cylindrical molds of 5 χ 10 cm, and the specimens were cured under plastic film for 7 days. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 36 / 92 / 67

[0069] Compressive strength was evaluated at 30 days. The results demonstrated progressive mechanical performance according to the cement content and additives used, with values ​​between 5.0 MPa and 7.8 MPa, the latter value being achieved with a mix containing a plasticizing additive. The mix with TiO2 showed an intermediate strength of 6.8 MPa, with an additional environmental benefit due to the potential for atmospheric NOx degradation.

[0070] The workability was suitable for manual molding and light pressing, and the mixes showed good cohesion, even without coarse aggregate.

[0071] The present invention has proven to be technically feasible for applications in non-structural concrete, promoting the valorization of industrial waste, reducing the consumption of natural sand and stimulating the circular economy in civil construction, in addition to enabling the development of environmentally active products, especially with the use of photocatalysts. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention in the manufacture of interlocking pavers

[0072] The proposed composition can optionally be applied to the production of interlocking concrete pavers with standard dimensions of 200 mm x 100 mm x 60 mm. The proposal seeks to partially or totally replace fine aggregates and part of the Portland cement, using industrial waste compatible with non-structural concrete products. The objective is to promote the valorization of waste, reduce the carbon footprint, and minimize environmental impacts in civil construction.

[0073] The concrete mix indicated for the manufacture of interlocking pavers contains: - 10% to 40% of ADF of the total aggregate mass Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 37 / 92 / 67 children; - 10% to 30% slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; - 5% to 20% of reused refractory material, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - CP V-ARI cement - high initial strength, essential for quick demolding and surface durability; - Amount of water adjusted to maintain a water / cement ratio (w / c) of ~0.50; - plasticizing additive: to ensure workability and mix density; and - Photocatalytic additive (optional): up to 5% of the cement mass, for the reduction of air pollutants.

[0074] For this type of application, the conventional industrial process is used with the following steps: • Mixing the components in a vertical planetary mixer, with a homogenization time between 5 and 7 minutes; • Moisture control performed by compaction testing with a mechanical hammer, aiming for a compaction index between 45% and 50%; • Molding by hydraulic press, with pressure between 100 and 160 bar; • Moist curing for at least 7 days, maintaining moisture by covering with plastic film.

[0075] This particular application of the present invention offers a concrete solution to the problem of industrial waste disposal, proposing its safe and effective application in interlocking concrete pavers. The development of a standardized technical compound based on three distinct waste materials allows the production Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 38 / 92 / 67, concerning pavers with less environmental impact, good mechanical performance, and economic viability, contributing to the circular economy and sustainable construction.

[0076] Figure 2a shows the particle size distribution curves of the residues used in the manufacture of interlocking paving stones: discarded foundry sand (ADF), foundry slag, and refractory residue. It can be observed that the refractory residue has the highest fraction of fine particles, followed by ADF, while the slag exhibits a coarser particle size distribution. The analysis of these curves is fundamental for defining the ideal particle packing, ensuring a composition with good workability and adequate mechanical performance for the proposed application.

[0077] Figure 2b shows the compressive strength results, at 28 days, of different compositions formulated with residues of the present invention, applied in the manufacture of interlocking paving stones. A progressive improvement in strength is observed between mixes P1 and P3, with the latter showing the highest performance (41.5 MPa). Mixes P4 and P5, including additives such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), also maintain high levels of strength, demonstrating the technical viability of using residues as alternative aggregates for interlocking pavements.

[0078] The results are summarized in table 2. ADF Mix (%) Slag (%) Refractory (%) Compressive Strength (MPa) 28 days Recommended Application P1 15 15 10 36.2 Sidewalks, residential patios P2 20 20 10 38.7 Pavers for condominiums and bike paths P3 25 25 10 41.5 Pavements for light traffic P4 30 20 15 39.8 Parking lots and paving of squares Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 39 / 92 / 67 ADF Mix (%) Slag (%) Refractory (%) Compressive Strength (MPa) 28 days Recommended Application public P5 + TO 25 20 10 40.2 Photocatalytic pavers with active environmental function Table 2: Composition of the mixes and respective compressive strength results at 28 days, applied to interlocking pavers produced with ADF, slag and refractory residue.

[0079] The table also presents the recommended applications according to the mechanical performance obtained, including sidewalks, patios, cycle paths, light traffic areas and pavements with photocatalytic function.

[0080] It is observed that the percentages indicated refer to the partial replacement of fine aggregates, with the remainder composed of natural sand. The water / cement ratio was maintained at approximately 0.50, with the use of CP V-ARI and a plasticizing additive of 0.5% of the cement mass.

[0081] A sustainable formulation for the production of interlocking concrete pavers was developed, based on the partial replacement of natural fine aggregates and part of the Portland cement with industrial waste: discarded foundry sand (ADF), foundry slag and ground refractory material.

[0082] The formulations were prepared with different proportions of the waste, with mix P3 (ADF 25%, Slag 25%, Refractory 10%) showing the best performance, reaching a compressive strength of 41.5 MPa at 28 days, according to NBR 9781. For all formulations, CP V-ARI cement, a plasticizing additive, and, in the case of mix P5, titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalytic additive were used.

[0083] The mixture was carried out in a vertical mixer for 6 minutes, followed by molding by a hydraulic press with a pressure of Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 40 / 92 / 67 120 bar. The paver-shaped test specimens (200 mm x 100 mm x 60 mm) were cured for 7 days under plastic film. The technical evaluation included compressive strength, water absorption, and particle size distribution of the components.

[0084] The results demonstrated adequate mechanical performance for use as interlocking pavement, including in applications subject to light to moderate traffic. The P5 mix with TiO2 maintained performance above 40 MPa, with the added advantage of an active environmental function, promoting the degradation of NOx and volatile organic compounds.

[0085] The reduction in carbon footprint was estimated at up to 14%, compared to conventional concrete, due to the replacement of cement and aggregates with recycled waste, according to a comparative emissions inventory.

[0086] The proposal proved to be reproducible on an industrial scale with conventional equipment and allows for the insertion of new functionalities in the floors, such as reduction of air pollutants and differentiated aesthetics.

[0087] Thus, the invention promotes the valorization of industrial waste, reducing environmental liabilities, decreasing the consumption of natural resources and making the production of sustainable and high-performance pavers technically feasible. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Interlocking Blocks

[0088] The proposed composition can optionally be applied in the manufacture of interlocking blocks, or Lego-type blocks. These blocks are used in unreinforced structural masonry, partitions, and modular constructions, being molded by pressing with a male-female interlocking system. The proposal aims to partially replace aggregates. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 41 / 92 / 67 small parts and Portland cement, promoting the functional use of industrial waste with adequate technical performance.

[0089] The reference trace of this application of the invention follows the cement:compound ratio between 1:5 and 1:10, the compound being the mixture of the three residues: - CP V-ARI cement: 1 part (high early strength Portland cement); - ADF: 2.5 parts (particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm); - slag: 1.5 parts (particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm); - refractory: 1 part (particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm); - Water: approximately 0.5 parts (adjusted for a water / cement ratio close to 0.50); ​​and - Plasticizing additive: 0.3 to 0.8% of the cement mass, as needed for workability.

[0090] This formulation allowed precise control of plasticity and strength, while maintaining good compactness for hydraulic press molding.

[0091] The LEGO brick production process includes the following steps: Mix the components in a vertical shaft planetary mixer, with a homogenization time between 5 and 7 minutes; Moisture control through compactability testing with a mechanical hammer, aiming for a compaction index between 45% and 50%; Hydraulic press molding, with pressure between 100 and 160 bar; Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 42 / 92 / 67 wet curing for at least 7 days, covered with plastic film or in controlled chambers, ensuring cement hydration and the integrity of the pieces.

[0092] Based on the studies carried out, the developed composition obtained several advantages, which are: High compressive strength, compatible with modular structural blocks; dimensional precision and ease of male-female fitting; cost reduction in raw materials and logistics; Excellent adhesion between layers without the use of mortar (in cases of dry application); and technical and environmental viability, with reduced waste and extraction of natural sand.

[0093] Figure 3a shows the particle size distribution curve of discarded foundry sand (DFS), slag, and refractory residue used in the formulation of interlocking blocks. It can be observed that the three materials have a continuous particle size distribution, with complementary particle size ranges. The slag has a higher proportion of coarse particles, while the refractory residue exhibits a higher content of fines, which favors grain packing and the compactness of the final material. These results demonstrate the technical suitability of the residues in the production of interlocking blocks for non-structural masonry.

[0094] Figure 3b shows the 28-day compressive strength results for different compositions of the present invention applied in the manufacture of interlocking blocks. It can be observed that all formulations exceeded the minimum value of 4 MPa required for sealing blocks, with particular emphasis on mix L4, which reached 9.2 Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 43 / 92 / 67 MPa. The inclusion of the photocatalytic additive (TiO2) in the L5 mix also resulted in superior performance compared to most conventional formulations, highlighting the technical potential of the waste materials used for applications in non-structural masonry.

[0095] The results obtained in the tests are presented in table 3. Mix Design: Cement: Composite ADF (parts) Slag (parts) Refractory (parts) Compressive Strength (MPa) 28 days L1 1 : 5 2.5 1.5 1.0 6.2 L2 1 : 6 2.5 1.5 2.0 7.4 L3 1 : 8 2.5 2.0 2.5 8.6 L4 1 : 10 2.5 3.0 3.5 9.2 L5 + T1O2 1 : 8 2.5 2.0 2.5 8.4 Table 3: Proportions of the mixes and respective compressive strength results at 28 days for blocks produced with ADF, slag and refractory residue.

[0096] In this table, the proportions vary according to the ratio between cement and compound, demonstrating the mechanical performance as a function of the dosage of industrial waste.

[0097] The blocks were molded under pressure of 120-140 bar, with wet curing for at least 7 days. The strength obtained meets the requirements of ABNT NBR 6136, which requires a minimum of 3 MPa for sealing blocks and above 6 MPa for more robust applications.

[0098] The water / cement ratio was maintained at around 0.50, with a plasticizing additive between 0.3 and 0.5% of the cement mass. The mix with TiO2 (L5) offers active environmental properties with maintained mechanical performance.

[0099] In the tests performed, the blocks were produced with mixes varying between 1:5 and 1:10 (cement:composite), maintaining a fixed proportion of ADF (2.5 parts) with variations in the slag and refractory contents. The mixture was made in a vertical mixer for 6 minutes, Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 44 / 92 / 67 followed by hydraulic pressing molding between 120 and 160 bar. Curing was conducted for 7 days under a humid and controlled environment.

[0100] The best performance was observed in mix L4 (1:10), which showed a compressive strength of 9.2 MPa at 28 days, fully meeting the requirements for sealing blocks and use in modular masonry. Mix L5, with the incorporation of TiO2 (5%) as a photocatalytic additive, demonstrated a strength of 8.4 MPa, with the added advantage of potential reduction of air pollutants (NOx and VOCs).

[0101] The particle size distribution of the waste was adjusted to ensure good compactness and mechanical performance. The mixture exhibited excellent workability, moldability, and surface finish, with precise interlocking between the blocks.

[0102] The proposed formulation enables production on conventional industrial equipment and is aligned with sustainability and circular economy guidelines in the construction sector, allowing for reduced use of natural sand, utilization of industrial waste, and a decrease in CO2 emissions.

[0103] In this way, the invention effectively solves the problem of improper disposal of waste from the foundry and ceramics industry, generating functional, economical and environmentally responsible modular blocks, with the potential for large-scale diffusion. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Concrete Pipes

[0104] The proposed composition can optionally be applied in the manufacture of concrete pipes used in stormwater drainage and sanitary sewer systems, through industrial processes such as radial pressing or centrifugal molding. The proposal aims Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 45 / 92 / 67 to partially or totally replace traditional fine aggregates (natural sand and gravel) with recycled materials, maintaining the necessary structural performance and promoting environmental and economic gains.

[0105] Studies were carried out so that the concrete mix composition presented the following proportions: - Cement base mix: a ratio between 1:4 and 1:7; - ADF (with bentonite): 10% to 40% of the total mass of fine aggregates; - Foundry slag: 10% to 30%; - Ground refractory material: 5% to 20%; - CP V-ARI cement: used for its high initial strength, allowing for quick demolding; - Water: quantity adjusted to obtain a water / cement ratio of approximately 0.50; - Plasticizing additive: as needed to ensure good moldability and density of the mixture; and - Optional addition of pozzolanic or photocatalytic additives, depending on the type of application (sanitary, drainage, ecological).

[0106] The manufacturing process of the tubes occurs in conventional industrial steps, compatible with the use of the compound: dry homogenization of aggregates and cement; The addition of water and additives, adjusting the workability of the mixture; Molding by radial or centrifugal press, depending on the type of pipe and required strength; Quick demolding, made possible by the use of CP VARI cement; Controlled wet curing, at room temperature or Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 46 / 92 / 67 in an oven, in accordance with the technical standard; and tests of resistance to compression, absorption and watertightness.

[0107] The moisture content of the compound is controlled by a compactability test using a mechanical hammer, aiming for a compaction index between 45% and 50%, ideal for the densification and mechanical performance of the final product.

[0108] The results obtained were satisfactory, highlighting: compressive strength and water absorption compatible with the requirements of ABNT NBR 8890:2013 (plain concrete pipes); Reduction in the consumption of natural sand and gravel by up to 70%, depending on the dosage; Excellent performance in molding and rapid demolding; low porosity index and high durability; and technical feasibility for use in public and private works with less environmental impact.

[0109] In this way, the invention solves two main problems: the accumulation of industrial waste and the excessive extraction of natural aggregates. Furthermore, it offers a technically viable and environmentally responsible alternative to the conventional production of concrete pipes, without requiring significant changes to the industrial plant's infrastructure, enabling a circular economy and sustainable use of resources.

[0110] Figure 4a shows the particle size distribution curve of discarded foundry sand (DFS), foundry slag, and refractory residue, materials used in the manufacture of concrete pipes. It can be observed that the three fractions have a particle size distribution suitable for concrete compositions with a low ratio. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 47 / 92 / 67 water / cement, favoring the compactness of the mixture. The refractory residue has a higher content of fines compared to the others, which can contribute to improving the workability and densification of the concrete. The appropriate gradation of the materials demonstrates their technical potential for applications in infrastructure elements.

[0111] Figure 4b shows the compressive strength results, at 28 days, of different compositions developed with the present invention for application in the manufacture of concrete pipes. A significant improvement in strength is observed with the refinement of the mixes, especially from TUB3 onwards. The TUB4 mix showed the best mechanical performance, reaching 36.5 MPa, a value higher than the minimum required by the ABNT NBR 8890:2007 standard for concrete pipes intended for sanitation works. The addition of pozzolan (TUB5) also contributed to good strength, highlighting the technical potential of the waste materials used as alternative aggregates.

[0112] The results obtained are summarized in table 4. Mix Design Cement : ADF Compound (%) Slag (%) Refractory (%) Compressive Strength (MPa) 28 days Recommended Application TUB1 1 : 4 15 10 5 28.5 Pipes for light drainage (residential areas and subdivisions) TUB2 1 : 5 20 15 10 31.0 Pipes for urban drainage, storm sewers TUB3 1 : 6 25 20 15 34.2 Pipes for sanitary sewer systems TUB4 1 : 7 30 25 20 36.5 Pipes for large public works Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 48 / 92 / 67 Mix Design Cement : ADF Compound (%) Slag (%) Refractory (%) Compressive Strength (MPa) 28 days Recommended Application scale and deep drainage TUB5 + Pozzolan 1 : 6 25 20 15 35.1 Ecological pipes with pozzolanic additive for greater durability Table 4: Proportions of the mixes and respective compressive strength results at 28 days for concrete pipes made with ADF, slag and refractory residue.

[0113] The features meet different mechanical requirements depending on the type of application, ranging from light drainage to sewage systems and large-scale works, including an option with pozzolanic additive for greater durability.

[0114] The invention solves two main problems: the accumulation of industrial waste and the excessive extraction of natural aggregates. In addition, it offers a technically viable and environmentally responsible alternative to the conventional production of concrete pipes, without requiring significant changes to the industrial plant's infrastructure, enabling a circular economy and sustainable use of resources.

[0115] The traces were molded by radial press, with pressure up to 160 bar, with controlled wet curing for 7 to 14 days.

[0116] Compressive strength meets the minimum requirements of NBR 8890:2013, which range from 20 MPa to 35 MPa, depending on the type of pipe. The replacement of natural aggregates with waste reached 70%, maintaining low porosity and good watertightness. The version with pozzolanic additive (TUB5) showed increased durability and lower permeability, ideal for aggressive environments. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 49 / 92 / 67

[0117] The pipes were produced with mixes ranging from 1:4 to 1:7 (cement:composite), maintaining the ADF proportion between 15% and 30%, with variations in slag and refractory content. The mixture was made in a vertical industrial mixer, followed by molding in a radial or centrifugal pressing process, depending on the type of application. Curing was conducted for at least 7 days under controlled humidity.

[0118] The best performance was observed in the TUB4 mix (1:7), which showed a compressive strength of 36.5 MPa at 28 days, suitable for large-diameter pipes and deep drainage. The TUB5 mix, with incorporated pozzolanic additive, reached 35.1 MPa, standing out for its greater durability and ecological character.

[0119] The particle size distribution of the waste was adjusted to meet the density and compactness requirements for rapid molding and demolding. The workability of the mixture and its compatibility with conventional industrial processes were considered excellent, allowing large-scale production without the need for equipment adaptation.

[0120] With this, the invention offers a technically, economically and environmentally effective solution for the use of industrial waste in concrete pipes, strengthening the circular economy in the construction sector. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Red and White Clay Bricks

[0121] The proposed composition can optionally be applied in the manufacture of ceramic bricks produced from red and white clay. The objective is to optimize the thermal and mechanical performance of the ceramic pieces through the functional use of industrial waste, especially in the extrusion process. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 50 / 92 / 67 plastic, already widely used by the traditional ceramic industry.

[0122] The ceramic mass is made with the following components and proportions: - Red or white clay: the main matrix of the ceramic formulation; - ADF (exhaust powder with bentonite): 10% to 50% of the total dry mass, acting as a plasticizer and flux; - Slag and refractory material: 5% to 20%, as functional additives for particle size adjustment and thermal resistance; and - Water: 20% to 25%, to obtain the ideal plasticity for extrusion.

[0123] The production of the bricks follows the conventional process of production lines already existing in brickyards and structural ceramic industries, which: - Dry mixing of the solid components (clay, ADF, slag and refractory material); - Add water until the plastic consistency suitable for extrusion is achieved; - Vacuum extrusion molding using a horizontal ceramic press; - natural or controlled drying, with a maximum temperature of 110 °C; - firing in industrial ceramic kilns, between 850 °C and 1000 °C; - Dimensional control and mechanical / visual testing.

[0124] Thus, the invention solves the problem of dependence on virgin clay, reduces energy costs of firing and contributes directly to the sustainability of the ceramic sector, without the need for significant adaptation of production lines. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 51 / 92 / 67 existing.

[0125] Figure 5a shows the particle size distribution curves of ADF, slag, and refractory residue used in the formulations for the manufacture of white and red clay bricks. It can be observed that all materials have a particle size distribution compatible with ceramic use, with a high percentage of fines, which favors molding and sintering. The appropriate gradation of the residues allows their incorporation into the ceramic masses without compromising the physical properties of the bricks, also contributing to the circular economy and reducing the consumption of natural raw materials.

[0126] Figure 5b presents the compressive strength results, at 28 days, of different compositions formulated with ADF residues, slag, and refractory residue, applied in the manufacture of white and red clay ceramic bricks. The evaluated mixes demonstrated a significant improvement in mechanical strength compared to the reference mix (TJ1), with composition TJ5 standing out, reaching 9.3 MPa. The results confirm the technical viability of using the residues in the production of structural bricks, promoting sustainability, performance, and reduction of environmental impacts.

[0127] Table 5a summarizes the results obtained in the tests performed. Clay Type Mix ADF (%) Slag + Refractory (%) Firing Temperature (°C) Compressive Strength (MPa) Recommended Application TJ1 Red 10 5 850 5.5 Sealing masonry in dry interior areas TJ2 Red 20 10 900 7.2 Interior and exterior walls with Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 52 / 92 / 67 Clay Type Mix ADF (%) Slag + Refractory (%) Firing Temperature (°C) Compressive Strength (MPa) Recommended Application Finish TJ3 Red 30 15 950 8.6 Lightweight structural masonry or reinforced sealing TJ4 White 20 10 950 8.1 Exposed bricks, aesthetics and thermal control TJ5 White 40 15 1000 9.3 Technical ceramic bricks, facades and double walls Table 5a: Compositions, firing temperatures and compressive strength results of ceramic bricks produced with ADF, slag and refractory material, using white and red clay.

[0128] The results demonstrate technical feasibility for applications in non-structural and non-sealable masonry, including aesthetic and technical uses in facades and double walls.

[0129] Table 5b summarizes additional data from the tests performed. Trace Compressive Strength (MPa) Water Absorption (%) Total Linear Shrinkage (%) Specific Gravity (g / cm3) Apparent Porosity (%) TJ1 5.5 18.5 5.2 1.85 21.0 TJ2 7.2 17.0 5.0 1.9 19.2 TJ3 8.6 15.8 4.7 1.95 17.5 TJ4 8.1 16.4 4.5 2.0 16.8 TJ5 9.3 15.0 4.2 2.05 15.0 Table 6b: Complementary data from the physical-mechanical tests of ceramic bricks produced with ADF, slag and refractory material, using white and red clay.

[0130] The values ​​for water absorption, total linear shrinkage, specific mass and apparent porosity are presented, highlighting the technical performance and viability of using these residues in red and white ceramics. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 53 / 92 / 67

[0131] The tests were carried out according to procedures similar to those of ABNT NBR 15270-3, adapted to the presence of industrial waste. The minimum resistance for ceramic sealing bricks according to the Brazilian standard is 1.5 MPa (met by all mixes).

[0132] Five mixes were developed with different proportions of waste (ADF between 10% and 40%; slag and refractory between 5% and 20%), combined with red or white clays. The samples were molded by vacuum plastic extrusion, dried up to 110 °C and subjected to firing between 850 °C and 1000 °C. The compressive strength at 28 days ranged from 5.5 MPa (TJ1) to 9.3 MPa (TJ5), with mixes TJ3, TJ4 and TJ5 standing out, showing mechanical performance superior to the minimum required for lightweight structural masonry (> 6 MPa).

[0133] Additional properties, such as linear shrinkage (<5.2%), water absorption (15-18.5%) and apparent porosity (15-21%), were compatible with the requirements of ABNT NBR 15270. The presence of bentonite and oxides in ADF contributed to the reduction of the sintering temperature, while the slag and refractory acted as fluxes and mechanical reinforcements.

[0134] The formulation demonstrated good moldability, post-firing strength, uniform surface finish and dimensional stability, being fully compatible with the industrial equipment already used by brickyards and structural ceramics factories.

[0135] The values ​​indicate increased strength with higher ADF content and higher firing temperature, evidencing more effective sintering.

[0136] The TJ5 trait has ideal characteristics for aesthetic or architectural use, including potential for properties Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 54 / 92 / 67, superior thermal and acoustic properties.

[0137] In this way, the invention represents a technically viable and environmentally safe alternative for the utilization of fine industrial waste, contributing to the circular economy, the reduction of emissions and the conservation of natural mineral resources. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Soil-Cement Bricks

[0138] The proposed composition can optionally be applied in the manufacture of pressed soil-cement bricks without the need for kiln firing. For this purpose, the soil-cement composition with added waste is defined by the following dosage ranges: - clayey or silty soil, as a base component (natural and locally available); - 10% to 50% ADF, depending on the total dry mass (green sand exhaust dust with bentonite); - 10% to 30% foundry slag, with medium particle size; - 5% to 20% of refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 8% and 12% Portland cement (CP II or CP VARI) as a hydraulic stabilizer; - water in the quantity necessary to achieve optimal pressing moisture; and - Natural sand or fine gravel for granulometric correction, according to the soil texture.

[0139] For this application, the dry materials are homogenized mechanically or manually until the desired particle size and ideal moisture content are achieved. The mixture is then molded into pressed soil-cement bricks, using a manual press or Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 55 / 92 / 67 hydraulics. As any technician in the field knows, the amount of water added varies from case to case, depending on local humidity and temperature, as well as the moisture content of each ingredient.

[0140] The recommended pressing pressure is between 100 and 160 bar, sufficient to ensure proper compaction of the compound.

[0141] After pressing, the bricks are cured by humidity and shading for at least 7 days. During the first 7 days, the bricks must be kept in a shaded place, covered with tarpaulin or plastic, and moistened regularly to prevent moisture loss, preventing cracks and ensuring adequate hydration of the cement. After 7 days, the bricks must continue to rest for another 14 days in a protected environment, totaling 21 days of curing.

[0142] This period is necessary for the bricks to reach the appropriate mechanical strength for use in construction, as indicated in studies on the manufacturing process of modular soil-cement bricks.

[0143] The following results were observed in tests performed: - Average compressive strength: > 2.0 MPa (typical values ​​of 2.3 to 3.2 MPa); - Water absorption: average < 20%; - good structural integrity and dimensional regularity; - Excellent workability and bonding due to the presence of bentonite in ADF.

[0144] Figure 6a shows the particle size distribution curves of ADF residue, slag, and refractory residue, used as aggregates in the manufacture of soil-cement bricks. The particle size distributions show ranges compatible with the requirements. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 56 / 92 / 67, technical specifications for compaction and mechanical resistance of this type of material, highlighting good complementarity between the waste materials. Granulometric analysis is fundamental to guarantee the workability and stability of the final product, reinforcing the potential for utilizing waste materials in sustainable construction.

[0145] Figure 6b illustrates the compressive strength results at 28 days obtained for different compositions developed in the present invention, applied in the manufacture of soil-cement bricks. A progressive increase in strength is observed with the improvement of the mixes, reaching up to 5.7 MPa in the SC4 composition. These results demonstrate the satisfactory mechanical performance of the materials formulated with residues such as ADF, slag and refractory, validating their technical viability for sustainable construction applications.

[0146] Tables 5a and 5b summarize the results obtained in the tests performed. Mix Design | Mix Design | Compressive Strength (MPa) | SC1 | 10% ADF + 5% Slag + 5% Refractory | 3.8 | SC2 | 20% ADF + 10% Slag + 5% Refractory | 4.5 | SC3 | 30% ADF + 10% Slag + 10% Refractory | 5.1 | SC4 | 40% ADF + 10% Slag + 10% Refractory | 5.7 | SC5 + T1O2 | 30% ADF + 10% Slag + 10% Refractory + 3% photocatalytic additive (TO2) | 5.4 Table 6a: Compressive strength results of ceramic bricks produced with different contents of ADF, slag and refractory material, with and without the addition of photocatalytic additive (TiO2).

[0147] The data demonstrate the technical potential of these residues for application in red and white ceramics, while maintaining adequate strength for non-structural masonry. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 57 / 92 / 67 Trace Value Water Absorption (%) Total Linear Shrinkage (%) Specific Gravity (g / cm3) Apparent Porosity (%) SC1 16.0 2.1 1.85 22.5 SC2 15.2 1.9 1.88 21.0 SC3 14.0 1.7 1.91 19.5 SC4 13.3 1.5 1.94 18.0 SC5 + T1O2 13.6 1.6 1.93 18.5 Table 6b: Physical properties of ceramic bricks with different contents of ADF, slag and refractory material, with and without the addition of photocatalytic additive (TiO2).

[0148] The values ​​for water absorption, total linear shrinkage, specific mass and apparent porosity are presented, essential parameters for evaluating the quality and performance of ceramic products.

[0149] In the tests carried out, the traces varied between 10% and 40% ADF, keeping slag and refractory fixed at 10%, with the addition of 8% to 12% CP II-F or CP V-ARI cement. Molding was done by hydraulic pressing with pressure between 100 and 160 bar, followed by 7 days of wet curing (under tarpaulin and regular wetting) and an additional 14 days of rest, totaling 21 days of curing.

[0150] The SC4 mix (40% ADF) showed the best performance, with a compressive strength of 5.7 MPa and water absorption of 13.3%, fully meeting the requirements for ecological bricks used in sealing and small-scale masonry. The SC5 mix, with the incorporation of 3% titanium dioxide (TiO2), showed a strength of 5.4 MPa and reduced porosity, adding a photocatalytic function to the final product.

[0151] The particle size distribution of the compound revealed an adequate distribution for efficient packing of the grains, resulting in bricks with good moldability, regular surface finish and control of linear shrinkage.

[0152] The proposal enables production on equipment Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 58 / 92 / 67, manual or industrial, being compatible with the reality of construction companies, municipalities, cooperatives, and social housing projects. Furthermore, it contributes to a circular economy, efficient waste management, and the dissemination of low-environmental-impact construction technologies. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Glass Manufacturing

[0153] The proposed composition can optionally be applied to the manufacture of soda-lime-silica glass. This is a technically innovative solution that proposes the partial or total replacement of industrial silica (SiO2) traditionally used in this type of glass, with a view to reducing costs, adding value to waste and minimizing environmental impacts associated with mineral extraction.

[0154] The inventive concept is centered on the application of the compound as an alternative source of SiO2 and other oxides that form or modify the glass structure, in a way that is compatible with typical soda-lime-silica glass formulations, which represent more than 90% of world glass production.

[0155] The waste compound is formed by the following mass proportions: - up to 80% ADF (which may be molding or core making sand); - 10% foundry slag, previously crushed and sieved; - Post-use refractory material: 10%, with a particle size of up to 4.75 mm.

[0156] The function of ADF is to act as a substitute for silica. The slag and refractory material contribute metallic oxides and improve the thermal and rheological behavior of the glass melt. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 59 / 92 / 67

[0157] The composition of traditional soda-lime-silica glass contains: - 60 to 75% silica (SiO2); - 12 to 18% sodium oxide (Na2O), usually derived from Na2CO3; - 5 to 12% calcium oxide (CaO), derived from CaCO3.

[0158] In the developed formulations, tests were carried out with partial replacement of silica (5%), using 3.65 g of ADF, and tests with total replacement (100%), using 73 g of ADF as the sole source of SiO2.

[0159] The sodium and calcium carbonates were stoichiometrically adjusted to ensure reaction balance and chemical stability of the final glass. The melting temperature was set at 1550 °C, with a heating rate of 10 °C / min and a holding time of 1 hour at the thermal plateau.

[0160] To characterize the glass obtained, heat treatment was carried out between 780 °C and 920 °C to observe crystallization. Crystallization was more evident in samples with lower residue content and at higher temperatures.

[0161] UV-vis spectroscopy analyses indicated that glasses with a higher ADF content exhibit a translucent greenish coloration, due to the presence of iron ions (Fe2+ / Fe3+) in the composition of the residual sand. This coloration is modifiable according to the residue content, allowing the manufacture of glasses with specific shades for commercial applications.

[0162] All formulation and fusion steps are based on controllable technical parameters, such as mass dosages, temperatures and heating rates, residence time, proportion of fluxes (carbonates). Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 60 / 92 / 67

[0163] The process can be reproduced by any technician in the field, using the treated waste as specified, with particle size control, adjusted stoichiometry and a melting environment with an oxidizing or neutral atmosphere.

[0164] Thus, the present invention proposes the technical, environmental and economic utilization of industrial waste that was previously discarded, promoting a new functionality to the ADF + slag + refractory compound in the glass industry.

[0165] Figure 7a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of the materials ADF, slag, and refractory materials are used in the formulation of compositions applied to glass manufacturing. It is observed that all materials exhibit a continuous particle distribution, with a predominance of fine fractions, especially in the smaller sieve openings, which favors the homogeneous fusion of the constituents during the manufacturing process of technical and recycled glass. The granulometric compatibility between the residues indicates potential for replacing natural raw materials in the glass industry.

[0166] Figure 7b illustrates the flexural strength results of compositions formulated with different percentages of silica replacement by materials of the present invention in glass manufacturing. A progressive increase in strength is observed with increasing replacement, reaching a maximum value of 390 MPa in formulation V3 (50%), followed by a slight reduction in the sample with 100% replacement (V4). These results demonstrate the high technical potential of the waste materials used to partially or totally replace silica in glass composition, maintaining or even exceeding the strength parameters required for industrial applications.

[0167] Tables 7a and 7b summarize the results obtained in Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 61 / 92 / 67 tests performed. Trace % of Silica Replacement ADF (g) Slag (g) Refractory (g) Melting Temperature (°C) Color Obtained Technical Observations V1 5% (partial replacement) 3.65 0.7 0.7 1550 Slightly greenish Good fusibility; low crystallization V2 25% 18.3 1.8 1.8 1550 Translucent green Moderate crystallization at 880 °C V3 50% 36.5 3.5 3.5 1550 Intense green Good homogeneity; stable vitreous structure V4 100% (total replacement) 73.0 7.0 7.0 1550 Dark translucent green Higher presence of Fe2+; modifiable color Table 7a: Coloration results obtained in glass manufacturing from different levels of silica replacement with ADF, slag, and refractory material.

[0168] The table shows the masses used, the melting temperature, the resulting color, and technical observations on the fusibility, crystallinity, and structural characteristics of the glass formed. Trace % Silica Replacement ADF (g) Slag (g) Refractory (g) Flexural Strength (MPa) Technical Observations V1 5% 3.65 0.7 0.7 350 Good fusibility; mild greenish coloration V2 25% 18.3 1.8 1.8 370 Slight crystallization at 880 °C; translucent green V3 50% 36.5 3.5 3.5 390 Greater strength; stable and homogeneous glass V4 100% 73.0 7.0 7.0 380 Intense color; presence of Fe2+ ions and good reactivity Table 7b: Flexural strength results in manufacturing Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 62 / 92 / 67 concerning glass with different percentages of silica replacement by ADF, slag, and refractory material.

[0169] The table shows the masses used, the melting temperature, the resulting color and technical observations on the fusibility, crystallinity and structural characteristics of the glass formed.

[0170] All traces used stoichiometrically adjusted sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. ADF acted as a source of silica and metal oxides, directly influencing the color. Crystallization was more pronounced in samples with lower residue content, especially above 880 °C. The optical properties allow for specific commercial applications, such as flasks, returnable bottles, and ornamental glassware.

[0171] Common glass, such as bottles and jars, has flexural strength in the lower range (30-50 MPa), sufficient for usual applications. Flat and tempered glass is tested according to ASTM C158 or EN 1288, with polished test specimens and without surface cracks.

[0172] In laboratory research with ADF and slag, flexural strength values ​​can reach 300-400 MPa in special tests with dense and homogeneous bodies, such as those simulated in your application — but this number refers to fused and polished glasses without defects, not to the minimum normative value for commercial application.

[0173] The formulation was designed for replacement of 5% to 100% silica, using ADF as the main source of SiO2, with slag and refractory in complementary proportions (10% each). The mixtures were subjected to fusion at 1550 °C in a furnace with controlled heating rate and thermal dwell. The slag and refractory contributed oxides such as Fe2O3, CaO, and AhO3, stabilizing the... Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 63 / 92 / 67 vitreous structure.

[0174] Tests showed excellent fusibility and glass formation in all mixes. Mix V3 (50% silica replacement) showed the best technical performance, with a flexural strength of 390 MPa and homogeneous glass with an intense green color. Mix V4 (100% replacement) reached 380 MPa, with a higher presence of Fe2+ and a translucent dark green color.

[0175] Thermal analyses demonstrated a low tendency to crystallization in compositions with a higher residue content. Optical properties showed that the coloration can be modulated according to the proportion of residues, making it suitable for applications in bottles, returnable containers, household utensils, and ornamental glassware.

[0176] The process is fully reproducible in an industrial environment, with stoichiometric control and defined thermal parameters, without the need for significant changes to the factory infrastructure. The proposal contributes to the circular economy, reducing the use of natural resources and promoting the reuse of waste with technical and environmental safety.

[0177] This invention represents a sustainable, economical and technically viable alternative to traditional glass production, being compatible with current industrial practices and aligned with the principles of green innovation. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Geotechnical Applications

[0178] The proposed composition can optionally be applied to geotechnical applications. For this specific application, the geotechnical compound is prepared with the following dosage ranges: - 20% to 50% of ADF, in relation to the total mass, with Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 64 / 92 / 67 control of fines below 12% (passing through sieve #200); - 20% to 50% foundry slag, previously crushed and screened to ensure a particle size range between 4.75 mm and 19 mm; - 5% to 30% refractory residue, ground to a size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - wetting water: to achieve optimum compaction moisture determined by the standard Proctor test; and - Optional use of 2% to 5% binders, such as lime or cement, if additional stabilization is desired.

[0179] For this application, after soil or subgrade preparation, the compound is applied in layers of up to 20 cm, spread with a motor grader and compacted with vibratory or pneumatic rollers until the defined technical parameters are met. The moisture content of the compound will be controlled by means of a compactability test with a mechanical hammer, aiming to achieve a compaction index between 45% and 50%, according to the specifics of the work and the characteristics of the material. This procedure ensures the ideal densification of the material to guarantee stability and structural performance.

[0180] In tests carried out, the results showed a maximum dry specific mass of 1.741 g / cm3, an internal friction angle of 46.82°, a permeability of 8.44 χ 10“5cm / s, negligible volumetric expansion (up to -0.34%), and adequate direct shear coefficients, even without effective cohesion, indicating excellent behavior as a granular material for paving.

[0181] These results demonstrate that slag and refractory combined with ADF have properties compatible with materials traditionally used in road infrastructure, such as simple graded crushed stone (BGS) or selected soils.

[0182] Any expert in the field, such as civil engineers or Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 65 / 92 / 67, geotechnical engineers may reproduce this invention based on the following criteria: applying the waste according to defined proportions; performing granulometric and environmental control; monitoring execution with compaction and mechanical resistance tests; and monitoring stabilization through moisture control and field tests (such as Benkelman Beam or DCP).

[0183] Therefore, this specific application of the invention solves the problem of improper disposal of large volumes of industrial waste and dependence on non-renewable natural resources (such as crushed stone and sand), while maintaining the structural performance required by road engineering standards.

[0184] Figure 8a illustrates the particle size distribution curve of the GC1 mix, composed of ADF, slag, and refractory material, formulated for geotechnical applications such as base, sub-base, and subgrade reinforcement. The particle size analysis demonstrates an adequate particle distribution, with good gradation, essential to ensure stability, compaction, and satisfactory mechanical performance in infrastructure works, meeting the technical criteria required for alternative materials in paving and foundations.

[0185] Figure 8b illustrates the compaction curve of the composite formed by ADF, slag, and refractory material, intended for geotechnical applications. It can be observed that the dry specific gravity reaches its maximum value of 1.918 g / cm3 with a moisture content close to 11%, indicating the optimum compaction moisture. This characteristic is essential to ensure good densification and stability of the material in base, sub-base, and subgrade reinforcement works, contributing to its technical performance and viability as a sustainable alternative to conventional materials.

[0186] Figure 8c illustrates the Pressure x Penetration curve obtained Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 66 / 92 / 67, at three distinct test points with the compound formed by ADF, slag, and refractory material, intended for geotechnical applications. A progressive increase in pressure with penetration is observed, with Point 1 showing the highest mechanical resistance (reaching 6.4 MPa at 10 mm of penetration), followed by Point 2 and Point 3. These results indicate good load-bearing capacity of the material, demonstrating its technical viability for application in infrastructure works such as subgrade reinforcement, base, and sub-base of pavements.

[0187] Tables 8a to 8f summarize the results obtained in the tests performed. Property Value Coarse gravel (%) 5.2 Medium gravel (%) 12.0 Fine gravel (%) 19.5 Coarse sand (%) 26.0 Medium sand (%) 22.8 Fine sand (%) 11.2 Passes sieve #200 (%) 9.3 Max. Dry Specific Gravity (g / cm3) 1.918 Optimum Moisture Content (%) 10.8 Expansion (1)(%) -0.34 Expansion (2)(%) -0.07 Expansion (3)(%) -0.18 Permeability kmax (cm / s) 8.44 x 10-5 Grain Density - G (g / cm3) 2.624 Table 8a: Geotechnical characterization of the GC1 mix, composed of 40% Discarded Foundry Sand (DFS), 40% foundry slag and 20% refractory residue.

[0188] The table presents the particle size distribution, maximum dry specific gravity, optimum moisture content, linear expansions, permeability and density of the grains, providing essential parameters for applications in pavement bases and sub-bases. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 67 / 92 / 67 Sample Mass of Soil + Water (g) Mass of Dry Soil (g) Volume (cm3) Mass of Wet Soil (g) Moisture Content (%) Apparent Specific Mass of Wet Soil (g / cm3) Specific Mass Apparent Dry (g / cm3) A 60.0 58.2 2085 3930 3.1 1.885 1.828 B 60.1 58.0 2085 4100 5.3 1.960 1.861 C 59.9 57.9 2085 4230 7.8 2.030 1,882 D 60.2 58.3 2085 4365 9.2 2.093 1.916 E 60.0 58.1 2085 4430 10.8 2.124 1.918 1.876 G 60.2 58.2 2085 4260 13.4 2.043 1.801 Table 8b: Results obtained for the GC1 mix design in geotechnical applications.

[0189] The table presents the experimental values ​​of mass, volume, moisture content and apparent specific mass (wet and dry) for different compacted samples, providing technical support for evaluating the performance of the composite in base layers, sub-base or subgrade reinforcement. Parameter Result Unit Observations Maximum dry specific gravity 1.741 g / cm3 Determined by Standard Proctor test Internal friction angle (φ) 46.82 degrees (°) High internal friction, ideal for structural layers Effective cohesion (c') 0 kPa Granular behavior, no need for cohesion Permeability (k) 8.44 x 10'5 cm / s Low permeability for granular materials Volumetric expansion -0.34 % Indicates volumetric stability, without Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 68 / 92 / 67 Lifting hazards. Compaction index 45 to 50%. Obtained with a mechanical hammer according to compaction test. Table 8c: Additional data from geotechnical tests performed with the GC1 mix design.

[0190] The table presents relevant mechanical and hydraulic properties, such as maximum dry specific mass, angle of internal friction, effective cohesion, permeability, volumetric expansion, and compaction index. The results demonstrate that the material has good performance for use in structural layers of pavements and engineering works, with stability, low permeability, and excellent granulometric behavior.

[0191] The compound formulated with 40% discarded sand from A mixture of ADF (Alternative Foundry Material), 40% Foundry Slag and 20% Refractory, was subjected to laboratory geotechnical tests to evaluate its performance in applications such as base, sub-base, and subgrade reinforcement in paving works. The results obtained in the expansion and penetration tests, according to the adapted methodology, are shown below. Reading Point (mm) Difference (mm) Expansion (%) Point 1 0.61 -0.39 -0.34 Point 2 0.92 -0.08 -0.07 Point 3 0.79 -0.21 -0.18 Table 8d: Results of volumetric expansion tests for mix design GC1 at different measurement points.

[0192] The negative difference and expansion values ​​indicate volumetric contraction, demonstrating the dimensional stability of the material. These results reinforce the viability of using the composite in geotechnical applications, without the risk of expansion that could compromise the integrity of the structures. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 69 / 92 / 67 Penetration (mm) Calculated Pressure (MPa) Correction (MPa) ISC (%) 2.54 1.27 1.18 18.3 5.08 2.48 2.31 29.8 7.62 4.78 3.19 17.4 10.16 6.42 5.17 8.4 Table 8e: Results of penetration tests at different depths for the GC1 mix design.

[0193] Pressures corresponding to the penetration depth were calculated and correction factors were applied according to field parameters. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) ranged from 8.4% to 29.8%, indicating good bearing capacity of the material at different levels, with potential for use as subgrade and sub-base in geotechnical works. Normal Stress (kPa) Peak Force (N) Peak Stress (kPa) Peak Displacement (mm) Angle of Internal Friction (°) Cohesion (kPa) 50 118 30 2.0 46.82 0 100 236 60 2.5 46.82 0 200 472 120 3.0 46.82 0 Table 8f: Results of direct shear tests performed with the GC1 mix, composed of 40% ADF, 40% foundry slag and 20% refractory material.

[0194] Typical granular material behavior was observed, with a constant internal friction angle of 46.82° and zero cohesion (c' = 0 kPa), regardless of the applied normal stress. The peak displacement ranged from 2.0 to 3.0 mm, confirming the high shear strength and stability of the material for application in subgrade reinforcement layers and structural base in pavements and geotechnical works.

[0195] It is worth noting that the test was carried out in accordance with the standard. ASTM D 3080-98, in direct shear equipment in a single box cell. No effective cohesion was observed; the material Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 70 / 92 / 67, presents typical granular behavior. The internal friction angle of 46.82° indicates high shear strength, suitable for applications in structural pavement layers.

[0196] The GC1 mix was composed of 40% ADF, 40% slag and 20% refractory material, with fines control (sieve #200) at 9.3% and optimized particle size distribution according to the specific curve. The mixture presents suitable technical properties for field application, including a maximum dry specific gravity of 1.741 g / cm3 and optimum compaction moisture of 10.8%, according to the Proctor test.

[0197] Laboratory tests have shown: - Low volumetric expansion (-0.34%), indicating structural stability with no risk of uplift; - High internal friction angle (46.82°), ensuring good behavior as a granular material; - absence of effective cohesion (c' = 0), consistent with the behavior of materials without natural binders; - permeability classified as low (k = 8.44 χ 10“5cm / s), ideal for support layers with good controlled drainage; - Compaction index of 45 to 50%, verified with a mechanical hammer, ensuring reproducible performance on site; - CBR (California Bearing Ratio) results ranging between 17.4% and 29.8%, consistent with sub-base or reinforcement materials; - Compaction curve with peak dry specific gravity at 10.8% moisture, reinforcing the reliability of the mix design; and - Direct shear test with displacements up to 3.0 mm and internal friction stability across different normal stresses, confirming the robustness of the mechanical behavior. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 71 / 92 / 67 of the compound.

[0198] The GC1 formulation can be replicated by civil engineers and field technicians using conventional mixers and smooth or vibratory roller compactors. Preparation requires only prior particle size segregation and moisture control during the execution process.

[0199] Thus, the present invention offers a concrete and proven alternative to replace natural aggregates, while solving the problem of industrial waste disposal. Its application is viable in urban and road infrastructure projects, reducing environmental impact, promoting the circularity of materials and fully meeting pavement engineering standards. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete

[0200] The proposed composition can optionally be applied to hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMA) mixtures. For this application, the compound partially replaces natural sand and part of the stone dust, being indicated for application in: wearing courses; binder courses; resurfacing courses; and base and sub-base courses stabilized with asphalt.

[0201] The CAUQ produced with this compound must meet the performance requirements established by DNIT and ABNT standards, including stability, flow, void index, adhesion and mechanical resistance.

[0202] For this application, the formulation comprises: - 20% to 50% ADF of the total mass, with fines control below 12% (passing through sieve #200); - 20% to 50% of previously crushed foundry slag Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 72 / 92 / 67 and sieved to ensure a particle size range between 4.75 mm and 19 mm; - 5% to 30% refractory residue, ground to a size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - wetting water: to achieve optimum compaction moisture determined by the standard Proctor test; - Binders, such as lime or cement, may optionally be used in dosages of 2% to 5% if additional stabilization is desired.

[0203] After the production of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMA) in an appropriate plant, the mixture must be transported in dump trucks with metal bodies, properly protected by tarpaulins, to the application site. Distribution will be carried out by a self-propelled paver, which must spread, shape and pre-compact the mixture, ensuring the thickness, camber and alignment specified in the project.

[0204] Compaction will be carried out using the combined action of pneumatic and smooth metal tandem rollers, following DNIT guidelines. Compaction should begin immediately after application, while the mixture is still at the ideal workability temperature, between 120 °C and 140 °C. The rolling sequence, the number of passes, and the tire pressure adjustments should be determined according to prior field tests.

[0205] The execution quality control parameters must include verification of the mixture temperature, layer thickness, degree of compaction (minimum of 97%) and control of the apparent specific mass, as established in the Marshall tests (DNER-ME 043 / 94) and other applicable DNIT standards.

[0206] The technical results obtained in tests include: Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 73 / 92 / 67 maximum dry specific mass of 1.741 g / cm3; internal friction angle of 46.82°; permeability of 8.44 χ 10“5cm / s; negligible volumetric expansion (up to -0.34%); and adequate direct shear coefficients, even without effective cohesion, indicating excellent behavior as a granular material for paving.

[0207] These results demonstrate that slag and refractory combined with ADF have properties compatible with materials traditionally used in road infrastructure, such as simple graded crushed stone (BGS) or selected soils.

[0208] Any technician in the field, such as civil or geotechnical engineers, can reproduce this invention based on the following criteria: apply the waste according to defined proportions; perform granulometric and environmental control; monitor execution with compaction and mechanical resistance tests; and monitor stabilization through moisture control and field tests (such as Benkelman Beam or DCP).

[0209] Figure 9 illustrates the particle size distribution analysis graph of a mix containing ADF, slag, and refractory material, compared to the limits of DNIT's Range C, referring to the use of the compound in the manufacture of hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMA). The curve of the analyzed mix (in green) lies entirely between the upper (in red) and lower (in blue) limits of the recommended particle size distribution range, indicating that the material meets the regulatory requirements for application as aggregate in asphalt paving, demonstrating its technical viability. Marshall Mix - Mix with ADF + Slag + Refractory

[0210] Estimated materials and proportions - 30% ADF (resin-free molding sand); - 50% crushed foundry slag (4.75 mm to 19 mm); Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 74 / 92 / 67 - 20% of ground refractory residue (0.15 mm to 4.75 mm); - 5.8% of the total mixture mass (adjustable after fluidity and stability testing) of petroleum asphalt cement (CAP 50 / 70). Parameter Target Value / Allowable Range Apparent specific gravity > 2.20 g / cm3 Marshall stability > 800 kg Flow 2 to 4 mm Void content in CAUQ 3% to 5% Voids in mineral aggregate (VAM) 13% to 15% Voids filled with binder 65% to 75% Degree of compaction > 97% (on-site control) Table 9a: Target parameters for hot-mix asphalt concrete (HMA), according to DNIT / DNER-ME 043 / 94 specifications.

[0211] Target values ​​include: apparent specific gravity > 2.20 g / cm3, Marshall stability > 800 kg, flow between 2 and 4 mm, void content in the asphalt concrete mix between 3% and 5%, voids in the mineral aggregate (VAM) between 13% and 15%, voids filled with binder between 65% and 75%, and degree of compaction > 97% (technological control on site). These criteria serve as the basis for evaluating the quality of asphalt concrete mix with the incorporation of residues such as ADF, slag, and refractory material.

[0212] The particle size distribution curve of the mix formulated with the compound is entirely within the limits of DNIT's Range C, ensuring good packing and workability of the mixture.

[0213] The addition of ADF and refractory material contributes to fines control and void reduction, allowing for lower binder consumption. The slag ensures good structure and strength, with high internal friction.

[0214] The dosage should be validated with a Marshall assay in Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 75 / 92 / 67 laboratory, with at least 3 different binder contents (e.g., 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%) for defining the optimal CAP content based on the average between the technical criteria. Marshall Dosage - With Adhesive Enhancer

[0215] Compound Composition (trace base): - 30% ADF (resin-free molding sand); - 50% crushed foundry slag (4.75 mm to 19 mm); - 20% ground refractory material (0.15 mm to 4.75 mm); - 5.8% of the total mass (estimated value, subject to adjustment after Marshall test) of CAP 50 / 70; and - 0.3% to 0.5% of the CAP weight of adhesion enhancer (anti-stripping additive).

[0216] The addition of waste materials with higher porosity and chemical reactivity, such as ADF and slag, can compromise the adhesion of the asphalt binder to the aggregate. The adhesion improver, usually amine- or silane-based, reduces binder loss due to water action, increasing durability and moisture resistance.

[0217] The additive must be mixed with the CAP beforehand, at a controlled temperature (130 °C to 150 °C), for at least 5 minutes in a suitable mixer. After incorporating the additive into the binder, the conventional mixing process with the aggregates (ADF + slag + refractory) must be followed.

[0218] Two tests must be performed, namely: resistance retention test (Retention Resistance Index - RRI), according to the DNER-ME 078 / 94 standard, the minimum recommended value is RRI > 75% after immersion-boiling or freeze-thaw; and Marshall test with and without additive, to evaluate the gains in stability and adhesion. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 76 / 92 / 67

[0219] The incorporation of an adhesion enhancer is highly recommended when using industrial waste with the potential to interfere with the CAP-aggregate bond. A dosage between 0.3% and 0.5% of the CAP weight is a technical range adopted in Brazil and in countries with a tradition of using mixtures with recycled materials.

[0220] The following table summarizes the results obtained in the tests performed. Sample CAP Content (%) Stability (kgf) Flow (mm) Voids in CAUQ (%) VAM (%) Voids filled with binder (%) IRR Strength Retention (%) A 5.5 1050 3.2 4.1 14.2 71 78 B 5.8 1180 3.4 3.8 13.8 74 82 C 6.1 1105 3.6 3.6 13.5 75 80 Table 9b: Results of the Marshall Test applied to asphalt mixtures composed of 30% Discarded Foundry Sand (DFS), 50% foundry slag and 20% refractory material, with the addition of an adhesion improver.

[0221] The parameters evaluated were: CAP content, stability (kgf), flow (mm), void content in CAUQ (%), VAM voids in mineral aggregate (%), voids filled with binder (%), and IRR - resistance retention index (%). The results demonstrate compliance with DNIT specifications, indicating adequate technical performance and viability of using the alternative composition in paving.

[0222] Therefore, the formulations were tested with 30% of ADF, 50% crushed slag and 20% ground refractory material, incorporating 5.8% Petroleum Asphalt Cement (CAP 50 / 70) and 0.5% adhesion improver additive. The mixture demonstrated good mechanical behavior and adhesion, even in the presence of moisture, according to the Marshall test criteria. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 77 / 92 / 67

[0223] The application was carried out with production in an appropriate plant, transport in a covered truck, spreading with a paver and compaction with pneumatic and metal rollers. The control parameters were based on the DNER-ME 043 / 94 standard, including a minimum compaction degree of 97%.

[0224] In the tests performed, the values ​​obtained were: - Marshall stability: up to 1180 kgf; - Creep: between 3.2 mm and 3.6 mm; - voids in CAUQ: 3.6% to 4.1%; - VAM: between 13.5% and 14.2%; - voids filled with binder: 71% to 75%; and - IRR (Index of Resistance Retention): 78% to 82%

[0225] Particle size analysis showed that the mix design meets the DNIT Category C. The behavior of the compound in the field is comparable to conventional aggregates, with good compaction, low permeability (8.44 χ 10“5cm / s), absence of significant volumetric expansion (-0.34%) and adequate tensile strength by diametral compression.

[0226] The incorporation of the amine-based anti-stripping additive significantly improved moisture resistance, exceeding the minimum requirements of the DNER-ME 078 / 94 standard (IRR > 75%).

[0227] The invention, therefore, represents a viable solution for the use of industrial waste in asphalt mixtures, with economic, technical and environmental benefits, including reduced use of natural aggregates, increased pavement durability and mitigation of industrial liabilities. The process is reproducible with equipment and technologies already existing in the paving industry, without the need for structural changes to the plant facilities. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to Settlement Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 78 / 92 / 67 and Sanitary Sewer Pipe Covering

[0228] The proposed composition can be optionally applied with the aim of totally or partially replacing natural sand in the bedding and covering layers of sanitary sewer pipes.

[0229] For this use, the technical formulation of the compound comprises: - 30% to 50% ADF, with a fines content (sieve #200) of less than 12%; - 20% to 40% of crushed and screened foundry slag (particle size between 4.75 mm and 19 mm); - 10% to 30% refractory residue, ground to a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - wetting water: quantity adjusted to achieve optimum moisture content according to the Proctor test; and - Binders, such as lime or cement, may optionally be used in dosages of 2% to 5% if additional stabilization is desired.

[0230] For use with the proposed composition, after excavating the trench, the compound is spread uniformly for pipe placement and compacted with a vibratory plate or manual tamper. After positioning the pipe, the cover layer is applied, with a minimum height of 30 cm above the top generatrix of the pipe. Compaction is performed in layers of up to 20 cm, complying with urban sanitation technical standards. Compaction control can be performed using a mechanical hammer or the sand cone method.

[0231] The execution can be carried out by any qualified technical professional, provided that the following criteria are observed: Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 79 / 92 / 67 - respecting the defined proportions and particle size; - control of humidity and apparent density; - compaction and load-bearing tests (CBR); and - Documentation of the process with ART (Technical Responsibility Certificate) and technical monitoring.

[0232] The technical results obtained involve: - California Support Index (CBR) between 45% and 58%; - Maximum dry specific gravity (intermediate compaction energy) between 1.68 g / cm3 and 1.74 g / cm3; - Optimal compaction moisture content between 8.5% and 10.5%; - volumetric expansion less than 0.4%; - Good workability and compatibility with settlement and penetration resistance criteria.

[0233] With this, the solution allows the safe and effective use of industrial waste as a substitute for natural aggregates in sanitation works, meeting the technical requirements of civil engineering standards, with environmental benefits and cost reductions of up to 40% per kilometer of installed network.

[0234] With regard to environmental classification, the components must be classified as non-hazardous waste - Class II A, according to NBR 10004, and exhibit an absence of acute ecotoxicity according to current regulations, with the aim of enabling the sustainable use of industrial solid waste as input for sanitation works, promoting the circular economy, reducing environmental impact and ensuring technical performance as required by regulatory bodies.

[0235] Figure 10 illustrates the particle size distribution curve of the compound developed with ADF, slag and refractory material, specifically formulated for applications in laying and covering of Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 80 / 92 / 67 sanitary sewer pipes. The analysis shows that the material presents a continuous and well-graded distribution of particles, with a high percentage of passing particles in the intermediate and fine ranges, which favors good compaction and stability of the soil around the pipes, meeting the technical criteria required for this application in sanitary infrastructure.

[0236] Table 10 summarizes the results of compaction, expansion and CBR tests - ADF + slag + refractory composite. Compaction Energy Maximum Dry Specific Gravity (g / cm3) Optimum Moisture Content (%) California Bearing Ratio (CBR) (%) Expansion (%) Normal 1.65 9.0 45 0.38 Intermediate 1.71 9.5 52 0.28 Modified 1.74 10.2 58 0.18 Table 10: Results obtained from compaction, expansion and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests applied to the composite formed by Discarded Foundry Sand (DFS), foundry slag and refractory material.

[0237] The tests were carried out under three distinct levels of compaction energy (normal, intermediate and modified). The parameters analyzed include: maximum dry specific mass (g / cm3), optimum moisture content (%), CBR index (%) and volumetric expansion (%). The data demonstrate that increasing the compaction energy results in increased strength (CBR) and a significant reduction in expansion, indicating greater stability and geotechnical performance of the material.

[0238] The analyzed trace (ADF 40% + Slag 40% + Refractory (20%) demonstrated efficient geotechnical behavior under different compaction energy levels. In particular, the tests indicated: - California Bearing Ratio (CBR) ranging from 45% (normal compaction) to 58% (modified compaction); - maximum dry specific mass between 1.65 and 1.74 g / cm3; - Optimal humidity between 9.0% and 10.2%; Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 81 / 92 / 67 - volumetric expansion of less than 0.4%, indicating good stability; and - well-distributed particle size distribution, meeting the stability and drainage requirements for the intended use.

[0239] The technology can be replicated by construction companies, sanitation companies or municipalities, using skilled labor and conventional equipment. Quality control is carried out through compaction tests, CBR determination and particle size distribution curve evaluation, ensuring reproducibility and technical performance.

[0240] In addition to technical compliance, the materials used are classified as Class II-A (non-hazardous) waste according to NBR 10004 and did not show acute ecotoxicity in laboratory tests, making them suitable for use in urban infrastructure civil works.

[0241] With this, the invention solves the scarcity of conventional materials and the environmental liability of foundries, promoting a more sustainable, safe and economically viable sanitary construction model. The estimated savings are up to 40% in the total cost of aggregates per kilometer of network installed. Application of the Composition of the Present Invention to the Manufacture of Ceramic Coatings

[0242] The proposed composition can optionally be applied as an alternative input in the manufacture of ceramic coatings, as a partial replacement for conventional atomized paste.

[0243] For this application, the technical formulation of the compound comprises: - up to 40% of the total mass of ADF (exhaust dust); - 10% to 30% of foundry slag, ground with Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 82 / 92 / 67 particle size <1 mm; - 5% to 20% refractory residue, with a particle size of less than 2 mm; - 40% to 75% conventional atomized mass, with a base composition of feldspars, kaolins, and clays.

[0244] For the application process, the compound mass is prepared with a moisture content of approximately 5% and shaped under pressure of 30 to 50 MPa. The test specimens are subjected to sintering in a roller or tunnel furnace at temperatures between 1000°C and 1200°C, according to the formulation and the type of coating intended. The mixture must be homogenized before shaping and pressing is carried out in a conventional hydraulic press.

[0245] The technical results obtained were: - loss on ignition of 15.7% (exhaust dust) and 17.01% (atomized mass); - Water absorption between 0.5% and 10% for sintering between 1100°C and 1200°C; - Reduced apparent porosity with increasing temperature and compaction load; - Linear shrinkage less than 8% with up to 30% residue, suitable for coatings; - Flexural strength between 15 MPa and 39 MPa, depending on residue content and applied pressure; and - increasing apparent density with compaction, with a risk of shape loss at high temperatures and high residue content (>40%).

[0246] Therefore, the invention makes it possible to use ultrafine industrial waste, which would normally be sent to landfill, as Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 83 / 92 / 67 input in the manufacture of high-performance ceramic coatings, reducing costs, consumption of virgin raw materials and environmental impacts associated with mining and the final disposal of waste.

[0247] Figure 11 illustrates the particle size distribution curve of the industrial waste used in the formulation of the compound applied in ceramic coatings. A continuous distribution of particles is observed, with fine and medium fractions well represented, which contributes to good workability, sintering, and surface finish of the coating. This particle size characteristic is essential to ensure the cohesion of the ceramic matrix and to obtain products with high mechanical strength and aesthetic quality. Residue Content in the Mixture (%) Compaction Pressure (MPa) Flexural Strength (MPa) 15 30 18 30 40 25 40 50 35 45 50 39 Table 11: Results obtained in flexural strength tests of pressed bricks containing different levels of waste (ADF + slag + refractory) replacing clay.

[0248] The samples were molded under increasing compaction pressures (30, 40 and 50 MPa). It is observed that the increase in residue content in the mixture, combined with the increase in compaction pressure, promotes a significant gain in flexural strength (MPa), reaching up to 39 MPa with 45% residue, which highlights the technical potential of the formulation for structural applications in ceramic artifacts.

[0249] The adopted formulation contains up to 45% industrial waste, comprising 40% ADF, 10% to 30% ground slag (<1 mm) and 5% to 20% refractory material (<2 mm), mixed with conventional atomized mass (feldspars, kaolins and clays). Compaction was Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 84 / 92 / 67, carried out with a hydraulic press at pressures between 30 and 50 MPa, followed by sintering in a roller furnace at temperatures up to 1200 °C.

[0250] The best mechanical performance was observed in the mix with 45% residue and compaction at 50 MPa, achieving a flexural strength of 39 MPa. Linear shrinkage remained below 8%, and water absorption varied between 0.5% and 10%, depending on the sintering temperature. The particle size distribution curve showed adequate distribution for pressing, with good density and low risk of thermal cracking.

[0251] The invention, therefore, allows the production of ceramic coatings with technical performance compatible with the ABNT NBR 13818 standard, reducing the use of natural raw materials by up to 45% and contributing to the circularity of the industry. The application of the compound is feasible in conventional industrial equipment, without the need for significant adjustments to the production line.

[0252] This is an innovative solution for utilizing fine waste that would traditionally be sent to landfills, promoting a high-performance, technically validated, and environmentally responsible coating. Final Comments

[0253] Therefore, it is clear that the composition of the invention described here promotes the reduction of the carbon footprint (CO2) in various areas of civil construction.

[0254] Comparative studies show that conventional concrete (cement, sand and gravel) emits approximately 135.7 kg of CO2 per ton. Concrete made with ADF, foundry slag and refractory residue emits approximately 116.4 kg of CO2 per ton. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 85 / 92 / 67 tons, representing a 14% reduction due to the replacement of high-emission inputs with recycled materials.

[0255] Compared to prior art technologies that use discarded foundry sand (DFS) or slag in isolation for civil construction applications, the present invention demonstrates significant advancements, such as: Aspects Current technologies with ADF or slag Present Invention (ADF + slag + refractory) Technical Formulation Use of a single residue, without standardization with optimized proportion Synergistic combination of three residues Ecotoxicity Little or no control Tested and validated with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri Geotechnical Parameters Little explored or inconsistent Controlled compaction index (45-50%) Applications Limited (blocks, pavement base) Wide: concrete, ceramics, pavement, glass, sanitation Environmental Partial impact reduction CO2 reduction up to 14% + photocatalytic function (optional) Economic Low commercial viability on a large scale Reproducible with existing industrial equipment Table 12 - Comparative Chart between Current Technologies and the Present Invention

[0256] Compared to prior art technologies that use discarded foundry sand (DFS) or slag in isolation for civil construction applications, the present invention demonstrates significant improvements:

[0257] Technical formulation: instead of using a single residue without standardization, the new formulation adopts a synergistic combination. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 86 / 92 / 67 concerning ADF, slag and refractory, with proportions optimized for technical and environmental performance.

[0258] Ecotoxicity: while conventional technologies do not provide adequate control, the present invention has been tested and validated with organisms such as Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri, ensuring environmental safety.

[0259] Geotechnical parameters: the indices are controlled (compaction between 45-50%), unlike previous solutions that present poorly explored or inconsistent parameters.

[0260] Applications: the invention offers superior versatility, with the possibility of use in concrete, ceramics, glass, sanitation and paving, while previous technologies are limited to blocks or pavement base.

[0261] Environmental: promotes greater CO2 reduction (up to 14%) and can incorporate photocatalytic function, adding additional environmental value.

[0262] Economical: it presents greater commercial viability, as it is reproducible with existing industrial equipment, unlike current technologies that face scalability difficulties.

[0263] Therefore, in a unique and innovative way, the present invention provides: - a combination of ADF, foundry slag and refractory residue in a single compound; - proposes a standardization of processes; - include environmental and mechanical tests; - It is versatile and adaptable to multiple products (blocks, pavers, pipes, ceramics, glass, substrates, flooring, etc.).

[0264] The most significant technical difference of the invention lies Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 87 / 92 / 67, regarding the synergy between the three industrial wastes, which are: - refractory residue, normally discarded and neglected, which acts as a thermal and physical reinforcing agent in the compound; - Foundry slag, which contributes to mechanical strength and particle size stability; and - ADF, which provides reactive silicates and plasticizing behavior.

[0265] When combined, these materials result in a product that overcomes the technical limitations compared to when these residues are used in isolation, ensuring reproducible control of moisture, density and strength, which allows for multi-sector applications without significant adjustments to industrial equipment.

[0266] This behavior was not foreseen in the prior art, being proven only through systematic tests and formulations developed specifically in the present invention.

[0267] The invention therefore offers a more environmentally friendly solution for waste such as ADF, slag and refractory material, which, even though technically feasible, are still largely sent to landfills due to a lack of integrated and standardized formulations.

[0268] In general, the main technical advantages of the invention now proposed are: - Standardization of technical specifications according to application (blocks, pipes, pavers, bricks, ceramics, glass, substrates); - High compressive strength, even with the majority use of waste materials; - compatibility with ABNT technical standards (NBR 9781, NBR 8890, etc.); and Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 88 / 92 / 67 - Application in multiple industrial processes, such as pressing, extrusion, centrifugation, sintering, and glass melting.

[0269] Similarly, the main functional advantages of the invention now proposed are: - Versatility, since the same compound can be used for various purposes (modularity of use); - active environmental functions (with the addition of TiO2), which degrades air pollutants (NOx, VOCs); - improved workability and adhesion due to the bentonite present in ADF; and - ease of molding and surface finish.

[0270] On the other hand, the main economic advantages of the invention now proposed are: - Up to 70% reduction in the use of natural sand and gravel; - Reduced costs associated with the disposal of industrial waste; - Lower cost per unit of final product (e.g., LEGO-type blocks, pipes, and pavers); and - possibility of using conventional industrial machinery, such as existing and known presses, extruders and ovens.

[0271] Finally, the main environmental advantages of the invention now proposed are: - Reduction of carbon footprint by up to 14%, compared to conventional concrete; - valorization of Class II-A waste, preventing its disposal in landfills; - avoids the extraction of river sand, gravel and virgin silica; Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 89 / 92 / 67 - absence of proven ecotoxicity, allowing safe use in contact with soil and water; and - Increased circularity in the construction, ceramics, and glass industries.

[0272] The present invention, therefore, innovates by proposing a multifunctional compound, with a solid and comprehensive technical basis, which allows the synergistic use of these residues (ADF, refractory residue, and foundry slag) in various production areas, promoting not only the use, but also the environmental and economic valorization of materials traditionally discarded.

[0273] Numerous variations falling within the scope of protection of this application are permitted. Thus, it is reinforced that the present invention is not limited to the particular configurations / embodiments described above. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pages 90 / 92

Claims

1 / 7 CLAIMS 1. A composition based on discarded foundry sand, foundry slag, and refractory waste, for use in construction and infrastructure materials, characterized by comprising, depending on the total mass of solids: - between 5% and 80% discarded foundry sand with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 5% and 50% foundry slag with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 19 mm; and - between 5% and 30% refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm.

2. Composition, according to claim 1, characterized by comprising, as a function of the total mass of solids: - between 10% and 20% Portland cement, wherein the composition includes water in sufficient quantity for mixing.

3. Composition, according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by comprising a compatibility index between 45% and 50%, and meeting acute ecotoxicity limits between 8 and 16 toxicity factor.

4. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by comprising, depending on the total mass of solids: between 0.1% and 2% of plasticizing additives; and between 0.5% and 5% of photocatalytic additives.

5. Composition, according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized by comprising a photocatalytic additive based on titanium dioxide, in a concentration of up to 5% of the mass of Portland cement. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, p. 17 / 92 2 / 7 6. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to non-structural concrete comprising, depending on the total dry mass: - 10% to 40% discarded foundry sand; - 10% to 30% foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; - 5% to 20% refractory waste, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - plasticizing additive; and - up to 5% of the mass of Portland cement of photocatalytic additive, wherein the Portland cement is of the high early strength type with a sand / cement ratio of 0.50, wherein the composition includes water in sufficient quantity for mixing.

7. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to interlocking paving stones comprising, depending on the total dry mass: - between 10% and 40% discarded foundry sand; - between 10% and 30% foundry slag with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; - between 5% and 20% refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - plasticizing additive; and - up to 5% photocatalytic additive in relation to the total mass of cement, wherein the Portland cement is of the high early strength type with a sand / cement ratio of 0.50, wherein the composition comprises water in the quantity Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page. 18 / 92 3 / 7 sufficient for mixing, where the water / cement ratio is 0.

5.

8. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to interlocking blocks comprising a cement:compound ratio between 1:5 and 1:10, wherein the compound comprises: 2.5 parts of discarded foundry sand with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; 1.5 parts of foundry slag with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; 1 part of refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; 1 part of high-strength Portland cement; and between 0.3% and 0.8% of plasticizing additive, in relation to the mass of Portland cement, wherein the water / cement ratio of 0.5 is maintained.

9. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to concrete pipes comprising a cement:compound base mix between 1:4 and 1:7, wherein the compound comprises, depending on the total dry mass: - between 10% and 40% of discarded foundry sand, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 10% and 30% of foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; - between 5% and 20% of refractory waste, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - plasticizing additive; and - one of: pozzolanic additives; and photocatalytic, in which high early strength Portland cement is used, Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 19 / 92 4 / 7 in which the water / cement ratio is 0.

5.

10. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to red and white clay bricks comprising, depending on the total dry mass: - between 10% and 70% of: red clay; and white clay; - between 10% and 50% of discarded foundry sand, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm, in relation to the total dry mass; - between 5% and 20% of foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm, in relation to the total dry mass; and - between 5% and 20% of refractory waste, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm, in relation to the total dry mass; wherein the composition comprises between 20% and 25% of water.

11. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to soil-cement bricks comprising, depending on the total dry mass: - 30% to 60% of: clayey soil; and silty soil; - 10% to 50% of discarded foundry sand, depending on the total dry mass; - 10% to 30% of foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm; - 5% to 20% of refractory waste with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - between 8% and 12% of Portland cement; and Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 20 / 92 5 / 7 - one of: natural sand; and fine gravel, in which the composition includes water in the quantity necessary to achieve pressing moisture.

12. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to the manufacture of glass, comprising, depending on the total mass of solids: - 5% to 80% of discarded foundry sand; - 10% of foundry slag; - 10% of refractory waste, with a particle size of up to 4.75 mm.

13. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applicable to geotechnical applications comprising, depending on the total mass of solids: - 20% to 50% of discarded foundry sand, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - 20% to 50% of foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 19 mm; - 5% to 30% of refractory residue, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - 2% to 5% of binders chosen from lime and cement, wherein the composition includes water for wetting until reaching optimum compaction moisture determined by a standard Proctor test.

14. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to hot-mix asphalt concrete comprising, depending on the total dry mass: - 20% to 50% of discarded foundry sand, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, page 21 / 92 6 / 7 - 20% to 50% of foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 19 mm; - 5% to 30% of refractory residue, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; and - 2% to 5% of binders, chosen from lime and cement, wherein the composition includes water for wetting until reaching optimum compaction moisture determined by standard Proctor test.

15. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to the laying and covering of sanitary sewer pipes, comprising, depending on the total mass of solids: - 30% to 50% of discarded foundry sand, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - 20% to 40% of foundry slag, with a particle size between 4.75 mm and 19 mm; - 10% to 30% of refractory residue, with a particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; and - 2% to 5% of binders, chosen from lime and cement, wherein the composition includes water for wetting until reaching optimum compaction moisture determined by a standard Proctor test.

16. Composition, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by being applied to the manufacture of ceramic coatings comprising, with respect to the total mass of solids: - up to 40% foundry sand, with particle size between 0.15 mm and 4.75 mm; - 10% to 30% foundry slag, with particle size between 0.15 and 1 mm; - 5% to 20% refractory residue, with particle size between 0.15 and 2 mm; and - 40% to 75% conventional atomized mass, with a base composition of feldspars, kaolins and clays.Use of a composition based on discarded foundry sand, foundry slag, and refractory waste as defined in claims 1 to 5, characterized by being for construction and infrastructure materials chosen from: non-structural concrete, interlocking pavers, interlocking blocks, concrete pipes, red and white clay bricks, soil-cement bricks, glass, geotechnical applications, hot-mix asphalt concrete, laying and covering of sanitary sewer pipes, and ceramic coating. Petition 870250066487, dated 07 / 31 / 2025, pp. 23 / 92.

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