TRANSMISSÃO DE ENLACE LATERAL

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to sidelink transmission. In a first aspect, a user equipment selects an anchor resource block (RB) set and one or more non-anchor RB sets in a time unit. The user equipment performs a channel access procedure on the anchor RB set and the one or more non-anchor RB sets. Then, the user equipment transmits on at least one of the anchor RB set and the one or more non-anchor RB sets, a sidelink-synchronization signal block (S-SSB). In this way, the performance of the sidelink communication can be enhanced.

Description

1 / 88 SIDE LINK TRANSMISSION TECHNICAL FIELD

[001] This disclosure relates to wireless communications and, more specifically, to sidelink transmission, for example, in unlicensed spectrum. BACKGROUND

[002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may also be known as eNodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. Each network communication device, such as a base station, may support wireless communications to one or multiple user communication devices, which may also be known as user equipment (UE) or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing wireless communication system features (e.g., timing features (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency features (e.g., subcarriers, carriers).In addition, the wireless communications system can support wireless communications in various radio access technologies, including third-generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth-generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth-generation (5G) radio access technology, and other suitable radio access technologies besides 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).

[003] With the development of technology, side-link communication between user equipment (UEs) via a wireless interface can be supported. In side-link communications, terminal devices can communicate with each other on unlicensed side-link resources (SL-U) (e.g., on SL-U channels). Specifically, through a channel contention procedure or a procedure of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 10 / 119 2 / 88 channel access (e.g., a listen-before-speak, LBT, procedure), a terminal device may initiate a channel occupation time (COT) on certain unlicensed side-link resource pooling resources. This terminal device initiating the COT may also be called a COT-initiating UE. If the COT is redundant with respect to the COT-initiating UE (e.g., side-link transmission, SL, is completed, but there is still a remaining COT), the COT-initiating UE may share a portion of the initiated COT (e.g., one or more slots) with other terminal devices, which may also be called COT-responding UEs. Additionally, UEs also communicate a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB) with each other on resources excluded from the above side-link resource pooling in order to implement synchronization between UEs. SUMMARY

[004] This disclosure refers to user equipment, base station, processors, methods and means for side link transmission, for example, in unlicensed spectrum.

[005] In a first aspect of the solution, a user device selects one set of anchor resource blocks (RBs) and one or more sets of non-anchor resource blocks (RBs) in a unit of time. The user device performs a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and the one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. Then, the user device transmits a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB) on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and the one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In this way, the side-link communication performance can be improved.

[006] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, selecting the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs may include: Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 11 / 119 3 / 88 select the set of anchor RBs and a first number of sets of non-anchor RBs, where the first number is equal to or greater than a minimum number, and the minimum number is obtained based on a pre-configuration and configuration.

[007] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, transmitting the S-SSB may involve: determining whether the set of anchor RBs is available based on the channel access procedure; and based on the determination that the set of anchor RBs is available, transmitting the SSSB on the set of anchor RBs.

[008] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, transmitting the S-SSB may involve: based on the determination that the anchor RB set is unavailable, determining whether one or more non-anchor RB sets are available based on the channel access procedure; and based on the determination that a non-anchor RB set is available, transmitting the S-SSB on the non-anchor RB set.

[009] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, transmitting the S-SSB may comprise: based on the determination that a plurality of non-anchor RB sets are available, selecting a non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets; and transmitting, via the transceiver, the S-SSB on the selected non-anchor RB set.

[010] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, selecting the non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets may comprise: selecting the non-anchor RB set randomly; or selecting the non-anchor RB set based on an index of the non-anchor RB set among the plurality of non-anchor RB sets.

[011] In some implementations of the method and devices Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 12 / 119 4 / 88 described in this document, the time unit is one of a plurality of time units that are included in a channel occupation time (COT), and some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may also include obtaining COT information associated with the COT.

[012] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, at least one of the anchor RB sets and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprise a first RB set, the user equipment is configured to use the first RB set in a second time unit in the COT and the second time unit is subsequent to the time unit.Some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may further include: determining whether the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs in the second time unit with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation; based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with a full RB set resource allocation, transmitting a cyclic prefix extension (CPE) before the second time unit; and based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with a partial RB set resource allocation, performing a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before the second time unit.

[013] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, at least one of the anchor RB sets and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprise a first RB set, the user equipment is configured to use the first RB set in a third time unit in the COT, and the third time unit precedes the time unit. Some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may further include: determining whether the user equipment occupies the first RB set in the third unit. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 13 / 119 5 / 88 of time with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation; based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first RB set with the full RB set resource allocation, transmit a CPE before the time unit; and based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first RB set with the partial RB set resource allocation, perform an LBT procedure before the time unit.

[014] Some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may also include: transmitting the CPE to ensure that a gap in a first symbol before the second time unit or in a second symbol before the time unit is less than 16 ps.

[015] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, the COT is initiated by the user equipment.

[016] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, the user equipment is configured to occupy a plurality of RB sets in a COT. Some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may further include: determining whether the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets; and, based on the determination that the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets, transmitting: i) the S-SSB on the anchor RB set and fill data on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets.

[017] In some implementations of the method and devices described in this document, the user equipment is configured to occupy a plurality of RB sets in a COT. Some implementations of the method and devices described Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 14 / 119 6 / 88 in this document may also include: determining whether the anchor RB set is one of a plurality of RB sets; in response to the fact that the user equipment must transmit S-SSB, performing a channel access procedure on the anchor RB set based on the determination that the anchor RB set is not one of a plurality of RB sets; transmitting, via the transceiver, the S-SSB on the anchor RB set; and transmitting, via the transceiver: i) fill data on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets.

[018] Some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may also include: transmitting, via the transceiver and using a first transmission power, the SSSB in the set of anchor RBs, where the first transmission power is obtained based on the pre-configuration or configuration.

[019] Some implementations of the method and devices described in this document may also include: transmitting, via the transceiver and using a second transmit power, the SSSB in a second number of non-anchor RB sets, where the second transmit power is determined based on the second number and a remaining transmit power different from the first transmit power.

[020] In a second aspect of the solution, a user device selects, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. Then, the user device detects in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and the one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block.

[021] In a third aspect of the solution, a base station determines a minimum number of resource block sets. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 15 / 119 7 / 88 (RB) anchor associated with the transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB). The base station then transmits to a user device information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets associated with a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB) transmission, or an S-SSB transmission power on a set of anchor RBs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[022] Figure 1 A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports side-link transmission in unlicensed spectrum according to aspects of this disclosure.

[023] Figure 1B illustrates an exemplary S-SSB slot according to some embodiments of the present application.

[024] Figure 1C illustrates an exemplary distribution of S-SSB occasions in the time domain according to some embodiments of the present application.

[025] Figure 1D illustrates a timing configuration of an SSB transmission according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[026] Figure 1E illustrates another exemplary distribution of S-SSB occasions in the time domain according to some embodiments of the present application.

[027] Figure 1F illustrates an exemplary interleaving RB-based structure for 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (SCS) in a 20 MHz bandwidth according to some embodiments of the present application.

[028] Figures 2A to 2B illustrate examples of signaling processes of a communication process that supports side link transmission according to some example modalities of the present disclosure.

[029] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a COT superimposed on Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 16 / 119 8 / 88 an SSB occasion according to some example modalities of this disclosure.

[030] Figures 4A to 4B illustrate examples of associations between a COT and an SSB occasion superimposed on the COT according to some example modalities of the present disclosure.

[031] Figures 5A to 5B illustrate examples of SSB transmissions in the case of occupation of multiple channels or sets of RBs during a COT.

[032] Figures 6A to 6B illustrate other examples of associations between a COT and an SSB occasion superimposed on the COT according to some example modalities of the present disclosure.

[033] Figures 7 to 9 illustrate examples of devices that support the determination of RO groups according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[034] Figures 10 to 12 illustrate examples of processors that support the determination of RO groups according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[035] Figures 13 to 15 illustrate method flowcharts that support side-link transmission in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

[036] In all drawings, the same reference numbers or similar numbers represent the same elements or similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[037] The principles of this disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are described for illustrative purposes only and assist those skilled in the art in understanding and implementing this disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to its scope. The disclosure described in this document can be implemented in a number of ways beyond those described below. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 17 / 119 9 / 88

[038] In the description and claims that follow, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used in this document have the same meaning commonly understood by a person with common knowledge in the field to which this disclosure pertains.

[039] References in this disclosure to a modality, an example modality, a modality, some modalities, and the like indicate that the modality(ies) described may include a specific feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every modality includes the specific feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same modality(ies). Moreover, when a specific feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with a modality, it is understood that it is within the knowledge of a person skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other modalities, whether explicitly described or not.

[040] It should be understood that, although the terms first and second or similar terms may be used in this document to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used only to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element may also be referred to as a second element, and similarly, a second element may also be referred to as a first element, without departing from the scope of the modalities. As used in this document, the term and / or includes any and all combinations of one or more of the terms listed.

[041] The terminology used in this document is intended only for the description of specific modalities and is not intended to limit exemplary modalities. As used in this document, the singular forms a, an and the should also include the Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 18 / 119 10 / 88 plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that the terms comprise, including, has, having, includes and / or including, when used in this document, specify the presence of the resources, elements and / or components etc. declared, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other resources, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.

[042] As used in this document, the term “communication network” refers to a network that follows any suitable communication standards, such as 5G NR, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), and so forth. Furthermore, communications between a terminal device and a network device on the communication network may be carried out in accordance with any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, first-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), 4.5G, fifth-generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. The embodiments of this disclosure may be applied in various communication systems.Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future-type communication technologies and systems into which this disclosure may be incorporated. This should not be seen as limiting the scope of this disclosure only to the systems mentioned above.

[043] As used in this document, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network through which a terminal device can access the communication network and receive services from it. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), a network access node of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 19 / 119 11 / 88 radio (RAN), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), an NR NB (also known as gNB), a remote radio unit (RRU), a radio head (RH), an infrastructure device for V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication, a transmit and receive point (TRP), a receive point (RP), a remote radio head (RRH), a repeater, an integrated access and backhaul node (IAB), a low-power node, such as a femto-BS, a pico-BS, and so on, depending on the terminology and technology applied.

[044] As used in this document, the term terminal device generally refers to any end device that is capable of wireless communication. By way of example, and not limitation, a terminal device may also be called a communication device, a user equipment (UE), an end-user device, a subscriber station (SS), an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS), or an access terminal (AT).The terminal device may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smartphone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, a desktop computer, an image capture terminal device such as a digital camera, a gaming terminal device, a music storage and playback device, a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer premises equipment (CPE), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (e.g., a... Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 20 / 119 12 / 88 remote surgery device), an industrial device (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks and the like. In the following description, the terms: “terminal device”, “communication device”, “terminal”, “user equipment” and “UE”, may be used interchangeably.

[045] As mentioned above, S-SSB is transmitted on resources that are excluded from the side-link resource grouping above. In other words, resources (which may also be called S-SSB occasion) for transmitting S-SSB cannot be used to transmit SL transmission within a configured bandwidth portion (BWP), for example, physical side-link control channel (PSCCH) or physical side-link shared channel (PSSCH). In this case, the coordination of resources in the side-link resource grouping and resources configured for SSB transmission must be considered. For example, if the COT initiated by a terminal device for SL transmission overlaps with resources configured for S-SSB transmission in the time domain, how to handle SL transmission and SSSB transmission must be resolved.Furthermore, if the COT crosses the resources configured for S-SSB transmission, reducing COT loss (or interruption) caused by the S-SSB event is also a key aspect.

[046] Thus, the embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for side link transmission. In one aspect of the solution, the user equipment selects a set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs in a unit of time. For the selected set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, the user equipment performs a Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 21 / 119 13 / 88 channel access procedure. Next, the user equipment transmits an S-SSB signal to at least one of the anchor RB sets and one or more non-anchor RB sets.

[047] In this way, S-SSB can be transmitted on the anchor RB set and / or on one or more non-anchor RB sets. If S-SSB can be transmitted on the anchor RB set, the S-SSB receiving UE can still only detect the anRB set for S-SSB, without monitoring other resources. Alternatively, if S-SSB cannot be transmitted on the anchor RB set, S-SSB can also be transmitted on other non-anchor RB sets in order to increase SSB transmission opportunities or coverage. Furthermore, if the initiated COT is associated with multiple channels or RB sets, when transmitting S-SSB on these RB sets, the non-anchor RB sets can be considered occupied by contention devices. Consequently, COT loss can be reduced.

[048] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.

[049] Figure IA illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports side-link transmission, according to aspects of this disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment (NE)), one or more UEs 101, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE Enhanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other technology. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 22 / 119 14 / 88 of suitable radio access, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), and IEEE 802.20 standards. The 100 wireless communications system can support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Furthermore, the 100 wireless communications system can support technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), etc.

[050] One or more network entities 102 may be dispersed over a geographical region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described in this document may be, include, or be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN), a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 101 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 101 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) via a Uu interface.

[051] A network entity 102 can provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 can support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) for one or more UEs 101 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 101 can support wireless communication of service-related signals (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or more radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 can be mobile, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 23 / 119 15 / 88 The same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. The information and signals described in this document may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[052] One or more UEs 101 may be dispersed across a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 101 may include or be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 101 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 101 may be referred to as an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 101 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 101 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.

[053] One or more UEs 101 can be devices of different forms or have different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 101 are illustrated in Figure IA. A UE 101 may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as network entities 102, other UEs 101, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an access node, and backhaul). Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 24 / 119 16 / 88 integrated (IAB) or other network equipment), as shown in Figure IA. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 101 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 101, which may act as relays in the wireless communication system 100.

[054] A UE 101 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UE 101s via a communication link 114. For example, a UE 101 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 101 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a side link. For example, a UE 101 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 101 via a PC5 interface.

[055] A network entity 102 can support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 can interact with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (for example, through an S1, N2, N2 interface or other network). Network entities 102 can communicate with each other through the backhaul links 116 (for example, through an X2, Xn interface or other network). In some implementations, network entities 102 can communicate with each other directly (for example, between network entities 102). In some other implementations, network entities 102 can communicate with each other indirectly (for example, through the core network 106). In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC).An ANC can communicate with one or more UEs 101 through one or more other access network transmission entities. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 25 / 119 17 / 88 which may be called radio heads, smart radio heads or transmit-receive points (TRPs).

[056] In some implementations, a 102 network entity can be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which can be configured to utilize a protocol stack distributed physically or logically between two or more 102 network entities, such as an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) network, an Open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., an O-RAN Alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a Virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a Cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, a 102 network entity might include one or more of a Central Unit (CU), a Distributed Unit (DU), a Radio Unit (RU), an Intelligent RAN Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near RT(RT) RIC, a Non-RT RIC), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.

[057] A RU may also be called a radio head, intelligent radio head, remote radio head (RRH), remote radio unit (RRU), or transmit-receive point (TRP). One or more components of the 102 network entities in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be colocated, or one or more components of the 102 network entities may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some implementations, one or more 102 network entities of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU), a virtual DU (VDU), a virtual RU (VRU)).

[058] The division of functionality between a CU, a DU, and a RU can be flexible and can support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed in a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 26 / 119 18 / 88 A functional division of a protocol stack can be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU can support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU can support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host higher protocol layer functionality and signaling (e.g., a layer 3 (L3), a layer 2 (L2)) (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). A CU can be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs can host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical layer (PHY)) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control layer (RLC), medium access control layer (MAC)) functionality and signaling, and each can be at least partially controlled by the CU 160.

[059] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack can be employed between a DU and a RU so that the DU can support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU can support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU can support one or multiple different cells (e.g., through one or more RUs). In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU, can be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer can be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other protocol layer functions are performed by a different CU, DU, or RU).

[060] A CU can be further functionally divided into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU can be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., Fl, Fl-c, Flu), and a DU can be connected to one or more RUs via a Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 27 / 119 19 / 88 fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented according to an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.

[061] The 106 core network can support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The 106 core network can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), mobility and access management functions (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects external networks (e.g., a service gateway (S-GW), a packet data network gateway (PDN) (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.).) for one or more UEs 101 served by one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.

[062] The core network 106 can communicate with the packet data network 108 through one or more backhaul links 116 (for example, through an S1, N2, N2 interface or other network). The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 101 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 101 may establish a session (for example, a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session or similar) with the core network 106 through a network entity 102. The network Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 28 / 119 Core 106 20 / 88 can route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between UE 101 and application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session can be an example of a logical connection between UE 101 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106).

[063] In the wireless communications system 100, network entities 102 and UEs 101 can use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., timing resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, network entities 102 and UEs 101 can support different resource structures. For example, network entities 102 and UEs 101 can support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, network entities 102 and UEs 101 can support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, network entities 102 and UEs 101 can support multiple frame structures (e.g., multiple frame structures).Network entities 102 and UEs 101 can support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[064] One or more numerologies may be supported in the 100 wireless communications system, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., / 1=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may use one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., / 1=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 29 / 119 21 / 88 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) can be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) can be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., / / =4) can be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[065] A time interval of a resource (for example, a communication resource) can be organized according to frames (also called radio frames). Each frame can have a duration, for example, a duration of 10 milliseconds (ms). In some implementations, each frame can include several subframes. For example, each frame can include 10 subframes, and each subframe can have a duration, for example, a duration of 1 ms. In some implementations, each frame can have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame can have the same duration.

[066] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on one or more numerologies supported in the 100 wireless communication system. For example, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ = 0, μ = 1, μ = 2, μ = 3, μ = 4) associated with the respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may use a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot can include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 30 / 119 22 / 88 In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that the reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[067] In the 100 wireless communications system, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum can be divided, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the 100 wireless communications system can support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency band designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz) and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). In some implementations, network entities 102 and UEs 101 can perform wireless communications in one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 can be used by network entities 102 and UEs 101, among other equipment or devices, for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data).In some implementations, FR2 can be used by network entities 102 and UEs 101, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high-data-rate capabilities.

[068] FR1 can be associated with one or multiple numerologies (for example, at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 can be associated with a first numerology (for example, μ=0), Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 31 / 119 23 / 88 which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 can be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 can be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing. For discussion purposes only, the following embodiments are discussed with reference to any two or more UEs, e.g., UEs 101(a) and UE(101b) as shown in Fig. 1. To simplify the discussion, EU 101(a) can be used interchangeably with EU 101a, and EU 101(b) can be used interchangeably with EU 101b.

[069] In NR, accommodating multiple uncoordinated UEs in an unlicensed spectrum requires channel access procedures defined for NR. After a successful channel access procedure performed by a communication node, the channel can be used by the communication node for a period until the end of the period. This period can be called COT. During a COT, one or more transmissions can be exchanged between communication nodes, where a transmission can be a downlink transmission or an uplink transmission.

[070] Dynamic channel access procedures are generally used by a BS or UE to access a channel in an unlicensed spectrum. Dynamic channel access procedures can be listen-before-speak (LBT) based, where a transmitter listens for potential transmission activity on a channel before transmitting and applies a random pullback time in some cases. Two main types of dynamic channel access procedures can be defined in NR. One is the Type 1 dynamic channel access procedure, Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 32 / 119 24 / 88, which is also known as LBT type 1 or LBT cat4. The other is the Type 2 dynamic channel access procedure, which is also known as LBT type 2.

[071] 0 Type 1 dynamic channel access procedure can be used to initiate data transmission at the start of a COT. The initiator of the Type 1 dynamic channel access procedure can be a BS or a UE. The Type 1 dynamic channel access procedure can be summarized as follows.

[072] First, the initiator listens and waits until a channel (e.g., a frequency channel) is available for at least a period called the deferral duration. The deferral duration can consist of 16 ps and a number (e.g., mp in Table 1 or Table 2 below, which will be illustrated below) of 9 ps slots. As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, an mp value depends on a channel access priority class (CAPC) value (represented as p). Consequently, the deferral duration depends on the CAPC value as shown in Table 1 or Table 2 below. A channel is declared available if the power received during at least 4 ps of each 9 ps slot is below a threshold.

[073] After the channel is declared available for the duration of the delay, the transmitter starts a rollback procedure during which it will wait for a random period of time.

[074] The UE initiates the random pullback procedure by initializing a pullback timer with a random number within a contention window (CW). The random number is drawn from a uniform distribution [0, CW] and represents that the channel must be available for a timer duration (e.g., denoted by the random number multiplying 9 ps) before transmission can occur. The CW value can be selected from allowed CWP sizes (the minimum value is represented as “'Ô and the maximum value is represented as Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 33 / 119 25 / 88) in Table 1 or Table 2 below, which depends on a CAPC value.

[075] 0 The retraction timer is decreased by one for each detection slot duration (e.g., 9 ps) that the channel is detected as idle; whenever the channel is detected as busy, the retraction timer is put on hold until the channel is idle for a deferral duration.

[076] Once the pullback timer has expired (for example, the pullback timer is reduced to 0), the random pullback procedure is completed and the transmitter has acquired the channel and can use it for transmission until a channel occupation time is reached. Maximum TT (MCOT) (e.g., mmi'pna Table 1 below or ulmM'pna Table 2 below, which depends on a CAPC value).

[077] Table 1 and Table 2 below illustrate exemplary CAPCs for DL ​​and CAPCs for UL, respectively, and corresponding m CW CW TT values ​​for p, ^p, mmt'p, ulm^r and sizes of CWnppermitidos. Table 1 is the same as Table 4.1.1-1 in TS 37.213 and Table 2 is the same as Table 4.2.1-1 in TS 37.213. When a BS intends to initiate a channel occupation for DL ​​transmission, it can determine a CAPC value before performing a Type 1 channel access procedure and then determine the corresponding values ​​(e.g., p, CW T cw , ^01,72, and permitted sizes) used in the Type 1 channel access procedure according to Table 1. When a UE intends to initiate a channel occupation for UL transmission, it can determine a CAPC value before performing a Type 1 channel access procedure and then determine the corresponding values ​​(e.g., m CW p min, p CW T ulmcot,p CW and permitted depper sizes used in Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 34 / 119 26 / 88 Channel Access Procedure Type 1 according to Table 2. Table 1: Channel access priority class for DL Channel access priority class (r) m P cw min, / ? CW max, p T m cot,p Allowed cwpr sizes 1 1 3 7 2 ms {3,7} 2 1 7 15 3 ms {7,15} 3 3 15 63 8 or 10 ms {15,31,63} 4 7 15 1023 8 or 10 ms {15,31,63,127,2 55,511,1023} Table 2: Channel access priority class for UL Channel access priority class (r) cw. mm, / ? CW max, p T m cot,p Allowed cwp sizes r 1 2 3 7 2 ms {3,7} 2 2 7 15 4 ms {7,15} 3 3 15 1023 6ms or 10 ms {15,31,63,127,2 55,511,1023} 4 7 15 1023 6ms or 10 ms {15,31,63,127,2 55,511,1023} NOTE: For p — 3,4, Tuimxip =10ms if the top layer parameter 'absenceOfAnyOtherTechnology-rl4' indicates TRUE, otherwise, T / mcotp = 6ms. NOTE 2: When Tuimwtp = 6ms, it can be increased to 8ms by inserting one or more gaps. The minimum duration of a gap should be 100 ps. The maximum duration before including any gaps should be 6ms.

[078] 0 The contention window size can be adjusted based on Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) reports received from the transmitter during a reference interval, which covers the start of COT. For each HARQ report received, the contention window is (approximately) doubled up to the limit CWmax,p if a negative HARQ report (e.g., non-acknowledgment (NACK)) is received. For a positive HARQ report (e.g., acknowledgment (ACK)), the contention window is reset to its minimum value, i.e., CW = CWmin,p.

[079] The Type 2 dynamic channel access procedure can be used for COT sharing and discovery burst transmission. Depending on the duration of a gap (also Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 35 / 119 27 / 88 (called COT sharing gap) in COT, the Type 2 dynamic channel access procedure can be classified into the following three procedures, where which procedure to be used can be determined depending on the duration of the gap between two transmission bursts. • Type 2A dynamic channel access procedure (also known as LBT cat2 or LBT type 2A): used when the gap is 25 ps or more for discovery burst transmission. • Type 2B dynamic channel access procedure (also known as type 2B LBT): used when the gap is 16 ps. • Type 2C dynamic channel access procedure (also known as Type 2C LBT): used when the gap is 16 ps or less after the previous transmission burst.

[080] For the Type 2C dynamic channel access procedure, no idle detection is required between transmission bursts. In such a scenario, the duration of a transmission burst is limited to a maximum of 584 ps. Such a short transmission burst can carry a small amount of user data, uplink control (UCI) information such as HARQ status reports and channel state information (CSI) reports.

[081] The Type 2A dynamic channel access procedure and the Type 2B dynamic channel access procedure may be similar to the Type 1 dynamic channel access procedure, but without the random offset. That is, in the Type 2A dynamic channel access procedure and the Type 2B dynamic channel access procedure, if a channel is detected as idle in the gap, it will be declared available; if it is detected as busy, COT sharing has failed and transmission cannot occur using COT sharing in this COT. If the COT sharing gap is 16 ps, the Type 2B dynamic channel access procedure can be used and the channel must be detected as idle in the 16 ps gap before Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 36 / 119 28 / 88 next transmission burst. If the COT sharing gap is 25 ps or more, the Type 2A dynamic channel access procedure may be used and the channel must be detected as idle for at least 25 ps immediately preceding the next transmission burst.

[082] The above modalities provide various dynamic channel access procedures in an unlicensed spectrum for NR. These dynamic channel access procedures can also be applied to side-link transmissions in an unlicensed spectrum.

[083] Side-link synchronization information is carried in an S-SSB consisting of a physical side-link transmission channel (PSBCH), a primary side-link synchronization signal (S-PSS), and a secondary side-link synchronization signal (S-SSS). Figure 1B illustrates an exemplary S-SSB slot according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In the embodiments of Figure 1B, a normal cyclic prefix (CP) is used.

[084] Referring to Figure 1B, an S-SSB occupies one slot in the time domain and occupies 11 resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain. Each RB spans 12 subcarriers, therefore the bandwidth of the S-SSB is 132 (11 χ 12) subcarriers. In the example of Figure IB, the S-SSB slot can include 14 OFDM symbols in total, for example, symbol #0 to symbol #13. SPSS is transmitted repeatedly on the second and third symbols in the S-SSB slot, for example, symbol #1 and symbol #2. S-SSS is transmitted repeatedly on the fourth and fifth symbols in the S-SSB slot, for example, symbol #3 and symbol #4. S-PSS and SSSS occupy 127 subcarriers in the frequency domain, which are from the third subcarrier relative to the start of the S-SSB bandwidth to the 129th subcarrier.

[085] S-PSS and S-SSS are collectively called side link synchronization signal (SLSS). SLSS is used to Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 37 / 119 29 / 88 Time and Frequency Synchronization. Upon detecting the SLSS sent by a synchronization reference UE (also called a SyncRef UE), a UE is able to synchronize with the SyncRef UE and estimate the start of the frame and carrier frequency offsets.

[086] 0 S-PSS can be generated from maximum-length sequences (m-sequences) that use the same design (i.e., generator polynomials, initial values ​​and cyclic shifts, etc.) that is used to generate the m-sequences in the primary synchronization signal (PSS) in the 3GPP documents. In NR Uu, there are three candidate sequences for PSS. However, only two candidate sequences are used for S-PSS.

[087] The S-SSS can be generated from the Gold sequences that use the same design (i.e., generator polynomials, initial values ​​and cyclic shifts, etc.) that is used to generate the Gold sequences for the secondary synchronization signal (SSS) in the 3GPP documents. This results in 336 candidate sequences for S-SSS as for the SSS in NR Uu.

[088] For SLSS transmission within an S-SSB, a SyncRef UE can select one S-PSS and one S-SSS from the candidate sequences based on an SLSS identifier (ID). The SLSS ID represents a SyncRef UE identifier and transmits a SyncRef UE priority as in LTE vehicle-to-all (V2X). Each SLSS ID corresponds to a unique combination of one S-PSS and one S-SSS from the 2 candidate S-PSS sequences and the 336 candidate S-SSS sequences.

[089] The main use of PSBCH is to provide whole-system information and synchronization information that is necessary for an UE to establish a side link connection. In the example in Figure 1B, PSBCH is transmitted on the first symbol (e.g., symbol #0) and on the eight symbols (e.g., symbol #5 to symbol #12) after the S-SSS in the S-SSB slot. In the case of an extended CP being used, PSBCH is transmitted on the first symbol Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 38 / 119 30 / 88 and in the six symbols after S-SSS in the S-SSB slot. The PSBCH occupies 132 subcarriers in the frequency domain. The PSBCH in the first symbol of the S-SSB slot is used for automatic gain control (AGC). The last symbol, for example, symbol #13, in the S-SSB slot is used as a guard symbol.

[090] The S-SSB slot structure in Figure 1B is for illustrative purposes only. It is considered that, along with the development of network architectures and new service scenarios, S-SSB may have other structures (for example, SSSB may include 4 OFDM symbols or 6 OFDM symbols in the time domain), which should not affect the principle of the present application.

[091] In some forms, S-SSBs can be organized with a fixed periodicity. This fixed periodicity can be called the S-SSB period. There are one or more S-SSB occasions within an S-SSB period. A distribution of S-SSB occasions in the time domain can be determined based on at least one of the following parameters: • S-SSB period, which indicates the duration of an EΞ SB period; • Toffset, which indicates a time shift between the start of the S-SSB period and the first S-SSB event within the S-SSB period; • Tintervai, which indicates a time interval between two adjacent S-SSB occasions within the S-SSB period: for example, Tfntervai can be defined in slot units and within an INTEGER range (0...639) (i.e., a Tintervai value can be an integer between 0 and 639); or • N, which indicates the number of S-SSB occasions within the S-SSB period.

[092] In some forms, a UE can obtain a configuration including at least one of the following: S-SSB period, Toffsetz Tinterval or N and therefore a distribution of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 39 / 119 31 / 88 instances of S-SSB in the time domain can be determined by the EU.

[093] Figure 1C illustrates an exemplary distribution of S-SSB occasions in the time domain according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[094] Figure 1C illustrates an S-SSB period as an example. Resource pooling is also illustrated in the figure. A resource pooling can define the total time-domain and frequency-domain resources that can be used for SL transmission within a carrier. SL transmission in the embodiments of the present application may refer to at least one physical side link control channel (PSCCH) transmission or physical side link shared channel (PSSCH) transmission. In the time domain, the resource pool consists of a set of slots repeated over a resource pooling period. Although the slot pooling within the resource pooling is logically arranged consecutively, in reality, the slots within the resource pooling may be discretely distributed in the time domain.

[095] As shown in Figure 1C, in the S-SSB period, N S-SSB occasions are included, which are labeled S-SSB occasion #0, S-SSB occasion #1, S-SSB occasion #2, ..., S-SSB occasion #N-1, respectively.

[096] A length of the S-SSB period is marked as S-SSB Period in Figure 1C. There is a time offset between the start of the S-SSB period and the first occurrence of SSSB within the S-SSB period, marked as TOffset in Figure 1C. There is a time range between two adjacent occurrences of S-SSB (e.g., between the end point of the previous SSSB occurrence and the start point of the subsequent S-SSB occurrence), marked as Tinterval in Figure 1C.

[097] In Version 16 (Rel-16) or Version 17 (Rel-17) of 3GPP, the Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 40 / 119 The 32 / 88 S-SSB period may include 160 ms, as specified in NR V2X. However, with the development of network architectures and new service scenarios, the S-SSB period may have other values, which should not affect the disclosure principle.

[098] In 3GPP Rel-16 or Rel-17, the S-SSB occasion(s) is / are excluded from a time-domain feature grouping. For example, the distribution of S-SSB occasion(s) in 3GPP Rel-16 or Rel-17 (also called legacy S-SSB occasion(s)) can be denoted by at least one of the following parameters: S-SSB period, Toffset, Tinterval, or N, as stated above.

[099] S-SSB transmissions in unlicensed spectrum may be subject to a channel access procedure, as stated above. That is, S-SSB transmission on a target S-SSB occasion requires a successful channel access procedure prior to the target S-SSB occasion. Channel access opportunities for S-SSB transmission in unlicensed spectrum may be reduced due to resource collision or LBT failure. To compensate for the case where some S-SSB occasions are unavailable for S-SSB transmission, in 3GPP Version 18 (Rel-18), additional S-SSB occasions are introduced for S-SSB transmission in unlicensed spectrum to achieve the desired number of channel access opportunities. The additional S-SSB occasions may also be excluded from the time-domain resource pool.

[100] As a feature in unlicensed spectrum, a COT-based transmission can be applied in side link. For example, for SL transmissions, a COT can be initiated by an UE (called the COT initiating UE) and shared with one or more other UEs (called COT responder UEs). The COT can be initiated by the Type 1 dynamic channel access procedure. During the COT, one or more transmission bursts can be exchanged between the COT initiating UE and one or more other UEs. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 41 / 119 33 / 88 COT responders, where a transmission burst corresponds to a direction of an SL transmission.

[101] For NR Uu in unlicensed spectrum, the MCOT length can be up to 10 ms. This MCOT can also be applied to the side link. Consequently, there may be a case where one or more S-SSB occasions overlap with a COT. An S-SSB occasion overlapping a COT may refer to the fact that the COT includes the S-SSB occasion or that the S-SSB occasion is included in or within the COT.

[102] Figure 1D illustrates exemplary locations of S-SSB occasions and a COT for side link transmission in a set of RBs according to some embodiments of the present application. [ 103 ] Referring to Figure 1D, in a set of RBs (e.g., set of RBs # j ), a COT for SL transmission can start at slot #i and has a length of 4 slots (e.g., including slot #i, slot #1+1, slot #i+2, and slot #1+3). Each slot can include 14 OFDM symbols (e.g., from symbol 0 to symbol 13). Within the COT, slot #i+2 is an S-SSB occasion, which can be a legacy S-SSB occasion (defined in Rel-16 or Rel-17) or an additional S-SSB occasion (introduced in Rel-18). Each of the other slots in the COT can be used for an SL transmission, which includes at least one PSCCH transmission and one PSSCH transmission.

[104] The COT can be initiated by a type 1 LBT procedure before slot #i. Within the COT, a UE can perform SL transmissions in one or more slots. In the case of the UE performing SL transmissions in two or more consecutive slots (e.g., slot #i and slot #i + l), the UE may not need to perform LBT or may perform a type 2 LBT with a short duration (e.g., less than 16 ps) between slots. That is, there may be no gap or there may be a small gap between SL transmissions in two consecutive slots. For different Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 42 / 119 34 / 88 types of transmissions in two consecutive slots, there may be a gap for LBT between transmissions. For example, before the S-SSB transmission in slot #i+2 or the SL transmission in slot #i+3, there may be a gap to perform LBT.

[105] Although Figure 1D illustrates that an S-SSB occasion overlaps with a COT, there may be cases where more than one S-SSB occasion overlaps with a COT.

[106] Figure 1C illustrates an example of an exemplary distribution of S-SSB occasions in the time domain, according to some embodiments of the present application. Without limitation, another exemplary distribution of S-SSB occasions is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 1E.

[107] Figure 1E illustrates an exemplary distribution of S-SSB occasions in the time domain, which are organized in the previously mentioned clustering manner, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[108] Figure 1E illustrates an S-SSB period as an example. An extension of the S-SSB period is marked as SSSB Period in Figure 1E. The S-SSB period includes NI S-SSB groups, which are S-SSB group #0, S-SSB group #1, ... and S-SSB group #N1-1. Each S-SSB group includes N2 consecutive S-SSB occasions, which are S-SSB occasion #0, S-SSB occasion #1, ... and S-SSB occasion #N2-1.

[109] There is a time offset between the start of the S-SSB period and the start of the first S-SSB group within the S-SSB period, which is marked as ToffsetGroup in Figure 1E. There is a time range between two adjacent S-SSB groups (e.g., between the endpoint of the first S-SSB group and the starting point of the last S-SSB group), which is marked as TintervaiGroup in Figure 1E. Consequently, the distribution of SSSB occasions in the example in Figure 1E can be defined by a configuration (e.g., configuration #2, as described above) that includes at least one of the following: the parameter Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 43 / 119 35 / 88 S-SSB period, the ToffsetGroup parameter, the TintervaiGroup parameter, the Nl parameter, or the N2 parameter.

[110] In this disclosure, the term Intertwining may refer to a plurality of feature blocks in a set of Feature Blocks (RB), and the plurality of feature blocks is distributed in the set of RBs, for example, in the form of a comb. For illustrative purposes only, intertwining is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 1F.

[111] Figure 1F illustrates an exemplary interleaving RB-based structure for 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (SCS) in 20 MHz bandwidth according to some embodiments of the present application.

[112] Figure 1F illustrates an exemplary interlacing RB-based structure (also known as an interlacing pattern) for 15 kHz SCS in a 20 MHz bandwidth, according to some embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the interlacing RB-based structure in Figure 1F is for illustrative purposes only and should not be interpreted as limiting the embodiments of the present disclosure. [ 113]As shown in Figure 1F, the channel (e.g., set of RBs) with a bandwidth of 20 MHz can include 106 RBs (e.g., denoted as RBs 0-105), and the channel's RBs are divided into 10 interleavings (denoted as interleavings 0 to 9). Within interleavings 0 to 5, each interleaving contains 11 RBs. Within interleavings 6 to 9, each interleaving contains 10 RBs.

[114] Each of the 10 interweavings may include uniformly spaced RBs in the frequency domain. As shown in Figure 1F, interweaving #0 may include RB 0, RB 10, RB 20, RB 30 and so on; interweaving #1 may include RB 1, RB 11, RB 21, RB 31 and so on; ...; and interweaving #9 may include RB 9, RB 19, RB 29 and so on. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 44 / 119 36 / 88 in front.

[115] According to some embodiments of the present application, multiple sets of RBs may be available for S-SSB transmission. For S-SSB, transmission through multiple sets of RBs can increase channel access opportunities in unlicensed spectrum. Furthermore, multiple sets of RBs are beneficial for providing sufficient RBs for S-SSB transmission, especially for S-SSB transmission based on interleaving RBs. Therefore, new designs are needed for related S-SSB slot structures and UE behavior for S-SSB transmission(s) in multiple sets of RBs (or channels).

[116] In addition, for illustrative purposes only, Table 3 below illustrates an example of maximum NRB transmission bandwidth configuration for FR 1 (450-7125 MHz), where NRB represents the number of resource blocks. Table 3 scs (kHz) 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz 25 MHz 30 MHz 40 MHz 50 MHz 60 MHz 80 MHz 100 MHz Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb Nrb 15 25 52 79 106 133

[160] 216 270 n / an / an / a 30 11 24 38 51 65

[78] 106 133 162 217 273 60 N / A 11 18 24 31

[38] 51 65 79 107 135

[117] Given the foregoing, the embodiments of this application provide solutions for side-link transmission in unlicensed spectrum. For example, the embodiments of this application provide various solutions regarding the S-SSB slot structure and UE behavior to support S-SSB transmission(s) in multiple sets of RBs (or channels), which can increase channel access opportunities and provide sufficient RBs for S-SSB transmission in unlicensed spectrum. Further details will be described in the following text, in combination with the attached drawings.

[118] Reference is now made to Figure 2 A, which illustrates an example of a 200A signaling process of a communication process that supports side-link transmission according to Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 45 / 119 37 / 88 with some examples of embodiments of the present disclosure. For discussion purposes, process 200 A will be described with reference to Figure IA. Process 200 A may involve UE 101a (which may also be referred to as a first UE 101a in this disclosure) and UE 101b (which may also be referred to as a second UE 101b in this disclosure). It should be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in Figure 2 are merely illustrative and not limiting. It should be understood that process 200A may also include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some blocks shown, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited to this aspect.

[119] As shown in Figure 2A, in the case of the first UE 101a transmitting or broadcasting an S-SSB, the first UE 101a selects 210 a set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs in a time unit. In some modes, this time unit may be the configured S-SSB occasion, as mentioned above. Without any limitation, this time unit for S-SSB transmission may also be called the S-SSB occasion in this disclosure. Alternatively, without any limitation, the time unit may be any duration in the time domain, e.g., symbol, slot, subframe, frame, etc. Just to simplify the discussion, the time unit is a slot in the following modes. Furthermore, the time unit may be one among a plurality of time units in an initiated COT. Alternatively, the time unit may also be outside the COT.

[120] The RB set (anchor RB set or non-anchor RB set) refers to a group of resource blocks in the frequency domain. Specifically, for unlicensed spectrum, carriers with bandwidth greater than 20 MHz can be split into multiple 20 MHz channels, in which the channel access procedure is defined. Each of the 20 MHz Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 46 / 119 38 / 88 is also called a resource block (RB) set. Furthermore, operating with wider carriers may require guard bands between RB sets. The size of the guard bands was chosen so that no filtering is necessary to ensure that transmission on one RB set does not cause significant interference on a neighboring RB set unavailable for transmission. Consequently, in this disclosure, the terms channel and RB set may be used interchangeably. Additionally, the anchor RB set may refer to the RB set where the S-SSB indicated by slAbsoluteFrequencySSB-rl6 is located. Consequently, the non-anchor RB set may refer to RB sets other than the indicated anchor RB set.

[121] In addition, there may be several situations in which the first UE 101a needs to transmit S-SSB. Specifically, the legacy rules for triggering S-SSB transmission, as specified in R16 / R17, can be applied to the UE discussed in this disclosure as a basis, which are summarized below: (1) A UE is configured by the network to become a synchronization reference UE (SyncRef) when the UE is within network coverage, which is optional. • A network-configured SyncRef UE sends S-SSBs regardless of whether it has data to transmit on the side link (2) A UE decides for itself whether to become a SyncRef UE if the UE has data to transmit on the side link and if the UE in network coverage has not received a configuration to become a SyncRef UE from the network • The determination is made by comparing the RSRP measured on the RS (e.g., PBCH DMRS) sent by the service gNB / eNB and a (pre-)configured RSRP threshold. If the measured RSRP is below the threshold, the UE can become a SyncRef UE. Otherwise, the UE does not send S-SSBs. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 47 / 119 39 / 88 (3) A UE decides for itself whether to become a SyncRef UE if the UE has data to transmit on the side link and if the UE is synchronized with a SyncRef UE (i.e., outside network coverage). • The determination is made by comparing the RSRP measurement on the RS (e.g., PSBCH DMRS) sent by the selected SyncRef UE and a (pre-)configured RSRP threshold. If the measured RSRP is below the threshold, the UE can become a SyncRef UE. Otherwise, the UE does not send S-SSBs. (4) A UE decides to become a SyncRef UE if the UE has data to transmit on the side link and if the UE uses its internal clock as a synchronization reference.

[122] In some embodiments, to simplify S-SSB reception, UE 110a must transmit S-SSB at least on the anchor RB set, and this S-SSB transmission mode may also be referred to as Option 1 in this disclosure. Alternatively, UE 110a may also transmit S-SSB on non-anchor RB sets and / or anchor RB sets to increase S-SSB transmission opportunities. This alternative S-SSB transmission method may also be referred to as Option 2 in this disclosure.

[123] In this disclosure, UEs can be divided into two classes based on whether or not they are aware of the time unit overlaps mentioned above with an initiated COT. If the time unit overlaps with an initiated COT, while the UE is unaware of the information that the aforementioned time unit overlaps with an initiated COT, this UE can be designated a Class 1 UE. Otherwise, the UE is designated a Class 2 UE. For example, if the UE initiated a COT or the UE is shared with a COT and this responding UE obtains the information associated with the COT, then the UE can determine whether the COT overlaps with the time unit based on the S-SSB configuration (e.g., configured S-SSB occasions). Without Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 48 / 119 40 / 88 Any limitation, the information associated with the COT may include at least one of the following: an initial COT slot, a COT duration, or a remaining COT duration. For simplicity of discussion, in the following modalities, UE Class 1 and UE Class 2 may refer to the two cases mentioned above.

[124] Furthermore, for discussion purposes only, cases where COT overlaps with the time unit for S-SSB are discussed with reference to Figure 3. Figure 3 illustrates an example, a COT overlapping with an SSB occasion according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[125] As mentioned above, S-SSB occasions are excluded from resource pooling, as agreed in 3GPP. If the location and number of S-SSB are configured by BWP, there may be the case where S-SSB transmissions and side-link data (PSSCH / PSCCH) from different sets of RBs are not allowed in the same slot. As shown in Figure 3, four sets of RBs within a BWP are labeled as #ja #j+3 RB sets and three slots are labeled as #ia #i+2 slots. The #ie #i+2 slots are for PSSCH / PSCCH transmission (e.g., PSCCH 320 and PSSCH 330), while the #i+1 slot is for S-SSB. In the example in Figure 3, the #j RB set is the anchor RB set, in which the standard 310 S-SSB occasions are located. In other words, the standard 310 S-SSB resource is located in the RB set #je in slot #i+l.Consequently, time unit 310 overlaps with the COT occupying slots #ia #i+2, and SL transmission cannot be performed on time unit 310. In this case, there may be a risk of COT loss, since there is no transmission on RB sets #j+la j+3, and other contention devices may determine that these RB sets are available. Furthermore, the UE that is unaware of this situation is a Class 1 UE. Otherwise, the UE is a Class 2 UE. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 49 / 119 41 / 88

[126] Returning to Figure 2A, regarding the selection of non-anchor RB sets, the first UE 101a can select a first number of non-anchor RB sets, and the first number is equal to or greater than a minimum number. In one example, the minimum number can be configured, pre-configured, preset, or defined by frequency band (FR), by bandwidth part (BWP), by carrier, by resource block set (RB), or by resource grouping configuration (RP). In one example, the minimum number can be received 205 via at least one of the following: a master information block message (MIB), a system information block message (SIB), a radio resource control signal (RRC), a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or downlink control information (DCI).Consequently, base station 130 can transmit 201 to the first UE 101a information 203 indicating the minimum number through the signaling or settings above. For clarity of discussion, the information or indication of the minimum number is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 2B and is not discussed further in this document.

[127] In some embodiments, the first UE 101a may select one or more sets of non-anchor RBs in addition to the set of anchor RBs. Alternatively, the first UE 101a may also select one or more sets of non-anchor RBs by any other means, which are not limited in this disclosure. For example, the method of selecting the set(s) of non-anchor RBs may be left to the UE implementation's discretion.

[128] Next, the first UE 101a performs a channel access procedure 220 on the selected set of anchor RBs and on one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In some embodiments, for example, the UE 101a belongs to UE Class 1; the first UE 101a can perform multiple channel access procedures in Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 50 / 119 42 / 88 direction to the S-SSB (target) occasion(s) in the selected anchor RB set and in the non-anchor RB set(s). Additionally, multiple channel access procedures can be Type A or Type B.

[129] After the channel access procedure, the first UE 101a transmits 240 S-SSB on at least one of the selected anchor RB sets and one or more non-anchor RB sets. In some embodiments, according to the results of the multi-channel access procedures, the first UE 101a performs the S-SSB transmission on at least one of the available RB sets where the corresponding channel access procedure was successful. In some embodiments, to simplify S-SSB reception, the first UE 101a prioritizes S-SSB transmission on the anchor RB set (e.g., anchor RB set 310, as shown in Figure 3). For example, the first UE 101a may first determine if the anchor RB set is available based on the channel access procedure. If the anchor RB array is available, the first UE 101a can transmit S-SSB on the anchor RB array.Furthermore, if the anchor RB set is unavailable, the first UE 101a can still determine if one or more non-anchor RB sets are available based on the channel access procedure. Then, if a non-anchor RB set is available, the first UE 101a can transmit the S-SSB on the non-anchor RB set. Additionally, if more than one non-anchor RB set is determined to be available, the first UE 101a can select a non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets and transmit the S-SSB on the selected non-anchor RB set. The selection of the non-anchor RB set can be performed by selecting the non-anchor RB set randomly or by selecting the non-anchor RB set based on an index of the non-anchor RB set among the plurality of sets. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 51 / 119 43 / 88 of RBs not anchored.

[130] In a specific example, the first UE 101a can prioritize SSB transmission on the anchor RB set as follows: if the anchor RB set is available, the first UE 101a performs S-SSB transmission on the occasion of SSSB on the anchor RB set; otherwise, if at least one non-anchor RB set is available, the first UE 101a performs S-SSB transmission on the occasion of S-SSB on a non-anchor RB set. Furthermore, if more than one non-anchor RB set is available, the first UE 101a can randomly select one RB set from among the available RB sets; or the first UE 101a can select the RB set with the minimum (or maximum) index from among the available RB sets. Otherwise, the first UE 101a discards S-SSB transmission on the occasion of S-SSB.

[131] Although the above arrangements are discussed in the case of the first UE 101a belonging to Class 1, the first UE 101a may also be a Class 2 UE. In addition, or alternatively, even if the first UE 101a transmits S-SSB on the anchor RB set, the first UE 101a may still transmit S-SSB on a non-anchor RB set to assist in maintaining the COT.

[132] The above modalities provide a solution that allows the first UE 101a to transmit S-SSB on at least one set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In this way, S-SSB monitoring can be simplified or S-SSB opportunities can be increased. Furthermore, if the first UE 101a belongs to a Class 2 UE, i.e., if the first UE 101a is aware of time unit overlaps with an initiated COT (as shown in Figure 3), the first UE 101a can perform some additional operations to optimize S-SSB transmission or ensure COT.

[133] In some modes, the first UE 101a, which will use the slot immediately after an S-SSB occasion for Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 52 / 119 44 / 88 transmitting side-link data will attempt to perform the transmission in the S-SSB slot. The first UE 101a can be a COT initiator UE or a COT responder UE. In an example, assuming the first UE 101a transmits S-SSB on a single selected set of RBs, this single set of RBs can also be referred to as the first set of RBs. Furthermore, the first UE 101a is configured to use this first set of RBs in a second time unit in the COT, and the second time unit is subsequent to the time unit mentioned above. In this case, depending on whether the first UE 101a is enabled to occupy the first set of RBs in the second time unit with full allocation of RB set resources or partial allocation of RB set resources, the first UE 101a can perform different operations to attempt to occupy the second time unit.For greater clarity in the discussion, these modalities are discussed in more detail with reference to Figures 4A and 4B.

[134] Figures 4A to 4B illustrate examples of associations between a COT and an SSB occasion superimposed on the COT according to some example modalities of the present disclosure.

[135] As shown in Figure 4A, slot #i+1 can be the time unit above for S-SSB transmission, for example, on the occasion of S-SSB. Slot #i+2 can be the second time unit. In some embodiments, the first UE 101a can determine whether the first UE 101a occupies the first set of RBs in slot #i+2 with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation. If it is determined that the first UE 101a occupies the first set of RBs with the full RB set resource allocation, the first UE 101a can transmit a cyclic prefix extension (CPE) before slot #i+2. For example, as shown in Figure 4A, after transmitting S-SSB in slot #1+1, the first UE 101a can transmit the CPE to ensure that a gap in a Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 53 / 119 45 / 88 first symbol 410 (for example, symbol #13 in the case of S-SSB) before the second time unit is equal to or less than 16 ps. In this way, the first UE 101a can occupy slot #i + 2, i.e., the second time unit, in advance, since there is not enough time for another device to perform a Type 2 channel access procedure.

[136] In a specific example, in the case of full RB set resource allocation (for side-link data transmission), there is no need to define a range for LBT between the target S-SSB slot #i+leo and the subsequent SL data slot. The first UE 101a can, with symbol #13 in slot #1+1, transmit CP extension (CPE) to ensure that the range is no greater than 16 ps. The motivation is to occupy the channel. Then, the first UE 101a can perform SL data transmission in slot (#i+2) immediately after the S-SSB slot.

[137] Alternatively, by determining that the first UE 101a occupies the first set of RBs with partial RB set resource allocation, the first UE 101a can perform a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before the second time unit. For clarity of discussion, this mode is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 4B. As shown in Figure 4B, similarly, slot #i + l can be the time unit above for SSSB transmission, for example, on the occasion of S-SSB, while the first UE 101a is configured to occupy the second time unit with partial RB set resource allocation. In a specific example, if the first set of RBs in slot #i+2 is partially occupied (for example, through one or more interlacings in the case of an interlaced RB-based waveform) by the first UE 101a, a gap for LBT is required between the target S-SSB slot #i+1 and the subsequent SL data slot.Thus, the last (symbol #13) or last symbols in the S-SSB slot are defined for LBT purposes. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 54 / 119 46 / 88, the number of symbols for LBT, is related to SCS.

[138] The above modalities are discussed based on a single set of RBs, whereas in some modalities, the COT can be initiated by performing multiple channel access procedures for more than one set of RBs. In that case, if the S-SSB occasion (i.e., the above time unit for S-SSB transmission) overlaps with the COT, the first UE 101a can determine whether the set of RBs (e.g., the anchor set of RBs) for the S-SSB is within the plurality of sets of RBs for those channels.

[139] In some embodiments, if the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets, the first UE 101a can transmit the S-SSB on the anchor RB set. Furthermore, the first UE 101a can also transmit fill data on one or more other RB sets from the plurality of RB sets. In this way, the S-SSB is at least transmitted on the anchor RB set, simplifying S-SSB reception. In addition, there is also fill data on other RB sets. In this way, the probability of COT loss can be reduced. For greater clarity, this embodiment is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 5A.

[140] Figure 5A illustrates an example of SSB transmissions in the case of occupation of multiple channels or sets of RBs during a COT.

[141] As shown in Figure 5A, the first UE 101a occupies the RB sets #ja j+2 for a duration of COT: slots #iai + 2. That is, the anchor RB set #j is within these RB sets. In this case, the first UE 101a can transmit S-SSB on the anchor RB set 520 (i.e., option 1 above). Furthermore, the first UE 101a can also transmit fill data on the RB set #j+2 (540). Without any limitation, the fill data can be S-SSB (i.e., option 2 above). In a specific example, on the RB set Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 55 / 119 47 / 88 anchor, S-SSB needs to be transmitted by the first UE 101a on the occasion(s) of S-SSB within the COT. Additionally, in the non-anchor RB set(s) within the COT, dummy data (e.g., dummy data in an interleaved RB-based waveform) or S-SSB may be transmitted on the occasion of S-SSB in the non-anchor RB set(s) by the first UE 101a to avoid COT loss. Alternatively, S-SSB is transmitted by the first UE 101a in the non-anchor RB set(s) during the S-SSB occasion to avoid COT loss. [ 142] Alternatively, the anchor RB set may be outside the plurality of RB sets for the initiated COT. In some embodiments, if the anchor RB set is not one of the plurality of RB sets, the first UE 101a may perform a channel access procedure on the anchor RB set in response to S-SSB transmission by the user equipment. Subsequently, the first UE 101a may transmit the S-SSB on the anchor RB set. In addition, the first UE 101a may further transmit i) fill data on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets.

[143] Figure 5B illustrates another example of SSB transmissions in the case of occupation of multiple channels or sets of RBs during a COT.

[144] As shown in Figure 5B, in this example, the first UE 101a occupies the RB sets #j+la j+3 for a COT period: slots #ia i+2. That is, the anchor RB set #j is outside these occupied RB sets. In this case, if the first UE 101a is to transmit S-SSB, the first UE 101a can perform a channel access procedure on the anchor RB set 560, outside the occupied RB sets. That is, the first UE 101a will perform the channel access procedure on Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 56 / 119 48 / 88 direction to target S-SSB occasion on a single set of RBs. In one example, the first UE 101a can perform Type 1 channel access before the S-SSB occasion on the anchor set of RBs and transmit S-SSB on the S-SSB occasion if the channel is available (i.e., Option 1 above).

[145] Furthermore, however similar the case may be where the anchor RB set is within occupied RB sets, the first UE 101a can transmit fill data on one or more occupied RB sets. As shown in Figure 5B, the first UE 101a can transmit fill data on RB set 570 (i.e., RB set #j+2) which is in the occupied RB sets. Without any limitation, the first UE 101a can also transmit fill data on other RB sets within the occupied RB sets. The fill data can include dummy data or S-SSB data (i.e., Option 2 above).

[146] The above embodiment is discussed in the case where the first UE 101a will transmit the SL transmission immediately after the S-SSB occasion. Alternatively, the first UE 101a may transmit the SL transmission immediately before the S-SSB occasion. Without any limitation, the first UE 101a may be the initiating UE of COT or the responding UE of COT. In this disclosure, the time unit for the SL transmission immediately before the S-SSB occasion is also referred to as a third time unit. Similarly, based on whether the first UE 101a is enabled to occupy the first set of RBs on the S-SSB occasion (before the third time unit) with full allocation of the set of RBs or partial allocation of the set of RBs, the first UE 101a may perform different operations to attempt to occupy the S-SSB occasion.Without any limitation, the COT with contiguously distributed RB arrays in the frequency domain, as illustrated by Figures 5A and 5B, is for illustrative purposes only. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 57 / 119 49 / 88 related projects below can also be applied to other cases, such as cases where sets of RBs in a COT are distributed non-contiguously in the frequency domain or in any other way of allocating resources with respect to the frequency domain.

[147] For greater clarity of the discussion, this modality is discussed in more detail with reference to Figures 6A to 6B.

[148] Figure 6A illustrates a further example of associations between a COT occasion and an SSB occasion overlapping with the COT according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[149] Similarly, the first UE 101a can determine whether the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs (e.g., anchor RB set #j, as shown in Figure 6A) in the third time unit (slot #i+l, as shown in Figure 6A) with a full allocation of RB set resources or a partial RB set resource allocation. If the first UE 101a occupies this first set of RBs with the full allocation of RB set resources, the first UE 101a can transmit a CPE before the S-SSB occasion to ensure that a gap in a second symbol 610 (e.g., symbol #13 in the third time unit) before the S-SSB occasion is no greater than 16 ps. Therefore, the first UE 101a can occupy slot #i + 2, i.e., the S-SSB occasion, in advance, since there is not enough time for other devices to perform a Type 2 channel access procedure.

[150] Figure 6B illustrates a further example of associations between a COT and an SSB occasion overlapping the COT according to some example modalities of the present disclosure.

[151] Similarly, the first UE 101a can determine whether the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs (e.g., the anchor RB set #j, as shown in Figure 6A) in the third time unit (slot #i+l, as shown Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 58 / 119 50 / 88 in Figure 6A) with a complete RB set resource allocation or partial RB set resource allocation (e.g., through one or more interlacings in the case of an interlaced RB-based waveform). If the first UE 101a occupies this first RB set with partial RB set resource allocation, the first UE 101a can perform an LBT procedure before the S-SSB occasion (e.g., on symbol 620, i.e., symbol #13 in the third time unit).

[152] In addition, the first UE 101a can also occupy multiple channels during the COT period. In some modes, depending on whether the anchor RB set is within the multiple channels (or multiple RB sets), the first UE 101a can perform the corresponding operations in the same way mentioned above.

[153] Returning to Figure 2A, with respect to S-SSB transmission power, the first UE 101a can prioritize transmission power in the set of anchor RBs. In some modes, the first UE 101a can use a first transmission power to transmit S-SSB in the set of anchor RBs. The first transmission power can be configured, preconfigured, preset, or defined by frequency band (FR), by bandwidth part (BWP), by carrier, by resource block set (RB), or by resource grouping configuration (RP). In one example, the first transmission power can be received 205 via at least one of the following: a master information block message (MIB), a system information block message (SIB), a radio resource control signal (RRC), a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or downlink control information (DCI).Thus, base station 130 can transmit 201 to the first UE 101a, indicating the minimum number through the signaling or configurations above. For greater clarity in the discussion, see... Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 59 / 119 Information or indications of transmission power for S-SSB (51 / 88) are discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 2B and will not be discussed in this document.

[154] In addition, or alternatively, the first UE 101a can use a second transmission power to transmit S-SSB on a second number of non-anchor RB sets. Furthermore, the second transmission power is determined based on the second number and a remaining transmission power different from the first transmission power. In a specific example, the first UE 101a can control the transmission power on the anchor RB set and the non-anchor RB set through the following steps:

[155] The power for S-SSB transmission (e.g., denoted by Ps-ssb) in the anchor RB set does not change due to the number of RB sets used. The motivation is to ensure S-SSB coverage. For a Class 2 UE conducting transmission within the S-SSB occasion, the power for transmission in the non-anchor RB set within the COT can equally share the remaining power available in the UE. Given the power available to a UE in unlicensed band is denoted by PSlu: if the UE transmits S-SSB in the anchor RB set and the number of non-anchor RB sets to be transmitted is denoted by nl, the power for each SSB in the non-anchor RB set is calculated by (Psl-u - Ps-ssb) / nl; If the UE does not transmit S-SSB on the anchor RB set and the number of non-anchor RB sets to be transmitted is denoted by n2, the power for each non-anchor RB set is calculated by PSL-u / n2.

[156] Furthermore, with regard to the transmission of S-SSB repeats, the first UE 101a can keep the S-SSB repeats equal for sets of anchor RBs and non-anchor RBs. This design is beneficial for simplification without introducing more configuration parameters.

[157] Furthermore, or alternatively, the first EU 101a a Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 60 / 119 52 / 88 transmitting the S-SSB must be done by the UE that initiates the COT overlapping the S-SSB occasion. For example, only the UE that initiates the COT will perform the S-SSB transmission on S-SSB occasions that overlap with the COT.

[158] Correspondingly, with respect to S-SSB reception, another UE (e.g., the second UE 101b) selects, in the time unit (or S-SSB occasion), one set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In some embodiments, the second UE 101b selects the set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs by the same criteria as the first UE 101a. Without any limitation, the second UE 101b may also select the set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs in any other way. Then, the second UE 101b detects an S-SSB in at least one of the sets of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In addition, the following embodiments are provided regarding S-SSB reception.

[159] For Option 1 above, if the second UE 101b attempts to receive S-SSB, the second UE 101b will only need to monitor the S-SSB occasion(s) in the anchor RB set.

[160] For Option 2 above, if a UE attempts to receive S-SSB: Step 1. The second UE 101b detects S-SSB in an S-SSB slot in the anchor RB array. If S-SSB is detected, then stop. Otherwise, proceed to step 2. Step 2. The second UE 101b detects S-SSB in the S-SSB slot in set(s) of non-anchor RBs. If S-SSB is detected or no S-SSB is detected in the S-SSB slot in all sets of non-anchor RBs, then stop.

[161] With the methods provided in this disclosure, coordination between S-SSB and SL transmission in a COT overlaid on SSB is achieved, so that SL transmission performance can be improved. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 61 / 119 53 / 88 [ 162]As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the first UE 101a may receive information from the minimum non-RB sets and / or transmission from base station 102. This information is discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 2B.

[163] Reference is now made to Figure 2B, which illustrates an example of a 200B signaling process of a communication process supporting side-link transmission, according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purposes of discussion, the 200B process will be described with reference to Figure IA. The 200B process may involve the first UE 101a and BS 102. It should be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in Figure 2B are merely illustrative and not limiting. It should be understood that the 200B process may also include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some blocks shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to this aspect.

[164] As shown in Figure 2B, base station 102 transmits 260 information 265 indicating at least one of a minimum number of non-anchor RB sets and transmission power. Correspondingly, the first UE 101a receives 270 of this information 265. In some embodiments, base station 102 may transmit information 265 indicating one of the minimum number of non-anchor RB sets or transmission power. In addition, or alternatively, base station 102 may transmit information 265 indicating both the minimum number of non-anchor RB sets and the transmission power.

[165] In this way, base station 102 can configure the minimum number and transmission power. Furthermore, without any limitation, the minimum number and transmission power can also be pre-configured in the first UE 101a without signaling or specific configuration from base station 102.

[166] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a 700 device that supports side-link transmission, according to aspects of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 62 / 119 54 / 88 present disclosure. Device 700 may be an example of a first UE 101a, as described in this document. Device 700 may support wireless communication with one or more network entities 102, the second UE 101b, or any combination thereof. Device 700 may include components for bidirectional communications, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 702, a memory 704, a transceiver 706, and optionally an I / O controller 708. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[167] The 702 processor, the 704 memory, the 706 transceiver, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for carrying out various aspects of the present disclosure, as described in this document. For example, the 702 processor, the 704 memory, the 706 transceiver, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for carrying out one or more of the operations described in this document.

[168] In some implementations, the 702 processor, the 704 memory, the 706 transceiver, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (for example, in communications management circuits). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means to perform the functions described in this disclosure. In some implementations, the 702 processor and the 704 memory Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 63 / 119 The 55 / 88 coupled to the 702 processor can be configured to perform one or more of the functions described in this document (for example, executing instructions stored in memory 704 via the 702 processor).

[169] For example, the 702 processor can support wireless communication on the 700 device, according to the examples disclosed in this document. The 702 processor can be configured to support means for selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RBs) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; means for performing a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and on one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and means for transmitting, through the transceiver and on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

[170] The 702 processor may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the 702 processor may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the 702 processor. The 702 processor may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 704) to enable the 700 device to perform various functions of the present disclosure, so that the 700 device may perform any process of the disclosure, as discussed with reference to Figures 2 to 6.

[171] 704 memory may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). 704 memory may store computer-readable executable code, including Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 64 / 119 56 / 88 instructions that, when executed by the 702 processor, cause the 700 device to perform various functions described in this document. The code can be stored in a non-transient, computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the 702 processor, but it can cause a computer (for example, when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described in this document. In some implementations, the 704 memory may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) that can control basic hardware or software operation, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[172] The 708 I / O controller can manage input and output signals for the 700 device. The 708 I / O controller can also manage peripherals not integrated into the M02 device. In some implementations, the 708 I / O controller may represent a physical connection or port for an external peripheral. In some implementations, the 708 I / O controller may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MSWINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In some implementations, the 708 I / O controller may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the 706 processor. In some implementations, a user may interact with the 700 device through the 708 I / O controller or through hardware components controlled by the 708 I / O controller.

[173] In some implementations, the 700 device may include a single 710 antenna. However, in some other implementations, the 700 device may have more than one 710 antenna (i.e., multiple antennas), including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of simultaneously transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The 706 transceiver can communicate bidirectionally, by Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 65 / 119 57 / 88 by means of one or more 710 antennas, wired or wireless links, as described in this document. For example, the 706 transceiver may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The 706 transceiver may also include a modem to modulate the packets, provide the modulated packets to one or more 710 antennas for transmission, and demodulate the packets received from one or more 710 antennas. The 706 transceiver may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.

[174] A transmission chain can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmission chain may include at least one modulator to modulate data into a carrier signal, preparing the signal for wireless transmission. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes, such as phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmission chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to a power level appropriate for wireless transmission. The transmission chain may also include one or more 710 antennas to transmit the amplified signal over the air or wirelessly.

[175] A receiving chain can be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) via a wireless medium. For example, the receiving chain might include one or more 710 antennas to receive the signal via wireless or wireless transmission. The receiving chain might include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiving chain might include at least Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 66 / 119 58 / 88 is a demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by inverting the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. The receiving chain may include at least one decoder to decode and process the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[176] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a device 800 that supports the determination of RO groups according to aspects of this disclosure. The device 800 may be an example of the second UE 101b, as described in this document. The device 800 may support wireless communication with one or more network entities 102, the first UE 101a, or any combination thereof. The device 800 may include components for bidirectional communications, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 802, a memory 804, a transceiver 806, and optionally an I / O controller 808. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[177] The 802 processor, the 804 memory, the 806 transceiver, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for carrying out various aspects of the present disclosure as described in this document. For example, the 802 processor, the 804 memory, the 806 transceiver, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for carrying out one or more of the operations described in this document.

[178] In some implementations, the 802 processor, the 804 memory, the 806 transceiver, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (for example, in communications management circuits). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 67 / 119 59 / 88 an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in this disclosure. In some implementations, the 802 processor and the 804 memory coupled to the 802 processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described in this document (for example, executing instructions stored in the 804 memory by the 802 processor).

[179] For example, the 802 processor can support wireless communication in the 800 device, according to the examples disclosed in this document. The 802 processor can be configured to support means for selecting, in a unit of time, one set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and means for detecting, through the transceiver, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side-link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block.

[180] The 802 processor may include an intelligent hardware device (for example, a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the 802 processor may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the 802 processor. The 802 processor may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (for example, 804 memory) to enable the 800 device to perform various functions of the present disclosure, so that Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 68 / 119 60 / 88 the 800 device can perform any disclosure process, as discussed with reference to Figures 2 to 6.

[181] 804 memory may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). 804 memory may store computer-readable executable code, including instructions that, when executed by the 802 processor, cause the 800 device to perform various functions described in this document. The code may be stored in a non-transient, computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the 802 processor, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described in this document. In some implementations, 804 memory may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) that may control basic hardware or software operation, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[182] The 808 I / O controller can manage input and output signals for the 800 device. The 808 I / O controller can also manage peripherals not integrated into the M02 device. In some implementations, the 808 I / O controller may represent a physical connection or port for an external peripheral. In some implementations, the 808 I / O controller may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MSWINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In some implementations, the 808 I / O controller may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the 806 processor. In some implementations, a user may interact with the 800 device through the 808 I / O controller or through hardware components controlled by the 808 I / O controller.

[183] ​​In some implementations, the 800 device may include a single 810 antenna. However, in some other Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 69 / 119 In 61 / 88 implementations, the 800 device may have more than one 810 antenna (i.e., multiple antennas), including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of simultaneously transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The 806 transceiver may communicate bidirectionally, via one or more 810 antennas, wired or wireless links, as described in this document. For example, the 806 transceiver may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The 806 transceiver may also include a modem to modulate packets, provide the modulated packets to one or more 810 antennas for transmission, and demodulate the packets received from one or more 810 antennas. The 806 transceiver may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.

[184] A transmission chain can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmission chain may include at least one modulator to modulate data into a carrier signal, preparing the signal for wireless transmission. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes, such as phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmission chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to a power level appropriate for wireless transmission. The transmission chain may also include one or more antennas 810 to transmit the amplified signal through the air or wirelessly.

[185] A receiving chain can be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) via a wireless medium. For example, the receiving chain Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 70 / 119 62 / 88 may include one or more 810 antennas to receive the signal via wireless or wireless transmission. The receiving chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiving chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by inverting the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. The receiving chain may include at least one decoder to decode and process the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[186] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a device 900 that supports the determination of RO groups according to aspects of this disclosure. The device 900 may be an example of the network device 102, as described in this document. The device 900 may support wireless communication with one or more network entities 102, the first UE 101a, the second UE 101b, or any combination thereof. The device 900 may include components for bidirectional communications, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 902, a memory 904, a transceiver 906, and optionally an I / O controller 909. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[187] The 902 processor, the 904 memory, the 906 transceiver, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for carrying out various aspects of the present disclosure, as described in this document. For example, the 902 processor, the 904 memory, the 906 transceiver, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for carrying out one or more of the operations described in this document. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 71 / 119 63 / 88

[188] In some implementations, the 902 processor, the 904 memory, the 906 transceiver, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (for example, in communications management circuits). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means to perform the functions described in this disclosure. In some implementations, the 902 processor and the 904 memory coupled to the 902 processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described in this document (for example, executing, by the 902 processor, instructions stored in the 904 memory).

[189] For example, processor 902 can support wireless communication on device 900, according to the examples disclosed in this document. Processor 902 can be configured to support transmission means, to a user equipment, of information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets, associated with a transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or an S-SSB transmission power on an anchor RB set.

[190] The 902 processor may include an intelligent hardware device (for example, a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the 902 processor may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 72 / 119 In 64 / 88 implementations, a memory controller can be integrated into the 902 processor. The 902 processor can be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 904) to enable the 900 device to perform various functions of the present disclosure, such that the 900 device can perform any process of the disclosure, as discussed with reference to Figures 2 to 6.

[191] Memory 904 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Memory 904 may store computer-readable executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 902, cause device 900 to perform various functions described in this document. The code may be stored in a non-transient, computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by processor 902, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described in this document. In some implementations, memory 904 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) that may control basic hardware or software operation, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[192] The 909 I / O controller can manage input and output signals for the 900 device. The 909 I / O controller can also manage peripherals not integrated into the M02 device. In some implementations, the 909 I / O controller may represent a physical connection or port for an external peripheral. In some implementations, the 909 I / O controller may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MSWINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In some implementations, the 909 I / O controller may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the 906 processor. In some implementations, a user may Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 73 / 119 65 / 88 interact with device 900 via I / O controller 909 or via hardware components controlled by I / O controller 909.

[193] In some implementations, the 900 device may include a single 910 antenna. However, in some other implementations, the 900 device may have more than one 910 antenna (i.e., multiple antennas), including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of simultaneously transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The 906 transceiver may communicate bidirectionally, via one or more 910 antennas, wired or wireless links, as described in this document. For example, the 906 transceiver may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The 906 transceiver may also include a modem to modulate the packets, provide the modulated packets to one or more 910 antennas for transmission, and demodulate the packets received from one or more 910 antennas.The 906 transceiver may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.

[194] A transmission chain can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmission chain may include at least one modulator to modulate data into a carrier signal, preparing the signal for wireless transmission. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes, such as phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmission chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to a power level appropriate for wireless transmission. The chain of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 74 / 119 66 / 88 transmission may also include one or more 910 antennas to transmit the amplified signal over the air or wirelessly.

[195] A receiving chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) via a wireless medium. For example, the receiving chain may include one or more 910 antennas to receive the signal via wireless or wireless transmission. The receiving chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiving chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by inverting the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. The receiving chain may include at least one decoder to decode and process the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[196] Figure 10 illustrates an example of a 1000 processor that supports side-link transmission, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The 1000 processor may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations, according to the examples described in this document. The 1000 processor may be implemented in a device or in its components, as described in this document. For example, the device may be an example of the first UE 101, as described in this document. The 1000 processor may include a 1002 controller configured to perform various operations according to the examples described in this document. The 1000 processor may optionally include at least one 1004 memory, such as an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the 1000 processor may optionally include one or more 1000 arithmetic logic units (ALUs).One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or coupled in another way (e.g., operationally, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) by means of a... Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 75 / 119 67 / 88 or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[197] 0 Processor 1000 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receive, get, retrieve, transmit, send, forward, store, determine, identify, access, write, read) as described in this document. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., local memory or memory included in the processor chipset (e.g., Processor 1000) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase-change memory (PGM), and others).

[198] Controller 1002 can be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of processor 1000 to enable processor 1000 to support various operations, as described in the examples in this document. For example, controller 1002 can operate as a control unit for processor 1000, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of processor 1000. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating the timing of operations.

[199] Controller 1002 can be configured to fetch (e.g., get, retrieve, receive) instructions from memory 1004 and determine the subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to enable processor 1000 to support multiple operations, as described in the examples in this document. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 76 / 119 Controller 1002 can be configured to track the memory address of instructions associated with memory 1004. Controller 1002 can be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, controller 1002 can be configured to interpret the instruction and determine the control signals to be sent to other components of processor 1000, to enable processor 1000 to support various operations, as described in the examples in this document. Additionally, or alternatively, controller 1002 can be configured to manage data flow within processor 1000. Controller 1002 can be configured to control data transfer between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and other functional units of processor 1000.

[200] The 1004 memory may include one or more caches (e.g., local memory or memory included in the 1000 processor or other memory such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc.). In some implementations, the 1004 memory may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the 1000 processor). In some other implementations, the 1004 memory may reside externally to the processor chipset (e.g., remotely to the 1000 processor).

[201] Memory 1004 can store computer-readable executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 1000, cause processor 1000 to perform various functions described in this document. The code can be stored in a non-transient computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. Controller 1002 and / or processor 1000 can be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 1004 to cause processor 1000 to perform various functions. For example, processor 1000 and / or controller 1002 can be coupled to Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 77 / 119 69 / 88 memory 1004, and processor 1000, controller 1002, and memory 1004 can be configured to perform various functions described in this document. In some examples, processor 1000 may include multiple processors, and memory 1004 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described in this document.

[202] One or more 1000 ALUs can be configured to support various operations, as described in this document. In some implementations, one or more 1000 ALUs may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the 1000 processor). In other implementations, one or more 1000 ALUs may reside externally to the processor chipset (e.g., the 1000 processor). One or more 1000 ALUs can perform one or more calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, on data. For example, one or more 1000 ALUs may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be performed. One or more 1000 ALUs can be configured with a variety of logic and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation.Additionally, or alternatively, one or more 1000 ALUs can support logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NAND, allowing one or more 1000 ALUs to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[203] The 1000 processor can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed in this document. The 1000 processor can be configured or operated to support means for selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 78 / 119 70 / 88 means to perform a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, and means for transmitting, through the transceiver and on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

[204] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a processor 1100 that supports the determination of RO groups according to aspects of this disclosure. The processor 1100 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations according to the examples described in this document. The processor 1100 may be implemented in a device or in its components, as described in this document. For example, the device may be an example of the second UE 102a, as described in this document. The processor 1100 may include a controller 1102 configured to perform various operations according to the examples described in this document. The processor 1100 may optionally include at least one memory 1101, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 1100 may optionally include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) 1100.One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operationally, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) by means of one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[205] The 1100 processor may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receive, get, retrieve, transmit, send, forward, store, determine, identify, access, write, read) as described in this document. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., local memory). Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 79 / 119 71 / 88 or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the 1100 processor) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase-change memory (PGM), and others).

[206] The 1102 controller can be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the 1100 processor to enable the 1100 processor to support various operations, as described in the examples in this document. For example, the 1102 controller can operate as a control unit for the 1100 processor, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the 1100 processor. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating the timing of operations.

[207] Controller 1102 can be configured to fetch (e.g., get, retrieve, receive) instructions from memory 1101 and determine the subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to enable processor 1100 to support various operations as described in this document. Controller 1102 can be configured to track the memory address of instructions associated with memory 1101. Controller 1102 can be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, controller 1102 can be configured to interpret the instruction and determine the control signals to be sent to other components of processor 1100 to enable processor 1100 to support various operations as described in this document. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 80 / 119 72 / 88 Additionally, or alternatively, the 1102 controller can be configured to manage the data flow within the 1100 processor. The 1102 controller can be configured to control the data transfer between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and other functional units of the 1100 processor.

[208] The 1101 memory may include one or more caches (e.g., local memory or memory included in the 1100 processor or other memory such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc.). In some implementations, the 1101 memory may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the 1100 processor). In some other implementations, the 1101 memory may reside externally to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the 1100 processor).

[209] Memory 1101 can store computer-readable executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 1100, cause processor 1100 to perform various functions described in this document. The code can be stored in a non-transient computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. Controller 1102 and / or processor 1100 can be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 1101 to cause processor 1100 to perform various functions. For example, processor 1100 and / or controller 1102 can be coupled to memory 1101, and processor 1100, controller 1102, and memory 1101 can be configured to perform various functions described in this document. In some examples, processor 1100 may include multiple processors and memory 1101 may include multiple memories.One or more of the multiple processors can be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which can be configured, individually or collectively, to perform various functions described in this document. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 81 / 119 73 / 88

[210] One or more 1100 ALUs can be configured to support various operations, as described in this document. In some implementations, one or more 1100 ALUs may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the 1100 processor). In other implementations, one or more 1100 ALUs may reside externally to the processor chipset (e.g., the 1100 processor). One or more 1100 ALUs can perform one or more calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, on data. For example, one or more 1100 ALUs may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be performed. One or more 1100 ALUs can be configured with a variety of logic and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation.Additionally, or alternatively, one or more 1100 ALUs can support logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NAND, allowing one or more 1100 ALUs to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[211] The 1100 processor can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed in this document. The 1100 processor can be configured or operable to support means for selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and means for detecting, through the transceiver, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block.

[212] Figure 12 illustrates an example of a 1200 processor that supports the determination of RO groups according to aspects of the present disclosure. The 1200 processor can be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations according to the examples described in this document. The processor Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 82 / 119 74 / 88 1200 can be implemented in a device or its components, as described in this document. For example, the device can be an example of a 102 base station, as described in this document. The 1200 processor can include a 1202 controller configured to perform various operations according to the examples described in this document. The 1200 processor can optionally include at least one 1204 memory, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the 1200 processor can optionally include one or more 1200 arithmetic logic units (ALUs). One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) through one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[213] The 1200 processor may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receive, get, retrieve, transmit, send, forward, store, determine, identify, access, write, read) as described in this document. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., local memory or memory included in the processor chipset (e.g., the 1200 processor) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase-change memory (PGM), and others).

[214] The 1202 controller can be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, recording, reading) of the 1200 processor to do the Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 83 / 119 The 75 / 88 1200 processor supports various operations, as described in this document. For example, the 1202 controller can operate as a control unit for the 1200 processor, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the 1200 processor. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating the timing of operations.

[215] Controller 1202 can be configured to fetch (e.g., get, retrieve, receive) instructions from memory 1204 and determine the subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to enable processor 1200 to support various operations as described in this document. Controller 1202 can be configured to track the memory address of instructions associated with memory 1204. Controller 1202 can be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, controller 1202 can be configured to interpret the instruction and determine the control signals to be sent to other components of processor 1200 to enable processor 1200 to support various operations as described in this document. Additionally, or alternatively, controller 1202 can be configured to manage the data flow within processor 1200.The 1202 controller can be configured to control data transfer between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and other functional units of the 1200 processor.

[216] The 1204 memory may include one or more caches (e.g., local memory or memory included in the processor 1200 or other memory such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the 1204 memory may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 84 / 119 76 / 88 the 1200 processor). In some other implementations, the 1204 memory may reside externally to the processor chipset (e.g., remotely from the 1200 processor).

[217] Memory 1204 can store computer-readable executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 1200, cause processor 1200 to perform various functions described in this document. The code can be stored in a non-transient computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. Controller 1202 and / or processor 1200 can be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 1204 to cause processor 1200 to perform various functions. For example, processor 1200 and / or controller 1202 can be coupled to memory 1204, and processor 1200, controller 1202, and memory 1204 can be configured to perform various functions described in this document. In some examples, processor 1200 can include multiple processors and memory 1204 can include multiple memories.One or more of the multiple processors can be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which can be configured, individually or collectively, to perform various functions described in this document.

[218] One or more 1200 ALUs can be configured to support various operations, as described in the examples in this document. In some implementations, one or more 1200 ALUs may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the 1200 processor). In other implementations, one or more 1200 ALUs may reside externally to the processor chipset (e.g., the 1200 processor). One or more 1200 ALUs can perform one or more calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, on data. For example, one or more 1200 ALUs may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be performed. One or more ALUs Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 85 / 119 77 / 88 1200 ALUs can be configured with a variety of logic and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more 1200 ALUs can support logic operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NAND, allowing one or more 1200 ALUs to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[219] The 1200 processor can support wireless communication according to the examples disclosed in this document. The 1200 processor can be configured or operated to support means of transmitting, to a user equipment, information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets, associated with a transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or an S-SSB transmission power in an anchor RB set.

[220] Figure 13 illustrates a flowchart of a 1300 method that supports side-link transmission, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the 1300 method can be implemented by a device or its components, as described in this document. For example, the operations of the 1300 method can be performed by the first UE 101a, as described in this document. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the device's function elements to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[221] In 1310, the method may include selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In 1320, the method may include performing a channel access procedure on the set Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 86 / 119 78 / 88 of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In 1330, the method includes transmitting, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side-link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block. The operations of 1310, 1320, and 1330 can be performed according to the examples described in this document. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1310, 1320, and 1330 can be performed by a device as described with reference to Figure IA.

[222] Figure 14 illustrates a flowchart of a 1400 method that supports side-link transmission, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the 1400 method can be implemented by a device or its components, as described in this document. For example, the operations of the 1200 method can be performed by the second UE 101b, as described in this document. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the device's function elements to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[223] In 1410, the method may include selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs. In 1420, the method may include detecting, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side-link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block. The 1410 and 1420 operations may be performed according to the examples described in this document. In some implementations, aspects of the 1410 and 1420 operations may be performed by a device as described with reference to Figure 1 A.

[224] Figure 15 illustrates a flowchart of a 1500 method that supports side-link transmission, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the 1500 method can be Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 87 / 119 79 / 88 implemented by a device or its components, as described in this document. For example, the operations of method 1500 can be performed by a network entity 102, as described in this document. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control its function elements to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[225] In 1510, the method may include transmitting to a user device information indicating at least one of a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets associated with the transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or the S-SSB transmission power in a set of anchor RBs. 1510 operations may be performed according to the examples described in this document. In some implementations, aspects of 1510 operations may be performed by a device as described with reference to Figure 1A.

[226] It should be noted that the methods described in this document describe possible implementations, and that operations and steps may be rearranged or modified in other ways, and that other implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects of two or more methods may be combined.

[227] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with this disclosure may be implemented or realized with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described in this document. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any processor, controller, Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 88 / 119 80 / 88 microcontroller or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors together with a DSP core) or any other such configuration.

[228] The functions described in this document may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored or transmitted as one or more instructions or code in a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described in this document may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, cabling, or combinations thereof. Resources implementing functions may also be physically located in multiple locations, including being distributed in such a way that parts of the functions are implemented in different physical locations.

[229] Computer-readable media include non-transient storage media and communication media, including any media that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transient storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transient computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage, magnetic disc storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transient medium that can be used to carry or Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 89 / 119 81 / 88 store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.

[230] As used in this document, including in the claims, the article "a" before an element is unrestricted and understood as referring to at least one of those elements or to one or more of those elements. The terms "a," "at least one," "one or more," and "at least one of one or more" may be interchangeable. As used in this document, including in the claims, or as used in a list of items (for example, a list of items preceded by a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of" or "one or both of") indicates an inclusive list, so that, for example, a list of "at least one of A, B, or C" means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used in this document, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of conditions.For example, an example step described as being based on condition A may be based on either condition A or condition B, without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used in this document, the expression “based on” should be interpreted in the same way as the expression “based at least in part on.” Furthermore, as used in this document, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[231] The description in this document is provided to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles set forth in this document may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described in this document. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 90 / 119 82 / 88 document, but should receive the broader scope consistent with the principles and new features disclosed in this document.

[232] In summary, the modalities of this disclosure may provide the following solutions.

[233] Clause 1. A user equipment comprising: a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; perform a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and transmit, through the transceiver and on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

[234] Clause 2.0 user equipment of clause 1, wherein the selection of the anchor RB set and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprises: selecting the anchor RB set and a first number of non-anchor RB sets, wherein the first number is equal to or greater than a minimum number, and wherein the minimum number is obtained based on pre-configuration or configuration.

[235] Clause 3.0 user equipment of clause 1, wherein the transmission of S-SSB comprises: determining whether the set of anchor RBs is available based on the channel access procedure; and based on the determination that the set of anchor RBs is available, transmitting S-SSB on the set of anchor RBs.

[236] Clause 4.0 user equipment of clause 3, wherein the S-SSB transmission comprises: based on the determination that the anchor RB set is unavailable, determining whether one or more non-anchor RB sets are available based on the channel access procedure; and based on the determination that a non-anchor RB set is available, Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 91 / 119 83 / 88 transmit the S-SSB on the non-anchor RB array.

[237] Clause 5.0 user equipment of clause 4, wherein the transmission of S-SSB comprises: based on the determination that a plurality of non-anchor RB sets are available, selecting a non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets; and transmitting, via the transceiver, the S-SSB on the selected non-anchor RB set.

[238] Clause 6.0 user equipment of clause 5, wherein the selection of the non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets comprises: selecting the non-anchor RB set randomly; or selecting the non-anchor RB set based on an index of the non-anchor RB set from among the plurality of non-anchor RB sets. [ 239]Clause 7.0 user equipment of clause 1, wherein the time unit is one of a plurality of time units that are included in a channel occupation time (COT), and wherein the processor is further made: obtain COT information that is associated with the COT.

[240] Clause 8.0 user equipment of clause 7, wherein at least one of the anchor RB set and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprises a first RB set, wherein the user equipment is configured to use the first RB set in a second time unit in the COT and the second time unit is subsequent to the time unit, and the processor is further configured to: determine whether the user equipment occupies the first RB set in the second time unit with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation; based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first RB set with a full RB set resource allocation, transmit a cyclic prefix extension (CPE) before the second time unit; and based on the determination of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 92 / 119 84 / 88 where the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with partial RB set resource allocation, perform a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before the second time unit.

[241] Clause 9.0 user equipment of clause 7, wherein at least one of the anchor RB set and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprises a first RB set, wherein the user equipment is configured to use the first RB set in a third time unit in the COT and the third time unit is prior to the time unit, and the processor is further made: determine whether the user equipment occupies the first RB set in the third time unit with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation; based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first RB set with the full RB set resource allocation, transmit a CPE prior to the time unit;Based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with partial RB set resource allocation, perform an LBT procedure before the second time unit.

[242] Clause 10. The user equipment of clause 8 or 9, wherein the transmission of the CPE comprises: transmitting the CPE to ensure that a gap in a first symbol before the second time unit or in a second symbol before the time unit is less than 16 ps.

[243] Clause 11. The user equipment of clause 7, where the COT is initiated by the user equipment. [ 244]Clause 12. The user equipment of clause 1, wherein the user equipment is configured to occupy a plurality of RB sets in a COT, and the processor is further configured to: determine whether the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets; and Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 93 / 119 85 / 88

[245] based on the determination that the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets, transmit: i) the S-SSB on the anchor RB set and fill data on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets.

[246] Clause 13.0 user equipment of clause 1, wherein the user equipment is configured to occupy a plurality of RB sets in a COT, and the processor is further configured to: determine whether the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets; perform, in response to the user equipment transmitting S-SSB, a channel access procedure on the anchor RB set based on the determination that the anchor RB set is not one of the plurality of RB sets; transmit, via the transceiver, the S-SSB on the anchor RB set; and transmit, via the transceiver: i) fill data on at least one non-anchor RB set of the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB on at least one non-anchor RB set of the plurality of RB sets.

[247] Clause 14.0 user equipment of clause 1, wherein the transmission of S-SSB comprises: transmitting, by means of the transceiver and using a first transmit power, the SSSB on the set of anchor RBs, wherein the first transmit power is obtained based on the pre-configuration or configuration; and

[248] Clause 15.0 user equipment of clause 14, wherein the transmission, by means of the transceiver and using a second transmission power, of the S-SSB in a second number of non-anchor RB sets, wherein the second transmission power is determined based on the second number and a remaining transmission power different from the first transmission power. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 94 / 119 86 / 88

[249] Clause 16. User equipment comprising: a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and detect, by means of the transceiver, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

[250] Clause 17. A base station comprising: a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: transmit to a user equipment information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets associated with a transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or an S-SSB transmission power in a set of anchor RBs.

[251] Clause 18. A processor for communication, comprising: at least one memory; and a controller coupled to at least one memory and configured to make the controller: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; execute a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and transmit, on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

[252] Clause 19. A processor for communication, comprising: at least one memory; and a controller coupled to at least one memory and configured to make the controller: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and detect, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a signal block of Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 95 / 119 87 / 88 side link synchronization (S-SSB).

[253] Clause 20. A processor for communication, comprising: at least one memory; and a controller coupled to at least one memory and configured to make the controller: transmit, to a user equipment, information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of sets of non-anchor resource blocks (RB) associated with a transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or an S-SSB transmission power in a set of anchor RBs.

[254] Clause 21. A method implemented by a user equipment, the method comprising: selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; performing a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and on one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and transmitting, on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block.

[255] Clause 22. A method implemented by a user device, the method comprising: selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and detecting, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and the one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization (S-SSB) signal block.

[256] Clause 23. A method implemented by a base station, the method comprising: transmitting to a user equipment information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets associated with a transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or an S-SSB transmission power on a set of anchor RBs.

[257] Clause 24. A computer-readable medium containing Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 96 / 119 88 / 88 instructions stored in it, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, cause at least one processor to perform the method according to any of clauses 21 to 23. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 97 / 119

Claims

CLAIMS 1. User equipment characterized in that it comprises: a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; perform a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and on one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and transmit, through the transceiver and on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (SSSB).

2. User equipment, according to claim 1, characterized in that the selection of the anchor RB set and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprises: selecting the anchor RB set and a first number of non-anchor RB sets, wherein the first number is equal to or greater than a minimum number, and wherein the minimum number is obtained based on pre-configuration or configuration.

3. User equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that the S-SSB transmission comprises: determining whether the set of anchor RBs is available based on the channel access procedure; and based on the determination that the set of anchor RBs is available, transmitting the S-SSB on the set of anchor RBs.

4. User equipment according to claim 3, characterized in that the S-SSB transmission comprises: based on the determination that the anchor RB set is unavailable, determining whether one or more non-anchor RB sets are available based on the channel access procedure; and based on the determination that a non-anchor RB set is available, transmitting S-SSB on the non-anchor RB set.

5. User equipment according to claim 4, characterized in that the S-SSB transmission comprises: based on the determination that a plurality of non-anchor RB sets are available, selecting a non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets; and transmitting, via the transceiver, the S-SSB on the selected non-anchor RB set.

6. User equipment according to claim 5, characterized in that the selection of the non-anchor RB set from the plurality of non-anchor RB sets comprises: selecting the non-anchor RB set randomly; or selecting the non-anchor RB set based on an index of the non-anchor RB set among the plurality of non-anchor RB sets.

7. User equipment, according to claim 1, characterized in that the time unit is one of a plurality of time units that are included in a channel occupation time (COT), and in which the processor is further made up of: obtaining COT information associated with the COT.

8. User equipment, according to claim 7, characterized in that at least one of the anchor RB sets and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprises a first set of RBs, wherein the user equipment is configured to use the first set of RBs in a second time unit in the COT and the second time unit is subsequent to the time unit, and the processor is still Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p.99 / 119 3 / 7 configured to: determine whether the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs in the second time unit with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation; based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with a full RB set resource allocation, transmit a cyclic prefix extension (CPE) before the second time unit; and based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with a partial RB set resource allocation, perform a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before the second time unit.

9. User equipment according to claim 7, characterized in that at least one of the anchor RB set and one or more non-anchor RB sets comprises a first RB set, wherein the user equipment is configured to use the first RB set in a third time unit in the COT and the third time unit is before the time unit, and the processor is further made to: determine whether the user equipment occupies the first RB set in the third time unit with a full RB set resource allocation or a partial RB set resource allocation; based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first RB set with the full RB set resource allocation, transmit a CPE before the time unit;and based on the determination that the user equipment occupies the first set of RBs with the partial RB set resource allocation, perform an LBT procedure before the second time unit. Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 100 / 119 MΊ; 10. User equipment according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the CPE transmission comprises: transmitting the CPE to ensure that a gap in a first symbol before the second time unit or in a second symbol before the time unit is less than 16 ps.

11. User equipment, according to claim 7, characterized in that the COT is initiated by the user equipment.

12. User equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that the user equipment is configured to occupy a plurality of RB sets in a COT, and the processor is further configured to: determine whether the anchor RB set is one of several RB sets; and based on the determination that the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets, transmit: i) the S-SSB on the anchor RB set and fill data on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB on at least one non-anchor RB set from the plurality of RB sets.

13. User equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that the user equipment is configured to occupy a plurality of RB sets in a COT, and the processor is further configured to: determine whether the anchor RB set is one of the plurality of RB sets; perform, in response to the need for the user equipment to transmit S-SSB, a channel access procedure on the anchor RB set based on the determination that the anchor RB set is not one of the plurality of RB sets; transmit, via the transceiver, the S-SSB on the anchor RB set; and Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, p. 101 / 119 5 / 7 transmit, via the transceiver: i) fill data in at least one non-anchor RB set of the plurality of RB sets, or ii) the S-SSB in at least one non-anchor RB set of the plurality of RB sets.

14. User equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that the S-SSB transmission comprises: transmitting, through the transceiver and using an initial transmission power, the S-SSB to the set of anchor RBs, wherein the initial transmission power is obtained based on pre-configuration or configuration.

15. User equipment according to claim 14, characterized in that it transmits, via the transceiver and using a second transmission power, S-SSB on a second number of non-anchor RB sets, wherein the second transmission power is determined based on the second number and a remaining transmission power different from the first transmission power.

16. User equipment characterized in that it comprises: a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and detect, by means of the transceiver, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (SSSB).

17. Base station characterized by the fact that it comprises: a processor; and Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, page 102 / 119 6 / 7 a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: transmit, to a user equipment, information indicating at least one of the following: a minimum number of non-anchor resource block (RB) sets associated with a transmission of a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB), or an S-SSB transmission power in an anchor RB set.

18. A communication processor, characterized in that it comprises: at least one memory; and a controller coupled to at least one memory and configured to make the controller: select, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; perform a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and transmit, in at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

19. A method performed by a user's equipment, characterized by the fact that it comprises: selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; performing a channel access procedure on the set of anchor RBs and on one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and transmitting, on at least one of the set of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side link synchronization signal block (S-SSB).

20. Method implemented by a user's equipment, the method characterized by the fact that it comprises: Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 103 / 119 7 / 7 selecting, in a unit of time, a set of anchor resource blocks (RB) and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs; and detecting, in at least one of the sets of anchor RBs and one or more sets of non-anchor RBs, a side-link synchronization signal block (S-SSB). Petition 870250084085, dated 09 / 18 / 2025, pp. 104 / 119

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