Method for wireless communications performed by a base station, method for wireless communications performed by a user equipment (UE), base station and user equipment configured for wireless communications

Abstract

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for random access channel (rach) communication. For example, certain aspects provide a method for wireless communication. The method generally includes transmitting a plurality of reference signals using one or more beams, and receiving at least one of a rach preamble and / or a rach payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals transmitted through at least one of the one or more beams.

Description

1 / 61 “METHOD FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS CARRIED OUT BY A BASE STATION, METHOD FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Performed by a User Equipment (UE), Base Station, and User Equipment configured for wireless communications. WIRE CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority for U.S. Provisional Application No. U.S. Patent Application No. 62 / 421,841, filed November 14, 2016, and U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 707,520, filed September 2017; expressly incorporated herein by reference. INTRODUCTION

[0002] Aspects of the present invention relate to wireless communications and, more particularly, to random access channel (RACH) communication.

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely organized to provide various telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power). Examples of such multiple access technologies include Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access systems. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 6 / 142 2 / 61 (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access systems (SC-FDMA) and synchronous time division code division multiple access systems (TD-SCDMA).

[0004] In some examples, a wireless multiple access communication system may include a number of base stations, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, otherwise known as user equipment (UEs). In LTE or LTE-A networks, a set of one or more base stations may define an eNodeB (eNB). In other examples (e.g., in a next-generation or 5G network), a wireless multiple access communication system may include a number of distributed units (DUs) (e.g., edge units (EUs), edge nodes (ENs), radio heads (RHs), smart radio heads (SRHs), receive and transmit points (TRPs), etc.) communicating with a number of central units (CUs) (e.g., central nodes (CNs), access node controllers (ANCs), etc.).), where a set of one or more distributed units, in communication with a central unit, can define an access node (e.g., a new radio base station (NR BS), a new radio NodeB (NR NB), a network node, 5G NB, gNB, etc.). A base station or DU can communicate with a set of UEs on downlink channels (e.g., for transmissions from a base station or to a UE) and uplink channels (e.g., for transmissions from a UE to a base station or distributed unit).

[0005] These multiple access technologies Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 7 / 142 3 / 61 have been adopted in several telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that allows different wireless devices to communicate within a municipal, national, regional, and even global system. An example of an emerging telecommunications standard is new radio (NR), for example, 5G radio access, designed to support better mobile broadband internet access by improving spectral efficiency, reducing costs, enhancing services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using OFDMA with cyclic prefix (CP) in the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) as well as supporting beamforming technology, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna, and carrier aggregation.

[0006] However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there is a need for further improvements in NR technology. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multiple access technologies and to the telecommunications standards that employ these technologies. BRIEF SUMMARY

[0007] The systems, methods, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, none of which is exclusively responsible for their desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this description, as expressed by the claims that follow, some features will now be briefly discussed. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description,” it should be understood how the features of the present invention provide Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, page 8 / 142 4 / 61 advantages that include improved communication between access points and stations on a wireless network.

[0008] Certain aspects of the present invention provide a method for wireless communication. The method generally includes transmitting a plurality of reference signals using one or more beams, and receiving at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble and / or a RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals transmitted through at least one of one or more beams.

[0009] Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communications. The method generally includes receiving a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using one or more beams, determining at least one beam from among one or more beams for communication of at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble or RACH payload, and transmitting at least one of the RACH preamble or RACH payload based on the determination.

[0010] Certain aspects of the present invention provide a method for wireless communications. The method generally includes detecting a random access channel (RACH) preamble that corresponds to one among a plurality of reference signals, wherein the plurality of reference signals is transmitted through one or more beams, determining a configuration to monitor at least one of the beams corresponding to the detection of the RACH preamble, and monitoring at least one of the beams based on the determination.

[0011] Certain aspects of the present invention Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 9 / 142 5 / 61 provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a transmitter configured to transmit a plurality of reference signals using one or more beams, and a receiver configured to receive at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble and / or a RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals transmitted through at least one of one or more beams.

[0012] Certain aspects of the present invention provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes a receiver configured to receive a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using one or more beams, a processing system configured to determine at least one beam from one or more beams to communicate at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble or a RACH payload, and a transmitter configured to transmit at least one of the RACH preamble or RACH payload based on the determination.

[0013] Certain aspects of the present invention provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes a processing system configured to detect a random access channel (RACH) preamble that corresponds to one among a plurality of reference signals, wherein the plurality of reference signals is transmitted through one or more beams, and to determine a configuration to monitor at least one of the beams corresponding to the detection of the RACH preamble and a detector configured to monitor at least one of the beams based on the determination. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 10 / 142 6 / 61

[0014] Certain aspects of the present invention provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for transmitting a plurality of reference signals using one or more beams, and means for receiving at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble and / or a RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals transmitted through at least one of one or more beams.

[0015] Certain aspects of the present invention provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using one or more beams, means for determining at least one beam from one or more beams to communicate at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble or a RACH payload; and means for transmitting at least one of the RACH preamble or RACH payload based on the determination.

[0016] Certain aspects of the present invention provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes means for detecting a random access channel (RACH) preamble that corresponds to one among a plurality of reference signals, wherein the plurality of reference signals is transmitted through one or more beams, means for determining a configuration to monitor at least one of the beams corresponding to the detection of the RACH preamble; and means for monitoring at least one of the beams based on the determination.

[0017] Certain aspects of the present invention Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, p. 11 / 142 7 / 61 provide a computer-readable means configured to transmit a plurality of reference signals using one or more beams, and to receive at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble and / or a RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals transmitted through at least one of one or more beams.

[0018] Certain aspects of the present invention provide a computer-readable means configured to receive a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using one or more beams, to determine at least one beam from one or more beams to communicate at least one of a random access channel (RACH) preamble or a RACH payload, and to transmit at least one of the RACH preamble or RACH payload based on the determination.

[0019] Certain aspects of the present invention provide a computer-readable means configured to detect a random access channel (RACH) preamble that corresponds to one among a plurality of reference signals, wherein the plurality of reference signals is transmitted through one or more beams, determine a configuration to monitor at least one of the beams corresponding to the detection of the RACH preamble, and monitor at least one of the beams based on the determination.

[0020] For the achievement of the preceding and related purposes, one or more aspects comprise the characteristics described herein in full and particularly indicated in Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 12 / 142 8 / 61 claims. The following description and accompanying drawings present in detail certain illustrative aspects of one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of only some of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all aspects and their equivalents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to fully comprehend the aforementioned features of the present invention, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, can be obtained by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted, however, that the accompanying drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and should not, therefore, be considered as limiting its scope, since the description may include other equally effective aspects.

[0022] Figure 1 is a block diagram that conceptually illustrates an illustrative telecommunications system, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary logical architecture of a distributed RAN, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary physical architecture of a distributed RAN, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 4 is a block diagram that Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 13 / 142 Figure 9 / 61 conceptually illustrates a design for an exemplary access node function device (ANF) and user equipment function device (UEF), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 5 is a diagram showing examples of implementing a communication protocol stack, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a subframe centered on DL, according to certain aspects of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a subframe centered on UL, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 8 illustrates an example of active beams, according to certain aspects of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 9 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a four-stage random access channel (RACH) procedure, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 10 is a diagram of an exemplary uplink communication of a four-step RACH procedure, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 1 is a timing diagram illustrating an example of a two-stage RACH procedure, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 12 is a diagram of an exemplary uplink communication of a RACH procedure. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 14 / 142 10 / 61 in two stages, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0034] Figure 13 is an exemplary diagram illustrating different modes of operation of a UEF device, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figure 14 illustrates exemplary operations for wireless communication by an ANF device, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 15 illustrates exemplary operations for wireless communication by a UEF device, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0037] Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating exemplary synchronization (SYNC) and RACH message communication, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0038] Figure 17 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary RACH message communication using time-division multiplexing (TDM), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 18 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary RACH message communication for a two-step RACH procedure using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0040] Figure 19 illustrates exemplary operations for indicating subcarrier features for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0041] Figure 20 illustrates exemplary operations for receiving a subcarrier feature indication for wireless communication, according to certain Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 15 / 142 11 / 61 aspects of the present revelation.

[0042] Figure 21 illustrates exemplary operations for determining a RACH procedure, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0043] Figure 22 illustrates exemplary operations for monitoring a RACH message, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0044] Figure 23 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary protocol for monitoring a RACH message, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0045] To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is considered that the elements described in one aspect may be used beneficially in other aspects without specific citation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0046] Aspects of the present invention provide apparatus, methods, processing systems, computer-readable means for random access channel (RACH) communication.

[0047] Certain aspects of the present invention can be applied to a new radio (NR) (new radio access technology or 5G technology). NR can support various wireless communication services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) targeting bandwidth services (e.g., beyond 80 MHz), millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high-frequency carrier (e.g., 60 GHz), massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or a targeting Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, page 16 / 142 12 / 61 mission-critical low-latency communications (URLLC). These services may include latency and reliability requirements. These services may also have different transmission time intervals (TTI) to meet quality of service (QoS) requirements. Furthermore, these services may coexist within the same subframe.

[0048] The following description provides examples and is not limiting of the scope, applicability, or examples presented in the claims. Changes may be made to the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the invention. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components, as appropriate. For example, the methods described may be performed in a different order than that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Furthermore, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects disclosed herein. In addition, the scope of the invention is intended to cover such an apparatus or method practiced using a different structure, functionality, or structure and functionality beyond the various aspects of the disclosure presented herein.It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure presented here may be incorporated by one or more elements of a claim. The word exemplary is used here to mean serving as an example, case, or illustration. Any aspect described here as exemplary should not necessarily be considered preferred. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, p. 17 / 142 13 / 61 or advantageous in relation to other aspects.

[0049] The techniques described here can be used for various wireless communication networks such as LTE, CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and / or other networks. The terms network and system are often used interchangeably. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and / or other CDMA variants. Cdma2000 covers the IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network can implement radio technologies such as NR (e.g., 5G RA), Evolved UTRA (e-UTRA), UltraMobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, etc. UTRA and e-UTRA are part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).NR is an emerging wireless communications technology under development in conjunction with the 5G Technology Forum (5GTF). Long-Term Evolution 3GPP (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) are versions of UMTS that utilize E-UTRA. UTRA, EUTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, and GSM are described in documents from an organization called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). The techniques described here can be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. For clarity, although aspects may be described here using commonly used terminology. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 18 / 142 14 / 61 associated with 3G and / or 4G wireless technologies, aspects of the present invention can be applied to other generation-based communication systems, such as 5G and later, including NR technologies. EXEMPLARY WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

[0050] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless network 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure can be realized. For example, the wireless network may be a new radio (NR) or 5G network. Wireless NR communication systems may employ beams, where an access node (ANF) function device and a user equipment (UE) function device communicate via live beams. In certain aspects, an ANF device may comprise a base station (BS) for an access network or a return transport channel node with BS functionality for an integrated access return transport system. In certain aspects, a UEF device may be a user equipment (UE) for an access network or a return transport channel node with UE functionality for an integrated access return transport system.As described here, an ANF device can monitor live beams using measurements of reference signals (e.g., MRS, CSI-RS, synch) transmitted through reference beams.

[0051] UEF 120 devices can be configured to perform the 1000 operations and methods described herein for detecting mobility events based, at least in part, on mobility parameters associated with a set of beams. The ANF 110 device may comprise a receiving and transmitting point. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 19 / 142 15 / 61 (TRP), Node B (NB), 5G NB, Access Point (AP), New Radio (NR) ANF device, etc. The ANF device 110 can be configured to perform the 900 operations and methods described herein to configure beamsets and mobility parameters associated with each beamset. The ANF device can receive an indication of a detected mobility event based on the mobility parameters and can make a decision on the UEF device's mobility management based on the event trigger.

[0052] As illustrated in Figure 1, the 100 wireless network may include a number of 110 BSs and / or other network entities. An ANF device may be a station that communicates with UEF devices. Each 110 ANF device may provide communication coverage for a specific geographic area. In 3GPP, the term cell may refer to a coverage area of ​​a Node B and / or a Node B subsystem that serves that coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In NR systems, the terms cell and gNB, Node B, 5G, AP, NR ANF device, or TRP may be interchangeable. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of ​​the cell may move according to the location of a mobile base station.In some examples, base stations can be interconnected to each other and / or to one or more other base stations / or network nodes (not shown) on the 100 wireless network through various types of return transport channel interfaces such as a direct physical connection, virtual network, or similar, using. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 20 / 142 16 / 61 any suitable transport network.

[0053] In general, any number of wireless networks can be implemented in a given geographic area. Each wireless network can support a specific radio access technology (RAT) and can operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT can also be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, etc. A frequency can also be referred to as a carrier, a frequency channel, etc. Each frequency can support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks can be developed.

[0054] An ANF device can provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and / or other cell types. A macro cell can cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and can allow unrestricted access by subscription-based UEF devices. A pico cell can cover a relatively small geographic area and can allow unrestricted access by subscription-based UEF devices. A femto cell can cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a house) and can allow restricted access by UEF devices having association with the femto cell (e.g., UEF devices in a closed subscriber group (CSG), with UEs for users in the house, etc.). An ANF device for a macro cell can be referred to as a macro ANF device. The ANF device for a pico cell... Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 21 / 142 A 17 / 61 cell can be referred to as a pico ANF device. An ANF device for a femto cell can be referred to as a femto ANF device or a domestic ANF device. In the example shown in Figure 1, BSs 110a, 110b, and 110c can be macro ANF devices for macro cells 102a, 102b, and 102c, respectively. ANF device 110x can be a pico BS for a pico cell 102x. ANF devices 110y and 110z can be femto ANF devices for femto cells 102y and 102z, respectively. An ANF device can support one or multiple (e.g., three) cells.

[0055] A 100 wireless network may also include relay stations. A relay station is a station that receives a data transmission and / or other information from an upstream station (e.g., ANF device or UEF device) and sends a transmission of the data and / or other information to a downstream station (e.g., a UEF device or an ANF device). A relay station may also be a UEF device that transfers transmissions to other UEF devices. In the example shown in FIG. 1, a relay station 110r may communicate with ANF device 110a and UEF device 120r in order to facilitate communication between ANF device 110a and UEF device 120r. A relay station may also be referred to as an ANF relay, a repeater, etc.

[0056] A 100 wireless network can be a heterogeneous network that includes BSs of different types, for example, macro ANF device, pico ANF device, Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 22 / 142 18 / 61 femto ANF devices, repeaters, etc. These different types of ANF devices may have different transmission power levels, different coverage areas, and different impacts on interference in the 100 wireless network. For example, macro ANF devices may have a high transmission power level (e.g., 20 Watts) while pico ANF devices, femto ANF devices, and repeaters may have a lower transmission power level (e.g., 1 Watt).

[0057] The 100 wireless network can support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, ANF devices can have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different ANF devices can be approximately time-aligned. For asynchronous operation, ANF devices can have different frame timing, and transmissions from different ANF devices may not be time-aligned. The techniques described here can be used for both synchronous and asynchronous operation.

[0058] A network controller 130 can couple to a set of ANF devices and provide coordination and control for those ANF devices. The network controller 130 can communicate with the ANF devices 110 via a return transport channel. The ANF devices 110 can also communicate with each other, for example, directly or indirectly via a wireless or wired transport channel.

[0059] UEF 120 devices (by Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, p. 23 / 142 19 / 61 example, 120x, 120y, etc.) can be dispersed throughout the 100 wireless network, and each UEF device can be stationary or mobile. A UEF device may also be referred to as a mobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, a customer premises equipment (CPE), a mobile phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a portable device, a laptop computer, a wireless phone, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smart book, an ultrabook, a medical device or medical equipment, a biometric sensor / device, a useful device such as a smartwatch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring, a smart bracelet, etc.).A UEF device is an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, a satellite radio, etc.). It can also be considered a vehicle component / sensor, a smart meter / sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium. Some UEF devices may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) devices or evolved MTC (eMTC) devices. UEF MTC and eMTC devices include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, etc., which can be... Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 24 / 142 20 / 61 communicate with an ANF device, another device (e.g., remote device), or some other entity. A wireless node can provide, for example, connectivity to or from a network (e.g., wide area network such as the Internet or cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Some UEF devices can be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

[0060] In Figure 1, a solid line with double arrows indicates desired transmissions between a UEF device and an ANF server device, which is an ANF device designated to serve the UEF device on the downlink and / or uplink. A dashed line with double arrows indicates interfering transmissions between a UEF device and an ANF device.

[0061] Certain wireless networks (e.g., LTE) use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers (K), which are also commonly referred to as tones, binaries, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing can be 15 kHz and the minimum resource allocation (called a 'resource block') can be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal FFT size can be equal to Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 25 / 142 21 / 61 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. The system bandwidth can also be divided into sub-bands. For example, a sub-band might cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there could be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 sub-bands for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0062] Although aspects of the examples described herein may be associated with LTE technologies, aspects of the present invention may be applicable to other wireless communication systems, such as NR.

[0063] NR can utilize OFDM with a CP on the uplink and downlink and include support for semi-duplex operation using TDD. A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz can be supported. NR resource blocks can span 12 subcarriers with a subcarrier bandwidth of 75 kHz for a duration of 0.1 ms. Each radio frame can consist of subframes with a length of 10 ms. Consequently, each subframe can have a length of 0.2 ms. Each subframe can indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission, and the link direction for each subframe can be dynamically switched. Each subframe can include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL subframes for NR can be as described in greater detail below with respect to Figures 6 and 7. Beam shaping can be supported, and the beam direction can be dynamically configured. MIMO transmissions with pre-coding can also be supported. Configurations of Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 26 / 142 22 / 61 MIMO in DL can support up to 8 transmit antennas with multi-layer DL transmissions up to 8 streams and up to 2 streams per UEF device. Multi-layer transmissions with up to 2 streams per UEF device can be supported. Multi-cell aggregation can be supported with up to 8 service cells. Alternatively, NR can support a different air interface, other than an OFDM interface. NR networks can include entities such as CUs and / or DUs.

[0064] In some examples, access to the air interface can be scheduled, where a scheduling entity (e.g., a base station) allocates resources for communication between some or all devices and equipment within its service area or cell. In the present description, as discussed later, the scheduling entity may be responsible for scheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources to one or more subordinate entities. That is, for scheduled communication, the subordinate entities utilize resources allocated by the scheduling entity. Base stations are not the only entities that can function as a scheduling entity. That is, in some examples, a UEF device can function as a scheduling entity, scheduling resources for one or more subordinate entities (e.g., one or more other UEF devices).In this example, the UEF device is functioning as a scheduling entity, and / or other UEF devices utilize resources scheduled by the UEF device for wireless communication. A UEF device can function as an entity of... Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 27 / 142 23 / 61 Scheduling in a non-hierarchical (P2P) and / or mesh network. In a mesh network example, UEF devices can optionally communicate directly with each other in addition to communicating with the scheduling entity.

[0065] Thus, in a wireless communication network with scheduled access to time-frequency resources and having a cellular configuration, a P2P configuration and a mesh configuration, a scheduling entity and one or more subordinate entities can communicate using the scheduled resources.

[0066] As noted above, a RAN can include a CU and DUs. An NR ANF device (e.g., gNB, 5G NodeB, NodeB, Transmit Receiver Point (TRP), Access Point (AP)) can correspond to one or multiple ANF devices. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data-only cells (DCells). For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells can be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity, but not used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases, cells may not transmit synchronization signals – in some cases, DCells may transmit SS. NR ANF devices can transmit downlink signals to UEF devices that indicate the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UEF device can communicate with the NR ANF device.For example, the UEF device can determine the NR ANF devices to consider cell selection, access, handover, and / or. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 28 / 142 24 / 61 measurement based on the indicated cell type.

[0067] Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary logical architecture of a distributed radio access network (RAN) 200, which can be implemented in the wireless communication system illustrated in Figure 1. The 5G access node 206 may include an access node controller (ANC) 202. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN 200. The return transport channel interface for the next-generation core network (NG-CN) 204 may terminate at the ANC. The return transport channel interface for neighboring next-generation access nodes (NG-ANs) may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 208 (which may also be referred to as ANF devices, NR ANF devices, NodeBs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term). As described above, the TRP may be used interchangeably with a cell.

[0068] TRPs 208 can be a DU. TRPs can be connected to one ANC (ANC 202) or more than one ANC (not shown). For example, for RAN sharing, Radio as a Service (RaaS), and specific service developments, the TRP can be connected to more than one ANC. The TRP can include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs can be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or collectively (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UEF device.

[0069] Local architecture 200 can be used to illustrate the definition of an advance transport channel. The architecture can be defined to support Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 29 / 142 25 / 61 access solutions through different types of development. For example, the architecture can be based on transmission network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or instability).

[0070] The architecture can share resources and / or components with LTE. Depending on the aspect, the next-generation AN (NG-AN) 210 can support dual connectivity with NR; the NG-AN can share a common terminal for LTE and NR.

[0071] The architecture may allow cooperation between TRPs 208c, cooperation may be present within a TRP and / or across TRPs via ANC 202. Depending on the aspect ratio, no interface between TRPs may be required / present.

[0072] Depending on certain aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logic functions may be present in a 200 architecture. As will be described in greater detail with reference to Figure 5, the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and the Physical (PHY) layers may be adaptively placed in the DU or CU (e.g., TRP or ANC, respectively). Depending on certain aspects, an ANF device may include a central unit (CU) (e.g., ANC 202) and / or one or more distributed units (e.g., one or more TRPs 208).

[0073] Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary physical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present invention. A central network unit Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 30 / 142 A centralized 26 / 61 (C-CU) 302 can host core network functions. The C-CU can be installed centrally. The C-CU's functionality can be offloaded (e.g., to Advanced Wireless Services (AWS)) in an effort to handle peak capacity.

[0074] A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 304 can host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU can host core network functions locally. C-RUs can have distributed deployment. The C-RU can be located closer to the network edge.

[0075] A DU 306 can host one or more TRPs (edge ​​node (EN), edge unit (EU), radio head (RH), smart radio head (SRH), or similar). The DU can be located at the edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.

[0076] Figure 4 illustrates illustrative components of the ANF 110 device and UEF 120 device illustrated in Figure 1, which can be used to implement aspects of the present invention. The ANF device may include a TRP. One or more components of the ANF 110 device and UEF 120 device may be used to practice aspects of the present invention. For example, antennas 452, Tx / Rx 454, processors 466, 458, 464, and / or controller / processor 480 of the UEF 120 device and / or antennas 434, processors 420, 430, 438 and / or controller / processor 440 of the ANF 110 device may be used to perform the operations described herein and illustrated with reference to Figures 14-15, 19-22.

[0077] Figure 4 shows a block diagram. Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 31 / 142 27 / 61 of an ANF 110 device project and a UEF 120 device, which can be one of the ANF devices and one of the UEF devices in Figure 1 for a restricted association scenario, the base station 110 can be the macro ANF device l10c in Figure 1, and the UEF device 120 could be the UEF 120y device. Base station 110 could also be a base station of some other type. Base station 110 could be equipped with 434a to 434t antennas, and UEF 120 could be equipped with 452a to 452r antennas.

[0078] At base station 110, a transmission processor 420 can receive data from a data source 412 and control information from a controller / processor 440. The control information can be for the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), etc. The data can be for the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), etc. The processor 420 can process (e.g., encode and map to symbols) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively.The 420 processor can also generate reference symbols, for example, for PSS, SSS, and cell-specific reference signal (CRS) transmission (TX). The 430 multi-input multiple-output (MTMO) processor can perform spatial processing (e.g., pre-coding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, and / or reference symbols, if applicable, and can provide output symbol streams for the... Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 32 / 142 28 / 61 modulators (MODs) 432a to 432t. Each 432 modulator can process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each 432 modulator can also process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. The downlink signals from modulators 432a to 432t can be transmitted via antennas 434a to 434t, respectively.

[0079] In the UEF 120 device, antennas 452a to 452r can receive downlink signals from base station 110 and can provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 454a to 454r, respectively. Each 454 demodulator can condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and scan) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each 454 demodulator can further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A 456 MIMO detector can obtain received symbols from all 454a to 454r demodulators, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols.A 458 receiving processor can process (e.g., demodulate, reverse interleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide the decoded data to the UEF device 120 for a data store 460, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 480.

[0080] On the uplink, on the UEF 120 device, a 464 transmission processor can receive and process Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 33 / 142 29 / 61 data (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUCH)) from a data source 462 and control information (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)) from the controller / processor 480. The transmission processor 464 can also generate reference symbols for a reference signal. The symbols from the transmission processor 464 can be pre-coded by a TX MIMO processor 466, if applicable, further processed by demodulators 454a to 454r (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.) and transmitted to base station 110. In the ANF device 110, the uplink signals from the UEF device 120 can be received by antennas 434, processed by modulators 432, detected by a MIMO detector 436, if applicable, and further processed by a reception processor 438 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UEF device 120.The receiving processor 438 can provide the decoded data to a data store 439 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 440.

[0081] The 440 and controllers / processors Processors 480 can drive operation on ANF device 110 and UEF device 120, respectively. Processor 440 and / or other processors and modules on base station 110 can execute or drive, for example, the execution of the functional blocks illustrated in Figure 9 and / or other processes for the techniques described herein. Processor 480 and / or other processors and modules on UEF device 120 can also execute or drive, for example, Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, page 34 / 142 30 / 61 execute the corresponding / complementary processes for the techniques described herein and as illustrated in Figure 10. Memories 442 and 442 482 can store data and program codes for the ANF device 110 and the UEF device 120, respectively. A scheduler 444 can schedule UEF devices for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.

[0082] Figure 5 illustrates a diagram 500 showing examples for implementing a communications protocol stack, according to aspects of the present invention. The illustrated communications protocol stacks can be implemented by devices operating in a 5G system. Diagram 500 illustrates a communications protocol stack including a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer 510, a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer 515, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer 520, a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer 525, and a physical layer (PHY) 530. In various examples, the layers of a protocol stack can be implemented as separate software modules, parts of a processor or ASIC, parts of non-placed devices connected by a communications link, or various combinations thereof.Combined and non-combined implementations can be used, for example, in a protocol stack for a network access device (e.g., ANs, CUs, and / or DUs) or a UEF device.

[0083] A first 505-a option shows a split implementation of a protocol stack, in which the protocol stack implementation is split between a centralized network access device (e.g., a Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, page 35 / 142 31 / 61 ANC 202 in Figure 2) and distributed network access device (e.g., DU 208 in the figure). In the first 505-a option, an RRC layer 510 and a PDCP layer 515 can be implemented by the central unit, and an RLC layer 520, a MAC layer 525, and a PHY layer 530 can be implemented by the DU. In several examples, the CU and DU can be combined or not combined. The first 505-a option can be useful in the development of macro cells, micro cells, or pico cells.

[0084] A second 505-b option shows a unified implementation of a protocol stack, in which the protocol stack is implemented in a single network access device (e.g., access node (AN), new radio base station (NR ANF device), a new radio NodeB (NR NB), a network node (NN), or similar). In the second option, the RRC layer 510, the PDCP layer 515, the RLC layer 520, the MAC layer 525, and the PHY layer 530 can individually be implemented by the AN. The second 505-b option can be useful in the development of femtocells.

[0085] Regardless of whether a network access device implements part or all of a protocol stack, a UEF device can implement an entire protocol stack (e.g., RRC layer 510, PDCP layer 515, RLC layer 520, MAC layer 525, and PHY layer 530).

[0086] Figure 6 is a 600 diagram showing an example of a central DL subframe. The central DL subframe may include a 602 control portion. The 602 control portion may exist at the beginning or part Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 36-142 32 / 61 initial of the central DL subframe. The control portion 602 may include various scheduling information and / or control information corresponding to various parts of the central DL subframe. In some configurations, the control portion 602 may be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH), as shown in Figure 6. The central DL subframe may also include a DL data portion 604. The DL data portion 604 may sometimes be referred to as the payload of the central DL subframe. The DL data portion 604 may include the communication resources used to communicate DL data from the scheduling entity (e.g., UEF device or ANF device) to the subordinate entity (e.g., UEF device). In some configurations, the DL data portion 604 may be a physical DL shared channel (PDSCH).

[0087] The central DL subframe may also include a common UL 606 portion. The common UL 606 portion may sometimes be referred to as a UL burst, common UL burst, and / or various other suitable terms. The common UL 606 portion may include feedback information corresponding to various other portions of the central DL subframe. For example, the common UL 606 portion may include feedback information corresponding to control portion 602. Non-limiting examples of feedback information may include an ACK signal, a NACK signal, a HARQ indicator, and / or various other suitable types of information. The common UL 606 portion may include additional or alternative information, such as information relating to Random Access Channel (RACH) procedures, Scheduling Requests (SRs), and Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 37-142 33 / 61 various other suitable types of information. As illustrated in Figure 16, the data end of DL 604 can be separated in time from the beginning of the common UL 606. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a guard period, a guard interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for the switching of DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the subordinate entity (e.g., UEF device)) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the subordinate entity (e.g., UEF device)). Those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing is merely an example of a central DL subframe and alternative structures having similar characteristics may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.

[0088] Figure 7 is a diagram 700 showing an example of a UL-centered subframe. The UL-centered subframe may include a control portion 702. The control portion 702 may exist at the beginning or initial part of the UL-centered subframe. The control portion 702 in Figure 7 may be similar to the control portion described above with reference to Figure 6. The UL-centered subframe may also include a UL data portion. 704. The UL 704 data portion can sometimes be referred to as the payload of the central UL subframe. The UL portion can refer to the communication resources used to communicate UL data from the subordinate entity (e.g., UEF device) to the scheduling entity (e.g., UEF device or ANF device). In Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 38-142 In some configurations, control portion 702 can be a physical DL control channel (PDCCH).

[0089] As illustrated in Figure 7, the end of the control portion 702 may be separated in time from the beginning of the UL data portion 704. This time separation may sometimes be referred to as a gap, a protection period, a protection interval, and / or various other suitable terms. This separation provides time for switching from DL communication (e.g., reception operation by the scheduling entity) to UL communication (e.g., transmission by the scheduling entity). The central UL subframe may also include a common UL portion 706. The common UL portion 706 in Figure 7 may be similar to the common UL portion 606 described above with reference to Figure 6. The common UL portion 706 may include additional or alternative information pertaining to the channel quality indicator (CQI), probe reference signals (SRSs), and various other suitable types of information.Those versed in the art will understand that the precedent is merely an example of a central subframework of UL, and alternative structures having similar characteristics may exist without necessarily deviating from the aspects described herein.

[0090] In some circumstances, two or more subordinate entities (e.g., UEF devices) can communicate with each other using link-side signals. Real-world applications of such link-side communications may include public safety, proximity services, UEF-to-network communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, and the Internet of Everything (IoE). Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 39-142 35 / 61 communications, IoT communications, mission-critical mesh, and / or various other suitable applications. Generally, a side-link signal can refer to a signal communicated from one subordinate entity to another subordinate entity without retransmitting that communication through the scheduling entity, even if the scheduling entity may be used for scheduling and / or control purposes. In some examples, side-link signals may be communicated using licensed spectrum (unlike wireless local area networks, which typically use unlicensed spectrum).

[0091] A UEF device can operate in various radio resource configurations, including a configuration associated with transmitting pilot signals using a dedicated set of resources (e.g., a dedicated radio resource control (RRC) state, etc.) or a configuration associated with transmitting pilot signals using a common set of resources (e.g., a common RRC state, etc.). When operating in the dedicated RRC state, the UEF device can select a dedicated set of resources to transmit a pilot signal to a network. When operating in the common RRC state, the UEF device can select a common set of resources to transmit a pilot signal to the network. In either case, a pilot signal transmitted by the UEF device can be received by one or more network access devices, such as an AN, or a DU, or parts thereof.Each receiving network access device can be configured to receive and measure pilot signals transmitted on the common resource set, and also to receive and measure. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 40 / 142 36 / 61 pilot signals transmitted in dedicated resource pools allocated to UEF devices for which the network access device is a member of a network access device monitoring pool for the UEF device. One or more of the receiving network access devices, or a CU to which the receiving network access device(s) transmit the pilot signal measurements, may use the measurements to identify service cells for the UEF devices, or to initiate a server cell change for one or more of the UEF devices. Millimeter wave (mmWave) systems

[0092] As used herein, the term mmWave generally refers to spectrum bands at very high frequencies, such as 28 GHz. Such frequencies can provide very large bandwidths capable of delivering data rates of multiple Gbps, as well as the opportunity for extremely dense spatial reuse to increase capacity. Traditionally, these higher frequencies were not strong enough for indoor / indoor broadband, mobile, and outdoor applications due to high propagation loss and susceptibility to blockage (e.g., from buildings, humans, and the like).

[0093] Despite these challenges, at the higher frequencies at which mmWave operates, the short wavelengths allow the use of a large number of antenna elements in a relatively small form factor. This characteristic of mmWave can be leveraged to form narrow directional beams that can both transmit and receive. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 41-142 37 / 61 more energy, which can help overcome propagation / path loss challenges.

[0094] These narrow directional beams can also be used for spatial reuse. This is one of the key concessions for the use of mmWave for mobile broadband services. Furthermore, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths (e.g., reflections from nearby buildings) can have very high energies, providing alternative paths when line-of-sight (LOS) paths are blocked. Aspects of the present invention can take advantage of such directional beams, for example, by using the beams for RACH communication.

[0095] Figure 8 illustrates an example of active beams 800, according to aspects of the present invention. An ANF device and a UEF device can communicate using a set of active beams. Active beams can refer to ANF devices and UEF device beam pairs that are used to transmit data and control channels. A data beam can be used to transmit data and a control beam can be used to transmit control information. As illustrated in Figure 8, the data beam BS-A1 can be used to transmit DL data and the control beam BS-A2 can be used to transmit DL control information.

[0096] An ANF device can monitor beams using beam measurements and feedback from a UEF device. For example, a BS can monitor active beams using DL reference signals. A Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 42-142 38 / 61 An ANF device can transmit a DL RS, such as a measurement reference signal (MRS), channel status information reference signal (CSI-RS), or a synchronization signal (synch). A UEF device can report to the ANF device a reference signal reception power (RSRP) associated with a received reference signal. In this way, the ANF device can monitor active beams. RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (RACH) PROCEDURE EXEMPLARY

[0097] A random access channel (RACH) is a channel that can be shared by multiple UEF devices and can be used by UEF devices to access the network for communications. For example, RACH can be used for call establishment and to access the network for data transmissions. In some cases, RACH can be used for initial access to a network when the UEF device switches from a connected idle radio resource control (RRC) mode to active mode, or when transferring in connected RRC mode. Additionally, RACH can be used for downlink (DL) and / or uplink (UL) data arrival when the UEF device is in RRC idle mode or RRC idle modes, and when establishing a network connection. Certain aspects of the present invention provide multiple RACH procedures and techniques for selecting a RACH procedure for communication.

[0098] Figure 9 is a 900 timing diagram illustrating an exemplary four-step RACH procedure, in accordance with certain aspects of Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 43 / 142 39 / 61 present invention. A first message (MSG1) can be sent from the UEF 120 device to the ANF 110a device and the ANF 110b device on the physical random access channel (PRACH). In this case, MSG1 can only include a RACH preamble. At least one of the ANF 110a or ANF 110b devices can respond with a random access response (RAR) message (MSG2) that can include the RACH preamble identifier (ID), a timing advance (TA), an uplink grant, a temporary cellular radio network identifier (C-RNTI), and a pullback indicator. MSG2 can include a PDCCH communication including control information for a subsequent communication on the PDSCH, as illustrated. In response to MSG2, MSG3 is transmitted from the UEF 120 device to the ANF 110a device on the PUC.MSG2 may include an RRC connection request, a tracking area update, and a scheduling request. The ANF 110a device then responds with MSG 4, which may include a contention resolution message.

[0099] Figure 10 is a diagram of an exemplary 1000 MSG1 uplink communication for a four-step RACH procedure, according to certain aspects of the present invention. The 1000 uplink communication begins with a common DL burst and ends with a common UL burst, as illustrated. The PRACH is included as part of the regulating UL burst between the common DL and UL bursts and includes a cyclic prefix (CP).

[0100] Figure 11 is a timing diagram 1100 illustrating a RACH procedure of Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 44 / 142 40 / 61 two exemplary steps, according to certain aspects of the present invention. An enhanced first message (eMSG1) can be sent from the UEF 120 device to the ANF 110a device and the ANF 110b device on an enhanced physical random access channel (ePRACH). In this case, eMSG1 can include a RACH preamble for random access and Demodulation Reference Signal (RS) for RACH payload demodulation. eMSG1 can also include a RACH message containing the UE-ID and / or other signaling information (e.g., Temporary Storage Status Report (BSR)) or scheduling request (SR).At least one ANF 110a device or ANF 110b device can respond with a Random Access Response (RAR) message (eMSG2) that may include the RACH preamble ID, a timing advance (TA), a pullback indicator, a contention resolution message, a UL / DL grant, and a transmission power control (TPC) command.

[0101] In certain aspects, eMSG 1 retransmission can be handled as retries with transmission power slope and random timing to avoid collision. eMSG 2 retransmission can be implemented with a mapping between the UE-ID in eMSG 1 and a specific UE RNTI. The UEF device can monitor a common search space with a specific UE RNI for eMSG 2 retransmission. In some cases, RA feature mapping (offset, sequence, SF / partition, etc.) can be implemented in an RNTI so that the UEF device can monitor the PDCCH to allow eMSG 2 matching. In some cases, the line Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 45-142 The 41 / 61 timeline for eMSG 1 and eMSG 2 of the two-step RACH procedure may be similar to the timeline for MSG1 and MSG2 of the four-step RACH procedure.

[0102] Figure 12 is a diagram of an exemplary 1200 eMSG1 uplink communication for a two-step RACH procedure, according to certain aspects of the present invention. The 1200 uplink communication begins with a common DL burst and ends with a common UL burst, as illustrated. The ePRACH is included as part of the regulator's UL pulse between the common DL and UL bursts, as illustrated. In this case, the ePRACH includes a RACH preamble and a RACH Message (payload), each including a cyclic prefix (CP).

[0103] In certain aspects of the present invention, the four-step RACH procedure can be used when the UEF device changes from an inactive RRC operating mode to an active RRC-connected operating mode. The two-step RACH procedure can be used when the UEF device is in delivery (HO) in the active RRC-connected mode, or when the UE transitions from the inactive RRC-connected mode to the active RRC-connected mode. The operating modes of the UEF device are described in greater detail with respect to Figure 13.

[0104] Figure 13 is an illustrative diagram 1300 that illustrates different modes of operation of a UEF device, according to certain aspects of the present invention. As illustrated, a UEF device can be in a connected RRC operating mode or an inactive operating mode. In RRC operating mode Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 46 / 142 42 / 61 connected, the UEF device can be in an active (RRC_ACTIVE) or inactive (RRC_INACTIVE) mode. In both RRC_INACTIVE and RRC_ACTIVE modes, there can be a UEF device context on the radio access network (RAN). In RRC_INACTIVE mode, there can be no air interface resources designated for the UE, and the UEF UE device may be able to transmit and receive a small amount of data.

[0105] To transmit nominal data, the UEF device can switch to RRC_ACTIVE mode in which air interface resources can be assigned to the UEF device and the UEF device may be able to transmit and receive any data. Due to inactivity, the UEF device may enter an inactive operating mode, in which there may be a REACHBLE_INACTIVE mode and a power saving mode. In REACHBLE_INACTIVE mode and power saving mode, there may be no UEF device context in the RAN and no air interface resources are assigned to the UE. In REACHBLE_INACTIVE mode, the UEF device may be able to transmit and receive a small amount of data. In some cases, after a range timer expires, the UE may enter power saving mode, where the UEF device may be unable to transmit and receive data.

[0106] The UEF device operating modes described here can be implemented for a new radio (NR). NR may refer to radios configured to operate according to a wireless standard, such as 5G (e.g., wireless network 100). NR may include a mobile broadband (eMBB) target broadband (e.g., Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 47-142 43 / 61 example, 80 MHz in addition), millimeter wave (mmW) for targeting high-frequency carrier (e.g., 60 GHz), massive machine type communication (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and mission-critical targeting of highly reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). An NR cell may refer to a cell operating according to the NR network. An NR eNB (e.g., ANF 110 device) may correspond to one or multiple receive and transmit points (TRPs). EXEMPLARY HACH PROCEDURE IN MILLIMETER WAVE (MMW)

[0107] Certain aspects of the present invention are generally directed to the selection of a RACH procedure and one or more beams for communicating RACH messages. Different beams can be transmitted in different directions and can be received with different signal qualities. In certain aspects, a UEF device can select the beam with the highest signal quality for RACH Message communication.

[0108] Figure 14 illustrates exemplary 1400 operations for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In certain aspects, the 1400 operations can be performed by an ANF device such as the ANF Device 110a.

[0109] Operations 1400 may begin, in block 1402, by transmitting a plurality of reference signals (e.g., synchronization signals) using one or more beams. In certain respects, each of one or more beams may be transmitted in a direction. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 48-142 44 / 61 different. In block 1404, the ANF device can receive at least one random access channel (RACH) preamble or RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals transmitted through at least one of one or more beams.

[0110] Figure 15 illustrates exemplary 1500 operations for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In certain aspects, the 1500 operations can be performed by a UEF device such as the UEF 120 device.

[0111] Operations 1500 can begin, in block 1502, by receiving a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using one or more beams. In certain aspects, each of the one or more beams can be transmitted in a different direction. In block 1504, the UEF device can determine at least one beam from one or more beams to communicate at least one of a RACH preamble or a RACH payload, and in block 1506, transmit at least one of the RACH preamble or RACH payload based on the determination.

[0112] In certain respects, reference signals may be at least one of the following: synchronization signals, channel state information reference signals, or mobility reference signals. Synchronization signals may be at least one of a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) signal reference signal, or a demodulation signal (DMRS) of the PBCH signal.

[0113] As described in more detail with Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 49 / 142 45 / 61 In relation to Figures 19 and 20, the ANF device can transmit a subcarrier resource indication to the UEF. In this case, at least one of the RACH preamble or the RACH payload is transmitted, in block 1506 of Figure 15, by the UEF through the indicated subcarrier resources, and received by the ANF, in block 1404 of Figure 14, through the indicated subcarrier resources.

[0114] Figure 16 illustrates an example of a reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal (SYNC)) and RACH 1600 message communication protocol, according to certain aspects of the present invention. For example, an ANF device (e.g., ANF device 110) can transmit one or more SYNC 1602 messages to a UE (e.g., UE 120) to synchronize communications. Each SYNC message can include multiple symbols (e.g., 13 symbols), and each of the symbols can be transmitted using a different beam (e.g., in different directions).

[0115] The UEF device can receive the SYNC message and determine the beam (e.g., symbol) with the highest signal quality. As illustrated, the RACH 1604 message transmitted by the UEF device may also include multiple symbols that may correspond to the symbols in the SYNC message. The UEF device can determine which of the beams (e.g., symbol) of the SYNC message has the highest quality and utilize the beam (e.g., symbol) possessing the highest quality to transmit the RACH preamble (e.g., MSG 1 of the four-step RACH procedure). For example, if beam three (e.g., symbol three) of the SYNC message was Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 50-142 46 / 61 selected for having the highest quality, stream 3 of the RACH message can be used to transmit the RACH preamble. In some cases, the UEF may determine two higher quality streams (or symbols) of the SYNC message. The two highest quality streams can be used by the UEF device to transmit the RACH Preamble and the RACH payload.

[0116] Figure 17 is a diagram 1700 illustrating exemplary SYNC messages 1602 and the RACH message 1604 for the two-step RACH procedure, according to certain aspects of the present invention. For the two-step RACH procedure, two symbols can be used to communicate the RACH preamble and the RACH payload (e.g., eMSG1). Thus, the symbols of the SYNC message can be grouped into groups of two symbols, each group transmitted using a different beam.

[0117] The UEF device can determine the symbol group with the highest quality and transmit the RACH preamble and RACH payload using the beam corresponding to the selected symbol group. For example, the UEF device can determine if symbols three and four have the highest quality and can send the RACH preamble on symbol three and the RACH payload on symbol four using the beam corresponding to symbols three and four of the SYNC message. In this case, the total time resource allocation increases since both symbols three and four are being used, compared to a case where different subcarrier resources are used to transmit the preamble. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 51-142 47 / 61 RACH and the RACH payload. In some cases, the RACH preamble can act as the reference signal (RS) for the RACH payload, and the RACH payload can be scrambled by the RACH preamble identifier (preamble ID) such that the ANF device can determine if the RACH payload has reached the same UE as the RACH preamble.

[0118] Figure 18 is an 1800 diagram illustrating an example of SYNC and RACH message communication for the two-step RACH procedure, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In this case, the RACH preamble and the RACH payload can be transmitted using the same symbol, but different frequency resources (e.g., subcarrier resources). For example, if the UEF device determines that the beam corresponding to symbol three of the SYNC message has the highest quality, the UEF device can transmit both the RACH preamble and the RACH payload using symbols three (e.g., and the beam corresponding to symbol 3), but using different frequency resources.

[0119] In this case, the total frequency resource overhead may increase. However, frequency resources may be less scarce than time resources in multi-beam RACH subframes. Additionally, the UEF device may not be scheduled for the PUC due to the short symbol duration. In certain respects, separate reference signals (RSs) may be used for the RACH preamble and the RACH payload. Furthermore, only UEF devices with good gain of Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 52-142 48 / 61 links may be able to transmit the two-stage RACH as the UEF device may have to split the transmission power between the RACH preamble and the RACH payload. In some cases, the RACH payload may be scrambled by the RACH preamble ID, such that the ANF device can determine if the RACH payload is from the same UEF device as the RACH preamble.

[0120] Certain aspects of the present invention are generally directed to techniques for communicating RACH messages using different frequency resources. For example, the ANF device may indicate to the UEF device one or more subcarrier resources to be used for transmission of the RACH preamble and / or RACH payload, as described in greater detail with regard to Figures 19 and 20.

[0121] Figure 19 illustrates exemplary 1900 operations for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In certain aspects, the 1900 operations can be performed by a UEF device.

[0122] Operation 1900 may begin, in block 1902, by transmitting a subcarrier resource indication to a UEF device. In block 1904, the ANF device receives at least one RACH preamble or a RACH payload based on the indicated subcarrier resources.

[0123] Figure 20 illustrates exemplary operations for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In certain Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, page 53 / 142 49 / 61 aspects, the 2000 operations can be performed by a UEF device.

[0124] Operation 2000 can begin, in block In block 2002, receiving an indication of subcarrier capabilities. In block 2004, the UEF device transmits at least one RACH preamble or RACH payload based on the indicated subcarrier capabilities.

[0125] In certain respects, the total resources for the RACH preamble and the RACH payload may be fixed. In other words, an increase in resources for the RACH preamble may be offset by an increase in resources for the RACH payload, such that the total resources allocated to the RACH preamble and the RACH payload do not change. In some cases, the subcarrier resource indication includes an indication (e.g., a ratio) of the split between the RACH preamble and the RACH payload.

[0126] In certain aspects, the indication of subcarrier resources can be communicated with T according to the present invention as part of at least one Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB), or Minimum SIB message. The Minimum SIB may denote the Minimum SIB information for transport of a RACH configuration. In some cases, the MIB, SIB, or Minimum SIB messages may be communicated through at least one broadcast channel (e.g., Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) or Extended PBCH). In certain aspects, a beam may be selected based on a SYNC message as described herein, and the RACH preamble and / or RACH payload may be communicated using the Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 54-142 50 / 61 subcarrier resources and through the selected beam.

[0127] Figure 21 illustrates exemplary 2100 operations for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In certain aspects, the 2100 operations can be performed by a UEF device.

[0128] Operations 2100 may begin, in block 2102, upon receiving a plurality of reference signals (e.g., SYNC signals) using one or more beams. In block 2104, the UEF device may determine a number of steps for a random channel access (RACH) procedure based on a signal quality corresponding to the reference signals, and in block 2106, transmit a RACH signal (e.g., the RACH preamble and / or RACH payload described herein) based on the determined number of steps.

[0129] The UEF device may be able to support both the four-step and two-step RACH procedures described in relation to Figures 9 and 11 and may determine which RACH procedure to use based on the number of beams (or symbols) that are considered to have acceptable quality. For example, a beam quality parameter may be compared to a threshold and considered to have an acceptable quality value if the quality parameter is above the threshold (or below the threshold, depending on the quality parameter being used). For example, if two symbols are determined by the UEF to have a signal quality above the threshold, the UEF device may determine to use the two-step RACH procedure and send the Preamble of Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 55 / 142 51 / 61 RACH is used for the first symbol and the RACH payload for the second symbol. Otherwise, if the UEF device determines that only a single symbol has a signal quality that is above the threshold, the UEF device may choose to use the four-step RACH procedure and send the RACH preamble for the determined symbol. In some cases, if the UEF device determines that only a single symbol has a signal quality that is above the threshold, the UEF device may choose to use the two-step RACH procedure and use different frequency resources for the RACH preamble and the RACH payload.

[0130] Figure 22 illustrates exemplary 2200 operations for wireless communication, according to certain aspects of the present invention. In certain aspects, the 2200 operations can be performed by an ANF device.

[0131] Operations 2200 can begin, in block 2202, to detect a random access channel (RACH) preamble that corresponds to one of a plurality of reference signals, wherein the plurality of reference signals is transmitted through one or more beams. In block 2204, the UEF device can determine a configuration for monitoring at least one of the beams corresponding to the detection of the RACH preamble, and in block 2206, monitor at least one of the beams based on the determination. For example, determining the configuration may include determining a duration for monitoring the beam in which the RACH signal was detected, as described in greater detail with respect to Figure 23. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 56-142 52 / 61

[0132] Figure 23 is a 2300 diagram illustrating an exemplary reference signal (synchronization (SYNC)) and RACH message communication for the two-step RACH procedure, according to certain aspects of the present invention. The ANF device monitors the RACH preamble in one direction (e.g., beam) and if the preamble is detected, the ANF device continues to monitor that direction (or beam) to receive the RACH payload. Otherwise, the ANF device can move to the next beam / or direction. For example, the ANF device can be configured to monitor beams 0-6 in symbols 0-6.

[0133] In symbol 7+s (e.g., symbol 10 where s = symbol 3), the ANF device can monitor beam 7+s if the RACH preamble is not detected in symbol s; if the RACH preamble is detected in symbol s, the ANF device can monitor beam s (same direction) as symbol s in symbol 7+s to decode the RACH payload. In some cases, the RACH preamble and the RACH payload of different beams may partially overlap. In certain respects, the time for the AF device that might otherwise be spent monitoring all the different possible beam directions can be reduced, and the BS can monitor both good / bad link provisioning UEF devices.

[0134] In certain respects, separate RACH subframes can be used for MSG1 (e.g., RACH preamble only) and eMSG1 (e.g., RACH preamble and RACH payload). Each of the RACH subframes can be optimized for the specific transmission. In Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 57-142 Specifically, the eMSG1 subframe could have a longer duration and a different periodicity than the subframe that can be used for MSG1 with a RACH preamble. This may involve extra reservation of two types of reserved RACH subframes.

[0135] Alternatively, eMSG1 can be sent in two parts, in two separate beams. The first part can be similar to MSG3, while the second part can be similar to MSG3. In addition, the first part can carry information about the second part (e.g., its frequency assignment). In certain aspects, the second part could include an RS transmission and data. In this case, the UEF device can use two detected beams (e.g., from the SYNC message). However, if only one strong beam is detected, the UEF device could switch to the procedure of Four-stage RACH. The RS can be included in both parts used for the RACH preamble and the payload of RACH and can be related by a one-to-one mapping to allow the ANF device to identify and match the two parties.

[0136] Although the examples given here have described the use of SYNC signals to facilitate RACH communication, any reference signal may be used, such as channel status information reference signals or mobility reference signals. In some cases, the SYNC signals may be at least one of the PSS, SSS, PBCH or DMRS signals of the PBCH signal.

[0137] The methods described here comprise one or more steps or actions to achieve the method. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 58-142 54 / 61 described. The steps and / or actions of the method can be interchanged with each other without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions can be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0138] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single elements. For example, “at least one of: a, b or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, ab, ac, bc and abc, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., aa, aaa, aab, aac, abb, acc, bb, bbb, bbc, cc and ccc or any other ordering of a, b and c).

[0139] As used herein, the term “determine” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determine” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, searching (e.g., querying a table, database, or other data structure), verifying, and the like. Furthermore, “determine” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), and the like. Additionally, “determine” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.

[0140] The preceding description is provided to enable those skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, it is not intended that Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, pp. 59 / 142 55 / 61 The claims are limited to the aspects shown herein, and shall be given the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically specified, but rather one or more. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “any” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this description that are known or hereafter ought to be known to those skilled in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing presented herein is intended to be disclosed to the public, whether such disclosure is explicitly stated in the claims.No element of a claim should be constructed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly cited using the phrase "means to" or, in the case of a method claim, the element is cited using the phrase "step to".

[0141] The various method operations described above can be performed by any suitable means capable of executing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software components and / or modules including, but not limited to, a circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a processor. Generally, where operations are illustrated in figures, these operations may have corresponding means-plus-function components with Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 60 / 142 56 / 61 similar numbering.

[0142] The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with this description may be implemented or executed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors together with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0143] If implemented in hardware, an exemplary hardware configuration might comprise a processing system on a wireless node. The processing system might be implemented with a bus architecture. The bus might include any number of interconnect buses and bridges, depending on the specific application of the processing system and the overall design constraints. The bus might be connected to various circuits, including a processor, a machine-readable medium, and a bus interface. A Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pp. 61-142 The 57 / 61 bus interface can be used to connect a network adapter, among other things, to the processing system via the bus. The network adapter can be used to implement the signal processing functions of the PHY layer. In the case of a user terminal 120 (see Figure), a user interface (e.g., keyboard, display, mouse, joystick, etc.) can also be connected to the bus. The bus can also connect various other circuits, such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, power management circuits, and the like, which are well known in the art and therefore will not be described below. The processor can be implemented with one or more general-purpose and / or special-purpose processors. Examples include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and / or other circuits that can execute software.Those skilled in the art will recognize how to implement the described functionality for the processing system, depending on the specific application and the general design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0144] If implemented in software, functions may be stored or transmitted via one or more instructions or code in a computer-readable medium. Software should be interpreted broadly to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Computer-readable media include computer storage media and communication media, including any means that facilitate the Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 62 / 142 58 / 61 Transfer of a computer program from one place to another. The processor may be responsible for managing the bus and overall processing, including the execution of software modules stored on machine-readable storage media. A computer-readable storage medium may be coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral with the processor. For example, machine-readable media may include a transmission line, a data-modulated carrier wave, and / or a computer-readable storage medium with instructions stored on it separate from the wireless node, all of which can be accessed by the processor through the bus interface.Alternatively or in addition, machine-readable media, or any portion thereof, may be integrated into the processor, such as temporary storage and / or general-purpose register files. Examples of machine-readable storage media may include, by way of example, RAM (random access memory), flash memory, ROM (read-only memory), PROM (programmable read-only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, or any other suitable storage media, or any combination thereof. Machine-readable media may be incorporated into a computer program product.

[0145] A software module may comprise Petition 870260034291, dated 04 / 13 / 2026, pp. 63 / 142 59 / 61 A single instruction, or many instructions, can be distributed across several different code segments, between different programs, and across multiple storage media. Computer-readable media can comprise a number of software modules. Software modules include instructions that, when executed by a device such as a processor, cause the processing system to perform various functions. Software modules may include a transmit module and a receive module. Each software module may reside on a single storage device or be distributed across multiple storage devices. For example, a software module may be loaded into RAM from a hard drive when a drive event occurs. During the execution of the software module, the processor may cache some of the instructions to increase access speed.One or more cache lines can then be loaded into a general register file for execution by the processor. When referring to the functionality of a software module below, it will be understood that such functionality is implemented by the processor when executing instructions from that software module.

[0146] In addition, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 64 / 142 60 / 61 Infrared (IR), radio, and microwaves, so coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwaves are included in the definition of media. Disc and disk, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where discs usually reproduce data magnetically, while disks reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some respects computer-readable media may comprise non-transitional computer-readable media (e.g., tangible media). Furthermore, in other respects, computer-readable media may comprise transient computer-readable media (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included in the scope of computer-readable media.

[0147] Thus, certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for carrying out the operations presented here. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer-readable medium having instructions stored (and / or encoded) therein, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to carry out the operations described herein.

[0148] Furthermore, it should be considered that the modules and / or other means appropriate for carrying out the methods and techniques described herein may be downloaded and / or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and / or base station as applicable. For example, such a device may be coupled to a server to facilitate Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 65 / 142 61 / 61 the transfer of means for carrying out the methods described herein. Alternatively, several methods described herein may be provided by means of storage media (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and / or base station may obtain the various methods by coupling or providing the storage medium to the device. In addition, any other technique suitable for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device may be used.

[0149] It should be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes, and variations may be made to the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims. Petition 870260034291, dated April 13, 2026, pages 66 / 142

Claims

1 / 6 CLAIMS 1. Method (1400) for wireless communications performed by a base station, characterized in that it comprises: transmitting (1402), to a wireless node, a plurality of reference signals using a plurality of beams; transmitting a subcarrier feature indication for transmission of a random access channel preamble, RACH, and a RACH payload; and receiving (1404), from the wireless node, a RACH message comprising the RACH preamble and the RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals, the RACH message being transmitted through at least one of the plurality of beams, wherein the RACH message indicates that a received signal quality parameter associated with at least one of the plurality of beams corresponding to one or more of the plurality of reference signals exceeds a limit;wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are received using the same beam, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are received on different time or frequency resources, and wherein the RACH preamble or the RACH payload are received based on the indicated subcarrier resources.

2. Method, according to claim 1, characterized in that the reference signals comprise at least one of synchronization signals, channel status information reference signals, or mobility reference signals.

3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that each of the plurality of beams is transmitted in a different direction.

4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises: transmitting a random access response, wherein the RACH payload is received before transmitting the random access response.

5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the RACH payload comprises an EU ID identifier.

6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the RACH payload comprises at least one of a scheduling request or a buffer status request.

7. Method, according to claim 1, characterized in that the RACH payload is scrambled based on an identifier in the RACH preamble.

8. Method (1500) for wireless communications performed by a user equipment, UE, characterized in that it comprises: receiving (1502), from a wireless node, a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using a plurality of beams; receiving a subcarrier feature indication for transmission of a random access channel preamble, RACH, and a RACH payload; determining (1504) at least one beam from Petition 870260037555, dated 22 / 04 / 2026, page.6 / 18 3 / 6 plurality of beams to transmit a RACH message comprising the RACH preamble and the RACH payload, wherein the determination of the at least one beam is based on a received signal quality parameter associated with one or more of the plurality of reference signals received using the at least one beam of the plurality of beams that exceeds a threshold; and transmit (1506), to the wireless node, the RACH message comprising the RACH preamble and the RACH payload based on the determination via the at least one beam, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are transmitted using the same beam, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are transmitted on different time or frequency features and wherein the RACH preamble or the RACH payload are transmitted based on the indicated subcarrier features.

9. A method according to claim 8, characterized in that it further comprises: determining a number of steps for a RACH procedure based on the received signal quality parameter corresponding to at least one of the plurality of beams, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are transmitted based on the determined number of steps.

10. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that: the RACH procedure comprises a two-stage RACH procedure if the received signal quality parameter of at least two of the plurality of beams is determined to be acceptable by comparing the received signal quality parameter with the threshold; and the RACH preamble is transmitted through a first beam of at least two beams, and the RACH payload is transmitted through a second beam of at least two beams; or wherein: the RACH procedure comprises a two-stage RACH procedure if the received signal quality parameter of one of the beams is determined to be acceptable by comparing the received signal quality parameter with the threshold;and the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are transmitted over the beam that has the acceptable receive signal quality parameter and using different frequency resources; or wherein: the RACH procedure comprises a four-step RACH procedure if the receive signal quality parameter of one of the beams is determined to be acceptable by comparing the receive signal quality parameter with the threshold.

11. Base station (110) configured for wireless communications, characterized in that it comprises: means for transmitting (432a ... 432t; 434a ... 434t), to a wireless node, a plurality of reference signals using a plurality of beams; means for transmitting a subcarrier feature indication for transmitting a random access channel preamble, RACH, and a RACH payload; and means adapted for receiving (432a ... 432t; 434a ...434t), from the wireless node, a RACH message comprising the RACH preamble and the RACH payload corresponding to one or more of the reference signals, the RACH message being transmitted via at least one of the plurality of beams, wherein the RACH message indicates that a received signal quality parameter associated with at least one of the plurality of beams corresponding to the plurality of reference signals exceeds a limit; wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are received using the same beam, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are received on different time or frequency features, and wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are received based on the indicated subcarrier features.

12. User equipment, UE, (120) configured for wireless communications, characterized in that it comprises: means adapted for receiving (452a ... 452r, 454a ... 454r), from a wireless node, a plurality of reference signals that are transmitted using a plurality of beams; means adapted for receiving a subcarrier feature indication for transmission of a random access channel preamble, RACH, and a RACH payload; means adapted for determining (480) at least one beam from the plurality of beams for transmitting a Petition 870260037555, dated 22 / 04 / 2026, page.9 / 18 6 / 6 RACH message comprising the RACH preamble and the RACH payload, wherein the determination of at least one beam is based on a received signal quality parameter associated with one or more of the plurality of reference signals received using at least one beam among the plurality of beams exceeding a limit; and means adapted to transmit (452a ... 452r, 454a ... 454r), to the wireless node, the RACH message comprising the RACH preamble and the RACH payload based on determination via at least one beam, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are transmitted using the same beam, wherein the RACH preamble and the RACH payload are transmitted on different time or frequency resources and wherein the RACH preamble or the RACH payload are transmitted based on the indicated subcarrier resources. Petition 870260037555, dated 04 / 22 / 2026, p. 10 / 18.

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