METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPLIANCES AND SYSTEMS FOR BEAM FAILURE RECOVERY

Description

1 / 94 METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPLIANCES AND SYSTEMS FOR BEAM FAILURE RECOVERY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED ORDERS

[001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 456,982, filed April 4, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND

[002] This disclosure is generally directed to the fields of communications, software and coding, including, for example, methods, architectures, devices and systems aimed at beam fault detection (BFD) and beam fault recovery (BFR). SUMMARY

[003] In a first aspect, the present principles are directed to a method in a Wireless Transfer / Reception Unit, WTRU, comprising determining the beam failure for at least one beam, wherein the beam failure is determined, respectively, based on a measured value for beams of a first type and on an estimated value for beams of a second type and, when determining a number of beam failures, determining, based on a parameter, a determined candidate beam among a plurality of candidate beams, wherein the parameter is based on a measured parameter for a candidate beam of the first type and wherein the parameter is predicted for a candidate beam of the second type.

[004] In a second aspect, the present principles are directed to a Wireless Transfer / Reception unit, WTRU, comprising at least one processor configured to determine beam failure for at least one beam, wherein beam failure is determined, respectively, based on a measured value for beams of a first type and on an estimated value for beams of a second type and, by determining a number of beam failures, determine, based on Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 10 / 122 2 / 94 in a parameter, a candidate beam determined among a plurality of candidate beams, wherein the parameter is based on a parameter measured for a candidate beam of the first type and wherein the parameter is predicted for a candidate beam of the second type. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[005] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the detailed description below, provided by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The figures in such drawings, as well as the detailed description, are examples. Thus, the Figures (FIGs.) and the detailed description should not be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and probable. Furthermore, similar reference numbers (“ref.”) in the FIGs. indicate similar elements, wherein:

[006] Figure 1A is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary communications system;

[007] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A;

[008] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary central network (CN) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A;

[009] Figure 1D is a system diagram that illustrates an additional exemplary RAN and an additional exemplary CN that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A;

[010] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a hybrid beam configuration;

[011] Figure 3 illustrates a flowchart of a joint Beam Fault Recovery (BFR) method according to a first embodiment of the present principles; Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 11 / 122 3 / 94

[012] Figure 4 illustrates a flowchart of a separate BFR method according to an embodiment of the present principles;

[013] Figure 5 illustrates a flowchart of a joint BFR method according to a second embodiment of the present principles; and

[014] Figure 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method for activating / deactivating the dynamic BFR mode according to an embodiment of the present principles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[015] In the detailed description that follows, several specific details are presented to provide a complete understanding of the embodiments and / or examples disclosed in the present invention. However, it should be understood that such embodiments and examples can be practiced without some or all of the specific details disclosed in the present invention. In other cases, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the description that follows. Additionally, embodiments and examples not specifically described in the present invention may be practiced instead of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed, or otherwise explicitly, implicitly, and / or inherently provided (collectively “provided”) in the present invention. Although several embodiments are described and / or claimed in the present invention in which an apparatus, system, device, etc.and / or any element thereof performs an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any part thereof, it should be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed in this invention presuppose that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to perform any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any part thereof. Exemplary Communications System

[016] The methods, apparatus and systems provided in this invention are Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 12 / 122 4 / 94 suitable for communications involving wired and wireless networks. An overview of the various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided in Figures 1A to 1D, where various network elements can utilize, perform, be arranged according to, and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, devices, and systems provided in the present invention.

[017] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed modalities may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messages, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may allow multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth.For example, communication systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), single-word discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), zero-tailed OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), single-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), feature block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[018] As shown in Figure 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a central network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is important to note that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 13 / 122 5 / 94 configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain contexts).A consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as UE.

[019] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interact with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, for example, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, Internet 110 and / or 112 networks. As an example, base stations 114a, 114b can be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), an NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each represented as a single element, it will be observed that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 14 / 122 6 / 94 and / or network elements.

[020] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service for a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in the desired spatial directions.

[021] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter waves, micrometer waves, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[022] More specifically, as noted above, the 100 communications system may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 15 / 122 7 / 94 and similar. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) that can establish the 116 air interface using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or HSPA Enhanced (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[023] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology, such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[024] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b and 102c can implement a radio technology, such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the 116 air interface using New Radio (NR).

[025] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[026] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Access to Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 16 / 122 8 / 94 Microwave (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Evolution Enhanced Data Rates (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and similar.

[027] Base station 114b in Figure 1A can be a wireless router, a Home Node-B, a Home eNode-B, or an access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a workplace, a residence, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a highway, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c and 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c and 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c and 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.).) to establish any of the following: small cell, picocell, or femtocell. As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to the 110 Internet. Thus, base station 114b may not need to access the 110 Internet via CN 106 / 115.

[028] RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different requirements for throughput, latency, error tolerance, reliability, data throughput, mobility and the like. CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, services of Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 17 / 122 9 / 94 billing, location-based mobile services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it is important to note that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may use NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that uses any of the GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technologies.

[029] CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide simple telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[030] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multimode capabilities (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communication with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 18 / 122 10 / 94

[031] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example of a WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a numeric keypad 126, a touch-sensitive display / keyboard 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It should be noted that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the above elements, remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[032] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that allows WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122.Although Figure 1B depicts processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components, it is important to note that processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated, for example, into a single electronic package or chip.

[033] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit or receive signals from a base station (for example, base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 19 / 122 11 / 94 receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive infrared, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive RF and light signals. It should be noted that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[034] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is represented in Figure 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[035] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capabilities. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[036] The WTRU 102 processor 118 can be coupled with and receive user input data from the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the touch-sensitive display / keyboard 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the touch-sensitive display / keyboard 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information and store data in any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include memory of Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 20 / 122 12 / 94 random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk drive, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory card, a secure digital memory card (SD), and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information and store data in memory that is not physically located in the WTRU 102, such as in a server or a home computer (not shown).

[037] Processor 118 can receive power from power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components of WTRU 102. Power source 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[038] Processor 118 can also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which can be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) pertaining to the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to, or in substitution for, GPS chipset 136 information, WTRU 102 can receive location information via air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the reception time of signals from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that WTRU 102 can acquire location information by any suitable location determination method, remaining consistent with a mode.

[039] The processor 118 may additionally be coupled with other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide resources, functionalities and / or connectivity. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 21 / 122 13 / 94 with or without additional wires. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like.The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor and / or a humidity sensor.

[040] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and the downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., an inductor) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 22 / 122 14 / 94

[041] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one mode. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also be in communication with CN 106.

[042] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is important to note that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs, remaining consistent with a mode. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In a mode, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit and receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a.

[043] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) user scheduling, and the like. As shown in Figure 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[044] The CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a service gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network gateway (PDN) (PGW) 166. Although each of the above elements is represented as part of CN 106, it is important to note that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[045] The MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b and 160c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can serve as a control node. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 23 / 122 15 / 94 For example, MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, carrier activation / deactivation, selection of a specific service gateway during an initial connection of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and similar functions. MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[046] SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during handovers between eNode-Bs, triggering paging when DL data is available to WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and the like.

[047] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b and 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b and 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[048] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional fixed-line communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 24 / 122 16 / 94

[049] Although the WTRU is described in Figures 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is foreseen that, in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[050] In representative modalities, the other 112 network may be a WLAN.

[051] A WLAN in Basic Services Set (BSS) infrastructure mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to the STAs originating outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from the STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the originating STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic.Point-to-point traffic can be sent between (e.g., directly between) source and destination STAs with a Direct Link System (DLS) configuration. In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to in the present invention as an “ad-hoc” communication mode.

[052] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a width defined dynamically through signaling. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 25 / 122 17 / 94 The primary channel can be the operational channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative modes, carrier-sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including APs, can detect the primary channel. If the primary channel is detected / detected and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, that specific STA can back off. An STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any time on a given BSS.

[053] High-throughput (HT) STAs can utilize a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, by combining the 20 MHz primary channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[054] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be called an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. Streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and data can be transmitted via a STA transmitter.At the receiving STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[055] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 26 / 122 18 / 94 802.11ah. The operating channel bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11ne and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV whitespace spectrum (TVWS), and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support meter / machine-type control (MTC) communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., support only for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a lifespan above a certain threshold (for example, to maintain a very long lifespan).

[056] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the highest common operational bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be defined and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS, that supports the operating mode with the lowest bandwidth. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may have a 1 MHz bandwidth for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sense and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the primary channel status.If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to an STA (which only supports 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands can be considered occupied, even if most frequency bands remain idle and could be available. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 27 / 122 19 / 94

[057] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[058] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to a modality. As noted above, RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 can also be in communication with CN 115.

[059] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it is possible to observe that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs, remaining consistent with a modality. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In a modality, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may use beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown).A subset of these component carriers may be in unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be in licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multipoint Technology (CoMP). For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 28 / 122 20 / 94

[060] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying lengths or scalable lengths (e.g., including a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting various absolute time lengths).

[061] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or in a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility docking point. In a standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating / connecting to another RAN, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c.For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement CC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 29 / 122 21 / 94

[062] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, support network slicing, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in Figure 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[063] The CN 115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the above elements is represented as part of the CN 115, it is important to note that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[064] AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 113 via an N2 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a and 183b, managing the log area, terminating NAS signaling, managing mobility, and the like. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a and 182b, for example, to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the types of services used in WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on low-latency access. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 30 / 122 22 / 94 ultra-reliable (URLLC), services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband access (eMBB), services for MTC access and / or similar. AMF 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as Wi-Fi.

[065] SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b on CN 115 via an N11 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b on CN 115 via an N4 interface. SMF 183a and 183b can select and control UPF 184a and 184b and configure traffic routing through UPF 184a and 184b. SMF 183a and 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[066] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, for example, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, support for multihomed PDU sessions, user plane QoS handling, downlink packet buffering, mobility tethering provision, and the like.

[067] CN 115 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 115 can include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 115 can provide the Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 31 / 122 23 / 94 WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c access other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b, via the N3 interface to UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b.

[068] In view of Figures 1A-1D and the corresponding description in Figures 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described in this invention in relation to any of the following: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160ac, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described in this invention, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described in this invention. For example, emulation devices can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[069] Emulation devices can be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being wholly or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 32 / 122 24 / 94 for testing purposes and / or can perform tests using wireless communications.

[070] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all, without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices may be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or in an undeployed wired and / or wireless communication network (e.g., for testing) in order to implement tests of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via an RF circuit array (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data. Introduction

[071] 3GPP Rel-15, Nova Radio (NR) introduced radio access technology (RAT) in the frequency band 2 (FR2), i.e., 24.25 to 52.6 GHz. As propagation loss increases with carrier frequency, a key challenge of FR2 is the higher propagation loss. Efficient use of transmit and receive with highly directional beamforming can mitigate the higher propagation loss.

[072] Beamforming gain can be obtained by adding or subtracting a signal from / to another signal. Since greater beamforming gain can be obtained as more signals are added or subtracted, the use of a large number of antenna elements is normally required for highly directional beamforming transmission. Control of signal addition or subtraction can be done by controlling the phases of the antenna elements.

[073] Beamforming methods can be categorized into three types (i.e., analog beamforming, digital beamforming and Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 33 / 122 25 / 94 Hybrid beamforming) based on phase control types. While digital beamforming controls the phase of a signal by applying a digital precoder, analog beamforming controls the signal phase through phase shifters. Generally, digital beamforming offers good flexibility (e.g., applying different phases for different frequency feature blocks) but requires a more complex implementation. In contrast to digital beamforming, analog beamforming offers a relatively simple implementation but has some limitations (e.g., the same analog beam for entire frequency features). In view of this, hybrid beamforming, combining analog and digital, an example illustrated in Figure 2, can achieve a large beamforming gain with flexibility and reasonable implementation complexity.

[074] Since the beamwidth decreases as the beamforming gain increases, a beam can only cover a limited area. Therefore, the base station (BS) and / or the UE need to use multiple beams to cover an entire cell. For example, transmission signals, such as synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), can be transmitted in all directions (e.g., by beam sweep) to cover the entire cell. For unicast transmission between the BS and the UE, procedures to optimize the beam direction for the UE are provided through beam management. Beam management includes the selection and maintenance of the beam direction for unicast transmission (including control channel and data channel) between the BS and the UE.

[075] Beam management procedures can be categorized into beam determination, beam measurement and reporting, beam switching, beam indication, and beam recovery. In beam determination, BS and UE find a beam direction to ensure good radio link quality for unicast control and data channel transmission. Once a link is established, Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 34 / 122 26 / 94 The UE measures the link quality of multiple pairs of transmit (TX) and receive (RX) beams and reports the measurement results to the BS. As is known, the mobility, orientation, and channel blocking of the UE can impact the radio link quality of the TX and RX beam pairs. When the quality of the current beam pair degrades, the BS and UE can switch to another beam pair with better radio link quality. To do this, the BS and UE can monitor the quality of the current beam pair along with one or more other beam pairs and perform the switching when necessary. When the BS assigns a TX beam to the UE via downlink control (DL) signaling, the beam indication procedure is used. Beam recovery involves a recovery procedure when a link between the BS and UE can no longer be maintained.

[076] In RAN#94e, the study item on AI / ML for NR air interface is approved to identify the benefits of AI / ML for the air interface. In the study item, the model, terminology, and description of AI / ML to identify common and specific features of the structure are investigated for a range of use cases: CSI feedback enhancement (e.g., overhead reduction, improved accuracy, prediction), beam management (e.g., beam prediction in time and / or spatial domain for overhead and latency reduction, improved beam selection accuracy), and positioning accuracy enhancements for different scenarios, including, for example, those with severe NLOS conditions.

[077] For beam management, two cases were agreed upon in RAN1#109-e. BM-Case1: Spatial domain DL beam prediction for Set A of beams based on measurement results from Set B of beams; and BM-Case2: Temporal DL beam prediction for Set A of beams based on historical measurement results from Set B of beams.

[078] According to the evaluation results, beam prediction in the spatial domain (BM-Case1) generally shows a good probability of predicting Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 35 / 122 27 / 94 beam. However, since beam measurement signals are cell-specific and not UE-specific, RS overhead reduction should be done not only for beam measurements but also for other purposes, including beam fault recovery.

[079] As can be seen, it is not determined how a UE supports beam fault recovery (BFR) based on the predicted RSRP values ​​from partial measurements, or how a UE supports reliable beam fault recovery when the UE supports partial measurements.

[080] A first embodiment provides joint BFR based on the explicit configuration of estimation beams and measurement beams. A UE uses a different quality for beam fault detection based on the beam type of an RS (e.g., hypothetical Physical Link Control Channel Blocking Error Rate (PDCCH BLER) for estimation beams and Received Signal Power (RSRP) for transmission beams), prioritizes transmission beams for new beam selection (e.g., by adding RSRP values), and indicates a given type of Reference Signal (RS) for new beam selection.

[081] The UE receives information indicating a configuration of one or more beam fault detection (BFD) RSs, one or more candidate new beam (NCB) RSs, a first threshold, a second threshold, a third threshold, a delta value (to be used, for example, to prioritize transmission beam measurements), a first Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) feature, a second PRACH feature, a first Synchronization Control / Signal Feature Set (CORESET / SS), and a second CORESET / SS. Each RS can be a first type of RS (e.g., transmission beams) or a second type of RS (e.g., estimation beams).

[082] The UE determines the beam failure instance if all one or more configured BFD RSs fail. The way the RS failure is defined can Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 36 / 122 28 / 94 depends on the type of RS. For the first type of RS, the UE determines beam failure for a BFD RS if a first type of measured parameter (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is less than the first threshold. For the second type of RS, the UE determines beam failure for a BFD RS if a second type of predicted parameter (e.g., RSRP) of the RS is less than the second threshold.

[083] If the number of beam failure instances within a first time window is greater than the third threshold, the UE initiates beam failure recovery and determines a best RS from one or more NCB RSs based on a third type (e.g., RSRP) of measured parameters from one or more NCB RSs. For a first-type NCB RS, the UE determines the third-type measured parameter + the delta value of the NCB RS. For a second-type NCB RS, the UE determines the third-type predicted parameter based on a predicted value of the NCB RS.

[084] The UE transmits a PRACH based on a given RS type. If the given RS is the first RS type, the UE transmits PRACH on the first PRACH resource. If the given RS is the second RS type, the UE transmits PRACH on the second PRACH resource.

[085] The UE monitors a PDCCH based on a given RS type. If the given RS is the first RS type, the UE monitors a PDCCH on the first CORESET / SS. If the given RS is the second RS type, the UE monitors a PDCCH on the second CORESET / SS.

[086] A second modality provides joint BFR based on the implicit configuration of estimation beams and measurement beams.

[087] A UE dynamically determines a type of quality parameter for beam fault detection for estimation beams (e.g., if PDCCH / PDSCH are measured, it uses the Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) and the hypothetical PDCCH BLER; otherwise, it uses beam prediction and the Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 37 / 122 29 / 94 (RSRP predicted). The UE determines a better new beam and applies a different PRACH transmission (e.g., no contention for transmission beams and contention-based for estimation beams) for a new beam indication.

[088] The UE receives information indicating a configuration of one or more CORESETs associated with one or more Transmission Configuration Index (TCI) states, one or more NCB RSs, a first threshold, a second threshold, a third threshold, a first time window, a contention-free PRACH resource, and a contention-based PRACH resource. Each RS can be a first type of RS (e.g., transmission beams) or a second type of RS (e.g., estimation beams).

[089] The UE determines one or more BFD RSs and BFD RS types, based on the RSs configured in one or more TCI states.

[090] The UE determines a beam failure instance if all one or more BFD RSs fail. RS failure may be defined differently depending on the RS type. For the first RS type, the UE determines an RS beam failure if the measured quality (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is less than the first threshold. For the second RS type, if one or more PDCCHs / PDSCHs (e.g., in / by one or more CORESETs associated with the RS) are transmitted within a first time window, the UE determines an RS beam failure if the measured quality (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the DMRS of one or more PDCCHs / PDSCHs is less than the second threshold; if no PDCCHs / PDSCHs are transmitted within a first time window, the UE determines an RS beam failure if the predicted quality (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is less than a second threshold.

[091] If the number of beam failure instances within the first time window is > the third threshold, the UE initiates beam failure recovery and determines a best RS from one or more NCB RSs based on quality. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 38 / 122 30 / 94 measure / forecast (e.g., RSRP) of one or more NCB RSs.

[092] The UE transmits a PRACH on a PRACH resource associated with the best determined RS. If the UE determines that the best RS is of the first type of RS, the UE transmits a PRACH on the contention-free PRACH resource. If the UE determines that the best RS is of the second type of RS, the UE transmits a PRACH on the contention-based PRACH resource.

[093] The EU monitors a PDCCH through a CORESET of one or more CORESETs.

[094] A third mode provides dynamic activation / deactivation of the BFR mode. A UE determines an operating mode for BFR (e.g., BFR based only on transmission beams or joint BFR based on transmission beams and estimation beams) based on a prediction quality (e.g., RSRP difference or beam prediction accuracy).

[095] The UE receives information indicating a configuration of one or more beam fault detection (BFD) RSs, one or more new beam candidate (NCB) RSs, a first limit, a second limit, a third limit, a fourth limit, a fifth limit, a sixth limit, a PRACH feature, a first PRACH sequence, a second PRACH sequence, a first CORESET, and a second CORESET. Each RS can be of a first RS type (e.g., transmission beams) or a second RS type (e.g., estimation beams).

[096] The UE determines, based on one or more BFD RSs and one or more NCB RSs, a forecast quality, for example, including the difference between the predicted RSRP values ​​and the actually measured RSRP values ​​(e.g., based on PDCCH / PDSCH DMRS) and the beam forecast accuracy (e.g., best predicted beam vs. best actual beam).

[097] The UE determines a BFR mode based on forecast quality and a first threshold. For example, if the forecast quality is < the first threshold, Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 39 / 122 31 / 94 the UE determines a first BFR mode (e.g., using only the first type of RS for BFD and NCB (e.g., disables one or more RSs with the second type)) and, if the prediction quality is > the first threshold, the UE determines a second BFR mode (e.g., using both the first type of RS and the second type of RS for BFD and NCB (e.g., activates all RSs configured for BFD and NCB)).

[098] The UE determines a set of Beam Fault Detection / Recovery parameters based on the quality of the prediction. For example, the UE determines the use of one of two thresholds, based on the quality of the prediction, for detecting second-type RS BFD faults. The UE determines the use of one of the fourth or fifth thresholds, based on the quality of the prediction, for detecting beam faults.

[099] The UE determines a beam failure instance if all one or more activated BFD RSs fail. For the first type of RS, the UE determines beam failure for an RS if the measured quality of the RS is less than the sixth threshold. For the second type of RS, the UE determines beam failure for an RS if the measured quality of the RS is less than the UE determined at the second or third threshold.

[0100] The UE detects beam faults based on the number of beam fault instances and the threshold determined by the UE. If the number of beam fault instances within a time window is > one of the fourth or fifth thresholds determined by the UE, the UE initiates beam fault recovery and determines a better RS ​​from the activated NCB RSs based on the measured qualities of the activated NCB RSs.

[0101] The UE transmits a PRACH in the PRACH resource based on the determined BFR mode. If the UE determined the first BFR mode, the UE transmits the PRACH with the first PRACH sequence. If the UE determined the second BFR mode, the UE transmits the PRACH with the second PRACH sequence.

[0102] The EU monitors the PDCCH based on the determined BFR mode. If the Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 40 / 122 32 / 94 UE determined the first BFR mode, the UE monitors the PDCCH in the first CORESET. If the UE has determined the second BFR mode, the UE monitors the PDCCH in the second CORESET.

[0103] In the present invention, 'a' and 'an' and similar phrases should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. Similarly, any term ending with the suffix '(s)' should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. The term 'can' should be interpreted as 'can, for example'.

[0104] The symbol ' / ' (e.g., slash) can be used in the present invention to represent 'and / or', where, for example, 'A / B' can imply 'A and / or B'.

[0105] Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior can, for example, mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, and act.

[0106] Machine Learning (ML) can refer to types of algorithms that solve a problem based on learning through experience ('data'), without being explicitly programmed ('set of configuration rules'). Machine learning can be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms can be predicted based on the nature of the data or feedback available to the learning algorithm. Supervised learning might involve learning a function that maps input to output based on a labeled training example, where each training example might be a pair consisting of input and the corresponding output. Unsupervised learning might involve detecting patterns in data without pre-existing labels. Reinforcement learning might involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize cumulative reward.It is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of machine learning techniques. For example, the semi-supervised learning approach can use one. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 41 / 122 33 / 94 combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this sense, semi-supervised learning lies between unsupervised learning (without labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data).

[0107] Deep Learning (DL) refers to machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically DNNs) that are loosely inspired by biological systems. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, where the input is linearly transformed and passed through non-linear activation functions multiple times. DNNs typically consist of multiple layers, where each layer consists of a linear transformation and a given non-linear activation function. DNNs can be trained using training data via the backpropagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have demonstrated top-tier performance in various domains, e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc., and for various machine learning configurations, supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised.The term AIML-based methods / processing can refer to achieving behaviors and / or fulfilling requirements through data-driven learning, without explicitly configuring the sequence of action steps. Such methods can enable the learning of complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement using legacy methods.

[0108] Definition of Beam. A UE can transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” can be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. The UE can transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to receive an RS (such as CSI-RS) or an SS block. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 42 / 122 34 / 94 The UE transmission can be referred to as the "destination," and the received RS or SS block can be referred to as the "reference" or "source." In this case, it can be said that the UE transmits the physical channel or target signal according to a spatial relationship with a reference to such an RS or SS block.

[0109] The UE can transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions can be referred to as “destination” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In this case, it can be said that the UE transmits the first physical channel or signal (destination) according to a spatial relationship with a reference to the second physical channel or signal (reference).

[0110] A spatial relationship can be implicit, configured by Radio Resource Control (RRC), or signaled by MAC CE or Downlink Control Information (DCI). For example, a UE can implicitly transmit the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) and the DM-RS of the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a Probing Reference Signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS Resource Index (SRI) indicated in the DCI or configured by the RRC. In another example, a spatial relationship can be configured by the RRC for an SRS resource indicator (SRI) or signaled by MAC CE for a PUCCH. Such a spatial relationship can also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0111] The UE can receive a first channel or downlink signal (target) according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second channel or downlink signal (reference). For example, such an association can exist between a physical channel, such as PDCCH or PDSCH, and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such an association can exist when the UE is configured with a Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 43 / 122 35 / 94 type D quasi-coupling (QCL) assumption between corresponding antenna ports. Such an association can be configured as a TCI (transmission configuration indicator) state. A UE can receive information indicating an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS via an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE. Such an indication can also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0112] TRP, MTRP, M-TRP: In this context, a TRP (e.g., transmit and receive point) may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: TP (transmit point), RP (receive point), RRH (remote radio head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographic area of ​​a cell served by a BS), but still consistent with the present principles. Additionally, Multi-TRP may be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs, but still consistent with the present principles.

[0113] CSI Components: A UE may report a subset of channel status information (CSI) components, where the CSI components may correspond to at least one CSI-RS Feature Indicator (CRI), one SSB Feature Indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception in the UE (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as L1-RSRP, L1-SINR obtained from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, criSINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR) and other channel status information such as at least one Classification Indicator (RI), Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI) and / or similar.

[0114] These principles may make use of a number of channel and / or interference measurements which will be described below.

[0115] SSB: A UE can receive a synchronization / channel signal block Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 44 / 122 36 / 94 physical transmission (SS / PBCH). The SS / PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical transmission channel (PBCH). The UE may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, and so on.

[0116] CSI-RS: A UE can measure and report channel state information (CSI), wherein the CSI for each connection mode can include or be configured with one or more of the following: CSI Reporting Configuration (including one or more of the following: CSI Reporting Quantity (e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Classification Indicator (RI), Pre-encoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Feature Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI)), CSI Reporting Type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic), CSI Reporting Codebook Configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type III Port Selection) and CSI Reporting Frequency), CSI-RS Feature Set (including one or more of the following: NZP-CSI-RS Feature for channel measurement, NZP-CSI-RS Feature for interference measurement, and CSI-IM Feature for interference measurement) and NZP CSI-RS Features (including one or more of the following: Feature ID) from NZP CSI-RS,Periodicity and offset, QCL information and TCI status and resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, and CDM type).

[0117] An UE can indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals. The UE can monitor, receive, and measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that can be included in the measurements of the reference signal(s). One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[0118] SS-RSRP. The received power of the SS reference signal (SS-RSRP) Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 45 / 122 37 / 94 can be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH or SSS). It can be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective synchronization signal. When measuring RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be necessary. If SSRSRP is used for L1-RSRP, the measurement can be performed based on CSI reference signals in addition to synchronization signals.

[0119] CSI-RSRP. CSI-RSRP can be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RSRP. CSI-RSRP measurement can be configured within the measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[0120] SS-SINR. The signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) of SS can be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It can be defined as the linear average of the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective synchronization signal, divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. If SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement can be performed based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0121] CSI-SINR. CSI-SINR can be measured based on the linear average of the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective CSI-RS, divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. If CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, noise and interference power measurement can be performed based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, noise and interference power can be measured based on the resources carrying the respective CSI-RS.

[0122] RSSI. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in OFDM symbols. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 46 / 122 38 / 94 configured and in the bandwidth. Power contribution can be received from different sources (e.g., cells serving and not serving on adjacent channels, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise).

[0123] CLI-RSSI. The Received Inter-Layer Interference (CLI-RSSI) signal strength indicator can be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols from the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution can be received from different resources (e.g., inter-layer interference, cells serving and not serving on joint channels, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise).

[0124] SRS-RSRP. The RSRP sounding reference signals (SRS-RSRP) can be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective SRS.

[0125] SS-RSRQ. The quality of the received reference signal from the secondary synchronization signal (SS-RSRQ) can be measured based on measurements of the received reference signal power (SS-RSRP) and the received signal strength (RSSI). In one example, SS-RSRQ can be calculated as the ratio of NxSSRSRP / RSSI of the NR carrier, where N can be determined based on the number of feature blocks that are in the RSSI measurement bandwidth of the corresponding NR carrier. Thus, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator can be over the same set of feature blocks.

[0126] CSI-RSRQ. The quality of the received CSI reference signal (CSIRSRQ) can be measured based on measurements of the received reference signal power (CSI-RSRP) and the received signal strength (RSSI). In one example, SS-RSRQ can be calculated as the ratio of N χ CSI-RSRP / CSIRSSI, where N can be determined based on the number of feature blocks that are in the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. Thus, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator can be on the same set. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 47 / 122 39 / 94 resource blocks.

[0127] Beam / CSI Report Configuration.A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) can be associated with a single BWP (e.g., indicated by BWP-Id), where one or more of the following parameters are configured: CSI-RS features and / or CSI-RS feature sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS report configuration type, including periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; time constraints for channel and interference measurements; frequency band reporting configuration (broadband / sub-band CQI, PMI, and so on); thresholds and calculation modes for the reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.).); codebook configuration; group-based beam report; CQI table; sub-band size; non-PMI port indication; and port index.

[0128] CSI-RS Resource Configuration. A CSI-RS Resource Set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) can include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein a UE can be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS Resource: CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS Resources; CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; the portion of bandwidth to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; and the reference to the TCI State, including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s).

[0129] RS Resource Set Configuration. A UE can be Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 48 / 122 40 / 94 configured with one or more RS feature sets that may include one or more of the following: RS Feature Set ID; one or more RS features for the RS feature set; repeat (i.e., on or off); aperiodic firing offset (e.g., one of slots 0-6); and TRS information (e.g., true or not).

[0130] RS Resource Configuration. A UE can be configured with one or more RS resources which may include one or more of the following: RS resource ID; resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB); power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15); power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); scrambling ID; periodicity and offset; and QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state).

[0131] Property of a Grant or Assignment. In the present invention, a property of a grant or assignment may include at least one of: a frequency allocation; an aspect of time allocation, such as a duration; a priority; a modulation and encoding scheme; a transport block size; a number of spatial layers; a number of transport blocks; a TCI, CRI, or SRI state; a number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2, or a dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling assignment (configured); a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; a periodicity of a configured grant or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); and any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC, or by RRC for scheduling the grant or assignment.

[0132] In the present invention, an indication by DCI may include at least one explicit indication by a DCI field or by RNTI used to mask or Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 49 / 122 41 / 94 shuffle the DCI CRC; and an implicit indication by a property, such as DCI format, DCI size, Coreset or search space, Aggregation Level, first received DCI feature element (e.g., index of the first Control Channel Element), where the mapping between the property and the value can be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0133] Receiving or monitoring a DCI with or using a Radio Network Identifier (RNTI) may mean that the DCI's CRC is masked or scrambled with the RNTI.

[0134] In the present invention, a “signal” can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: Probing Reference Signal (SRS); Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS); Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS); Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PT-RS); and Synchronization Signal Block (SSB).

[0135] In the present invention, a “channel” can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), and Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH).

[0136] In the present invention, a signal, channel and message (for example, as in DL or UL signal, channel and message) may be used interchangeably, but still consistent with this invention.

[0137] In the present invention, “RS” can be used interchangeably with one or more of: “RS feature”, “RS feature set”, “RS port” and “RS port group”.

[0138] In the present invention, “RS” can be used interchangeably with one or more of: “SSB”, “CSI-RS”, “SRS”, “DM-RS”, “TRS”, “PRS” and “PTRS”.

[0139] In the present invention, the terms 'time instance', 'slot', 'symbol' Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 50 / 122 42 / 94 and 'subframe' can be used interchangeably.

[0140] In the present invention, the terms 'SSB', 'SS / PBCH block', 'PSS', 'SSS', 'PBCH' and 'MIB' may be used interchangeably.

[0141] The principles presented for beam feature prediction can be used for beam features belonging to one or multiple cells, as well as one or multiple TRPs.

[0142] In the present invention, 'CSI report' can be used interchangeably with 'CSI measurement', 'beam report' and 'beam measurement'.

[0143] In the present invention, an 'RS feature set' can be used interchangeably with a 'beam group'.

[0144] One or more limits (i.e., defined values) in this invention may be based on one or more predefined values, semi-statistically configured values ​​(e.g., RRC) and dynamically indicated values ​​(e.g., MAC CE and / or DCI).

[0145] In the present invention, 'transmission beam' can be used interchangeably with 'transmitted beam', 'measured beam', 'transmitted RS', 'transmission RS', 'measured RS', 'measuring RS', 'Set A', 'Type A RS' and 'Type I RS'.

[0146] In the present invention, 'estimation beam' can be used interchangeably with 'estimated beam', 'predicted beam', 'predicted RS', 'predictive RS', 'estimated RS', 'estimated RS', 'Set B', 'Type B RS' and 'Type II RS'.

[0147] In the present invention, a 'beam ID' can be used interchangeably with a 'beam pair ID'.

[0148] RS configuration for beam failure monitoring and new candidate beams. In at least one mode, a UE can support different configurations for transmission beams and estimation beams. For example, the configurations can be based on one or more of the following, each of which will be described below: Measurement type configuration support, Support for Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 51 / 122 43 / 94 different sets of RS features, Support for different QCL configurations, Support for beam IDs for estimation beams and RS feature indices for transmission beams, and Support for assistance information for estimation beams with one or more reference RSs.

[0149] Support for configuring the measurement type. For example, each feature can be configured with an RS type (e.g., transmission beam or estimation beam). The UE can determine whether an RS is a transmission beam or an estimation beam based on the RS type.

[0150] Support for different RS feature sets. For example, the UE can be configured with two RS feature sets, i.e., one for transmission beams (e.g., Set B) and another for estimation beams (e.g., Set A). Each RS feature set can be configured with a measurement type (e.g., transmission beam or estimation beam). Each RS feature can be configured with an associated RS feature set ID. The UE can determine whether an RS is a transmission beam or an estimation beam based on an associated RS feature set. For example, if the associated RS feature set is configured as transmission beams, the UE can determine the RS as a transmission beam. If the associated RS feature set is configured as estimation beams, the UE can determine the RS as an estimation beam.

[0151] Support for different QCL configurations. In some modes, an initial RS configuration for transmission beams may be based on a beam ID (e.g., CSI-RS feature ID) and QCL information (Type D QCL) for transmission beams, and only a beam ID (no QCL) for estimation beams. The UE can determine whether an RS is a transmission beam or an estimation beam based on configured QCL settings. For example, if the configured QCL information is a Type D QCL RS and a feature ID, the Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 52 / 122 44 / 94 The UE can determine a transmission beam. If the configured QCL information includes a resource ID but does not include QCL information (e.g., RS QCL Type D), the UE can determine an estimate beam. Supporting a beam ID (e.g., CSI-RS resource ID) and QCL information (QCL Type D) for transmission beams, and a beam ID and one or more adjacent RS features to identify beam characteristics for estimate beams. The UE can determine whether an RS is a transmission beam or an estimate beam based on configured QCL settings. For example, if the configured QCL information is an RS QCL Type D and a resource ID, the UE can determine a transmission beam. If the configured QCL information includes a resource ID and two or more QCL information (e.g., two or more RSs of QCL Type D), the UE can determine an estimate beam.

[0152] Support beam IDs for estimation beams and RS feature indices for transmission beams. In some embodiments, the UE can be configured with a first beam ID type (e.g., RS feature ID) for transmission beams and a second beam ID type (e.g., logical beam ID) for estimation beams. The UE can determine whether an RS is a transmission beam or an estimation beam based on a configured beam ID type. For example, if the RS is configured with the first beam ID type (e.g., RS feature ID), the UE can determine the RS as a transmission beam. If the RS is configured with the second beam ID type (e.g., logical beam ID), the UE can determine the RS as an estimation beam.

[0153] Support assistance information for estimation beams with one or more reference RSs. In some embodiments, the UE can be configured with one or more reference RSs and support information for estimation beams. For example, the UE can be configured with a single reference RS with one or more differential angles (e.g., delta angles). The UE can Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 53 / 122 45 / 94 determine the angles of an RS based on differential angles and the reference RS. For example, horizontal angle = angle delta_h + horizontal angle of the reference RS, vertical angle = angle delta_y + vertical angle of the reference RS. For example, the UE can be configured with two or more reference RSs with one or more differential angles (e.g., delta angles). The UE can determine the angles of an RS based on the differential angles and the reference RSs. For example, horizontal angle = angle delta1_h + horizontal angle of a first reference RS = angle delta2_h + horizontal angle of a second reference RS, vertical angle = angle delta1_y + vertical angle of the first reference RS = angle delta2_y + vertical angle of the second reference RS. The UE can determine whether an RS is a transmission beam or an estimation beam based on the configured assistance information and / or the reference RSs.For example, if the RS is configured with service information and / or one or more reference RSs, the UE may determine the RS as an estimate beam. If the RS is configured without service information and / or reference RSs, the UE may determine the RS as a transmission beam.

[0154] In the modes, a UE can determine a beam ID (e.g., a logical beam ID) based on one or more explicit settings, determining beam IDs based on provided beam directions, and determining beam pair IDs.

[0155] Explicit configuration. In the modes, the UE can receive a beam ID configuration for each RS resource or each beam.

[0156] Determination of beam IDs based on provided beam directions (e.g., beam ID 0 = lowest angle). In some embodiments, the UE can be configured with one or more of the following beam information for transmission beams and / or estimation beams: Number of transmission beams (the UE can receive a configuration for each of the domains) Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 54 / 122 46 / 94 horizontal / vertical; the UE can indicate a configuration (e.g., via UE capability) for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); Number of estimation beams (the UE can receive indicative information of a configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains; the UE can indicate a configuration (e.g., via UE capability) for each of the horizontal / vertical domains); Coverage of transmission beams (e.g., angular coverage, such as 120 degrees); Coverage of estimation beams (e.g., angular coverage, such as 60 degrees); Position / Center / Direction of transmission beams (e.g., 0 degrees); Position / Center / Direction of estimation beams (e.g., 0 degrees); Granularity of transmission beams, e.g., 3 degrees (the UE can receive a configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains;The UE can specify a configuration (e.g., via UE capability) for each of the horizontal / vertical domains; Granularity of the estimation beams, e.g., 12 degrees (the UE can receive a configuration for each of the horizontal / vertical domains; the UE can specify a configuration (e.g., via UE capability) for each of the horizontal / vertical domains; information related to the UE panel (number of UE panels, position / center / direction of UE panels); number of TRPs and / or gNB panels (number of TRPs and / or gNB panels, position / center / direction of TRPs and / or gNB panels).

[0157] Based on the configuration and / or predefined rules, the UE can determine the necessary information from the transmission / estimation beams.

[0158] In the modes, the UE can determine the number of transmission beams and / or estimation beams based on the configured beam information. For example, the UE can divide the indicated coverage (e.g., 120 degrees) of transmission / estimation beams into a granularity angle (e.g., 10 degrees) of transmission / estimation beams to determine the number of transmission beams and / or estimation beams (e.g., 12). The UE can measure Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 55 / 122 47 / 94 and / or transmit transmission / estimation beams based on the determined number of transmission beams and / or estimation beams.

[0159] In the modes, the UE can determine the direction / position / granularity of the transmission beams and / or estimation beams based on the configured beam information. For example, the UE can divide the indicated coverage (e.g., 120 degrees) by the number of transmission / estimation beams (e.g., 12 beams) to determine the position of the estimation beams (e.g., 5, 15, 25, ..., 115 degrees).

[0160] Determination of beam pair IDs. In some modalities, the UE can determine the beam pair IDs based on the beam IDs. For example, the following equations can be used. Beam pair ID = TX beam ID * number of RX beams + RX beam ID. Beam pair ID = RX beam ID * number of TX beams + TX beam ID. Joint BFR based on the explicit configuration of estimation beams and measurement beams.

[0161] Referring to Figure 3, in one embodiment of the present principles, a UE uses a different quality for beam fault detection based on the beam type of an RS (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER for estimation beams and RSRP for transmission beams), prioritizes transmission beams for new beam selection (e.g., by adding RSRP values), and indicates a determined RS type for the new beam selection.

[0162] In step S302, the UE receives configuration information, including one or more Beam Fault Detection (BFD) RSs, one or more New Beam Candidate (NCB) RSs, a first limit, a second limit, a third limit, a delta value, a first PRACH feature, a second PRACH feature, a first CORESET / SS, and a second CORESET / SS. An RS can be of a first RS type (e.g., transmission beams) or a second RS type (e.g., transmission beams). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 56 / 122 48 / 94 example, estimation bundles).

[0163] In step S304, the UE can determine a beam failure instance if all configured BFD RSs fail. For the first type of RS, beam failure is determined for a BFD RS if a first type of measured parameter (e.g., RSRP) of the RS is below the first threshold. For the second type of RS, beam failure is determined for a BFD RS if a second type of predicted parameter (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is below the second threshold.

[0164] If the number of beam failure instances within a first time window is greater than the third threshold, in step S306, the UE may initiate beam failure recovery and determine an RS (e.g., the best) from one or more NCB RSs based on a third type (e.g., RSRP) of measured parameters from one or more NCB RSs. For a first-type NCB RS, the UE determines the third-type measured parameter + the delta value of the NCB RS. For a second-type NCB RS, the UE determines the third-type predicted parameter based on a predicted value of the NCB RS.

[0165] In step S308, the UE transmits a PRACH based on a given RS type. If the given RS is of the first RS type, the UE transmits the PRACH on the first PRACH resource. If the given RS is of the second RS type, the UE transmits the PRACH on the second PRACH resource.

[0166] In step S310, the UE monitors a PDCCH based on a given RS type. If the given RS is the first RS type, the UE monitors a PDCCH on the first CORESET / SS. If the given RS is the second RS type, the UE monitors a PDCCH on the second CORESET / SS.

[0167] UE can support beam fault recovery by jointly using transmission RSs and estimation RSs.

[0168] The UE can receive information corresponding to one or more configurations that can be used for beam fault recovery: Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 57 / 122 49 / 94

[0169] The UE can, for example, be configured with one or more beam fault detection (BFD) RSs (e.g., q0). Each BFD RS can be a transmit RS or an estimate RS. The configuration of the BFD RSs can be based on the explicit configuration of a gNB. The configuration of the BFD RSs can be based on the implicit configuration. For example, if the UE does not receive the explicit configuration of the BFD RSs, the UE can determine one or more BFD RSs based on one or more RSs with Type-D QCL in TCI states configured for PDCCH reception (e.g., in configured CORESETs / SearchSpaces).

[0170] The UE can be configured with one or more counters and one or more maximum numbers for one or more counters. The counters can be, for example, BFD counters and thresholds for the BFD counters, beam reporting counters and thresholds for the beam reporting counters, and preamble power ramp counter and thresholds for the preamble power ramp counter.

[0171] If a set of counters (for example, one or more BFD counters, beam reporting counter, and preamble power ramp counter) and thresholds are configured, the set of counters and thresholds can be used for both estimation beams and transmission beams. If multiple sets of counters (for example, one or more BFD counters, beam reporting counters, and preamble power ramp counters) and thresholds are configured, a first set of counters and thresholds can be for transmission beams and a second set of counters and thresholds can be for estimation beams. The number of counters and thresholds configured for each set can be the same.

[0172] The UE can be configured with one or more timers, for example, BFI timers, BFD timers and BFR timers.

[0173] If a set of timers (for example, one or more BFI timers, BFD timers and BFR timers) is Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 58 / 122 With the 50 / 94 configuration, the timer set can be used for both transmission beams and estimation beams. If multiple timer sets are configured, a first set of timers can be used for transmission beams and a second set of timers can be used for estimation beams.

[0174] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of candidate new beam (NCB) RSs (e.g., q1). The configuration of BFD RSs can be based on the explicit configuration of a gNB. Each one or more BFD RSs can be a transmit RS or an estimate RS. Each NCB-RSS RS can be associated with one or more uplink features (e.g., PRACH (feature and / or sequence), PUCCH, PUSCH, and / or SRS).

[0175] The UE can be configured with one or more uplink resources (S) for new candidate beam indication, where S is one or more uplink resources to indicate new candidate beam. Each uplink resource can be associated with each NCB-RS. Each uplink resource can be associated with the NCB-RS type. For example, a first uplink resource can be associated with transmit beams and a second uplink resource can be associated with estimate beams.

[0176] The UE can be configured with CORESETs and / or search spaces (C) to receive one or more BFR confirmation random access responses, where C is a set of search spaces to receive BFR random access responses. Each CORESET / search space can be associated with the NCB-RS type. For example, a first CORESET / search space can be associated with transmission beams and a second CORESET / search space can be associated with estimation beams.

[0177] The UE can determine a beam failure instance if the number of failed BFD RSs exceeds a threshold (e.g., all BFD RSs). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 59 / 122 51 / 94 configured to fail). The BFD RS failure can, for example, be defined based on the application of the same set of measurement parameters and thresholds (e.g., the UE can determine beam failure if a measured parameter (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER or RSRP) of the RS is less than a threshold). The BFD RS failure can also be defined based on the application of different sets of measurement parameters and thresholds (e.g., the UE can apply different sets of parameters and thresholds based on an RS type. For example, for the first RS type, the UE can determine beam failure for a BFD RS if a first measured parameter type (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is less than a first threshold. For the second RS type, the UE can determine beam failure for the BFD RS if a second predicted parameter type (e.g., RSRP) of the RS is less than the second threshold).

[0178] The UE may determine the beam failure recovery procedure if a number of detected beam failure instances within a time window exceeds a corresponding threshold. For example, the UE may initiate a beam re-selection procedure. The UE may determine one or more RSs from one or more NCB RSs based on one or more measured parameters.

[0179] The UE can determine one or more RSs based on the same set of measurement parameters and threshold. For example, the UE can measure the same parameter type (e.g., RSRP) for one or more NCB RSs. If the measured parameter of one or more NCB RSs is greater than a threshold, the UE can determine one or more RSs (e.g., with superior qualities based on the measured parameter). The UE can apply an offset to the measured parameter based on an RS type. For example, the UE can determine the measured parameter as a final value for a first RS type (e.g., transmission beams). The UE can determine the measured parameter, a delta value, as a final value for a second RS type (e.g., estimation beams). The UE can also Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 60 / 122 52 / 94 apply an offset to the measured parameter based on an RS type. For example, the UE can determine the measured parameter + a delta value as a final value for a first RS type (e.g., transmission beams). The UE can determine the measured parameter as a final value for a second RS type (e.g., estimation beams).

[0180] The UE can apply different sets of parameters and thresholds based on an RS type of an RS. For example, the UE can measure different types of measurement parameters (e.g., measured RSRP or predicted RSRP) based on an RS type of one or more NCB RSs. If the measured RS parameter is higher than a corresponding threshold, the UE can determine one or more RSs based on the determined measured parameters (e.g., with higher qualities based on the measured parameter).

[0181] For example, for the first type of RS, the UE can determine one or more RSs from one or more NCB RSs based on a first set of measurement parameters (e.g., measured RSRP) and thresholds. For the second type of RS, the UE can determine one or more RSs from one or more NCB RSs based on a second set of measurement parameters (e.g., measured RSRP) and thresholds.

[0182] The UE may transmit one or more uplink channels and / or signals for beam failure incident indication and / or new beam candidate indication. The uplink channels and / or signals may be one or more of the following: MAC-CE, RRC, PRACH (e.g., RACH msg 1, msg 3, msg A), PUSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH DM-RS, SR, SRS and SR-like signal, wherein the SR-like signal may be an uplink channel that may be reserved periodically.

[0183] The UE can transmit one or more uplink channels based on the same set of uplink resource configurations. For example, regardless of the RS type of one or more given NCB RSs, the UE can transmit one or more uplink channels with Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 61 / 122 53 / 94 based on the same set of uplink resource configurations (e.g., with the same uplink sequence and / or on the same uplink resource).

[0184] The UE can transmit one or more uplink channels based on different sets of uplink resource configurations. For example, based on an RS type of one or more determined NCB RSs, the UE can determine a different uplink resource configuration to transmit the one or more uplink channels. For example, for the first RS type, the UE can transmit one or more uplink channels based on a first set of uplink resource configurations (e.g., with a first uplink sequence and / or on a first uplink resource). For the second RS type, the UE can transmit one or more uplink channels based on a second set of uplink resource configurations (e.g., with a second uplink sequence and / or on a second uplink resource).

[0185] The UE may receive one or more downlink channels and / or signals for confirmation of beam failure incident indication and / or new candidate beam indication (e.g., from a gNB). The downlink channels and / or signals may be one or more of the following: PDCCH, PDSCH, MAC CE, RRC, PDCCH DM-RS, PDSCH DM-RS, CSI-RS, SSB, TRS (e.g., CSI-RS for tracking), and PT-RS. Downlink capabilities may be based on one or more of the following:

[0186] The UE can receive one or more downlink channels based on the same set of uplink resource configurations. For example, regardless of the RS type of one or more indicated NCB RSs, the UE can receive one or more downlink channels based on the same Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 62 / 122 54 / 94 set of downlink resource configurations (e.g., with the same CORESET / SearchSpace / time and frequency resources).

[0187] The UE can receive one or more downlink channels based on different sets of downlink resource configurations. For example, based on an RS type of one or more indicated NCB RSs, the UE can determine a different downlink resource configuration to receive one or more downlink channels. For example, for the first RS type, the UE can receive one or more downlink channels based on a first set of downlink resource configurations (e.g., with a first set of CORESET / SearchSpace / time and frequency resources). For the second RS type, the UE can receive one or more downlink channels based on a second set of downlink resource configurations (e.g., with a second set of CORESET / SearchSpace / time and frequency resources).

[0188] As can be seen, a Wireless Transfer / Receive Unit, WTRU, can determine at least one beam failure, wherein the beam failure is determined based on a measured value for a first type of beam and an estimated value for a second type of beam, by determining a number of beam failures: determine, based on a parameter, a determined candidate beam among a plurality of candidate beams, wherein the parameter is based on a measured parameter for a candidate beam of the first type and the parameter is predicted for a candidate beam of the second type, transmit a message, wherein the message is transmitted on a first resource if the determined candidate beam is of the first type and on a second resource if the determined candidate beam is of the second type, and monitor, using a set of resources or signal based on the type of determined candidate beam, a response. Separate BFR based on estimation beams and measurement beams. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 63 / 122 55 / 94

[0189] Referring to Figure 4, in one embodiment of the present principles, an UE monitors and / or selects based on a separate set of RSs for transmission beams and estimation beams. If the UE detects a beam failure, the UE indicates one or more failed sets for a gNB (e.g., the gNB by which it is serviced).

[0190] In step S402, the UE receives the first configuration information indicating one or more RSs for a first set of BFD RSs and one or more RSs for a first set of NCB RSs with a first RS type and the second configuration information indicating one or more RSs for a second set of BFD RSs and one or more RSs for a second set of NCB RSs with a second RS type.

[0191] In step S404, the UE receives a third configuration information indicating a first limit, a second limit, a third limit, a fourth limit, a PUCCH resource for scheduling request and a CORESET.

[0192] In step S406, the UE determines one or more beam failure instances. The UE can determine a beam failure instance for the first set of BFD RSs if all RSs in the set fail (e.g., based on the hypothetical PDCCH BLER), where an RS failure instance is determined if the measured RS quality is less than the first threshold. The UE can also determine a beam failure instance for the second set of BFD RSs if all RSs in the set fail (e.g., based on the hypothetical PDCCH BLER), where an RS failure instance is determined if the predicted RS quality is less than the second threshold.

[0193] In step S408, the UE determines beam failure if the number of beam failure instances determined for the first set of RS BFDs is greater than a third threshold and / or the number of beam failure instances determined for the second set of RS BFDs is greater than a fourth threshold. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 64 / 122 56 / 94

[0194] In step S410, the UE determines a beam (e.g., the best beam) for a faulty BFD RS set based on the measured / predicted qualities of an NCB RS set associated with the faulty RS set.

[0195] In step S412, the UE transmits a scheduling request via the PUCCH resource to MAC CE.

[0196] In the S414 stage, the UE receives PDCCH scheduling uplink resources for MAC CE via CORESET.

[0197] In step S416, the UE transmits MAC CE indicating a beam fault type (i.e., beam fault detected in the first set of RS BFDs, beam fault detected in the second set of RS BFDs, or beam fault detected in both sets).

[0198] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of beam fault detection (BFD) RSs (e.g., q0jí).

[0199] For example, two sets of RSs can be configured for an operating mode and the first set of BFD RSs (e.g., q0,1) can be associated with transmission beams and the second set of BFD RSs (e.g., q0>2) can be associated with estimation beams.

[0200] The RS BFD configuration can be based on implicit configuration. For example, if the UE does not receive explicit configuration of one or more RS BFD sets, the UE can determine one or more RS BFD sets based on one or more RSs with Type-D QCL in TCI states configured for PDCCH reception. For example, the UE can determine one or more RS BFD sets based on explicit / implicit configuration / indication of the CORESET / search space group. The configuration / indication of the CORESET / search space group can be based on one or more explicit or implicit configurations / indications.

[0201] For explicit configuration / indication of the CORESET group ID / search space, the UE can be configured with one or more CORESETs. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 65 / 122 57 / 94 with CORESET group ID. Based on the group ID, the UE can determine a CORESET group for one or more CORESETs. For example, if the UE is configured with a first CORESET with a first CORESET group ID (e.g., for transmission beams) and a second CORESET with a second CORESET group ID (e.g., for estimation beams), the UE can determine the first CORESET as the first CORESET group and the second CORESET as the second CORESET group. The UE can receive a group ID in a TCI state configuration instead of the CORESET configuration.

[0202] The implicit configuration / indication can, for example, be used for RS Configured for each CORESET / search space, CORESET / search space type or ID configuration (e.g., CORESET / search space ID and / or TCI state ID).

[0203] For RS configured for each CORESET / search space, the UE can be configured with one or more CORESETs and one or more QCL reference RSs (e.g., for QCL Type-D) can be configured for each CORESET / search space. The UE can determine a set of BFD RSs based on the configured QCL reference RS. For example, if the configured QCL reference RS is a first type (e.g., transmission beams), the UE can determine the reference RS as an RS from a first set of BFD RSs. If the configured QCL reference RS is a second type (e.g., transmission beams), the UE can determine the reference RS as an RS from a second set of BFD RSs.

[0204] For the CORESET / search space type, the UE can be configured with one or more CORESETs of the CORESET type. Based on the CORESET type, the UE can determine a CORESET group. For example, if the UE is configured with a first CORESET of a first CORESET type (e.g., joint TCI status indication), the UE can determine the first CORESET as a Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 66 / 122 58 / 94 first CORESET group. If the UE is configured with a second CORESET with a second CORESET type (e.g., PDSCH / PUSCH scaling), the UE can determine the second CORESET as a second CORESET group.

[0205] For ID configuration (e.g., CORESET / Search space ID and / or TCI state ID), the UE can determine the CORESET group based on an ID. For example, if an associated ID of a first CORESET is less than (or equal to) a threshold, the UE can determine the first CORESET as a first CORESET group. If the associated ID of the first CORESET is greater than the threshold, the UE can determine the first CORESET as a second CORESET group.

[0206] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of new candidate beam RSs (NCBs) (e.g., q1,i), where q1 can be the set of new candidate beam RSs associated with one of the transmission beams or estimation beams. For example, a first set of NCB RSs can be associated with transmission beams and a second set of NCB RSs can be associated with estimation beams. For example, the NCB RSs in all sets of NCB RSs can be associated with an uplink resource. For example, each NCB RS in the set can be associated with one or more uplink resources (e.g., PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH, and / or SRS).

[0207] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of uplink (5Z) features for indicating new candidate beams, where Si is a set of uplink features to indicate new candidate beams for either the transmit or estimate beams. For example, S0 can be associated with transmit beams and S1 can be associated with estimate beams.

[0208] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of search spaces (C,) to receive one or more BFR confirmation random access responses, where C, is a set of search spaces to receive BFR random access responses for one of the transmission or estimation beams. By Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 67 / 122 59 / 94 for example, C0 can be associated with transmission beams and C1 can be associated with estimation beams.

[0209] The UE can determine one or more new candidate beams (qneWii) and each new candidate beam can be associated with a different cell, where qneWii is determined as a new candidate beam (or beam index) for one of the transmission beams or estimation beams. For example, a first new candidate beam (qnew,1) can be selected from the new RS set of candidate beams associated with the transmission beams and a second new candidate beam (qnew,2) can be selected from the new RS set of candidate beams associated with the estimation beams.

[0210] The UE can be configured with a transmitted beam set and a predicted beam set. The transmitted beams can be associated with Set B or a configuration thereof. For example, the UE can be configured to predict the RSRP of a first beam (i.e., a predicted beam) based on the measured RSRP of a second beam (i.e., a transmitted beam). The terms “predicted beam” and “skipped beam” can be used interchangeably. The terms “transmitted beam”, “Set B beam”, and “measured beam” can be used interchangeably. The term “beam” can refer to “SSB beam”, “CSI-RS beam”, or both.

[0211] The UE can receive the first configuration information from one or more RSs for a first set of BFD RSs and one or more RSs for a first set of NCB RSs with a first RS type, and the second configuration information from one or more RSs for a second set of BFD RSs and one or more RSs for a second set of NCB RSs with a second RS type. For example, the first configuration information can be associated with the transmitted beam (i.e., measured beam / Set B beam) and the second configuration information can be associated with the skipped beam (i.e., predicted beam). For example, the first RS type can be associated with the transmitted beam. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 68 / 122 60 / 94 (i.e., measured beam / beam from Set B) and the second type of RS can be associated with the ignored beam (i.e., predicted beam).

[0212] For beam fault detection / recovery, the UE can be configured with a first threshold, a second threshold, a third threshold, and a fourth threshold. For example, the first threshold can be associated with determining the beam fault instance for the first set of RS BFDs, the second threshold can be associated with determining the beam fault instance for the second set of RS BFDs, the third threshold can be associated with beam fault detection for the first set of RS BFDs, and the fourth threshold can be associated with beam fault detection for the second set of RS BFDs.

[0213] The UE can be configured with a RACH resource for scheduling request transmission associated with beam fault recovery. The UE can be configured with a first RACH resource and a second RACH resource for scheduling request associated with beam fault recovery. The UE can be configured with a PUCCH resource for scheduling request transmission associated with beam fault recovery. The UE can be configured with a first PUCCH resource and a second PUCCH resource for scheduling request associated with beam fault recovery. The UE can be configured with CORESET for receiving UL grant for beam fault recovery request transmission and / or receiving beam fault recovery confirmation.The UE can be configured with a first CORESET and a second CORESET for receiving UL grants for transmitting beam fault recovery requests and / or receiving beam fault recovery confirmations.

[0214] The UE can be configured to perform a first beam fault detection procedure associated with a first set of RS BFDs. For example, the first set of RS BFDs can be associated with a beam Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 69 / 122 61 / 94 transmitted (i.e., measured beam / Set B beam). The UE can be configured to evaluate the link quality of the RSs associated with the first BFD set relative to a first threshold. The UE can determine a beam failure instance for the first BFD RS set if all RSs in the set fail. For example, RS failure is determined if the measured quality of the RS is less than the first threshold. Possibly, the measured threshold and quality could be based on a hypothetical PDCCH BLER or RSRP.

[0215] The UE can be configured to perform a second beam fault detection procedure associated with a second set of BFD RSs. For example, the second set of BFD RSs can be associated with a predicted beam (i.e., skipped beam). The UE can be configured to evaluate the link quality of the RSs associated with the second set of BFDs against a second threshold. The UE can determine a beam fault instance for the second set of BFD RSs if all RSs in the set fail. For example, the UE can determine a beam fault instance for the second set of BFD RSs if the pre-configured number of RSs in the second set of BFD RSs fail. For example, RS failure can be determined if the predicted RS quality is lower than the second threshold. The UE can derive the predicted RS quality based on the measured quality of one or more RSs from the first set of BFD RSs. The threshold can be based on the hypothetical PDCCH BLER.The determination can be based on a hypothetical PDCCH BLER threshold that differs from the hypothetical PDCCH BLER threshold associated with the first set of BFD RSs. RSRP-based thresholds can be applied instead of BLER thresholds.

[0216] The UE can be configured to detect / declare a beam failure if the number of beam failure instances for the first set of BFD RSs is greater than a third threshold. The UE can be configured to detect / declare a beam failure if the number of beam failure instances for the second set of Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 70 / 122 62 / 94 The RS BFD is greater than a fourth threshold. The UE can be configured to detect / declare a beam failure if the number of beam failure instances for the first set of RS BFD is greater than the third threshold AND the number of beam failure instances for the second set of RS BFD is greater than the fourth threshold.

[0217] The UE can be configured with rules to determine the beam for beam recovery (e.g., the best beam) based on the beam failure status for the first set of RS BFDs and the second set of RS BFDs. For example, the UE can be configured to determine the beam of the first set of RS NCBs if beam failure is detected for both the first set of RS BFDs and the second set of RS BFDs. For example, the UE can be configured to determine the beam of the second set of RS NCBs if beam failure is detected for the first set of RS BFDs but not for the second set of RS BFDs. For example, the UE can be configured to determine the beam of the first set NCBs if beam failure is detected for the second set of RS BFDs but not for the first set of RS BFDs.

[0218] The UE can be configured with rules to determine the beam for beam recovery based on the beam quality status associated with the first set of NCB RS associated with the first type of RS and the second set of NCB RS associated with the second type of RS, wherein the first type of RS can be associated with the transmitted beam (i.e., measured beam / Set B beam) and the second type of RS can be associated with the skipped beam (i.e., predicted beam).

[0219] The UE can be configured to select the beam for a failed BFD RS set based on the measured / predicted qualities of an NCB RS set associated with the failed RS set. The UE can be configured to select the beam for a failed BFD RS set based on the measured / predicted qualities of an NCB RS set not associated with the failed RS set. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 71 / 122 63 / 94 failure.

[0220] For example, in case of beam failure in the first RS BFD set, the UE can be configured to select the beam for recovery from the first RS NCB set. For example, in case of beam failure in the first RS BFD set, the UE can be configured to select the beam for recovery considering both the first RS NCB set and the second RS NCB set. Possibly based on the measured quality of the beams from the first RS NCB set and the predicted quality of the beams from the second RS NCB set. For example, in case of beam failure in the second RS BFD set, the UE can be configured to select the beam for recovery from the second RS NCB set, possibly based on the predicted quality of the beams from the second RS NCB set.For example, in the event of a beam failure in the second RS BFD array, the UE can be configured to select the beam for recovery considering both the first RS NCB array and the second RS NCB array, possibly based on the measured quality of the beams from the first RS NCB array and the predicted quality of the beams from the second RS NCB array.

[0221] The UE can transmit a scheduling request via PUCCH resource configured for the second RS BFD set and / or second RS NCB set, if beam failure is determined for the second RS BFD set and not for the first RS BFD set and if UL grant is not available. The UE can be configured to receive a PDCCH on a CORESET preconfigured for the second RS BFD set and / or second RS NCB set.

[0222] The UE can transmit one or more UL channels and signals (e.g., PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH, MAC CE, and SRS) indicating one or more of the following: beam failure, one or more sets of RS in which beam failure is detected (e.g., first, second, or both), and a newly selected beam from among the detected sets of RS. In one example, the UE can explicitly indicate the Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 72 / 122 64 / 94 sets of detected RSs (e.g., via MAC CE). For example, 0 might indicate beam fault detection from a first set of RSs (e.g., transmit RSs), 1 might indicate beam fault detection from a second set of RSs (e.g., estimate RSs), and 2 might indicate beam fault detection from both sets (e.g., transmit and estimate RSs). In another example, the UE might implicitly indicate the sets of detected RSs (e.g., via PUCCH and / or PRACH). For example, the UE might transmit one or more channels and UL signals in a first UL resource and / or a first UL sequence if beam fault is detected from a first set (e.g., transmit RSs). The UE might transmit one or more channels and UL signals in a second UL resource and / or a second UL sequence for a second set (e.g., estimate RSs).The UE can transmit one or more UL channels in either the first UL feature and / or sequence or the second UL feature and / or sequence if beam failure is detected from both sets.

[0223] The UE can monitor the PDCCH in the first CORESET / search space if the beam failure recovery request is associated with the first set of BFD RSs, if the beam failure recovery request is associated with the second set of BFD RSs, or if the beam failure recovery request is associated with both sets of BFD RSs. Joint BFR based on the implicit configuration of estimation beams and measurement beams.

[0224] A UE can monitor beam fault detection RS sets on active BWPs. The UE can additionally estimate beam and / or radio link quality and report out-of-sync and / or in-sync status. In one example, a UE can measure radio link quality (L1-RSRP) for SSB(s) and / or CSI-RS(s) on a corresponding beam fault detection RS set. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 73 / 122 65 / 94 The UE can then compare the measurement with the respective thresholds to determine, indicate, or detect whether a beam failure instance (BFI) has occurred.

[0225] The UE can indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more beam fault detection (BFD) counters. Thus, the UE can detect beam faults by counting BFI indications. The UE can indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more of the following parameters: BFI_Counter (used to count the number of BFIs, which is initially set to 0 and incremented with each BFI detection), BFI_Max_Count (a maximum value for BFI_Counter, which can trigger beam fault detection), and BFD_Timer (a timer that starts with the first BFI detection). If the timer expires before BFI_Counter reaches BFI_Max_Count, the beam fault detection procedure will be interrupted. These parameters are a non-limiting example of the parameters that can be used in beam fault detection.

[0226] In one example, if BFI has occurred, the UE starts, restarts, or leaves a BFD_Timer running and adds BFI_Counter to 1. If BFI_Counter reaches BFI_Max_Count, the UE may trigger a BFD event and initiate a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure.

[0227] A UE can determine, indicate, or trigger a beam fault recovery based on the beam fault detection event. The UE can indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more of the following: BFR_Timer (a timer initiated with a beam fault recovery procedure), RSRP_Threshold (threshold for RSRP used in beam fault recovery), candidateBeamRSList (a list of candidate beam reference signal indices to be monitored, measured, and selected during beam fault recovery), Power Ramp (parameters including, for example, power ramp step and received preamble target power), and Random Access Data (PRACH parameters including, for example, preamble index, SSB on occasion). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 74 / 122 66 / 94 of RACH, random access response window, PRACH configuration index, random access occasions, and SSB association mask index). These parameters above are a non-limiting example of the parameters that can be included in beam fault detection.

[0228] The UE can use, receive, and / or be configured with one or more sets of reference signals per BWP to monitor, measure, and select as resources for beam fault recovery. For example, the term q1 can be used for the beam fault recovery set. In another example, the terms q1,0 or q1,1 can be used as beam fault recovery sets. The beam fault recovery sets (e.g., set q1, q1,0, or q1,1) can include one or more reference signals, and the reference signals can be CSI-RS feature configuration indices, SS / PBCH (SSB) block indices, and so on. In one example, the reference signals included in the beam fault recovery RS sets can be based on candidateBeamRSList, which is configured as part of the BFR procedure.

[0229] An UE can initiate beam failure recovery based on a random access procedure. In one example, the UE can configure the random access parameters, start the BFR_Timer, and apply the power increase parameters. The UE can monitor and measure one or more reference signals from the candidateBeamRSList. The UE can determine if at least one of the SSBs has SS-RSRP above the respective RSRP_Threshold among the SSBs in the candidateBeamRSList, or if at least one of the CSI-RSs has CSI-RSRP above the respective RSRP_Threshold among the CSI-RSs in the candidateBeamRSList. The UE can then select the respective reference signal as the new candidate beam (NCB) and / or random access resource for the BFR procedure. For example, the term q_new can be used to present the newly selected beam and / or random access resource. The UE can perform the PRACH transmission on the respective Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 75 / 122 67 / 94 random access resources and according to the spatial relationship with the periodic configuration of the CSI-RS resource or with the associated SS / PBCH block and / or QCL with the q_new index.

[0230] The PRACH preamble transmission can be based on a contention-free PRACH transmission, provided the UE is supplied and / or configured with a preamble (e.g., index) for the PRACH transmission. For example, the UE can use a preamble and / or feature configured for the PRACH transmission (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE, and DCI). Based on the PRACH transmission, the UE can receive a PDSCH (e.g., Msg1) for random access response. The PRACH preamble transmission can be based on a contention-based PRACH transmission, in which the UE selects a PRACH preamble (e.g., random) (e.g., index) from a set of available preambles (e.g., indices) for the PRACH transmission. For example, the UE can randomly select a PRACH preamble and / or resource from a configured set of PRACH preambles / resources and transmit PRACH in the selected PRACH preamble / resource (e.g., Msg1).Based on the transmitted PRACH, the UE may receive a PDCCH (e.g., scheduling a PDSCH for random access response) and a PDSCH (e.g., a random access response) (e.g., within a random access response window). The random access response may contain one or more RA preamble identifiers, time alignment information, initial uplink grant, and temporary C-RNTI. A PDSCH may carry RA responses to multiple UEs. If the UE receives the random access response containing a random access preamble identifier equal to the identifier contained in the transmitted RA preamble, the UE may transmit uplink scheduling information (e.g., Msg3). If the UE does not receive a response within the random access response window or does not check the response, the UE may... Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 76 / 122 68 / 94 determines that the previous attempt failed. In this case, if the number of random access attempts (e.g., PRACH transmission) is less than a threshold value (e.g., 10), the UE may transmit another PRACH. If the number of random access attempts is greater than (or equal to) the threshold, random access may fail. If the UE receives a PDCCH (e.g., Msg4) with C-RNTI or a contention resolution identity from the UE IE before the expiration of a contention resolution timer (e.g., 4 ms), the UE may determine that the random access procedure was successful and apply the received C-RNTI to future operations. If the contention resolution timer expires before receiving the PDCCH, the UE may perform the random access procedure again.If the number of attempts at the random access procedure is equal to (or greater than) a threshold (for example, 10), the UE may assume that the random access procedure has failed.

[0231] An UE can determine, identify, or be configured with one or more CORESETs corresponding to the random access procedure for the respective beam fault recovery. In one example, the UE can monitor the PDCCH in a set of search spaces for detection of a DCI format with the respective CRC scrambled with a Radio Network Identifier (e.g., C-RNTI or MCS-C-RNTI). The UE can determine the same antenna port quasi-placement parameters as those associated with the q_new index to monitor the PDCCH in a set of search spaces and receive the corresponding PDSCH.

[0232] If the BFR_Timer has expired and the beam fault recovery procedure has not been successfully completed, the UE may trigger a link fault detection and proceed with the link fault recovery (LFR) procedures.

[0233] Referring to Figure 5, in one embodiment, a UE dynamically determines a type of quality parameter for beam fault detection. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 77 / 122 69 / 94 for estimation beams (e.g., if PDCCH / PDSCH are measured, use DMRS and hypothetical PDCCH BLER; otherwise, use beam prediction and predicted RSRP). The UE determines a new, better beam and applies a different PRACH transmission (e.g., contention-free for transmission beams and contention-based for estimation beams) for a new beam indication.

[0234] In step S502, the UE receives configuration information indicating one or more CORESETs associated with one or more TCI states, one or more NCB RSs, a first threshold, a second threshold, a third threshold, a first time window, a contention-free PRACH resource, and a contention-based PRACH resource. Each RS can be a first type RS (e.g., transmission beams) or a second type RS (e.g., estimation beams).

[0235] In step S504, the UE determines one or more BFD RSs and BFD RS types, based on the RSs configured in one or more TCI states.

[0236] In step S506, the UE determines a beam failure instance if all one or more BFD RSs fail. For the first type of RS, the UE determines a beam failure of an RS if the measured quality (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is less than the first threshold. For the second type of RS, if one or more PDCCHs / PDSCHs (e.g., in / by one or more CORESETs associated with the RS) are transmitted within a first time window, the UE determines a beam failure of the RS if the measured quality (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the DMRS of one or more PDCCHs / PDSCHs is less than the second threshold. For the third type of RS, if no PDCCH / PDSCH is transmitted within a first time window, the UE determines a beam failure of the RS if the predicted quality (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the RS is less than a second threshold.

[0237] If the number of beam failure instances in the first time window is greater than the third threshold, in step S508, the UE starts recovery. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 78 / 122 70 / 94 beam failure and determines an RS (e.g., a best RS) of one or more NCB RSs based on the measured / predicted quality (e.g., RSRP) of one or more NCB RSs.

[0238] In step S510, the UE transmits a PRACH on a PRACH resource associated with the best determined RS. If the UE determines that the RS is of the first type of RS, the UE transmits a PRACH on the contention-free PRACH resource. If the UE determines that the RS is of the second type of RS, the UE transmits a PRACH on the contention-based PRACH resource.

[0239] In step S512, the UE monitors a PDCCH via a CORESET of one or more CORESETs.

[0240] The UE can receive configuration information and be configured appropriately for beam failure recovery.

[0241] The UE can be configured with one or more beam fault detection (BFD) RSs (e.g., q0). Each BFD RS can be a transmit RS or an estimate RS. The configuration of the BFD RSs can be based on the explicit configuration of a gNB. The configuration of the BFD RSs can be based on the implicit configuration. For example, if the UE does not receive the explicit configuration of the BFD RSs, the UE can determine one or more BFD RSs based on one or more RSs with Type D QCL in TCI states configured for PDCCH reception (e.g., in configured CORESETs / SearchSpaces).

[0242] The UE can be configured with one or more counters and one or more maximum numbers for one or more counters, for example, BFD counters and thresholds for the BFD counters, beam reporting counters and thresholds for the beam reporting counters, and preamble power increase counter and thresholds for the preamble power increase counter.

[0243] The UE can be configured with one or more timers, for example, BFI timers, BFD timers and BFR timers. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 79 / 122 71 / 94

[0244] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of candidate new beam (NCB) RSs (e.g., q1). The configuration of BFD RSs can be based on the explicit configuration of a gNB. Each BFD RS can be a transmit RS or an estimate RS. Each NCB RS can be associated with one or more uplink features (e.g., PRACH (feature and / or sequence), PUCCH, PUSCH, and / or SRS).

[0245] The UE can be configured with one or more uplink resources (S) for new candidate beam indication, where S is one or more uplink resources to indicate new candidate beam(s). Each uplink resource can be associated with each NCB-RS.

[0246] The UE can be configured with CORESETs and / or search spaces (C) to receive one or more BFR confirmation random access responses, where Cj is a set of search spaces to receive BFR random access responses.

[0247] The UE can receive configuration information for one or more CORESETs associated with one or more TCI states for beam fault detection. In one example, the UE can be configured and / or supplied with one or more beam fault detection RS sets for a BWP. The beam fault detection RS sets for a BWP can be based on the reference signal resource settings that the UE uses to monitor PDCCH in the respective CORESETs, as indicated by the TCI states.

[0248] The UE can be configured with BFD reference signals that are of a first type, a second type, and so on. In one example, the first type for the BFD reference signals might indicate that the reference signals are based on beams being transmitted; the second type for the BFD reference signals might indicate that the reference signals are based on estimation beams. The UE can determine one or more BFD RSs and BFD RS types, based Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 80 / 122 72 / 94 in RSs configured in one or more TCI states.

[0249] The UE can receive and / or be configured using one or more candidate new beam (NCB) reference signals (e.g., to be used during beam failure recovery procedure). The UE can be configured with NCB reference signals that are of a first type, a second type, and so on. In one example, the first type for NCB reference signals may indicate that the reference signals are based on beams that are being transmitted; the second type for NCB reference signals may indicate that the reference signals are based on estimation beams.

[0250] UE can be received or configured with a first threshold, a second threshold, a third threshold, a first time window, a contention-free PRACH resource, and a contention-based PRACH resource.

[0251] The UE can determine and / or indicate a beam failure instance (BFI) if one or more BFD reference signals have failed. The UE can determine different types for an RS BFD failure.

[0252] Type 1. In the case of RS BFD of the first type, the UE determines RS failure if one or more measured parameters (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) of the respective RS BFD is less than the first limit.

[0253] Type 2. In the case of RS BFD of the second type, the UE may receive one or more PDCCHs and / or PDSCHs (e.g., in and / or by one or more CORESETs associated with the RS) transmitted within the first time window. Thus, the UE may measure one or more parameters (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER) based on the received PDCCHs and / or PDSCHs (e.g., based on DMRS). The UE may determine the failure of the RS BFD if one or more of the measured parameters from one or more PDCCHs and / or PDSCHs is less than the second threshold.

[0254] Type 3. In the case of RS BFD of the second type, the UE may monitor the receipt of one or more PDCCHs and / or PDSCHs (e.g., in and / or by one or Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 81 / 122 73 / 94 plus CORESETs associated with RS). If the UE does not receive any PDCCH and / or PDSCH within the first time window, the UE may determine, calculate and / or predict one or more parameters (e.g., hypothetical PDCCH BLER). The UE may determine RS BFD failure if one or more of the predicted parameters is below the second threshold.

[0255] The UE can start a counter to count the number of beam failure instances within the first time window. If the number of beam failure instances within the first time window exceeds the third threshold, the UE can start a beam failure recovery procedure. The UE can monitor, detect, and / or measure one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP) for the determined and / or configured NCB reference signals of the first type. Alternatively, the UE can calculate, estimate, and / or predict one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP) for the determined and / or configured NCB reference signals of the second type. The UE can determine a better reference signal based on one or more measured and / or predicted parameters (e.g., RSRP) from one or more NCB reference signals.

[0256] The UE may determine to initiate an initial access procedure (e.g., transmitting a PRACH preamble) on PRACH time and / or frequency resources associated with one or more determined reference signals (e.g., best reference signals). The UE may perform the PRACH transmission on respective random access resources and according to spatial relationship (e.g., QCL-ed) with the best determined reference signal. The UE may determine to use a first type of PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resources (e.g., contention-free PRACH procedure) if one or more determined reference signals are of the first type RS. The UE may determine to use a second type of PRACH preamble and / or PRACH resources (e.g., contention-based PRACH procedure) if one or more reference signals Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 82 / 122 74 / 94 determined are of the second type RS.

[0257] After the transmission of the PRACH preamble, the UE can monitor and attempt to detect the Random Access Response (RAR) message (e.g., DCI with CRC scrambled with RA-RNTI) within the period of a RAR window or threshold. In one example, if the UE decides to use the 4-step Random Access (RA) procedure, the UE can transmit a configured, selected, and / or determined PRACH preamble to the cell. After sending the PRACH preamble, the UE can monitor a DL message (e.g., PDCCH) (e.g., indicating a RAR message) that can provide a UL grant. Thus, the UE can send a UL message or indication (e.g., in a PUSCH) based on the UL grant. In another example, if the UE decides to use 2-step RA, the UE can transmit a message, for example, MsgA, which may include a configured, selected and / or determined PRACH preamble, and a PUSCH carrying a message to the cell.After MsgA is sent, the UE can monitor a DL message (e.g., PDCCH) (e.g., indicating a MsgB) which may include (e.g., at least) a RAR and may include contention resolution information.

[0258] As can be seen, a Wireless Transfer / Reception Unit, WTRU, can determine at least one beam failure, wherein the beam failure is determined based on a measured value for a first beam type and at least one measured value and one estimated value for a second beam type, by determining a number of beam failures: determine, based on a parameter, a determined candidate beam among a plurality of candidate beams, wherein the parameter is based on a measured parameter for a candidate beam of the first type and the parameter is predicted for a candidate beam of the second type, transmit, using a feature associated with the determined candidate beam, a message and monitor, using a set of features or signal based on the beam type. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 83 / 122 75 / 94 determined candidate, for an answer. Enabling / disabling dynamic BFR mode

[0259] Referring to Figure 6, in one embodiment, a UE determines a mode of operation for BFR (e.g., BFR based only on transmission beams or on joint BFR based on transmission beams and estimation beams) based on a forecast quality (e.g., RSRP difference or beam forecast accuracy).

[0260] In step S602, the UE receives configuration information indicating one or more beam fault detection (BFD) RSs, one or more new beam candidate (NCB) RSs, a first limit, a second limit, a third limit, a fourth limit, a fifth limit, a sixth limit, a PRACH feature, a first PRACH sequence, a second PRACH sequence, a first CORESET, and a second CORESET. Each RS can be of a first RS type (e.g., transmission beams) or a second RS type (e.g., estimation beams).

[0261] In step S604, the UE determines a forecast quality based on one or more BFD RSs and one or more NCB RSs. The forecast quality can be determined as the difference between the predicted RSRP values ​​and the measured RSRP values ​​(e.g., based on the PDCCH / PDSCH DMRS), or as the forecast accuracy of the beam (e.g., best predicted beam vs. best actual beam).

[0262] In step S606, the UE determines a BFR mode based on forecast quality and a first threshold. In a first example, if the forecast quality is below the first threshold, the UE determines a first BFR mode (e.g., using only the first type of RS for BFD and NCB (e.g., disabling one or more RSs with the second type)). In a second example, if the forecast quality is above the first threshold, the UE determines a second Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 84 / 122 76 / 94 BFR mode (e.g., using both the first type of RS and the second type of RS for BFD and NCB (e.g., activates all RSs configured for BFD and NCB)).

[0263] In step S608, the UE determines a set of Beam Fault Detection / Recovery parameters based on the quality of the prediction. In a first example, the UE determines the use of one of the second or third thresholds, based on the quality of the prediction, for the detection of second-type RS BFD faults. In a second example, the UE determines the use of one of the fourth or fifth thresholds, based on the quality of the prediction, for the detection of beam faults.

[0264] In step S610, the UE determines a beam failure instance if all one or more activated BFD RSs fail. For the first type of RS, the UE can determine beam failure for an RS if the measured quality of the RS is less than the sixth threshold. For the second type of RS, the UE can determine beam failure for an RS if the measured quality of the RS is less than the second and third thresholds (determined by the UE).

[0265] In step S612, the UE detects beam failure based on the number of beam failure instances and the threshold determined by the UE. For example, if the number of beam failure instances within a time window is greater than one of the fourth or fifth thresholds (determined by the UE), the UE initiates beam failure recovery and determines an RS from the activated NCB RSs based on the measured qualities of the activated NCB RSs.

[0266] In step S614, the UE transmits a PRACH on the PRACH resource based on the determined BFR mode. If the UE determined the first BFR mode, the UE transmits the PRACH with the first PRACH sequence. If the UE determined the second BFR mode, the UE transmits the PRACH with the second PRACH sequence.

[0267] In step S616, the UE monitors PDCCH based on BFR mode. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 85 / 122 77 / 94 determined. If the UE has determined the first BFR mode, the UE monitors the PDCCH in the first CORESET. If the UE has determined the second BFR mode, the UE monitors the PDCCH in the second CORESET.

[0268] A UE equipped with AI / ML capabilities for beam management (e.g., beam selection, beam failure detection (BFD), monitoring of new candidate beam RSs (NCBs), etc.) can support different operating modes for beam failure recovery (BFR). The BFR procedure for a UE can be associated with multiple steps, including BFD, monitoring of NCBs, indication of BF and the selected NCB beam, receiving confirmation for the selected NCB from the gNB, and so on. For example, in a first operating mode, the UE can perform BFR only based on transmission beams (beams transmitted by the gNB). In a second operating mode, the UE can perform BFR based on both transmission beams and estimation beams (beams predicted by the AI / ML model).

[0269] An UE can be indicated or configured with an operating mode for a BFR by the gNB via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication. Alternatively, the UE can select an operating mode for a BFR and select BFR-related procedures and parameters using one or more of the following methods.

[0270] The UE may receive configuration information (e.g., via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication) from one or more BFD RSs, one or more candidate new beam RSs (NCB), a first threshold, a second threshold, a third threshold, a fourth threshold, a first threshold, a sixth threshold, a seventh threshold, an eighth threshold, a PRACH feature, a first PRACH sequence, a second PRACH sequence, a first CORESET, a second CORESET from the gNB. The BFD and NCB RSs configured by the UE from the gNB may be of a first RS type (e.g., transmission beam or transmission RS). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, page 86 / 122 78 / 94 or a second type of RS (e.g., estimation beam or estimation RS).

[0271] The UE can be configured in different ways for beam fault recovery:

[0272] The UE can be configured with one or more beam fault detection (BFD) RSs (e.g., q0). Each BFD RS can be a transmit RS or an estimate RS. The configuration of the BFD RSs can be based on the explicit configuration of a gNB. The configuration of the BFD RSs can be based on the implicit configuration. For example, if the UE does not receive the explicit configuration of the BFD RSs, the UE can determine one or more BFD RSs based on one or more RSs with Type-D QCL in TCI states configured for PDCCH reception (e.g., in configured CORESETs / SearchSpaces).

[0273] The UE can be configured with one or more counters and one or more maximum numbers for one or more counters, for example, BFD counters and thresholds for the BFD counters, beam reporting counters and thresholds for the beam reporting counters, and a preamble power ramp counter and thresholds for the preamble power ramp counter.

[0274] If a set of counters (for example, one or more BFD counters, beam reporting counters, and preamble power ramp counters) and thresholds are configured, the set of counters and thresholds can be used for both estimation beams and transmission beams. If multiple sets of counters (for example, one or more BFD counters, beam reporting counters, and preamble power ramp counters) and thresholds are configured, a first set of counters and thresholds can be for transmission beams and a second set of counters and thresholds can be for estimation beams. The number of counters configured and the number of thresholds configured for each set can be the same.

[0275] The UE can be configured with one or more timers, by Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 87 / 122 79 / 94 example, BFI timers, BFD timers and BFR timers.

[0276] If a set of timers (for example, one or more BFI timers, BFD timers, and BFR timers) is configured, the set of timers can be used for both transmission beams and estimation beams. If multiple sets of timers are configured, a first set of timers can be used for transmission beams and a second set of timers can be used for estimation beams.

[0277] The UE can be configured with one or more sets of candidate new beam (NCB) RSs (e.g. q1). The configuration of BFD RSs can be based on the explicit configuration of a gNB. Each BFD RS can be a transmit RS or an estimate RS. Each NCB RS can be associated with one or more uplink features (e.g., PRACH (feature and / or sequence), PUCCH, PUSCH and / or SRS).

[0278] The UE can be configured with one or more uplink resources (S) for new candidate beam indication, where S is one or more uplink resources to indicate new candidate beam. Each uplink resource can be associated with each NCB-RS. Each uplink resource can be associated with one NCB-RS type. For example, a first uplink resource can be associated with transmit beams and a second uplink resource can be associated with estimate beams.

[0279] The UE can be configured with CORESETs and / or search spaces (C) to receive one or more BFR confirmation random access responses, where C / is a set of search spaces to receive BFR random access responses. Each CORESET / search space can be associated with a type of NCB-RS. For example, a first CORESET / search space can be associated with transmission beams and a second CORESET / search space can Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 88 / 122 80 / 94 to be associated with estimation beams.

[0280] The UE can determine the quality of AI / ML-based beam estimates (quality of predictions) using one or more BFD RSs and / or one or more NCB RSs. To do so, the UE can determine the quality of the predictions. For example, the UE can determine the difference between the predicted RSRP value and the measured RSRP values ​​of one or more RSs. For example, the UE can estimate the RSRP of a predicted RS or of a beam by measuring the RSRP of an associated DMRS (e.g., a DMRS of a PDCCH or PDSCH having the same beam (e.g., QCL type D) as the predicted RS). In a second example, the UE can determine the quality of beam predictions by comparing the success (or failure) of the AI / ML model in classifying beams based on beam quality (e.g., best k predicted beams vs. best k measured beams).

[0281] The UE can determine an operating mode for BFR based on the quality of the AI / ML model predictions and the first threshold. For example, if the beam prediction quality is below the first threshold, the UE can determine a first operating mode for BFR (e.g., using only one or more RSs with the first RS type (e.g., for BFD RSs and / or as NCB RSs)). To this end, the UE can disable or invalidate one or more RSs with the second RS type (e.g., BFD RSs and / or NCB RSs) if the beam prediction quality is below the first threshold. If the beam prediction quality is above or equal to the first threshold, the UE can determine a second operating mode for BFR (e.g., using both the first RS type and the second RS type for BFD and / or as NCB). To this end, the UE can enable or validate all RSs configured for BFD and / or as NCB if the beam prediction quality is above the first threshold.

[0282] The UE may determine one or more parameters associated with BFR based on the quality of beam predictions. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p. 89 / 122 81 / 94

[0283] A first parameter is the beam quality threshold (e.g., hypothetical BLER) for the RS BFD to determine a beam failure instance (BFI). For example, the UE can determine the beam quality threshold for the RS BFDs to determine a BFI based on the quality of the beam predictions. In an example configuration, the UE can determine the use of the second threshold as the quality threshold (e.g., hypothetical BLER of the PDCCH) for BFI determination if the beam prediction quality is below a threshold pre-configured by the gNB (e.g., pre-configured via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication). The UE can determine the use of the third threshold as the quality threshold (e.g., hypothetical BLER) for BFI determination if the beam prediction quality is greater than or equal to the threshold pre-configured by the gNB.

[0284] A second parameter is the threshold associated with beam failure determination. For example, the UE can determine the number of detected BFIs (e.g., beamFailureInstanceMaxCount) required within a configured time window (e.g., beamFailureDetectionTimer) to declare a beam failure based on the quality of beam predictions. In an example configuration, the UE can select a fourth threshold as beamFailureInstanceMaxCount if the quality of beam predictions is lower than a threshold pre-configured by gNB (e.g., via RRC configuration and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication). The UE can select a fifth threshold as beamFailureInstanceMaxCount if the quality of beam predictions is greater than or equal to the threshold pre-configured by gNB.

[0285] A third parameter is the quality of the threshold (e.g., RSRP threshold) for an NCB to be considered a potential new beam (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB). For example, the UE may determine the use of the sixth threshold as rsrp-ThresholdSSB if the quality of the beam predictions is lower than a threshold pre-configured by gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 90 / 122 82 / 94 and / or DCI indication). The UE may determine the use of the seventh threshold as the rsrp-ThresholdSSB if the beam prediction quality is greater than or equal to the threshold pre-configured by gNB. The UE may determine the rsrp-ThresholdSSB for an NCB to be considered a potential new beam based on beam prediction quality only for the second RS-type NCB or for all NCBs.

[0286] A fourth parameter is the maximum values ​​associated with one or more timers related to BFR. For example, the UE can select the first maximum value for a timer if the quality of beam predictions is below a threshold pre-configured by gNB (e.g., via RRC configuration and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication). The UE can select a second maximum value for a timer if the quality of beam predictions is greater than or equal to the threshold pre-configured by gNB. The first and second maximum values ​​in the timers can be configured by gNB via RRC signaling and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication. The timers can include BeamFailureRecoveryTimer, the timer associated with CFRA for BFR. After the BeamFailureRecoveryTimer expires, the UE does not use CFRA for BFR. The timers can also include BeamFailureDetectionTimer, the timer associated with the beam failure instance counter.After the BeamFailureDetectionTimer expires, the beam failure instance counter is reset to zero.

[0287] A fifth parameter is the step size associated with the preamble transmission power ramping procedure (e.g., powerRampingStep) and the maximum powers associated with the preamble transmission (e.g., preambleTransMax), indicating a newly selected beam (e.g., CFRA to BFR preamble transmission). For example, the UE may use a first step size for powerRampingStep if the beam prediction quality is below a threshold pre-configured by gNB (e.g., via RRC configuration and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication). The UE may Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 91 / 122 83 / 94 Select a second step size for powerRampingStep if the beam prediction quality is greater than or equal to the threshold pre-configured by gNB. The first and second step sizes for powerRampingStep can be configured by gNB via RRC configuration and / or MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication.

[0288] The UE can determine beam failure instances when one or more activated BFD RSs fail. To determine the failure of a BFD RS, the UE can compare the quality of each beam (e.g., RSRP, hypothetical BLER) with different thresholds determined based on the RS type. For example, the UE can determine a beam failure for a first RS type BFD RS if the measured RS quality (e.g., RSRP, hypothetical BLER) is less than the eighth threshold. The UE can determine beam failure for a second RS type BFD RS if the estimated RS quality is less than the second or third threshold. The UE can determine the second or third threshold to be used to determine beam failure for the second RS type BFD RS based on the quality of the beam predictions.

[0289] The UE can determine beam failure for the UE based on the number of BFIs it detects and the thresholds determined by the UE. If the number of BFIs within a time window is greater than or equal to the fourth or fifth threshold determined by the UE, the UE can initiate the BFR procedure and determine a new beam (e.g., NCB with the highest RSRP) from the activated NCB RSs, based on the measured or predicted beam qualities (e.g., RSRP) of the activated NCB RSs. The UE can select the fourth or sixth threshold to determine beam failure based on the quality of the beam predictions.

[0290] The UE may transmit one or more UL channels and signals (e.g., PRACH, MAC CE, PUCCH, PUSCH, and SRS) (e.g., a PRACH in the PRACH feature in a CFRA procedure for beam failure indication and re-beam indication) based on the determined BFR mode. For example, if the UE determines the Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 92-122 In the first BFR mode (84 / 94), the UE can transmit one or more UL channels and signals with the first UL sequence and / or the PRACH UL feature. If the UE determines the second BFR mode, the UE can transmit one or more UL channels and signals with the second UL sequence and / or the second UL feature.

[0291] The UE can monitor the PDCCH associated with the BFR (e.g., the PDCCH confirms the beam failure indication and / or confirmation of the new beam selected and indicated by the UE) based on the determined BFR mode. For example, if the UE determines the first BFR mode, the UE can monitor the PDCCH in the first CORESET / search space. If the UE determines the second BFR mode, the UE can monitor the PDCCH in the second CORESET / search space.

[0292] As can be seen, a Wireless Transfer / Reception Unit, WTRU, can determine a prediction quality related to at least one reference signal, determine a beam fault recovery mode based on the prediction quality, determine a set of beam fault recovery parameters based on the prediction quality, determine at least one beam fault and, by determining a number of beam faults, determine, based on measurements on the reference signals, a determined reference signal for a candidate beam among at least one reference signal for candidate beams, wherein the parameter is based on a parameter measured for a reference signal of the first type and the parameter is predicted for a reference signal of the second type, transmit a message based on the beam fault recovery mode and monitor, using a set of features or signal based on the type of reference signal determined,for an answer. Conclusion

[0293] Although the resources and elements are provided above in specific combinations, a practitioner with average knowledge of the technique will understand that each resource or element can be used alone or in any Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 93 / 122 85 / 94 combination with other resources and elements. This disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended to illustrate various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will become evident to those skilled in the art. No element, act or instruction used in the description of this application should be interpreted as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatus within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated in the present invention, will become evident to those skilled in the art from the preceding descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fit within the scope of the appended claims. This disclosure is limited only to the terms of the appended claims, together with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.It should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to specific methods or systems.

[0294] The aforementioned modalities are discussed, for simplicity, in relation to the terminology and structure of devices with infrared capability, i.e., infrared emitters and receivers. However, the modalities discussed are not limited to these systems, but can be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves, such as acoustic waves.

[0295] It should also be understood that the terminology used in the present invention is intended only to describe specific embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the present invention, the term “video” or the term “image” may mean any of a snapshot, a single image and / or multiple images displayed over time. As another example, when mentioned in the present invention, the terms “user equipment” and its abbreviation “UE”, the term “remote” and / or the terms “head-mounted display” or its Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 94 / 122 86 / 94 abbreviation “HMD” may mean or include (i) a wireless transmitting and / or receiving unit (WTRU); (ii) any of the various embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a device capable of wireless and / or wired communication (e.g., pluggable) configured with, inter alia, some or all of the features and functionalities of a WTRU; (iv) a device capable of wireless and / or wired communication configured with less than all of the features and functionalities of a WTRU; or (v) the like. Details of an exemplary WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU mentioned in the present invention, are provided in the present invention with reference to Figures 1A-1D. As another example, several embodiments disclosed in the present invention above and below are described as using a head-mounted display.Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than a head-mounted display may be used, and some or all of the descriptions and various modalities disclosed may be appropriately modified without undue experimentation. Examples of such other devices may include a drone or other device configured to transmit information to provide the adapted reality experience.

[0296] Furthermore, the methods provided in the present invention can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted by wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and versatile disks. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 95 / 122 87 / 94 digital discs (DVDs). A processor in conjunction with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0297] Variations of the method, apparatus, and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Given the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the embodiments illustrated are merely examples and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the following claims. For example, embodiments presented in the present invention include portable devices, which may include or be used with any appropriate voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any appropriate voltage.

[0298] In addition, in the modalities presented above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are mentioned. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit (“CPU”) and memory. According to the practices of people versed in the art of computer programming, reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by the various CPUs and memories. Such acts and operations or instructions may be referred to as “executed”, “computer-executed”, or “CPU-executed”.

[0299] An expert in the technique will understand that the acts and operations or instructions symbolically represented include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits in memory locations in a memory system to thus reconfigure or otherwise alter the operation of the CPU, as well as other signal processing. The memory locations where the data bits are held are physical locations. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 96 / 122 88 / 94 that possess specific electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the modalities are not limited to the platforms or CPUs mentioned above and that other platforms and CPUs may support the methods provided.

[0300] Data bits can also be held on a computer-readable medium, including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. Computer-readable media may include cooperative or interconnected computer-readable media, which exist exclusively within the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local to or remote from the processing system. It should be understood that the modalities are not limited to the memories mentioned above and that other platforms and memories may support the methods provided.

[0301] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described in the present invention can be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions can be executed by a processor in a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0302] There is little distinction between hardware and software implementations of system aspects. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, since in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice that represents trade-offs between cost and efficiency. There may be several vehicles by which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described in the present invention may be affected (e.g., hardware, software and / or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary from Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 97 / 122 89 / 94 according to the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a vehicle that is predominantly hardware and / or firmware based. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a predominantly software-based implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0303] The preceding detailed description has presented various embodiments of the devices and / or processes through the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. To the extent that such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those in the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and / or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, various parts of the subject matter described in the present invention can be implemented by means of Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats.However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed in the present invention, in whole or in part, can be implemented equivalently in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (for example, as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (for example, as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuit assembly and / or writing the code for the software and / or firmware would be... Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 98 / 122 90 / 94 within the competence of a person skilled in the art, in light of this disclosure. Furthermore, people skilled in the art will recognize that the mechanisms of the subject described in the present invention can be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject described in the present invention applies regardless of the specific type of signal carrier medium used to effectively perform the distribution. Examples of a signal carrier medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium, such as a digital and / or analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communication link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0304] Skilled artisans will recognize that it is common in the art to describe devices and / or processes in the manner set forth in the present invention and subsequently to use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described in the present invention can be integrated into a data processing system through a reasonable amount of experimentation.Those skilled in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more components: a housing for the system unit, a video display device, memory, such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors, such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities, such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces and application programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch-sensitive keyboard or touch-sensitive screen, and / or control systems, including feedback circuits and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing). Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 99 / 122 91 / 94 position and / or speed, control motors for movement and / or adjustment of components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system can be implemented using any suitable commercially available components, such as those normally found in data computing / communication systems and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0305] The subject described in the present invention sometimes illustrates different components included in or connected with different other components. It should be understood that such represented architectures are merely examples and that, in fact, many other architectures can be implemented to achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” so that the desired functionality can be achieved. Therefore, any two components combined in the present invention to achieve a specific functionality can be seen as “associated” with each other so that the desired functionality is achieved, regardless of architectures or intermediate components.Similarly, any two components thus associated can also be seen as “operationally connected” or “operationally coupled” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being thus associated can also be seen as “operationally coupleable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably coupleable components include, among others, physically coupleable and / or physically interactive components and / or wireless interactive components and / or logically interactive components.

[0306] With regard to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms in the present invention, those skilled in the art may translate from plural to singular and / or from singular to plural, as appropriate. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 100 / 122 92 / 94 to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth in the present invention for the sake of clarity.

[0307] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in general, the terms used in the present invention, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims), are generally conceived as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including, but not limited to”, the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least”, the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes, but is not limited to”, etc.). Those skilled in the art will further understand that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such intention will be explicitly recited in the claim and, in the absence of such recitation, such intention will not be present. For example, when only one item is intended, the term “single” or similar language may be used.To aid understanding, the following appended claims and / or descriptions contained in this invention may include the use of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be interpreted as implying that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any specific claim, including such introduced claim recitation, to embodiments that include only one of these recitations, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (for example, “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted as meaning “at least one” or “one or more”). The same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.Furthermore, even if a specific number from an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, experts in the technique will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted as meaning at least the recited number (e.g., the mere... Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 101 / 122 93 / 94 recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in cases where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, such a construction is generally understood in the sense that a specialist in the technique would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include, but not be limited to, systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). In cases where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” In general, this construction is understood in the sense that a specialist in the technique would understand the convention (for example, "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include, but not be limited to, systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.).It will be further understood by those familiar with the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood as encompassing the possibilities of including one of the terms, any of the terms, or both. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood as including the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B”. Furthermore, the terms “any of” followed by a listing of a plurality of items and / or a plurality of item categories, as used in the present invention, are intended to include “any of”, “any combination of”, “any multiple of”, and / or “any combination of multiples of” the items and / or item categories, individually or in conjunction with other items and / or other item categories.Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used in the present invention, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term "multiple," as used in the present invention, is intended to be synonymous with "a plurality." Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 102 / 122 94 / 94

[0308] Furthermore, when features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0309] As will be understood by a person skilled in the art, for all and any purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed in the present invention also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges. Any listed range can be readily recognized as sufficiently descriptive and allowing the same range to be decomposed into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed in the present invention can be readily decomposed into a lower third, a middle third, and an upper third, etc. As will also be understood by a person skilled in the art, all language such as “up to”, “at least”, “greater than”, “less than” and the like includes the aforementioned number and refers to ranges that can be subsequently decomposed into subranges, as discussed above.Finally, as will be understood by a specialist in the technique, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group with 1 to 3 cells refers to groups with 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group with 1 to 5 cells refers to groups with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so on.

[0310] Furthermore, claims should not be construed as limited to the order or elements provided, unless otherwise indicated. Additionally, the use of the terms “means to” in any claim is intended to invoke 35 USC §112, ^ 6 or the means plus function claim format, and any claim without the terms “means to” is not intended to do so. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pages 103 / 122

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. Method in a Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit, WTRU, the method CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: determining a value for at least one beam, wherein the determination comprises, for a beam of a first type measurable by the WTRU, measuring the at least one beam to obtain a measured value and, for a beam of a second type, estimated but not measured by the WTRU, estimating at least one characteristic of the at least one beam to obtain a predicted value; determining beam failure for the at least one beam, wherein beam failure is determined, respectively, based on the measured value for beams of the first type and on a predicted value for beams of the second type;and when determining a number of beam failures: determine, based on respective parameters for a plurality of candidate beams, a determined candidate beam among the plurality of candidate beams, wherein the respective parameter is based on a measured parameter for a candidate beam of the first type and wherein the respective parameter is based on a predicted value for a candidate beam of the second type.

2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises, when determining the number of beam failures: transmitting a message, wherein the message is transmitted on a first resource if the determined candidate beam is of the first type and on a second resource if the determined candidate beam is of the second type; and monitoring, using a set of resources or signal based on the type of determined candidate beam, for a response.

3. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that beams of the first type are measurable by WTRU, and in that the method comprises measuring at least one beam to obtain the measured value. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 119 / 122 2 / 4 4. Method, according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED in that the beam failure for a beam of the first type is determined by determining that the measured value is below a first determined value.

5. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that beam features of the second type are estimated by WTRU, and wherein the method comprises estimating at least one feature of at least one beam to obtain the predicted value.

6. Method, according to claim 5, CHARACTERIZED in that the beam failure for a beam of the second beam type is determined by determining that the predicted value is below a second determined value.

7. Method, according to claim 5, CHARACTERIZED in that beams of the second type are not measured by the WTRU.

8. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the number of beam failures is equal to the number of reference signals measured for beams of the first type and in that the number of beam failures is equal to the number of reference signals estimated for beams of the second type.

9. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of beam failures is a sum of a number of beam failures for beams of the first type and a number of beam failures for beams of the second type.

10. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the number of beam failures is achieved under the condition that at least one of a number of beam failures for beams of the first type reaches a first value and a number of beam failures for beams of the second type reaches a second value.

11. Wireless Transmission / Reception Unit, WTRU, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises at least one processor configured to: determine a value for at least one beam, wherein the determination Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, p.120 / 122 3 / 4 comprises, for a beam of a first type measurable by WTRU, measuring at least one beam to obtain a measured value and, for a beam of a second type, estimated but not measured by WTRU, estimating at least one feature of at least one beam to obtain a predicted value; determining the beam failure for at least one beam, wherein the beam failure is determined, respectively, based on the measured value for beams of the first type and on a predicted value for beams of the second type; and when determining a number of beam failures: determining, based on respective parameters for a plurality of candidate beams, a determined candidate beam among the plurality of candidate beams, wherein the respective parameter is based on a measured parameter for a candidate beam of the first type and wherein the respective parameter is based on a predicted value for a candidate beam of the second type.

12. A WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor is configured to, upon determining the number of beam failures: transmit a message, wherein the message is transmitted on a first resource if the determined candidate beam is of the first type and on a second resource if the determined candidate beam is of the second type; and monitor, using a set of resources or signal based on the type of determined candidate beam, for a response.

13. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that beams of the first type are measurable by the WTRU, and wherein at least one processor is configured to measure at least one beam to obtain the measured value.

14. WTRU, according to claim 13, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor is configured to determine beam failure Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 121 / 122 4 / 4 for a beam of the first type by determining that the measured value is below a first determined value.

15. WTRU, according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that beam features of the second type are estimated by the WTRU, and wherein at least one processor is configured to estimate at least one feature of at least one beam to obtain the predicted value.

16. WTRU, according to claim 15, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor is configured to determine beam failure for a beam of the second beam type when it determines that the predicted value is below a second determined value.

17. WTRU, according to claim 15, CHARACTERIZED in that beams of the second type are not measured by the WTRU.

18. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the number of beam failures is equal to the number of reference signals measured for beams of the first type and where the number of beam failures is equal to the number of reference signals estimated for beams of the second type.

19. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the number of beam failures is a sum of a number of beam failures for beams of the first type and a number of beam failures for beams of the second type.

20. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the number of beam failures is achieved on the condition that at least one of a number of beam failures for beams of the first type reaches a first value and a number of beam failures for beams of the second type reaches a second value. Petition 870250083550, dated 09 / 17 / 2025, pp. 122 / 122

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