Data collection for training a wireless device positioning model

Description

1 / 104 DATA COLLECTION FOR TRAINING A WIRELESS DEVICE POSITIONING MODEL CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of a non-provisional patent application. US Serial No. 18 / 295,794, entitled COLLECTING DATA FOR TRAINING A WIRELESS DEVICE POSITIONING MODEL and filed on April 4, 2023, which is expressly incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to a system for positioning wireless devices. INTRODUCTION

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, message exchange, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources.Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA).

[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in several telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 243 / 380 2 / 104 different wireless devices communicate at a local, regional, national, and even global level. One example of a telecommunications standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of an ongoing evolution of mobile broadband enacted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the long-term evolution (LTE) 4G standard. There is a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology.These improvements may also be applicable to other multiple access technologies and to telecommunications standards that employ such technologies. BRIEF SUMMARY

[0005] The following description presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all aspects covered. This summary does not identify the key or critical elements of all aspects nor does it delimit the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as an introduction to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0006] In one aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may include a wireless device. The apparatus may include a user equipment (UE), a network node, or a positioning reference unit (PRU). The apparatus may receive a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs). The apparatus may measure the set of PRSs. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 244 / 380 3 / 104 The device can output at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured PRS set, a set of markers associated with the measured PRS set, or assistance information associated with the measured PRS set to train a positioning model.

[0007] In one aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may include a network entity. The network entity may include a location management function (LMF) or a set of location servers. For a first wireless device, the apparatus may transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, the apparatus may transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. For the first wireless device, the apparatus may transmit an indication to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

[0008] For the accomplishment of the aforementioned and related purposes, the one or more aspects may include the attributes described hereinafter fully and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative attributes of the one or more aspects. These attributes are indicative, however, of only some of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0010] Figure 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 245 / 380 4 / 104

[0011] Figure 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels in a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels in a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and a user device (UE) in an access network.

[0015] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of positioning based on reference signal measurements.

[0016] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network entity that coordinates a plurality of base stations to perform positioning with a wireless device.

[0017] Figure 6 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices, and a positioning network entity configured to train a positioning model.

[0018] Figure 7 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices, and a positioning network entity configured to train a positioning model.

[0019] Figure 8 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0020] Figure 9 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0021] Figure 10 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0022] Figure 11 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0023] Figure 12 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method.

[0024] Figure 13 is a flowchart of a wireless communication method. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 246 / 380 5 / 104

[0025] Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network device and / or entity.

[0026] Figure 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.

[0027] Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The following description is directed to examples for the purpose of describing the innovative aspects of this disclosure. However, a person skilled in the art may recognize that the teachings of the present invention can be applied in a variety of ways. Some or all of the examples described can be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in accordance with one or more of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards, the IEEE 802.15 standards, the Bluetooth® standards as defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), or the Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G, 4G, or 5G (New Radio (NR)) standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), among others.The examples described can be implemented in any device, system, or network capable of transmitting and receiving RF signals according to one or more of the following technologies or techniques: code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), spatial division multiple access (SDMA), rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA), multi-user shared access (MUSA), single-user (SU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and multi-user MIMO. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 247 / 380 6 / 104 users (MU - multi-user). The examples described can also be implemented using other wireless communication protocols or RF signals suitable for use in one or more of a wireless personal area network (WPAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless wide area network (WWAN), a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), or an Internet of Things (IoT) network.

[0029] Several aspects relate generally to wireless communication and, more particularly, to the positioning of wireless devices. Some aspects relate more specifically to the training of positioning models for use in the positioning of wireless devices. In some examples, a wireless device can be used to collect data to train a positioning model. The model can be an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML or AIML) positioning model trained using a set of inputs and a set of expected outputs, or markers. Once trained, the positioning model can be used to calculate a set of outputs based on a set of new inputs. The wireless device may include user equipment (UE), a network node, or a positioning reference unit (PRU).The wireless device can receive a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs). The wireless device can measure the set of PRSs. The wireless device can output at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model. In some examples, a network entity might configure a wireless device to collect a positioning model. The network entity might include a location management function (LMF) or a set of location servers. For a first wireless device, the network entity might transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 248 / 380 7 / 104 of PRSs. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, the network entity may transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. For the first wireless device, the network entity may transmit an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

[0030] The specifications for some wireless devices may not support signaling to collect training data for training positioning models that rely on measurements of positioning signals transmitted from a network node (e.g., PRSs, Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RSs)). Such wireless devices may also not be configured to provide any signaling assistance. In some respects, a wireless device, such as a UE or a PRU, may be configured to collect training data for training a positioning model based on measurements of positioning signals received by the wireless device.The training data includes downlink (DL) based measurements, such as reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurements, reference signal received power (RRP) measurements, path-based reference signal received power (RSRPP) measurements, angle of departure (AoD) measurements, and / or line-of-sight identification (LOS) measurements.Training data may include enhanced measurements such as qualitative information (e.g., probability, possibility, range, or distribution) from RSTD measurements, qualitative information from RSRP measurements, qualitative information from RSRPP measurements, qualitative information from AoD measurements, beampath information, LOS phase information, additional beampath phase information, and / or a joint composition of DL-based measurements. The data from... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 249 / 380 8 / 104 training may include channel impulse response (CIR) measurements, channel frequency response (CFR) measurements, and / or power delay profile (PDP) measurements captured on the wireless device.In some respects, the training data markers used to train the positioning model may include a known PRU location, a UE location derived using a non-radio access technology (non-RAT) method, a UE location obtained by an LMF, intermediate markers (markers used to calculate a wireless device location) based on measurements reported by the wireless device or a network node (e.g., a transmission reception point (TRP)), and / or intermediate markers obtained from an LMF (e.g., calculated by the LMF or received by the LMF from other wireless devices). In some respects, the wireless device may provide assist data to an LMF or vice versa.Assistance information may include reference signal assets used for reported measurements, enhanced timestamps of reference signal assets, proprietary UE (UE / PRU for LMF) or gNB / TRP (LMF for UE / PRU) information, such as positioning signal beam information. In some respects, the wireless device may request a network entity (or vice versa) to assist in collecting training data as part of an attached Long Term Evolution (LTE) Positioning Protocol (LPP) framework (LPPa - annex LPP) based on standard positioning procedures or a new dedicated procedure for collecting training data.In some respects, training data collection sessions between a network entity and the wireless device can be initiated by either the wireless device or the network entity and may include a session capability exchange, a session configuration exchange, a session start message, a session error message, and / or a session pause / termination message. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 250 / 380 9 / 104

[0031] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to obtain one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by configuring a wireless device to collect and transmit training data for downlink positioning signals (e.g., PRS), the training data can be used to train a positioning model to improve positioning accuracy on the wireless device. The techniques described can be used to accurately perform positioning on a wireless device based on measurements and assistance information from downlink positioning signals. The techniques described enable a wireless device to report measurements to a network entity, receive tagging assistance to train a positioning model, and exchange assistance information with the network entity to improve the accuracy of the positioning model.

[0032] The detailed description set forth below, together with the drawings, describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described in the present invention may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details with the aim of providing a complete understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some cases, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring such concepts.

[0033] Various aspects of telecommunications systems are presented with reference to various devices and methods. These devices and methods are described in the detailed description below and are illustrated in the attached drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively called elements). These elements can be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements will be implemented in the form of hardware or software will depend on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the system as a whole. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 251 / 380 10 / 104

[0034] As an example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements can be implemented as a processing system that includes one or more processors.Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoCs), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, controlled logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware components configured to perform the various functionalities described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software.Software, whether called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable parts, execution threads, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.

[0035] Consequently, in one or more aspects, implementations, and / or example use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or encoded as one or more instructions or code in a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media may include access memory. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 252 / 380 11 / 104 random (RAM - random-access memory), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of computer-readable media types, or any other media that can be used to store computer-executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0036] Although aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by way of illustration for some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may arise in many different arrangements and scenarios.The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described in the present invention can be implemented through different types of platforms, devices, systems, formats, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, the aspects, implementations, and / or use cases can occur via embedded chip implementations and other non-modular component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / shopping devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) enabled devices, etc.). While some examples may or may not specifically refer to use cases or applications, a wide variety of applicability of the described examples may occur.The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may vary from a spectrum of chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and, additionally, to aggregated, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems that incorporate one or more techniques described in the present invention. In some practical environments, devices incorporating the described aspects and attributes may also include additional components and attributes for implementing and practicing the claimed and described aspect. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 253 / 380 12 / 104 necessarily include various components for analog or digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor(s), interleaver, adders / summers, etc.). The techniques described in the present invention can be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc., of varying sizes, shapes, and constitutions.

[0037] The deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in multiple ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a network mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element or network equipment, such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR base station, a 5G base station, an access point (AP), a transmission reception point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0038] An aggregated base station can be configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some respects, a CU can be implemented on a RAN node and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU or, alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 254 / 380 13 / 104 one or more other RAN nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can be implemented as virtual units, that is, a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0039] Base station operation or network design may consider the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as the O-RAN alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN), also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units in multiple physical locations, as well as distributing functionality to at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design.The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0040] Figure 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communication system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near real-time (near RT) intelligent RAN controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link or a non-real-time (non RT) RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105 or both). A CU 110 can communicate with one or more Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 255 / 380 14 / 104 DUs 130 viewed the respective midhaul links as an F1 interface. DUs 130 can communicate with one or more RUs 140 via their respective fronthaul links. RUs 140 can communicate with their respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 104 can be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 140.

[0041] Each of the units, that is, the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the near-RT RICs 125, the non-RT RICs 115 and the SMO structure 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the units' communication interfaces, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals through a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units.Additionally, the units may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, via a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0042] In some respects, the CU 110 can host one or more higher-layer control functions. These control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or similar functions. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit - user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit - control plane (CU-CP)). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 256 / 380 15 / 104 plane)) or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface, when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 may be implemented to communicate with the DU 130 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0043] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140.In some respects, the DU 130 may host one or more of the following: a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or similar), depending, at least in part, on a functional division, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some respects, the DU 130 may additionally host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130 or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.

[0044] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 140s. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node hosting RF processing functions or low-layer PHY functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse fast Fourier transform (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or similar), or both, based at least in part on functional splitting, as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 140(s) may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with a Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 257 / 380 16 / 104 or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user communication with the RU(s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 130 and CU 110 to be deployed in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0045] The SMO 105 framework can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO 105 framework can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that can be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO 105 framework can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 190) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). These virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140, and near RT 125 RICs.In some implementations, the SMO 105 framework can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO 105 framework can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO 105 framework can also include a non-RT 115 RIC configured to support the functionality of the SMO 105 framework.

[0046] The non-RT 115 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) workflows (AI / ML) including model training and updates, or application / attribute-based guidance in the near-RT 125 RIC. The non-RT 115 RIC can be coupled to, or communicate with, the Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 258 / 380 17 / 104 (as via an A1 interface) near RT 125 RIC. The near RT 125 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions on an interface (as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, to the near RT 125 RIC.

[0047] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed on the near RT 125 RIC, the non-RT 115 RIC may receive external enrichment parameters or information from external servers. This information can be used by the near RT 125 RIC and can be received in the SMO 105 framework or in the non-RT 115 RIC from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the RIC not at RT 115 or the RIC almost at RT 125 can be configured to tune the behavior or performance of the RAN.For example, the RIC not in RT 115 can monitor long-term trends and patterns regarding performance, and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 105 framework (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via the creation of RAN management guidelines (such as A1 guidelines).

[0048] At least one of the CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 can be called a base station 102. Consequently, a base station 102 can include one or more of the CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 (each component indicated with dashed lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in base station 102). Base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. Base station 102 can include macrocells (high-power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low-power cellular base station). Small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cells and macrocells can be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home evolved NodeBs (eNBs) (HeNBs), which may provide services to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).The links of. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 259 / 380 18 / 104 Communication between RUs 140 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) transmissions (also called reverse link) from a UE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) transmissions (also called forward link) from an RU 140 to a UE 104. Communication links may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmission diversity. Communication links may be via one or more carriers. Base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) of bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other.Carrier allocation can be asymmetrical with respect to DL and UL transmissions (for example, more or fewer carriers may be allocated to DL compared to UL). Component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be called a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be called a secondary cell (SCell).

[0049] Certain UEs 104 can communicate with each other using the device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 can use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication can be via various wireless D2D communication systems such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi-based standard. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 260 / 380 19 / 104 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 802.11, LTE or NR.

[0050] The wireless communication system may additionally include an AP. 150 (e.g., a Wi-Fi AP) communicating with UEs 104 (also called Wi-Fi Stations (STAs)) via communication link 154, for example, in an unlicensed 5 GHz frequency spectrum or similar. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, UEs 104 / AP 150 can perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) before communication to determine if the channel is available.

[0051] The electromagnetic spectrum is frequently subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands were identified as the frequency band designations FR1 (from 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is frequently (interchangeably) referred to as a sub-6 GHz band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes arises with regard to the FR2 band, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as a millimeter wave band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz to 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a millimeter wave band.

[0052] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as the FR3 frequency band designation (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling under FR3 can inherit the characteristics of FR1 and / or the characteristics of FR2, and in this way can effectively extend the attributes of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 261 / 380 20 / 104 in addition to 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency band designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (71 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0053] With the above aspects in mind, except where specifically stated otherwise, the term sub-6 GHz or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Additionally, except where specifically stated otherwise, the term millimeter wave or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2 and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0054] Base station 102 and UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. Base station 102 may transmit to UE 104 a beamforming signal in one or more transmission directions.UE 104 can receive the beamformed signal from base station 102 in one or more reception directions. UE 104 can also transmit a beamformed signal to base station 102 in one or more transmission directions. Base station 102 can receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more reception directions. Base station 102 / UE 104 can perform beam training to determine the best reception and transmission directions for each of base stations 102 / UE 104. The transmission and reception directions of base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmission and reception directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.

[0055] Base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, a NodeB, an eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a base radio station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 262 / 380 21 / 104 set), a TRP, a network node, a network entity, a network device, or some other suitable terminology. Base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul node (IAB), a relay node, a side link node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, can be called a next-generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN).

[0056] The core network 120 may include an access and mobility management function (AMF) 161, a session management function (SMF) 162, a user plane function (UPF) 163, a unified data management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports record management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and signature management.The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) 165 and a location management function (LMF) 166. However, in general, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE), a mobile location server center (SMLC). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 263 / 380 22 / 104 - serving mobile location center), a mobile positioning center (MPC) or similar. The GMLC 165 and LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of UE 104. The NG-RAN may use one or more positioning methods to determine the position of UE 104. UE 104 positioning may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity calculation based on the measurements. Signal measurements can be made by UE 104 and / or by base station 102 serving UE 104. The measured signals may be based on one or more satellite positioning systems (SPS) 170 (for example,one or more of the following: a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), a global positioning system (GPS), a non-terrestrial network (NTN), or another satellite positioning / location system), LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS), sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor), NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time positioning, DL-AoD angle-of-departure positioning, DL-TDoA time difference of arrival positioning),UL time-of-arrival difference (UL-TDoA) and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) and / or other systems / signals / sensors.

[0057] Examples of UEs 104 include a mobile phone, a smartphone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a device, Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 264 / 380 23 / 104 video, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a fuel pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similarly functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be called IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, fuel pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc.).The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more complementary devices, such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may access the network collectively and / or access the network individually.

[0058] Again with reference to Figure 1, in certain aspects, UE 104 may have a positioning signal measurement component 198 that can be configured to receive a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs). The positioning signal measurement component 198 can be configured to measure the set of PRSs. The positioning signal measurement component 198 can be configured to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model. In certain aspects, for a first wireless device, base station 102 may have a positioning model configuration component 199 that can be configured to transmit a first positioning schedule to measure Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 265 / 38024 / 104 a set of PRSs. Base station 102 may include a network entity, such as LMF 166, or one or more location servers 168. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, the positioning model configuration component 199 may be configured to transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. For the first wireless device, the positioning model configuration component 199 may be configured to transmit an indication to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model.The positioning model configuration component 199 can configure a positioning occasion between UE 104 and a base station, such as base station 102, so that UE 104 receives a set of PRSs from the base station. The positioning signal measurement component 198 can measure the set of PRSs and can use the measurements to train a positioning model on the UE or on a network entity. The positioning signal measurement component 198 can transmit a set of markers and / or assistance information to the network entity to train the positioning model on the network entity. The positioning model configuration component 199 can transmit a set of markers and / or assistance information to the UE to train the positioning model on the UE.

[0059] Figure 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe in a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels in a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe in a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels in a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be frequency division duplexed (FDD), whereby, for a particular set of subcarriers (system bandwidth of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 266 / 380 25 / 104 carrier), the subframes in the subcarrier set are dedicated to DL or UL, or it can be time division duplexed (TDD), where, for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), the subframes in the subcarrier set are dedicated to both DL and UL. In the examples provided by Figures 2A, 2C, it is assumed that the 5G NR frame structure is TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot 28 format (mostly DL), where D is DL, U is UL and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot 1 format (all UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown with slot formats 1 and 28, respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0 through 61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are fully DL and UL, respectively.Other slot formats 2 to 61 include a mixture of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically via DL control information (DCI), or semi-statically / statically via radio resource control (RRC) signaling) via a received slot format indicator (SFI). It should be mentioned that the description below also applies to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.

[0060] Figures 2A to 2D illustrate a frame structure, and aspects of this disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) can be divided into 10 subframes of equal size (1 ms). Each subframe can include one or more time slots. Subframes can also include mini-slots, which can include 7, 4, or 2 symbols.Each slot can include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot can include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot can include 12 symbols. The symbols in the DL can be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CPOFDM) symbols. The symbols in the UL can... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 267 / 380 26 / 104 can be CP-OFDM symbols (for high-throughput scenarios) or OFDM symbols with discrete Fourier transform spread (DFT-s-OFDM) (for power-limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission). The number of slots in a subframe is based on the CP and numerology. Numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1). The symbol length / duration can be scaled with 1 / SCS. μ SCS Δ / = 2μ · 15[kHz] Cyclic prefix 0 15 Normal 1 30 Normal 2 60 Normal, extended 3 120 Normal 4 240 Normal 5 480 Normal 6 960 Normal Table 1: Numerology, SCS and CP

[0061] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot), different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, numerology 2 allows 4 slots per subframe. Consequently, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2 μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing can be equal to 2μ * 15 kHz, where μ is the numerology from 0 to 4. Thus, numerology μ = 0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and numerology μ = 4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D provide an example of a normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 ps.In a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see Figure). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 268 / 380 27 / 104 2B) which are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP can have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended).

[0062] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also called physical resource blocks (PRBs)) that spans 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0063] As illustrated in Figure 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS - reference signal) for the UE. RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS - demodulation RS) (indicated as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS - channel state information reference signals) for channel estimation in the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS - beam measurement reference signal), beam refinement RS (BRRS - beam refinement reference signal), and phase tracking RS (PT-RS - phase tracking reference signal).

[0064] Figure 2B illustrates an example of multiple DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) ports DCI into one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), where each CCE includes six resource element groups (REGs), and each REG includes 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH in a BWP can be called a control resource set (CORESET). A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions in the CORESET, where PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different levels of aggregation. Additional BWPs may be located at higher and / or lower frequencies in the bandwidth. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 269 / 38028 / 104 channel band. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine the subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the DM-RS locations.The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB), can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal / PBCH block (also called an SS block). The MIB provides multiple RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data and broadcasts system information not transmitted through the PBCH, such as system information blocks (SIBs) and paging messages.

[0065] As illustrated in Figure 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station.The UE can transmit DM-RS to the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS to the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The DM-RS from PUSCH can be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The DM-RS from PUCCH can be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE can transmit sounding reference signals (SRS). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 270 / 380 29 / 104 signals). The SRS can be transmitted on the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and a UE can transmit the SRS on one of the combs. The SRS can be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling in the UL.

[0066] Figure 2D illustrates an example of multiple UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH can be located as indicated in a configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI uplink control information), such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and a hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUCCH carries data and can additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and / or a UCI.

[0067] Figure 3 is a block diagram of a 310 base station communicating with a 350 UE in an access network. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets can be provided to a 375 controller / processor. The 375 controller / processor implements Layer 3 and Layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, and Layer 2 includes a Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The 375 controller / processor provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcast transmission of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 271 / 380 30 / 104 RRC connection and RRC connection release), radio access technology (RAT) mobility and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification) and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer packet data unit (PDU) transfer, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), RLC data PDU resegmentation and RLC data PDU reordering;and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs into transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling of information report generation, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0068] The 316 transmit (TX) processor and the 370 receive (RX) processor implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical layer (PHY), may include error detection in transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of transport channels, interleaving, rate correlation, mapping to physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and antenna processing for MIMO.The TX 316 processor handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), multilevel phase-shift keying (MPSK), and multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM)). The symbols are encoded and modulated. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 272 / 380 31 / 104 can then be divided into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of OFDM symbols in the time domain. The OFDM stream is spatially pre-coded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 can be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate can be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by UE 350. Each spatial stream can then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx.Each 318Tx transmitter can modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0069] In UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx retrieves information modulated on an RF carrier and provides the information to the receiving processor (RX) 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement the Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 can perform spatial processing of the information to retrieve any spatial streams destined for UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 350, they can be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Then, the RX processor 356 converts the resulting OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal.The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation points transmitted by base station 310. These smooth decisions can be based on estimates of... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 273 / 380 32 / 104 channel calculated by channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0070] The 359 controller / processor may be associated with a memory 360, which stores data and program codes. 360 memory can be called a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the 359 controller / processor provides demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The 359 controller / processor is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0071] Similar to the functionality described in connection with DL transmission by base station 310, controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with the acquisition of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs;and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs into TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling of information report generation, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0072] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference or feedback signal transmitted by the base station 310 can be Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 274 / 380 33 / 104 used by the TX 368 processor to select the appropriate encoding and modulation schemes and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX 368 processor can be provided to a different antenna 352 via separate 354Tx transmitters. Each 354Tx transmitter can modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0073] The UL transmission is processed at base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function in UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx retrieves information modulated on an RF carrier and provides the information to an RX processor 370.

[0074] The 375 controller / processor may be associated with a memory Memory 376 stores data and program codes. Memory 376 can be called a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.

[0075] At least one of the TX 368 processor, the RX 356 processor, and the controller / processor 359 can be configured to perform aspects in connection with the positioning signal measurement component 198 of Figure 1.

[0076] At least one of the TX 316 processor, the RX processor 370 and the controller / processor 375 can be configured to perform aspects in connection with the positioning model configuration component 199 of Figure 1.

[0077] Figure 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of positioning based on reference signal measurements. Wireless device 402 can be a UE, a base station, or a positioning reference unit (PRU). Wireless device 404 can Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 275 / 380 Wireless device 404 can be a UE, a base station, or a PRU. Wireless device 406 can be a UE, a base station, or a PRU. Wireless device 402 can be called a positioning target wireless device, whose location can be calculated based on measurements of one or more reference signals. Wireless device 404 and wireless device 406 can be called neighboring positioning wireless devices, whose locations can be known and used to calculate the location of wireless device 402. Wireless device 404 can transmit SRS 412 at time Tsrs_tx to wireless device 406. Wireless device 404 can receive positioning reference signals (PRS) 410 at time Tprs_rx from wireless device 406. SRS 412 can be a UL-SRS. PRS 410 can be a DL-PRS.In some respects, wireless device 402 may be a TRP and wireless device 406 may be a TRP, both of which may be configured to transmit DL-PRS to wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 may be a UE configured to transmit UL-SRS to wireless device 402 and wireless device 406.

[0078] Wireless device 406 can receive SRS 412 at Tsrs_rx time from wireless device 404 and transmit PRS 410 at Tprs_tx time to wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can receive PRS 410 before transmitting SRS 412. Wireless device 404 can transmit SRS 412 before receiving PRS 410. Wireless device 404 can transmit SRS 412 in response to receiving PRS 410. Wireless device 406 can transmit PRS 410 in response to receiving SRS 412. A positioning server (e.g., location server(s) 168), wireless device 404, or wireless device 406 can determine the round-trip time (RTT) 414 based on ||Tsrs_rx - Tprs_tx| - |Tsrs_tx - Tprs_rx||.The placement of multiple RTTs can make use of Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |Tsrs_tx - Tprs_rx|) and received PRS reference signal power (RSRP) (PRS-RSRP) of PRS signals received from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, which are measured by wireless device 404 and the measurements. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 276 / 380 35 / 104 of the measured Rx-Tx time difference (i.e., |Tsrs_rx - Tprs_tx|) and SRS-RSRP on multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, from the SRS transmitted from wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can measure the Rx-Tx and / or PRS-RSRP time difference measurements of the received signals, using assistance data received from the positioning server, wireless device 402, and / or wireless device 406. Wireless device 402 and wireless device 406 can measure the Rx-Tx and / or SRS-RSRP time difference measurements of the received signals, using assistance data received from the positioning server. The measurements can be used on the positioning server or wireless device 404 to determine the RTT, which can be used to estimate the location of wireless device 404.Other methods are possible for determining RTT, such as the use of time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements, like DL-TDOA and / or UL-TDOA measurements.

[0079] DL-AoD positioning can make use of PRS-RSRP measurement of signals transmitted from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, and received on wireless device 404. AoD positioning may also be called DL-AoD positioning where PRS are DL signals. Wireless device 404 can measure the PRS-RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with the azimuth angle of departure (A-AoD), the zenith angle of departure (Z-AoD), and other configuration information to locate wireless device 404 relative to neighboring wireless devices that transmitted PRS, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406.

[0080] DL-TDOA positioning can make use of the reference signal time difference (RSTD) of DL and / or PRS-RSRP signals received from multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, in wireless device 404. Wireless device 404 can measure the RSTD and / or PRS-RSRP of the received PRS signals using assistance data. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 277 / 380 36 / 104 received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with other configuration information to locate wireless device 404 relative to neighboring wireless devices that transmitted the PRS, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406.

[0081] UL-TDOA positioning can make use of UL relative time of arrival (RTOA) and / or SRS-RSRP, on multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, from signals transmitted from wireless device 404. Wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, can measure the RTOA and / or SRS-RSRP of received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of wireless device 404.

[0082] UL-AoA positioning can make use of the measured azimuthal angle of arrival (A-AoA) and zenithal angle of arrival (Z-AoA) on multiple wireless devices, such as wireless device 402 and wireless device 406, from signals transmitted from wireless device 404. Wireless device 402 and wireless device 406 can measure the A-AoA and Z-AoA of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements can be used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of wireless device 404.

[0083] Additional positioning methods can be used to estimate the location of the 404 wireless device, such as UL-AoD and / or DL-AoA on the 404 wireless device. It should be noted that data / measurements obtained using various technologies can be combined in several ways to increase accuracy, determine and / or increase certainty, supplement / complement measurements, and / or replace / provide missing information.

[0084] Figure 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating a network entity 508 that can be configured to coordinate a wireless device 502 and a wireless device 506 to perform positioning with a wireless device 504. A Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 278 / 380 37 / 104 The location of wireless device 502 and the location of wireless device 506 can be known. Wireless device 502 can be a base station or a TRP. Wireless device 506 can be a base station or a TRP. Wireless device 504 can be a UE or a PRU. Network entity 508 can be connected to wireless device 502 and wireless device 506 via a physical link, for example, a backhaul link or a midhaul link. Network entity 508 can be an LMF or a set of location servers.

[0085] To perform positioning, network entity 508 can configure wireless devices to transmit positioning signals to each other. For example, wireless device 504 can transmit positioning signal set 512 to wireless device 502. Positioning signal set 512 can be a set of SRSs. Wireless device 502 can measure positioning signal set 512. Wireless device 502 can transmit positioning signal set 516 to wireless device 504. Positioning signal set 516 can be a set of PRSs. Wireless device 504 can measure positioning signal set 516. Wireless device 504 can transmit positioning signal set 514 to wireless device 506. Positioning signal set 514 can be a set of SRSs. Wireless device 506 can measure positioning signal set 514.Wireless device 506 can transmit a set of positioning signals 518 to wireless device 504. The set of positioning signals 518 can be a set of PRSs. Wireless device 504 can measure the set of positioning signals 518. One or more of the wireless devices can measure the received positioning signals to calculate a positioning measurement that can be used to calculate a location of wireless device 504 or can be used to calculate a position or location of wireless device 504. For example, if the location of wireless device 502 and the location of wireless device 506 are known, the location of wireless device 504 can be calculated based on an RTT between wireless device 502 and wireless device 504 and an RTT between wireless device 504 and the... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 279 / 380 38 / 104 wireless device 506. In another example, wireless device 504 can calculate an angle of arrival (AoA) or an angle of departure (AoD) from the positioning signal set 516 and can calculate an AoA or an AoD from the positioning signal set 518. The calculated AoAs and / or AoDs can be used to calculate a position of wireless device 504 if the location of wireless device 502 and the location of wireless device 506 are also known.

[0086] In some respects, a positioning model can be used to calculate one or more positioning metrics based on measurements. For example, based on measurements of positioning signals, a positioning model can calculate a location of wireless device 504 or an intermediate measurement that can be used to calculate the location of wireless device 504. A positioning model can be trained using artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML or AIML), based on a set of inputs (e.g., measurements of positioning signals, assistance information associated with positioning signals) and a set of markers.A marker can be a calculated, derived, or provided (i.e., known) expected result associated with a set of inputs, such as a location of a 504 wireless device or an intermediate measurement (e.g., a timing measurement, an angle measurement, a LOS identification) that can be used to calculate the location of the 504 wireless device. A set of inputs and a set of markers can be used to generate and / or train a positioning model using AI / ML.

[0087] When training a positioning model, measurements of positioning signals as inputs, clean or noisy markers (clean markers may have a quality metric greater than or equal to a threshold, noisy markers may have a quality metric less than or equal to the threshold) as expected outputs, and training data assistance information as inputs or expected outputs. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 280 / 380 39 / 104

[0088] Training data for training the positioning model may include measurements based on downlink signals arriving at the 504 wireless device, such as PRSs. Measurements may include basic DL-based measurements such as RSTD measurements, RSRP measurements, RSRPP measurements, AoD measurements, and / or LOS identification measurements. A LOS identification measurement may be a measurement that identifies whether or not a direct LOS path exists between a wireless device receiving the positioning signal and a wireless device transmitting the positioning signal.Measurements may include enhanced DL-based measurements, such as qualitative information (e.g., probability, possibility, range, or distribution) from RSTD measurements, qualitative information from RSRP measurements, qualitative information from RSRPP measurements, qualitative information from AoD measurements, beampath information, LOS phase information, additional beampath phase information, and / or a combined composition of basic DL-based measurements. Training data may include novel DL-based measurements, such as CIR measurements, CFR measurements, and / or PDP measurements captured on the wireless device.

[0089] A wireless device can transmit assistance information to a LMF or a training entity along with measurements and / or markers to train a positioning model. Assistance information may include, for example, a BWP used for a PRS, a number of TRPs transmitting sets of PRSs on the wireless device, beam information, and / or PRS configuration information. Assistance information may include an indication of reference signal features used by the wireless device to derive and / or calculate positioning signal measurements (e.g., frame number, slot index, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, hyperframe number). Assistance information may include enhanced timing of reference signal features used by the wireless device to derive and / or calculate positioning signal measurements (e.g., Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timing). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 281 / 380 40 / 104 coordinated universal time). Assistance information may include proprietary information associated with the wireless device, such as beam information on the UE side used to obtain measurements and / or calculate markers. Assistance information may include an indication of reference signal features used to obtain, derive, and / or calculate the location of the wireless device using RAT methods (e.g., frame number, slot index, OFDM symbol, hyperframe number). Assistance information may include enhanced timing of reference signal features used to obtain, derive, and / or calculate the location of the wireless device using any RAT or non-RAT method (e.g., UTC timing). The wireless device may transmit such assistance information in response to a request to provide assistance information to train a positioning model.

[0090] A network entity (e.g., an LMF) may transmit assistance information to the wireless device or training entity along with measurements and / or markers to train a positioning model. Such assistance information may include an indication of reference signal features that the network entity or other wireless device used to obtain, derive, and / or calculate the location of the wireless device or intermediate markers using RAT methods (e.g., frame number, slot index, OFDM symbol, hyperframe number). The assistance information may include enhanced timing of reference signal features that the network entity or other wireless device used to obtain, derive, and / or calculate the location of the wireless device or intermediate markers using RAT methods or non-RAT methods (e.g., UTC timing).Assistance information may include proprietary information (e.g., beam information on the TRP side) from network nodes (e.g., gNB, TRP) used by the network entity or other wireless device to obtain, derive, and / or calculate the location of the wireless device or intermediate markers. The network entity may obtain the markers. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 282 / 380 41 / 104 (location of the wireless device or intermediate markers) calculating the markers or receiving a transmission that includes at least some of the markers from another wireless device. The network entity may transmit such assistance information in response to a request to provide assistance information to train a positioning model.

[0091] Markers may include a known location of a wireless device (e.g., a PRU location known by an LMF), a wireless device location obtained using a non-RAT method (e.g., using a LIDAR sensor, a precise (fixed) GNSS position, a WLAN positioning method, other sensors on the wireless device), a wireless device location calculated using a RAT method (e.g., based on DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, multi-RTT and / or a set of intermediate markers calculated based on RAT measurements). Markers may be calculated / obtained by the wireless device, or they may be received from a network entity such as an LMF.The LMF can calculate a marker based on measurements / markers received from the wireless device, it can calculate a marker based on measurements / markers received from other wireless devices (e.g., other TRPs and / or other network nodes in a multi-RTT session), or it can obtain a marker from another wireless device and transmit it to a training entity to train a positioning model.

[0092] Some wireless devices may not support signaling to collect training data for training positioning models based on measurements made from downlink reference signals. Some wireless devices may also not support the transmission of certain tag assistance information due to privacy limitations (for example, a base station may not be configured to transmit its location or beam information to a first set of wireless devices, but may be configured to transmit its location or beam information to a second set of wireless devices). In some respects, wireless devices may Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 283 / 380 42 / 104 can be configured to report training data measurements, a subset of assistance information, and / or markers to each other to support training positioning models based on downlink signals. In some respects, a wireless device may request another wireless device to assist in collecting training data. For example, wireless device 504 may transmit a request to network entity 508 to assist in collecting training data as part of an LPPa framework. In some respects, wireless device 504 may request network entity 508 to configure a positioning procedure (e.g., DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, multi-RTT), and in response, network entity 508 may provide markers and / or assistance information as part of the requested positioning procedure configuration.In some respects, wireless device 504 may request network entity 508 to perform a dedicated procedure to collect training data (e.g., as part of the LPPa framework for the wireless device). For example, wireless device 504 may transmit to network entity 508 an instruction to train a positioning model for use by wireless device 504 to calculate a location of wireless device 504 or to calculate intermediate measurements that can be used to calculate a location of wireless device 504. In another example, network entity 508 may request wireless device 504 to assist in collecting training data as part of an LPPa framework.In some respects, network entity 508 may request wireless device 504 to perform a positioning procedure (e.g., DL-TDoA, DL-AoD, multi-RTT), and in response, wireless device 504 may provide markers and / or assistance information as part of performing the requested positioning procedure. In some respects, network entity 508 may request wireless device 504 to perform a dedicated procedure to collect training data (e.g., as part of the LPPa framework for the wireless device). For example, network entity 508 may transmit an instruction to wireless device 504 to provide measurements and assistance data. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 284 / 380 43 / 104 to network entity 508 or to another training entity (e.g., a direct streaming (OTT - over-the-top) server) to train a positioning model for use by network entity 508 or wireless device 504 to calculate a location of wireless device 504 or to calculate intermediate measurements that can be used to calculate a location of wireless device 504. In other words, training data collection sessions between a wireless device and a network entity can be initiated by the wireless device (e.g., a UE or a PRU can initiate training data collection as part of LPPa signaling) or can be initiated by the network entity (e.g., an LMF can initiate training data collection as part of LPPa signaling).A training data collection session between a wireless device and a network entity can be configured to enable the wireless device and the network entity to exchange assistance information as part of a session capability exchange, a session configuration exchange, a session start message, a session error message, a session pause message, and / or a session end message.

[0093] In one aspect, a system can be configured to train a positioning model on the wireless device 504. For example, the wireless device 504 can have a positioning model configured to calculate a location of the wireless device 504 based on a set of inputs.Wireless device 504 can train the positioning model based on a calculated location of wireless device 504 and a set of inputs, such as measurements from the positioning signal set 516 received on wireless device 504, measurements from the positioning signal set 518 received on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 502, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on network entity 508, assistance information associated with positioning signal set 516 or signal set. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 285 / 380 44 / 104 positioning 512 on wireless device 502, associated training information associated with positioning signal set 518 or positioning signal set 514 on wireless device 502, and / or assistance information associated with positioning signal set 516, positioning signal set 512, positioning signal set 518, or positioning signal set 514 on network entity 508. The location of wireless device 504 can be calculated on network entity 508, wireless device 502, wireless device 506, or wireless device 504. For example, network entity 508 can receive measurements from wireless device 502, wireless device 506, and wireless device 504 and can calculate a position of wireless device 504, or wireless device 504 can calculate its position using a set of signals received from a LIDAR device, a device GNSS or a WLAN antenna.After the positioning model is trained, wireless device 502 can transmit positioning signal set 516 to wireless device 504, and wireless device 506 can transmit positioning signal set 518 to wireless device 504. Wireless device 504 can measure positioning signal set 516 and positioning signal set 518. Wireless device 504 can receive assistance information from wireless device 502, wireless device 504, and / or network entity 508. Wireless device 504 can use the positioning model to calculate its location and can transmit its location to network entity 508. In some respects, wireless device 504 can be used to generate a positioning model that can be used by another UE or PRU in an area near the location where wireless device 504 was trained (e.g., a zone, a similar environment).

[0094] In another example, the wireless device 504 may have a positioning model configured to calculate an intermediate measurement that can be used to calculate a position of the wireless device 504 based on a set of inputs. The wireless device 504 can train the positioning model with... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 286 / 380 45 / 104 based on a calculated intermediate measurement (e.g., timing measurements, angle measurements, LOS identification) and a set of inputs, such as measurements from the positioning signal set 516 received on wireless device 504, measurements from the positioning signal set 518 received on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 502, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on network entity 508, assistance information (e.g., BWP, number of TRPs, beam information, PRS configuration information) associated with the positioning signal set 516 or the positioning signal set 512 on wireless device 502,Assistance information associated with positioning signal set 518 or positioning signal set 514 on wireless device 502, assistance information associated with positioning signal set 516, positioning signal set 512, positioning signal set 518, or positioning signal set 514 on network entity 508 and / or the location of wireless device 504. After the positioning model is trained, wireless device 502 can transmit positioning signal set 516 to wireless device 504, and wireless device 506 can transmit positioning signal set 518 to wireless device 504. Wireless device 504 can measure positioning signal set 516 and positioning signal set 518. Wireless device 504 can receive assistance information from wireless device 502.from wireless device 504 and / or network entity 508. Wireless device 504 can use the positioning model to calculate a set of intermediate measurements that wireless device 504 can use to calculate its location and can transmit its location to network entity 508. Alternatively, wireless device 504 can transmit the set of intermediate measurements to network entity 508, and network entity 508 can calculate the position of wireless device 504. Network entity 508 may not transmit as much information to wireless device 504. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 287 / 380 46 / 104 assistance, such as when the 504 wireless device calculates its own location using intermediate measurements from the positioning model, minimizing the amount of assistance information transmitted to the 504 wireless device for its positioning model. In some respects, the 504 wireless device can be used to generate a positioning model that can be used by another UE or PRU in an area close to where the 504 wireless device was trained.

[0095] In another aspect, a system can be configured to train a positioning model on network entity 508. For example, network entity 508 can have a positioning model configured to calculate a location of wireless device 504 based on a set of inputs. Network entity 508 can train the positioning model based on a calculated location of wireless device 504 and a set of inputs, such as measurements of the positioning signal set 516 received on wireless device 504, measurements of the positioning signal set 518 received on wireless device 504, measurements of the positioning signal set 512 received on wireless device 502, measurements of the positioning signal set 514 received on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 504, intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 502,Intermediate measurements calculated on wireless device 506, intermediate measurements calculated on network entity 508, assistance information associated with positioning signal set 516 or positioning signal set 512 on wireless device 502, assistance information associated with positioning signal set 518 or positioning signal set 514 on wireless device 502, and / or assistance information associated with positioning signal set 516, positioning signal set 512, positioning signal set 518, or positioning signal set 514 on network entity 508. The location of wireless device 504 can be calculated on network entity 508, wireless device 502, wireless device 506, or wireless device 504. After the positioning model is trained, the device, Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 288 / 380 Wireless device 502 can transmit positioning signal set 516 on wireless device 504, and wireless device 506 can transmit positioning signal set 518 on wireless device 504. Wireless device 504 can measure positioning signal set 516 and positioning signal set 518. Wireless device 504 can transmit its measurements to network entity 508. The network entity can then calculate a location for wireless device 504 based on the received measurements and any assistance information and / or measurements received by other devices, such as measurements of positioning signal set 512 from wireless device 504 measured by wireless device 502 or positioning signal set 514 from wireless device 504 measured by wireless device 506.Network entity 508 can use the positioning model to calculate the location of wireless device 504. In some respects, wireless device 504 can be used to generate a positioning model that network entity 508 can use to calculate the location of another UE or PRU in an area near where wireless device 504 was trained.

[0096] In some respects, wireless device 504 may initiate training data collection. For example, wireless device 504 may transmit to network entity 508 a request to provide its capability to be involved in a training data collection session and provide tagging assistance and / or other related assistance information on the network side (e.g., TRP beam configurations, location information, mapping of PRS resources to TRP locations and / or resource beams). The request message may include an indication of a request for the type of tagging assistance that network entity 508 may provide (e.g., providing markers for a location of wireless device 504, providing markers for intermediate measurements that may be used to calculate the location of wireless device 504).In response to the request message, network entity 508 can transmit an indication of its ability to assist wireless device 504 in collecting training data. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 289 / 380 48 / 104 provide tagging assistance (e.g., network entity 508 may use the estimated / calculated / known location of wireless device 504 to calculate / derive intermediate markers based on its knowledge of TRP locations) or other assistance information (e.g., TRP beam configurations). In response to receiving the capability indication from network entity 508, wireless device 504 may transmit to network entity 508 a set of attributes of a requested DL positioning signal configuration. The set of attributes of the requested DL positioning signal configuration may include a marker assistance reporting periodicity and / or whether network entity 508 should report enhanced timing or indications of features used as tagging assistance information.Network entity 508 can transmit markers and / or assistance information to wireless device 504 to train a positioning model. Network entity 508 can transmit such data periodically upon request from wireless device 504. Network entity 508 can transmit any appropriate assistance information that can be used to train the positioning model, such as TRP beam information or enhanced timing and indication of features used to generate markers. In some respects, wireless device 504 can transmit measurements and / or its location (e.g., obtained using non-RAT methods) to network entity 508 for network entity 508 to use in calculating intermediate measurement markers, which can be transmitted to wireless device 504 to train a positioning model.

[0097] In some respects, network entity 508 may initiate training data collection. For example, network entity 508 may transmit to wireless device 504 a request to provide its capability to be involved in a training data collection session and provide dialing assistance and / or other related assistance information on the device side (e.g., CIR, CFR, PDP, ToA, RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP, AoD). The request message may include an indication of the type of training data the device is requesting. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 290 / 380 Wireless device 504 can provide (e.g., CIR, CFR, PDP, ToA, RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP, AoD). In response to the request message, wireless device 504 can transmit an indication of its ability to assist network entity 508 in collecting training data and / or providing tagging assistance (e.g., using non-RAT methods or RAT methods to calculate a location of wireless device 504). In response to receiving the indication of wireless device 504's capability, network entity 508 can transmit assistance data to wireless device 504 to assist in data collection (e.g., as part of the LPPa assistance data exchange).Assistance data may include PRS configuration information, types of measurements for the 504 wireless device to report, periodicity for the 504 wireless device to report measurements and / or assistance data, and / or whether the 504 wireless device should report enhanced timing or enhanced feature indications. The 504 wireless device may receive positioning signals, such as the 516 positioning signal set and the 518 positioning signal set, collect measurements from the positioning signals, and feed back any measurements, reports, markers, and / or assistance data to the 508 network entity to train a positioning model.

[0098] Figure 6 is a connection flow diagram 600 illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device 602, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, and a positioning network entity 606 configured to train a positioning model on the target wireless positioning device 602. The positioning model can be configured to calculate a position of the target wireless positioning device 602 and / or a set of measurements that can be used to calculate the position of the target wireless positioning device 602. The target wireless positioning device 602 can be a UE or a PRU. The PRU can have a set of sensors that can be used to calculate the location of the PRU with a high degree of accuracy, such as a LIDAR sensor, a GNSS device, or a WLAN system configured to calculate a wireless device location. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 291 / 380 50 / 104 target positioning 602 based on received WLAN signals. The PRU can be a fixed PRU with a known location, or it can be a mobile PRU that is placed in a known location during measurement collection to train the positioning model. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can include a set of base stations and / or a set of TRPs configured to transmit positioning signals to the target wireless positioning device 602. The positioning network entity 606 can include an LMF or it can include one or more location servers. The positioning network entity 606 can be configured to set up positioning between the target wireless positioning device 602 and the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604.

[0099] The wireless target positioning device 602 can transmit capability communication 608 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 can receive capability communication 608 from the wireless target positioning device 602. The positioning network entity 606 can transmit capability communication 608 to the wireless target positioning device 602. The wireless target positioning device 602 can receive capability communication 608 from the positioning network entity 606. The capability communication 608 may include the capability of the wireless target positioning device 602 and / or the positioning network entity 606 to provide training data for training a positioning model.For example, the target wireless positioning device 602 may transmit to the positioning network entity 606 a request to provide its ability to be involved in a training data collection session and provide tagging assistance and / or other related assistance information on the network side (e.g., TRP beam configurations, location information of one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, mapping to position signal resources for one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 604, mapping to...). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 292 / 380 51 / 104 positioning signal resources for one or more of the beams for positioning signals). The request message may also inquire about the type of tagging assistance that the positioning network entity 606 can provide. The positioning network entity 606 may, in response, transmit its capability and / or any type of tagging assistance it can provide to the target wireless positioning device 602. For example, the positioning network entity 606 may indicate its ability to assist the target wireless positioning device 602 in collecting training data and providing tagging assistance.In some respects, the 606 positioning network entity may make use of a location marker (e.g., an estimated UE location or a known PRU location) to calculate intermediate measurement markers based on its knowledge of the locations of the neighboring 604 positioning wireless device set. In this way, the 606 positioning network entity may provide a set of intermediate measurement markers to the target 602 positioning wireless device without providing a location of one or more of the neighboring 604 positioning wireless device set. In some respects, the 606 positioning network entity may collect other assistive information, such as beam configurations of positioning signals transmitted to the target 602 positioning wireless device.

[0100] The target wireless positioning device 602 can transmit a data collection configuration 610 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 can receive the data collection configuration 610 from the target wireless positioning device 602. The data collection configuration 610 can include one or more attributes of a desired downlink reference signal configuration for the target wireless positioning device 602. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 610 can include a configuration for a set of PRSs transmitted to the target wireless positioning device 602 (for example, by the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604). In one aspect,. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 293 / 380 52 / 104 The data collection configuration 610 may include a requested periodicity for the positioning network entity 606 to provide marker assistance reports to the target wireless positioning device 602. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 610 may include whether the positioning network entity 606 should report any indication of enhanced timing or indication of features used in marker assistance.

[0101] In 612, the positioning network entity 606 can configure positioning for the target wireless device 602 and the set of neighboring wireless devices 604. The positioning network entity 606 positioning 614 positioning 604. can transmit a set of settings to a set of neighboring wireless devices. The neighboring wireless device set 604 can receive the positioning configuration set 614. The positioning network entity 606 can transmit the positioning configuration 618 to the target wireless device 602. The target wireless device 602 can receive the positioning configuration 618 from the positioning network entity 606. In some respects, a base station serving the target wireless device 602 can transmit the positioning configuration 616 to the target wireless device 602. The positioning configuration 616 can be based on one or more of the positioning configuration sets 614 received by the neighboring wireless device set 604. The target wireless device 602 can receive the positioning configuration 616 from the service base station.

[0102] In 620, the target wireless positioning device 602 can apply the received positioning configuration. In 622, the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 can apply the received positioning configuration set. The positioning configurations can configure the positioning signal set 624. The signal set of. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 294 / 380 Positioning 624 may include one or more sets of SRSs transmitted from the target wireless device positioning 602 and received on the neighboring wireless device set positioning 604. In 628, the neighboring wireless device set positioning 604 may measure the positioning signal set positioning 624. The positioning signal set positioning 624 may include one or more sets of PRSs transmitted from the neighboring wireless device set positioning 604 and received on the target wireless device positioning 602. In 626, the target wireless device positioning 602 may measure the positioning signal set positioning 624.

[0103] The target wireless positioning device 602 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 624. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 604 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 624. For example, a wireless device can perform a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement between a first signal from the positioning signal set 624 and a second signal from the positioning signal set 624. A wireless device can measure a range of RSTD measurements from a subset of the positioning signal set 624. A wireless device can measure a range distribution (e.g., which portion of the range is more concentrated than another portion). A wireless device can perform a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement from at least one of the positioning signal set 624.RSRP can be a measure for all path contributions. A wireless device can measure a range of RSRP measurements from a subset of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range distribution. A wireless device can perform a path-referenced signal received power (RSRPP) measurement from at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. RSRPP can indicate the power contribution at a level per path. A wireless device can measure a range of RSRPP measurements from a subset. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 295 / 380 54 / 104 of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range distribution. A wireless device can measure an AoD from at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range from a set of AoD measurements from a subset of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range distribution. A wireless device can measure a line-of-sight (LOS) path based on at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. The LOS path can be between the target wireless positioning device 602 and one of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 604. A wireless device can measure a phase of the LOS path. A wireless device can measure a reflection path based on at least one of the 624 positioning signal set.A wireless device can perform a channel impulse response (CIR) measurement based on at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can perform a channel frequency response (CFR) measurement based on at least one of the 624 positioning signal set. A wireless device can perform a power delay profile (PDP) measurement based on at least one of the 624 positioning signal set.

[0104] The 604 neighboring wireless positioning device set can transmit 630 positioning feedback to the 606 positioning network entity. The 606 positioning network entity can receive 630 positioning feedback from the 604 neighboring wireless positioning device set. The 630 positioning feedback can include measurements made on 628.Positioning feedback 630 may include assistance information associated with the set of positioning signals 624 received by the neighboring set of wireless positioning devices 604. Positioning feedback 630 may include assistance information associated with the set of positioning signals 624 transmitted by the neighboring set of wireless positioning devices 604. The assistance information may include a bandwidth portion (BWP) associated with... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 296 / 380 55 / 104 Positioning Signal Set 624. Assistance information may include a series of transmit and receive points (TRPs) associated with the positioning signal set 624. Assistance information may include a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the positioning signal set 624. Assistance information may include a positioning configuration associated with the positioning signal set 624. The positioning configuration may include a PRS configuration for a set of PRSs or an SRS configuration for a set of SRSs. The positioning configuration may include beam information. Assistance information may include a frame number associated with the positioning signal set 624. Assistance information may include a slot index associated with the positioning signal set 624.Assistance information may include an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the positioning signal set 624. Assistance information may include a hyperframe number associated with the positioning signal set 624. Assistance information may include a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) associated with the positioning signal set 624. Assistance information may include an indication of an implementation error. An implementation error may include, for example, synchronization errors in the target wireless device for positioning 602, synchronization errors in one of the neighboring wireless devices for positioning 604, timing errors in one of the neighboring wireless devices for positioning 604, or timing errors in the target wireless device for positioning 602.The assistance information may include a resource mapping associated with the 624 positioning signal set. The resource mapping may be between a resource (e.g., an SRS resource, a PRS resource), a location of one of the neighboring 604 positioning wireless device sets, a beam angle, and / or one of the 624 positioning signal sets. In a. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 297 / 380 56 / 104 For example, the mapping could be between TRP IDs and PRS resources (e.g., [TRP_ID1, PRS_c; TRP_ID2, PRS_a; TRP_ID3, PRS_b]). In another example, the mapping could be between beam IDs and PRS resources (e.g., [TRP_ID1_Beam1, PRS_c; TRP_ID1_Beam2, PRS_d; TRP_ID2_Beam1, PRS_a; TRP_ID2_Beam2, PRS_e; TRP_ID3_Beam1, PRS_b; TRP_ID3_Beam2, PRS_f]). In another example, the mapping can be between TRP IDs, beam IDs, and PRS features (e.g., [TRP_ID1, Beam1, PRS_c; TRP_ID1, Beam2, PRS_d; TRP_ID2, Beam1, PRS_a; TRP_ID2, Beam2, PRS_e; TRP_ID3, Beam1, PRS_b; TRP_ID3, Beam2, PRS_f]). Service information may include a second indication of a first marker quality. Service information may include a third indication of the quality of a measurement from the 624 positioning signal set.

[0105] The positioning network entity 606 can transmit positioning feedback 632 to the positioning target wireless device 602. The positioning target wireless device 602 can receive positioning feedback 632 from the positioning target wireless device 602. The positioning target wireless device 602 can transmit positioning feedback 632 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 can receive positioning feedback 632 from the positioning target wireless device 602. Positioning feedback 632 may include measurements or assistance information received from the set of neighboring positioning wireless devices 604.Positioning feedback 632 may include assistance information, such as assistance information from one of the neighboring wireless positioning device sets 604, or assistance information configured by the positioning network entity 606 on 612. Positioning feedback 632 may include measurements taken on 626.

[0106] In 634, the target wireless positioning device 602 can calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 602, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 626 Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 298 / 380 57 / 104 and / or data received as positioning feedback 632. In some respects, in 636 the positioning network entity 606 may calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the positioning target wireless device 602, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 626, one or more of the measurements made in 628 and / or data received as positioning feedback 632 and / or positioning feedback 630. The positioning network entity 606 may transmit one or more of the markers calculated as positioning feedback 638 to the positioning target wireless device 602.

[0107] In 640, the positioning target wireless device 602 may train the positioning model. In some respects, the positioning target wireless device 602 may determine that the data collection configuration should be updated, for example, if the input data or a marker is too noisy.The target wireless positioning device 602 can then transmit an update such as the data collection configuration 610 to the positioning network entity 606, continuing the message communication of the data collection training process until the positioning model is well trained.

[0108] When the wireless positioning target device 602 finishes training the positioning model, the wireless positioning target device 602 can transmit a data collection termination 642 to the positioning network entity 606. The positioning network entity 606 can receive the data collection termination 642 from the wireless positioning target device 602. The positioning network entity 606 can then terminate the positioning.

[0109] Figure 7 is a connection flow diagram 700 illustrating an example of communications between a target wireless positioning device 702, a set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, and a positioning network entity 706 configured to train a positioning model on the target wireless positioning device 702. The positioning model can be configured to calculate a position of the target wireless device of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 299 / 380 58 / 104 702 positioning and / or a set of measurements that can be used to calculate the position of the 702 positioning target wireless device. The 702 positioning target wireless device can be a UE or a PRU. The PRU may have a set of sensors that can be used to calculate the PRU's location with a high degree of accuracy, such as a LIDAR sensor, a GNSS device, or a WLAN system configured to calculate a location of the 702 positioning target wireless device based on received WLAN signals. The PRU may be a fixed PRU with a known location, or it may be a mobile PRU that is placed in a known location during measurement collection to train the positioning model. The set of neighboring 704 positioning wireless devices may include a set of base stations and / or a set of TRPs configured to transmit positioning signals to the 702 positioning target wireless device.The 706 positioning network entity can include an LMF or it can include one or more location servers. The 706 positioning network entity can be configured to set up positioning between the 702 positioning target wireless device and the set of neighboring 704 positioning wireless devices.

[0110] The wireless positioning target device 702 can transmit capability communication 708 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive capability communication 708 from the wireless positioning target device 702. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit capability communication 708 to the wireless positioning target device 702. The wireless positioning target device 702 can receive capability communication 708 from the positioning network entity 706. Capability communication 708 may include the capability of the wireless positioning target device 702 and / or the positioning network entity 706 to provide training data for training a positioning model. For example, the wireless positioning target device 702 can transmit a request to the positioning network entity 706 to provide Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 300 / 380 59 / 104 its ability to be involved in a training data collection session and provide tagging assistance and / or other related assistance information on the network side (e.g., TRP beam configurations, location information for one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, mapping to position signal resources for one or more of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, mapping to position signal resources for one or more of the beams for the positioning signals). The request message may also inquire about the type of tagging assistance that the positioning network entity 706 can provide. The positioning network entity 706 may, in response, transmit its capability and / or any type of tagging assistance that it can provide to the target wireless positioning device 702.For example, the 706 positioning network entity can indicate its ability to assist the 702 positioning target wireless device in collecting training data and providing marking assistance. In some respects, the 706 positioning network entity can make use of a location marker (e.g., an estimated UE location or a known PRU location) to calculate intermediate measurement markers based on its knowledge of the locations of the neighboring 704 positioning wireless device set. In this way, the 706 positioning network entity can provide a set of intermediate measurement markers to the 702 positioning target wireless device without providing a location of one or more of the neighboring 704 positioning wireless device set.In some respects, the positioning network entity 706 may collect other assistance information, such as beam configurations of positioning signals transmitted to the positioning target wireless device 702.

[0111] The positioning network entity 706 may transmit a data collection configuration 710 to the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning target wireless device 702 may receive the data collection configuration 710 from the positioning network entity 706. A. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 301 / 380 The 60 / 104 data collection configuration 710 may include one or more attributes of a desired downlink reference signal configuration for the positioning target wireless device 702. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 710 may include a configuration for a set of PRSs transmitted to the positioning target wireless device 702 (e.g., by the set of neighboring positioning wireless devices 704). In one aspect, the data collection configuration 710 may include a requested periodicity for the positioning network entity 706 to provide marker assistance reports to the positioning target wireless device 702. In one aspect, the data collection configuration 710 may include whether the positioning target wireless device 702 should report any enhanced timing indication or indication of features used in marker assistance.

[0112] In 712, the positioning network entity 706 can configure positioning for the positioning target wireless device 702 and the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit a positioning configuration set 714 to the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704. The neighboring positioning wireless device set 704 can receive the positioning configuration set 714. The positioning network entity 706 can transmit the positioning configuration 718 to the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning target wireless device 702 can receive the positioning configuration 718 from the positioning network entity 706.In some respects, a base station serving the target wireless device 702 can transmit the positioning configuration 716 to the target wireless device 702. The positioning configuration 716 can be based on one or more of the set of positioning configurations 714 received by the set of neighboring wireless devices. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 302 / 380 61 / 104 positioning 704. The wireless device targeting positioning 702 can receive the positioning configuration 716 from the service base station.

[0113] At 720, the wireless device targeting positioning 702 can apply the received positioning configuration. At 722, the neighboring wireless device set of positioning 704 can apply the received positioning configuration set. The positioning configurations can configure the positioning signal set 724. The positioning signal set 724 can include one or more sets of SRSs transmitted from the wireless device targeting positioning 702 and received on the neighboring wireless device set of positioning 704. At 728, the neighboring wireless device set of positioning 704 can measure the positioning signal set 724.The 724 positioning signal set may include one or more sets of PRSs transmitted from the neighboring 704 positioning wireless device set and received on the 702 positioning target wireless device. In 726, the 702 positioning target wireless device may measure the 724 positioning signal set.

[0114] The target wireless positioning device 702 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 724. The neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can make any suitable measurement of the positioning signal set 724. For example, a wireless device can perform a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement between a first signal from the positioning signal set 724 and a second signal from the positioning signal set 724. A wireless device can measure a range of RSTD measurements from a subset of the positioning signal set 724. A wireless device can measure a range distribution (e.g., which portion of the range is more concentrated than another portion). A wireless device can perform a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement from at least one of the positioning signal set 724.RSRP can be a measure for all contributions of. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 303 / 380 62 / 104 path. A wireless device can measure a range of a set of RSRP measurements from a subset of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range distribution. A wireless device can perform a path-based received reference signal power (RSRPP) measurement from at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. RSRPP can indicate the power contribution at a level per path. A wireless device can measure a range of a set of RSRPP measurements from a subset of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range distribution. A wireless device can measure an AoD from at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range of a set of AoD measurements from a subset of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can measure a range distribution.A wireless device can measure a line-of-sight (LOS) path based on at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. The LOS path can be between the target wireless device with positioning 702 and one of the neighboring wireless devices with positioning 704. A wireless device can measure a phase of the LOS path. A wireless device can measure a reflection path based on at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can perform a channel impulse response (CIR) measurement based on at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can perform a channel frequency response (CFR) measurement based on at least one of the 724 positioning signal set. A wireless device can perform a power delay profile (PDP) measurement based on at least one of the 724 positioning signal set.

[0115] The neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 can transmit positioning feedback 730 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive positioning feedback 730 from the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. The positioning feedback 730 can include measurements. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 304 / 380 63 / 104 made in 728. Positioning feedback 730 may include assistance information associated with the positioning signal set 724 received by the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. Positioning feedback 730 may include assistance information associated with the positioning signal set 724 transmitted by the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704. Assistance information may include a bandwidth portion (BWP) associated with the positioning signal set 724. Assistance information may include a series of transmit and receive points (TRPs) associated with the positioning signal set 724. Assistance information may include a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the positioning signal set 724.Assistive information may include a positioning configuration associated with the 724 positioning signal set. The positioning configuration may include a PRS configuration for a set of PRSs or an SRS configuration for a set of SRSs. The positioning configuration may include beam information. Assistive information may include a frame number associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Assistive information may include a slot index associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Assistive information may include an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Assistive information may include a hyperframe number associated with the 724 positioning signal set.Assistance information may include a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) associated with the 724 positioning signal set. Assistance information may include an indication of an implementation error. An implementation error may include, for example, synchronization errors in the target wireless positioning device 702, synchronization errors in one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, timing errors in one of the neighboring wireless devices. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 305 / 380 64 / 104 positioning 704 or timing errors in the target wireless positioning device 702. Assistance information may include a feature mapping associated with the positioning signal set 724. The feature mapping may be between a feature (e.g., an SRS feature, a PRS feature), a location of one of the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704, a beam angle, and / or one of the positioning signal set 724. Assistance information may include a second indication of a first marker quality. Assistance information may include a third indication of the quality of a measurement from the positioning signal set 724.

[0116] The positioning network entity 706 can transmit positioning feedback 732 to the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning target wireless device 702 can receive positioning feedback 732 from the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning target wireless device 702 can transmit positioning feedback 732 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can receive positioning feedback 732 from the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning feedback 732 may include measurements or assistance information received from the set of neighboring positioning wireless devices 704.Positioning feedback 732 may include assistance information, such as assistance information from one of the neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, or assistance information configured by the positioning network entity 706 on 712. Positioning feedback 732 may include measurements taken on 726.

[0117] In 734, the target wireless positioning device 702 can calculate one or more markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 702, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 726 and / or data received as positioning feedback 732. In some respects, in 736 the positioning network entity 706 can calculate one or more Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 306 / 380 65 / 104 markers, such as a position of the target wireless positioning device 702, or an intermediate marker using one or more of the measurements made in 726, one or more of the measurements made in 728 and / or data received as positioning feedback 732 and / or positioning feedback 730. The positioning network entity 706 may transmit one or more of the markers calculated as positioning feedback 738 to the target wireless positioning device 702.

[0118] In 740, the positioning network entity 706 may train the positioning model. In some respects, the positioning network entity 706 may determine that the data collection configuration should be updated, for example, if the input data or a marker is too noisy.The positioning network entity 706 can then transmit an update such as the data collection configuration 710 to the target wireless positioning device 702, continuing the message communication of the data collection training process until the positioning model is well trained.

[0119] When the positioning network entity 706 finishes training the positioning model, the positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection termination 742 to the positioning target wireless device 702. The positioning target wireless device 702 can receive the data collection termination 742 from the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can then terminate the positioning data collection for transmission to the positioning network entity 706.

[0120] Figure 8 is a flowchart 800 of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless device 404, wireless device 504; wireless positioning target device 602; wireless positioning target device 702; device 1404). In 802, the wireless device can receive a set of PRSs. For example, 802 can be implemented by wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive the set of positioning signals 624 transmitted from the set of neighboring wireless devices of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 307 / 380 66 / 104 positioning 604 to the target wireless device positioning 602. The positioning signal set 624 may include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 802 may be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0121] At 804, the wireless device can measure the set of PRSs. For example, 804 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, at 626, measure the set of positioning signals 624. Furthermore, 804 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0122] At 806, the wireless device can output at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model. For example, 806 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, at 640, train a positioning model based on the set of measurements made at 626 from the set of positioning signals 624.The wireless target positioning device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on a set of markers calculated in the wireless target positioning device 602 in 634 or received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 638. The wireless target positioning device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on assistance information received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 632 or positioning feedback 638. In another example, 806 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7, which can transmit the set of measurements made in 726 from the set of positioning signals 724 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706.The target wireless positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit a set of markers calculated on the target wireless positioning device 702 in 734 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The target wireless device of... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 308 / 380 Positioning 67 / 104 in Figure 7 can transmit assistance information associated with the measurement of the positioning signal set 724 in 726 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can use the positioning feedback 738 to train the positioning model in 740. Furthermore, 806 can be realized by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0123] Figure 9 is a 900 flowchart of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless device 404, wireless device 504; wireless positioning target device 602; wireless positioning target device 702; device 1404). In 902, the wireless device can receive a set of PRSs. For example, 902 can be implemented by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive the set of positioning signals 624 transmitted from the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 to the wireless positioning target device 602. The set of positioning signals 624 can include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 902 can be implemented by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0124] In 904, the wireless device can measure the set of PRSs. For example, 904 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 626, measure the set of positioning signals 624. Furthermore, 904 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0125] In 906, the wireless device can emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of measured PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of measured PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of measured PRSs to train a positioning model. For example, 906 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 640, train a positioning model based on the set of measurements made in 626 from the set of positioning signals 624. The wireless positioning target device 602 Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 309 / 380 68 / 104 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on a set of markers calculated on the wireless positioning target device 602 in 634 or received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 638. The wireless positioning target device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on assistance information received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 632 or positioning feedback 638. In another example, 906 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 702 in Figure 7, which can transmit the set of measurements made in 726 from the set of positioning signals 724 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706.The wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit a set of markers calculated on the wireless target positioning device 702 at 734 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit assistance information associated with the measurement of the positioning signal set 724 at 726 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can use the positioning feedback 738 to train the positioning model at 740. Furthermore, 906 can be realized by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0126] In 908, the wireless device can receive a set of signals via at least one of a LIDAR device, a GNSS device, or a WLAN antenna. For example, 908 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive a set of signals via at least one of a LIDAR device, a GNSS device, or a WLAN antenna to calculate the position / location of the wireless target positioning device 602 with a high degree of accuracy (e.g., determining the location of the wireless target positioning device 602 via object recognition via a LIDAR device, performing a precise GNSS position fix). Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 310 / 380 69 / 104 using a GNSS device, or calculating an RTT or TDOA via reflected / returned WLAN signals). Furthermore, 908 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0127] In 910, the wireless device can calculate the position of the wireless device based on the set of signals, where the set of markers can include an indication of a position of the wireless device. For example, 910 can be performed by the target wireless device positioning 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 634, calculate the position of the target wireless device positioning 602 based on the set of signals. The set of markers can include an indication of a position / location of the target wireless device positioning 602. Furthermore, 910 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0128] In 912, the wireless device can receive at least one subset of the marker set, wherein the subset of the marker set can include a second set of measurements based on the PRS set. For example, 912 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive at least one subset of the marker set used to train the positioning model in 640 as the positioning feedback 632 and / or the positioning feedback 638. The subset of the marker set used to train the positioning model in 640 can include a second set of measurements based on the positioning signal set 624. Furthermore, 912 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0129] In 914, the wireless device can transmit a request for at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information. For example, 914 can be performed by the target wireless positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can transmit a request such as the data collection configuration 610 for at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information to be transmitted to the target wireless positioning device. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 311 / 380 70 / 104 602 as positioning feedback 632 and / or positioning feedback 638. Furthermore, 914 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0130] In 916, the wireless device can receive at least a first subset of the marker set or a second subset of the assistance information, wherein the receipt of at least the first subset of the marker set or the subset of the assistance information can be in response to the request. For example, 916 can be performed by the wireless device target of positioning 602 in Figure 6, which can receive at least a first subset of the marker set or a second subset of the assistance information as positioning feedback 632 and / or positioning feedback 638.Receiving at least the first subset of the marker set or the subset of assistance information may be in response to the request in data collection configuration 610. Furthermore, 916 may be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0131] Figure 10 is a flowchart 1000 of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless device 404, wireless device 504; wireless positioning target device 602; wireless positioning target device 702; device 1404). In 1002, the wireless device can receive a set of PRSs. For example, 1002 can be implemented by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive the set of positioning signals 624 transmitted from the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 to the wireless positioning target device 602. The set of positioning signals 624 can include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 1002 can be implemented by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0132] In 1004, the wireless device can measure the set of PRSs. For example, 1004 can be performed by the wireless device target positioning. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 312 / 380 71 / 104 602 in Figure 6, which can, at 626, measure the positioning signal set 624. Furthermore, 1004 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0133] At 1006, the wireless device can emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured PRS set, a set of markers associated with the measured PRS set, or assistance information associated with the measured PRS set to train a positioning model. For example, 1006 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, at 640, train a positioning model based on the set of measurements made at 626 from the positioning signal set 624.The wireless target positioning device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on a set of markers calculated on the wireless target positioning device 602 in 634 or received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 638. The wireless target positioning device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on assistance information received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 632 or positioning feedback 638. In another example, 1006 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7, which can transmit the set of measurements made in 726 from the set of positioning signals 724 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706.The wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit a set of markers calculated on the wireless target positioning device 702 in 734 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit assistance information associated with the measurement of the positioning signal set 724 in 726 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can use the positioning feedback. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 313 / 380 72 / 104 738 to train the positioning model in 740. Furthermore, 1006 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0134] In 1008, the wireless device can receive a second set of PRSs. For example, 1008 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive the positioning signal set 624 with a subsequent positioning configuration 616. Furthermore, 1008 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0135] In 1010, the wireless device can measure the second set of PRSs. For example, 1010 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 626, measure the positioning signal set 624. Furthermore, 1010 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0136] In 1012, the wireless device can calculate a position of the wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs.For example, 1012 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can, at 634, calculate a position of the wireless target positioning device 602 based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the set of positioning signals 624 measured at 626 and / or a second assist information associated with the set of positioning signals 624 received as the positioning feedback 632. Furthermore, 1012 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0137] In 1014, the wireless device can calculate a second set of measurements associated with the second set of PRSs based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs. For example, 1014 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 314 / 380 73 / 104 6, which can, in 626, calculate a second set of measurements associated with the positioning signal set 624 based on the positioning model trained in 640 and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the positioning signal set 624 measured in 626 or a second assist information received as the positioning feedback 632 associated with the positioning signal set 624. Furthermore, 1014 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0138] In 1016, the wireless device can calculate a position of the wireless device based on the second set of measurements. For example, 1016 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can calculate a position of the wireless positioning target device 602 based on measurements from the positioning signal set 624 after the positioning model has been trained on 640. Furthermore, 1016 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0139] Figure 11 is a flowchart 1100 of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless device 404, wireless device 504; wireless positioning target device 602; wireless positioning target device 702; device 1404). In 1102, the wireless device can receive a set of PRSs. For example, 1102 can be implemented by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive the set of positioning signals 624 transmitted from the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 604 to the wireless positioning target device 602. The set of positioning signals 624 can include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 1102 can be implemented by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0140] In 1104, the wireless device can measure the set of PRSs. For example, 1104 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 626, measure the set of positioning signals 624. Furthermore, 1104 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 315 / 380 74 / 104

[0141] In 1106, the wireless device can emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured PRS set, a set of markers associated with the measured PRS set, or assistance information associated with the measured PRS set to train a positioning model. For example, 1106 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 640, train a positioning model based on the set of measurements made in 626 from the positioning signal set 624. The wireless positioning target device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on a set of markers calculated in the wireless positioning target device 602 in 634 or received from the positioning network entity 606 as the positioning feedback 638.The wireless target positioning device 602 can, in 640, train a positioning model based on assistance information received from the positioning network entity 606 as positioning feedback 632 or positioning feedback 638. In another example, 1106 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7, which can transmit the set of measurements made in 726 from the set of positioning signals 724 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit a set of markers calculated in the wireless target positioning device 702 in 734 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706.The wireless target positioning device 702 in Figure 7 can transmit assistance information associated with the measurement of the positioning signal set 724 in 726 as positioning feedback 738 to the positioning network entity 706. The positioning network entity 706 can use the positioning feedback 738 to train the positioning model in 740. Furthermore, 1106 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 316 / 380 75 / 104

[0142] In 1108, the wireless device can transmit the set of measurements for the positioning model to a network entity. For example, 1108 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can transmit the set of measurements for the positioning model as positioning feedback 632 and / or positioning feedback 638 to the positioning network entity 606. Furthermore, 1108 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0143] In 1110, the wireless device can receive an indication of a calculated position from the wireless device in response to the transmission of the measurement set. For example, 1110 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive, as positioning feedback 638, an indication of a calculated position from the wireless target positioning device 602 calculated in 636 in response to the transmission of the measurement set as positioning feedback 632. Furthermore, 1110 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0144] In 1112, the wireless device can transmit, to the network entity, a location associated with the wireless device. For example, 1112 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 702 in Figure 7, which can transmit, to the network positioning entity 706, a location, calculated in 734, associated with the wireless positioning target device 702 as the positioning feedback 738. Furthermore, 1112 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0145] In 1114, the wireless device can receive a second set of measurements associated with the set of PRSs measured in response to the transmission of the set of measurements. For example, 1114 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can receive a second set of measurements as positioning feedback 638 associated with the set of positioning signals 624 measured in 626 in response to the transmission of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 317 / 380 76 / 104 set of measurements such as positioning feedback 632. Furthermore, 1114 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3 or 14.

[0146] At 1116, the wireless device can calculate a position of the wireless device based on the second set of measurements. For example, 1116 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, at 634, calculate a position of the wireless positioning target device 602 based on the second set of measurements received as the positioning feedback 638. The wireless positioning target device 602 can continue to calculate markers at 634 based on the feedback. Furthermore, 1116 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0147] In 1118, the wireless device can train the positioning model based on at least one of the measurement set, the marker set, or the assistance information, where the wireless device may include the positioning model. For example, 1118 can be performed by the wireless positioning target device 602 in Figure 6, which can, in 640, train the positioning model based on at least one of the measurement set measured in 626, the marker set calculated in 634 and / or 636, and / or the assistance information received as positioning feedback 632 and / or positioning feedback 638. The wireless positioning target device 602 may include the positioning model. Furthermore, 1118 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0148] In 1120, the wireless device can receive a request for the wireless device's position from a network entity. For example, 1120 can be performed by the wireless device target for positioning 602 in Figure 6, which can receive a request for the position of the wireless device target for positioning 602 from the network entity for positioning 606, based on the positioning model trained in 640. Furthermore, 1120 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 318 / 380 77 / 104

[0149] In 1122, the wireless device can calculate the position of the wireless device based on the positioning model. For example, 1122 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can calculate the position of the wireless target positioning device 602 based on the positioning model trained in 640. Furthermore, 1122 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0150] In 1124, the wireless device can transmit to the network entity an indication of the position calculated in response to the request. For example, 1124 can be performed by the wireless target positioning device 602 in Figure 6, which can transmit to the network positioning entity 606 an indication of the position calculated in response to the request from the network positioning entity 606. Furthermore, 1124 can be performed by component 198 in Figures 1, 3, or 14.

[0151] Figure 12 is a 1200 flowchart of a wireless communication method. The method can be implemented by a network entity (e.g., base station 102, base station 310; LMF 166, one or more location servers 168; wireless device 402, wireless device 406, wireless device 502, wireless device 506, neighboring positioning wireless device set 604, neighboring positioning wireless device set 704; network entity 508, positioning network entity 606, positioning network entity 706, network entity 1402, network entity 1502, network entity 1660). In 1202, for a first wireless device, the network entity can transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs.For example, 1202 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the target wireless positioning device 702, can transmit a first positioning schedule as the positioning configuration set 714 to the neighboring wireless positioning device set 704 or the positioning configuration 718 to the target wireless positioning device 702. The first positioning schedule can be to measure the positioning signal set 724. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 319 / 380 78 / 104 positioning signal set 724 may include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 1202 may be implemented by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15 or 16.

[0152] In 1204, for at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, the network entity can transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the PRS set. For example, 1204 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the positioning target wireless device 702 and the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704, can transmit a second positioning schedule as the positioning configuration set 714 to transmit the positioning signal set 724. The positioning signal set 724 can include a PRS set. Furthermore, 1204 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0153] In 1206, for the first wireless device, the network entity can transmit an indication to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model. For example, 1206 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the target wireless positioning device 702, can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to transmit the set of measurements made in 726 to the positioning network entity 706 as positioning feedback 732 or positioning feedback 738.For the target wireless positioning device 702, the positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to transmit the set of markers calculated in 734 to the positioning network entity 706 as positioning feedback 738. For the target wireless positioning device 702, the positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to transmit assistance information to the positioning network entity 706. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 320 / 380 79 / 104 as the positioning feedback 732 or the positioning feedback 738. Furthermore, 1206 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15 or 16.

[0154] Figure 13 is a flowchart 1300 of a wireless communication method. The method can be performed by a network entity (e.g., base station 102, base station 310; LMF 166, one or more location servers 168; wireless device 402, wireless device 406, wireless device 502, wireless device 506, the neighboring positioning wireless device set 604, the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704; network entity 508, positioning network entity 606, positioning network entity 706, network entity 1402, network entity 1502, network entity 1660). In 1302, for a first wireless device, the network entity can transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs.For example, 1302 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the positioning target wireless device 702, can transmit a first positioning schedule as the positioning configuration set 714 to the neighboring positioning wireless device set 704 or the positioning configuration set 718 to the positioning target wireless device 702. The first positioning schedule can be to measure the positioning signal set 724. The positioning signal set 724 can include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 1302 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0155] In 1304, for at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, the network entity can transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs.For example, 1304 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the target wireless positioning device 702 and the set of neighboring wireless positioning devices 704, can transmit a second positioning schedule as the positioning configuration set 714 to transmit the positioning signal set 724. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 321 / 380 80 / 104 positioning signal set 724 may include a set of PRSs. Furthermore, 1304 may be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15 or 16.

[0156] In 1306, for the first wireless device, the network entity may transmit an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model. For example, 1306 may be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the target wireless positioning device 702, may transmit a data collection configuration 710 to transmit the set of measurements made in 726 to the positioning network entity 706 as positioning feedback 732 or positioning feedback 738.For the target wireless positioning device 702, the positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to transmit the set of markers calculated in 734 to the positioning network entity 706 as the positioning feedback 738. For the target wireless positioning device 702, the positioning network entity 706 can transmit a data collection configuration 710 to transmit assistance information to the positioning network entity 706 as the positioning feedback 732 or the positioning feedback 738. Furthermore, 1306 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0157] In 1308, the network entity can receive, from at least one of the first wireless devices or a third wireless device, at least a subset of the measurement set, the marker set, or the assistance information.For example, 1308 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can receive, from at least one of the first wireless devices or a third wireless device, at least a subset of the measurement set, marker set, or assistance information. Furthermore, 1308 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 322 / 380 81 / 104

[0158] In 1310, the network entity can calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of the set of measurements or assistance information. For example, 1310 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of the set of measurements or assistance information. Furthermore, 1310 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0159] In 1312, for the first wireless device, the network entity can transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. For example, 1312 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the first wireless device, can transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Furthermore, 1312 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15 or 16.

[0160] In 1314, the network entity can calculate a second set of measurements associated with the PRS set based on the positioning model and at least one of the measurement set or assistance information. For example, 1314 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can calculate a second set of measurements associated with the PRS set based on the positioning model and at least one of the measurement set or assistance information. Furthermore, 1314 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0161] In 1316, the network entity can calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the second set of measurements. For example, 1316 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the second set of measurements. Furthermore, 1316 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0162] In 1318, for the first wireless device, the network entity can transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first device without Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 323 / 380 82 / 104 wire. For example, 1318 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which, for the first wireless device, can transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Furthermore, 1318 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15 or 16.

[0163] In 1320, the network entity can transmit at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information to the first wireless device. For example, 1320 can be performed by the positioning network entity 706 in Figure 7, which can transmit at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information to the first wireless device. Furthermore, 1320 can be performed by component 199 in Figures 1, 3, 15, or 16.

[0164] Figure 14 is a diagram 1400 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a device 1404. The device 1404 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement a UE functionality. In some aspects, the device 1404 may include a cellular baseband processor 1424 (also called a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 1422 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver). The cellular baseband processor 1424 may include chip memory 1424'. In some aspects, the device 1404 may additionally include one or more subscriber identity module (SIM) cards 1420 and an application processor 1406 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 1408 and a display 1410. The application processor 1406 may include chip memory 1406'.In some respects, the device 1404 may additionally include a Bluetooth module 1412, a WLAN module 1414, an SPS module 1416 (e.g., GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 1418 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor, such as inertial measurement unit (IMU), gyroscope and / or accelerometer(s); light detection and ranging (LIDAR), radio-assisted detection and ranging (RADAR), sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 324 / 380 83 / 104 positioning), additional memory modules 1426, a power supply 1430 and / or a camera 1432. The Bluetooth module 1412, the WLAN module 1414 and the SPS module 1416 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or, in some cases, only a receiver (RX)). The Bluetooth module 1412, the WLAN module 1414 and the SPS module 1416 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or use the antennas 1480 for communication. The cellular baseband processor 1424 communicates through the transceiver(s) 1422 via one or more antennas 1480 with the UE 104 and / or with a RU associated with a network entity 1402. Each of the cellular baseband processor 1424 and the application processor 1406 may include a computer-readable memory / medium 1406', 1424', respectively. The additional memory modules 1426 may also be considered a computer-readable memory / medium.Each computer-readable memory / medium 1424', 1406', 1426 may be non-transient. Each of the cellular baseband processor 1424 and the application processor 1406 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored in the computer-readable memory / medium. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 1424 / application processor 1406, causes the cellular baseband processor 1424 / application processor 1406 to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable memory / medium may also be used to store data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 1424 / application processor 1406 during software execution. The 1424 cellular baseband processor / 1406 application processor may be a component of the UE 350 and may include memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX 368 processor, the RX 356 processor, and the controller / processor 359.In one configuration, device 1404 may be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and include only the cellular baseband processor 1424 and / or the application processor 1406, and in another configuration, device 1404 may be the entire UE (for example, see UE 350 in Figure 3) and include the additional modules of device 1404. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 325 / 380 84 / 104

[0165] As discussed above, component 198 can be configured to receive a set of PRSs. Component 198 can be configured to measure the set of PRSs. Component 198 can be configured to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model. Component 198 can be in the cellular baseband processor 1424, the application processor 1406, or both the cellular baseband processor 1424 and the application processor 1406.Component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, stored on a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors or some combination thereof. As shown, device 1404 may include several components configured for various functions. In one configuration, device 1404, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1424 and / or the application processor 1406, may include means for receiving a set of PRSs. Device 1404 may include means for measuring the set of PRSs.The 1404 device may include means for outputting at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured PRS set, a set of markers associated with the measured PRS set, or assistance information associated with the measured PRS set to train a positioning model. The positioning model may be an AI / ML model. The measurement set may include at least one of (a) an RSTD measurement between a first detection signal from the PRS set and a second detection signal from the PRS set, (b) a first range of an RSTD measurement set from a first subset of the PRS set, (c) a first distribution of the first range, (d) an RSRP measurement from at least one of the PRS sets, (e) a second range of an RSRP measurement set from a second subset of the set. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 326 / 380 85 / 104 of PRSs, (f) a second distribution of the second band, (g) an RSRPP measurement from at least one of the set of PRSs, (h) a third band from a set of RSRPP measurements from a third subset of the set of PRSs, (i) a third distribution of the third band, (j) an AoD from at least one of the set of PRSs, (k) a fourth band from a set of AoD measurements from a fourth subset of the set of PRSs, (l) a fourth distribution of the fourth band, (m) a LOS path based on at least one of the set of PRSs, (n) a phase of the LOS path, (o) a reflection path based on at least one of the set of PRSs, (p) a CIR measurement based on at least one of the set of PRSs, (q) a CFR measurement based on at least one of the set of PRSs, (r) a PDP measurement based on at least one of the set of PRSs, or (s) an indication of LOS based on at least one from the set of PRSs.The marker set may include an indication of the position of device 1404. Device 1404 may include means for receiving a set of signals via at least one of a LIDAR device, a GNSS device, or a WLAN antenna. Device 1404 may include means for calculating the position of device 1404 based on the signal set. Device 1404 may include means for receiving at least a subset of the marker set. The subset of the marker set may include a second set of measurements based on the PRS set. Device 1404 may include means for receiving at least a first subset of the marker set or a second subset of service information. Device 1404 may include means for transmitting a request for at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of service information.Device 1404 may include means to receive at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information in response to receiving the request. The assistance information may include at least one of (a) a BWP associated with the PRS set, (b) a number of TRPs associated with the PRS set, (c) a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the PRS set, (d) a. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 327 / 380 86 / 104 PRS configuration associated with the set of PRSs, (e) a frame number associated with the set of PRSs, (f) a slot index associated with the set of PRSs, (g) an OFDM symbol associated with the set of PRSs, (h) a hyperframe number associated with the set of PRSs, (i) a UTC associated with the set of PRSs, (j) a first indication of an implementation error, (k) a feature mapping associated with the set of PRSs, (l) a second indication of a first quality of a marker, or (m) a third indication of a second quality of a measurement of the set of PRSs. The 1404 device may include means for receiving a second set of PRSs. The method comprises measuring the second set of PRSs.The 1404 device may include means for calculating a position of the 1404 device based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs. The 1404 device may include means for receiving a second set of PRSs. The 1404 device may include means for measuring the second set of PRSs. The 1404 device may include means for calculating a second set of measurements associated with the second set of PRSs based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs. The 1404 device may include means for calculating a position of the 1404 device based on the second set of measurements.The 1404 device may include means for transmitting the set of measurements, transmitting the set of measurements to a network entity for the positioning model. The 1404 device may include means for receiving an indication of a calculated position of the 1404 device in response to the transmission of the set of measurements. The 1404 device may include means for receiving a second set of measurements associated with the set of measured PRSs in response to the transmission of the set of measurements. The 1404 device may include means for calculating a position of the 1404 device based on the second set of measurements. The 1404 device may include means for transmitting to a... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 328 / 380 87 / 104 network entity, a location associated with device 1404. Device 1404 may include means to receive a second set of measurements associated with the set of measured PRSs in response to the transmission of the set of measurements and the location associated with device 1404. The network entity may include an LMF. Device 1404 may include the positioning model, for example, as part of component 198. Device 1404 may include means to transmit at least one of the set of measurements, the set of markers, or the assistance information training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of measurements, the set of markers, or the assistance information. Device 1404 may include means to receive, from a network entity, a request for a position of device 1404. Device 1404 may include means to calculate the position of device 1404 based on the positioning model.The 1404 device may include means for transmitting to the network entity an indication of the calculated position in response to a request. The 1404 device may include a UE or a PRU. The means may be component 198 of the 1404 device configured to perform the functions mentioned by the means. As described above, the 1404 device may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. Thus, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the means.

[0166] Figure 15 is a 1500 diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a 1502 network entity. The 1502 network entity can be a BS, a component of a BS, or it can implement BS functionality. The 1502 network entity can include at least one of a 1510 CU, a 1530 DU, or a 1540 RU. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by component 199, the 1502 network entity can include the 1510 CU; both the 1510 CU and the 1530 DU; each of the 1510 CU, the 1530 DU, and the 1540 RU; the 1530 DU; both the 1530 DU and the 1540 RU; or the RU 1540. The CU 1510 may include a CU 1512 processor. The processor of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 329 / 380 88 / 104 CU 1512 may include a 1512' chip memory. In some respects, CU 1510 may additionally include 1514 additional memory modules and a 1518 communication interface. CU 1510 communicates with DU 1530 via a midhaul link, such as an F1 interface. DU 1530 may include a DU 1532 processor. The DU 1532 processor may include a 1532' chip memory. In some respects, DU 1530 may additionally include 1534 additional memory modules and a 1538 communication interface. DU 1530 communicates with RU 1540 via a fronthaul link. RU 1540 may include an RU 1542 processor. The RU 1542 processor may include a 1542' chip memory. In some respects, the RU 1540 may additionally include additional memory modules 1544, one or more transceivers 1546, antennas 1580 and a communication interface 1548. The RU 1540 communicates with the UE 104.The 1512', 1532', and 1542' chip memory and the additional memory modules 1514, 1534, and 1544 can each be considered a computer-readable memory / medium. Each computer-readable memory / medium can be non-transient. Each of the 1512, 1532, and 1542 processors is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored in the computer-readable memory / medium. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor(s), causes the processor(s) to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable memory / medium can also be used to store data that is manipulated by the processor(s) when executing the software.

[0167] As discussed above, for a first wireless device, component 199 can be configured to transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, component 199 can be configured to transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. For the first wireless device, component 199 can be configured to transmit an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 330 / 380 89 / 104 associated with the PRS set or assistance information associated with the PRS set to train a positioning model. Network entity 1502 may include a network entity, such as an LMF or a set of location servers. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, component 199 may be configured to transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the PRS set. For the first wireless device, component 199 may be configured to transmit an indication to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the PRS set, a set of markers associated with the PRS set, or assistance information associated with the PRS set to train a positioning model. Component 199 may be in one or more processors of one or more of the CU 1510, DU 1530, and RU 1540.Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, stored on a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors or some combination thereof. Network entity 1502 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, for a first wireless device, network entity 1502 may include means to transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, network entity 1502 may include means to transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs.For the first wireless device, the 1502 network entity may include means to transmit an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the PRS set, a set of markers associated with the PRS set, or assistance information associated with the PRS set to train a positioning model. The 1502 network entity may include an LMF. The set of measurements may include at least one of an RSTD measurement among a. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 331 / 380 90 / 104 first detection signal from the PRS set and a second detection signal from the PRS set, (b) a first band of a set of RSTD measurements from a first subset of the PRS set, (c) a first distribution of the first band, (d) an RSRP measurement from at least one of the PRS set, (e) a second band of a set of RSRP measurements from a second subset of the PRS set, (f) a second distribution of the second band, (g) an RSRPP measurement from at least one of the PRS set, (h) a third band of a set of RSRPP measurements from a third subset of the PRS set, (i) a third distribution of the third band, (j) an AoD from at least one of the PRS set, (k) a fourth band of a set of AoD measurements from a fourth subset of the PRS set, (l) a fourth distribution of the fourth band, (m) a LOS path based on at least one of the set of PRSs, (n) a phase of the LOS path,(o) a reflection path based on at least one of the PRSs set, (p) a CIR measurement based on at least one of the PRSs set, (q) a CFR measurement based on at least one of the PRSs set, or (r) a PDP measurement based on at least one of the PRSs set. The marker set may include at least one indication of a position of the first wireless device or a second set of measurements based on the PRSs set. Assistance information may include at least one of the following: (a) a BWP associated with the PRS set, (b) a TRP number associated with the PRS set, (c) a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the PRS set, (d) a PRS configuration associated with the PRS set, (e) a frame number associated with the PRS set, (f) a slot index associated with the PRS set, (g) an OFDM symbol associated with the PRS set, (h) a hyperframe number associated with the PRS set.(i) a UTC associated with the set of PRSs, (j) a first indication of an implementation error, (k) a feature mapping associated with the set of PRSs, (l) a second indication of a first quality of a marker, or (m) a third indication of a second quality of a measurement of the set of PRSs. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 332 / 380 91 / 104 Network entity 1502 may include means to receive, from at least one of the first wireless devices or a third wireless device, at least a subset of the measurement set, marker set, or assistance information. Network entity 1502 may include means to calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of the measurement set or assistance information. For the first wireless device, network entity 1502 may include means to transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Network entity 1502 may include means to calculate a second set of measurements associated with the PRS set based on the positioning model and at least one of the measurement set or assistance information.Network entity 1502 may include means to calculate the position of the first wireless device based on the second set of measurements. For the first wireless device, network entity 1502 may include means to transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Network entity 1502 may include means to transmit at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information to the first wireless device. Network entity 1502 may include means to receive a request for at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information. Network entity 1502 may include means to transmit at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information in response to receiving the request. The first wireless device may include a UE or a PRU. The means may be component 199 of network entity 1502 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the means.As described above, the 1502 network unit may include the TX 316 processor, the RX 370 processor, and the controller / processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, the media may consist of the TX 316 processor, the RX 370 processor, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the media. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 333 / 380 92 / 104

[0168] Figure 16 is a 1600 diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a 1660 network entity. In one example, the 1660 network entity may be on the 120 core network. The 1660 network entity may include a 1612 network processor. The 1612 network processor may include a 1612' chip memory. In some respects, the 1660 network entity may additionally include 1614 additional memory modules. The 1660 network entity communicates via the 1680 network interface directly (e.g., backhaul link) or indirectly (e.g., through a RIC) with the CU 1602. The 1612' chip memory and the 1614 additional memory modules may each be considered a computer-readable memory / medium. Each computer-readable memory / medium may be non-transient. The 1612 processor is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored in memory / computer-readable media.The software, when executed by the corresponding processor(s), causes the processor(s) to perform the various functions described above. Memory / computer-readable media can also be used to store data that is manipulated by the processor(s) when executing the software.

[0169] As discussed above, for a first wireless device, component 199 can be configured to transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, component 199 can be configured to transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. For the first wireless device, component 199 can be configured to transmit an indication to output at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model. Component 199 can be on processor 1612. Component 199 can be one or more specifically designed hardware components. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 334 / 380 93 / 104 configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the declared processes / algorithm, stored on a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors or some combination thereof. The 1660 network entity may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, for a first wireless device, the 1660 network entity may include means to transmit a first positioning schedule to measure a set of PRSs. For at least one of the first wireless devices or a second wireless device, the 1660 network entity may include means to transmit a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. For the first wireless device,The 1660 network entity may include means to transmit an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the PRS set, a set of markers associated with the PRS set, or assistance information associated with the PRS set to train a positioning model. The 1660 network entity may include an LMF. The set of measurements may include at least one of (a) an RSTD measurement between a first detection signal of the PRS set and a second detection signal of the PRS set, (b) a first range of a set of RSTD measurements from a first subset of the PRS set, (c) a first distribution of the first range, (d) an RSRP measurement from at least one of the PRS sets, (e) a second range of a set of RSRP measurements from a second subset of the PRS set, (f) a second distribution of the second range, (g) an RSRPP measurement from at least one of the PRS sets.(h) a third band of a set of RSRPP measurements from a third subset of the PRS set, (i) a third distribution of the third band, (j) an AoD from at least one of the PRS sets, (k) a fourth band of a set of AoD measurements from a fourth subset of the PRS set, (l) a fourth distribution of the fourth band, (m) a LOS path based on at least one, Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 335 / 380 94 / 104 of the PRS set, (n) a LOS path phase, (o) a reflection path based on at least one of the PRS set, (p) a CIR measurement based on at least one of the PRS set, (q) a CFR measurement based on at least one of the PRS set, or (r) a PDP measurement based on at least one of the PRS set. The marker set may include at least one indication of a position of the first wireless device or a second set of measurements based on the PRS set.Assistance information may include at least one of the following: (a) a BWP associated with the PRS set, (b) a TRP number associated with the PRS set, (c) a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the PRS set, (d) a PRS configuration associated with the PRS set, (e) a frame number associated with the PRS set, (f) a slot index associated with the PRS set, (g) an OFDM symbol associated with the PRS set, (h) a hyperframe number associated with the PRS set, (i) a UTC associated with the PRS set, (j) a first indication of an implementation error, (k) a feature mapping associated with the PRS set, (l) a second indication of a first quality of a marker, or (m) a third indication of a second quality of a measurement of the PRS set.The 1660 network entity may include means to receive, from at least one of the first wireless devices or a third wireless device, at least a subset of the measurement set, marker set, or assistance information. The 1660 network entity may include means to calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of the measurement set or assistance information. For the first wireless device, the 1660 network entity may include means to transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. The 1660 network entity may include means to calculate a second set of measurements associated with the PRS set based on the positioning model and at least one of the measurement set or assistance information. A. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 336 / 380 Network entity 1660 may include means to calculate the position of the first wireless device based on the second set of measurements. For the first wireless device, network entity 1660 may include means to transmit a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Network entity 1660 may include means to transmit at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information to the first wireless device. Network entity 1660 may include means to receive a request for at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information. Network entity 1660 may include means to transmit at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information in response to receiving the request. The first wireless device may include a UE or a PRU. The means may be component 199 of network entity 1660 configured to perform the functions mentioned by the means.

[0170] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the disclosed processes / flowcharts is an illustration of example approaches. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. In addition, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The method claims in the appendix present elements of the various blocks in a sample order and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0171] The above description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described in the present invention. Various modifications of these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined in the present invention may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described in the present invention, but must be in accordance with the complete scope and consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean one and only one, except when specifically so stated, but one or more. Terms such as if, when, and while do not imply a relationship or a reaction. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 337 / 380 96 / 104 immediate temporal. That is, these phrases, for example, when, do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met, then an action will occur, however, without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word exemplifier is used in the present invention to mean serving as an example, an instance, or an illustration. Any aspect described in the present invention as exemplifier should not necessarily be interpreted as preferential or advantageous in relation to other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term any refers to one or more.Combinations such as at least one of A, B, or C, one or more of A, B, or C, at least one of A, B, and C, one or more of A, B, and C, and A, B, and C, or any combination thereof, include any combination of A, B, and / or C and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as at least one of A, B, or C, one or more of A, B, or C, at least one of A, B, and C, one or more of A, B, and C, and A, B, and C, or any combination thereof, may be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any of these combinations may contain one or more members from A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements, where the elements total one or more. Consequently, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements.If a first device receives data from or transmits data to a second device, the data can be received / transmitted directly between the first and second devices or indirectly between the first and second devices through a set of devices. A device configured to emit data, such as a broadcast, signal, or message, can transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, can send the data to a device that transmits the data, or can emit the data to a module or component of the device to process the data. A device configured to obtain data, such as a broadcast, signal, or message, can receive the data, for example with a transceiver, can obtain the data from a device that receives the data, or can... Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 338 / 380 97 / 104 retrieve data from a module or component of the device to process the data. All structural and functional equivalents of the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or may become known to those skilled in the art are expressly incorporated into the present invention by reference and are covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed in the present invention is dedicated to the public, regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly mentioned in the claims. The words module, mechanism, element, device and the like may not be a substitute for the word means. Thus, no claimed element should be interpreted as a means plus function unless the element is expressly mentioned using the phrase means for.

[0172] As used in the present invention, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the expression "based on A" (where A may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) should be interpreted as "based at least on A," unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0173] The following aspects are merely illustrative and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described in the present invention, without limitation.

[0174] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication in a wireless device, comprising receiving a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs). The method comprises measuring the set of PRSs. The method comprises emitting at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model. The positioning model may be an AI / ML model.

[0175] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, wherein the set of measurements comprises at least one of a time difference measurement of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 339 / 380 98 / 104 reference signal (RSTD) between a first detection signal of the PRS set and a second detection signal of the PRS set, (b) a first band of a set of RSTD measurements from a first subset of the PRS set, (c) a first distribution of the first band, (d) a measurement of the received reference signal power (RSRP) from at least one of the PRS sets, (e) a second band of a set of RSRP measurements from a second subset of the PRS set, (f) a second distribution of the second band, (g) a measurement of the received reference signal power per path (RSRPP) from at least one of the PRS sets, (h) a third band of a set of RSRPP measurements from a third subset of the PRS set, (i) a third distribution of the third band, (j) a departure angle (AoD) from at least one of the PRS sets, (k) a fourth band of a set of measurements of AoD of a fourth subset of the set of PRSs,(l) a fourth distribution of the fourth band, (m) a line-of-sight (LOS) path based on at least one of the PRS sets, (n) a LOS path phase, (o) a reflection path based on at least one of the PRS sets, (p) a channel impulse response (CIR) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets, (q) a channel frequency response (CFR) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets, or (r) a power delay profile (PDP) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets.

[0176] Aspect 3 is the method of either aspect 1 or 2, wherein the set of markers comprises an indication of a position of the wireless device.

[0177] Aspect 4 is the method of aspect 3, which comprises receiving a set of signals via at least one of a light-sensing and ranging device (LIDAR), a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) device, or a wireless local area network (WLAN) antenna. The method comprises calculating the position of the wireless device based on the set of signals. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 340 / 380 99 / 104

[0178] Aspect 5 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, which comprises receiving at least one subset of the marker set, wherein the subset of the marker set comprises a second set of measurements based on the PRS set.

[0179] Aspect 6 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 5, which comprises receiving at least a first subset of the marker set or a second subset of the assistance information.

[0180] Aspect 7 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 6, which comprises transmitting a request for at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information, wherein the receipt of at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information is in response to the receipt of the request.

[0181] Aspect 8 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of (a) a bandwidth portion (BWP) associated with the set of PRSs, (b) a transmit and receive point (TRP) number associated with the set of PRSs, (c) a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the set of PRSs, (d) a PRS configuration associated with the set of PRSs, (e) a frame number associated with the set of PRSs, (f) a slot index associated with the set of PRSs, (g) an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the set of PRSs, (h) a hyperframe number associated with the set of PRSs, (i) a coordinated universal time (UTC) associated with the set of PRSs, (j) an initial indication of an implementation error, (k) a resource mapping associated with the set of PRSs, (l) a second indication of a marker's first quality,or (m) a third indication of a second quality of a measurement of the set of PRSs.,

[0182] Aspect 9 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 8, which involves receiving a second set of PRSs. The method involves measuring the second Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 341 / 380 100 / 104 set of PRSs. The method comprises calculating a wireless device position based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs.

[0183] Aspect 10 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 9, which comprises receiving a second set of PRSs. The method comprises measuring the second set of PRSs. The method comprises calculating a second set of measurements associated with the second set of PRSs based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs.

[0184] Aspect 11 is the method of aspect 10, which involves calculating a position of the wireless device based on the second set of measurements.

[0185] Aspect 12 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 11, in which the emission of the measurement set comprises transmitting, to a network entity, the measurement set for the positioning model.

[0186] Aspect 13 is the method of aspect 12, which comprises receiving an indication of a calculated position from the wireless device in response to the transmission of the set of measurements.

[0187] Aspect 14 is the method of either aspect 12 or 13, which comprises receiving a second set of measurements associated with the set of PRSs measured in response to the transmission of the set of measurements.

[0188] Aspect 15 is the method of aspect 14, which involves calculating a position of the wireless device based on the second set of measurements.

[0189] Aspect 16 is the method of any of aspects 12 to 15, which comprises transmitting to the network entity a location associated with the wireless device. The method comprises receiving a second set of measurements associated with the set of PRSs measured in response to the transmission of the set of measurements and the location associated with the wireless device. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 342 / 380 101 / 104

[0190] Aspect 17 is the method of any of aspects 12 to 16, in which the network entity comprises a location management function (LMF).

[0191] Aspect 18 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 17, in which the wireless device includes the positioning model, wherein the emission of at least one of the set of measurements, the set of markers or the assistance information comprises training the positioning model based on at least one of the set of measurements, the set of markers or the assistance information.

[0192] Aspect 19 is the method of aspect 18, which comprises receiving a request from a network entity for the position of the wireless device. The method comprises calculating the position of the wireless device based on the positioning model. The method comprises transmitting to the network entity an indication of the calculated position in response to the request.

[0193] Aspect 20 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 19, wherein the wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE) or a positioning reference unit (PRU).

[0194] Aspect 21 is a method of wireless communication within a network entity, comprising, for a first wireless device, transmitting a first positioning schedule to measure a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs). The method comprises, for at least one of the first wireless device or a second wireless device, transmitting a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs. The method comprises, for the first wireless device, transmitting an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

[0195] Aspect 22 is the method of aspect 21, where the network entity comprises an LMF. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 343 / 380 102 / 104

[0196] Aspect 23 is the method of either aspect 21 or 22, wherein the set of measurements comprises at least one of (a) a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement between a first detection signal of the PRS set and a second detection signal of the PRS set, (b) a first range of RSTD measurements from a first subset of the PRS set, (c) a first distribution of the first range, (d) a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement from at least one of the PRS sets, (e) a second range of RSRP measurements from a second subset of the PRS set, (f) a second distribution of the second range, (g) a path-received reference signal power (RSRPP) measurement from at least one of the PRS sets, (h) a third range of RSRPP measurements from a third subset of the PRS set, (i) a third distribution of the third band,(j) a departure angle (AoD) from at least one of the PRS sets, (k) a fourth band from a set of AoD measurements from a fourth subset of the PRS sets, (l) a fourth distribution of the fourth band, (m) a line-of-sight (LOS) path based on at least one of the PRS sets, (n) a phase of the LOS path, (o) a reflection path based on at least one of the PRS sets, (p) a channel impulse response (CIR) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets, (q) a channel frequency response (CFR) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets, or (r) a power delay profile (PDP) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets.

[0197] Aspect 24 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 23, wherein the marker set comprises at least one of a second indication of a position of the first wireless device or a second set of measurements based on the PRS set.

[0198] Aspect 25 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 24, wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of (a) a bandwidth portion (BWP) associated with the set of PRSs, (b) a number of Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 344 / 380 103 / 104 transmission and reception points (TRPs) associated with the set of PRSs, (c) a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the set of PRSs, (d) a PRS configuration associated with the set of PRSs, (e) a frame number associated with the set of PRSs, (f) a slot index associated with the set of PRSs, (g) an OFDM symbol associated with the set of PRSs, (h) a hyperframe number associated with the set of PRSs, (i) a coordinated universal time (UTC) associated with the set of PRSs, (j) a first indication of an implementation error, (k) a feature mapping associated with the set of PRSs, (l) a second indication of a first quality of a marker, or (m) a third indication of a second quality of a measurement of the set of PRSs.

[0199] Aspect 26 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 25, comprising receiving, from at least one of the first wireless devices or a third wireless device, at least a subset of the measurement set, marker set or assistance information.

[0200] Aspect 27 is the method of aspect 26, which comprises calculating a position of the first wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of the set of measurements or assistance information.

[0201] Aspect 28 is the method of aspect 27, which comprises, for the first wireless device, transmitting a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device.

[0202] Aspect 29 is the method of any of aspects 26 to 28, which comprises calculating a second set of measurements associated with the set of PRSs based on the positioning model and at least one of the set of measurements or assistance information.

[0203] Aspect 30 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 29, which comprises calculating a position of the first wireless device based on the second set of measurements. The method comprises, for the first wireless device, transmitting a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 345 / 380 104 / 104

[0204] Aspect 31 is the method of either aspect 29 or 30, which comprises transmitting at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information to the first wireless device.

[0205] Aspect 32 is the method of aspect 31, which comprises receiving a request for at least the second set of measurements or support information. The transmission of at least the second set of measurements or support information may be in response to receiving the request.

[0206] Aspect 33 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 32, wherein the first wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE) or a positioning reference unit (PRU).

[0207] Aspect 34 is a wireless communication apparatus that includes: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to implement any of aspects 1 to 28.

[0208] Aspect 35 is the apparatus of aspect 34, which additionally includes at least one of an antenna or a transceiver coupled to at least one processor.

[0209] Aspect 36 is a wireless communication apparatus that includes means for implementing any of aspects 1 to 33.

[0210] Aspect 37 is a computer-readable medium (i.e., a non-transient computer-readable medium) that stores computer-executable code, in which the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any of aspects 1 through 33. Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 346 / 380

Claims

1 / 9 CLAIMS 1. Apparatus for wireless communication in a wireless device characterized by comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs); measure the set of PRSs; and emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

2. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the set of measurements comprises at least one of the following: a reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement between a first signal of the PRS set and a second signal of the PRS set; a first range of RSTD measurements of a first subset of the PRS set; a first distribution of the first range; a measurement of the received reference signal power (RSRP) of at least one of the PRS sets; a second range of RSRP measurements of a second subset of the PRS set; a second distribution of the second range; a measurement of the received reference signal power per path (RSRPP) of at least one of the PRS sets; a third range of RSRPP measurements of a third subset of the PRS set; Petition 870250085605, dated 22 / 09 / 2025, p.372 / 380 2 / 9 a third distribution of the third band; a departure angle (AoD) of at least one of the PRS sets; a fourth band of a set of AoD measurements from a fourth subset of the PRS sets; a fourth distribution of the fourth band; a line-of-sight (LOS) path based on at least one of the PRS sets; a LOS path phase; a reflection path based on at least one of the PRS sets; a channel impulse response (CIR) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets; a channel frequency response (CFR) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets; or a power delay profile (PDP) measurement based on at least one of the PRS sets.

3. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the set of markers comprises an indication of a position of the wireless device.

4. Apparatus, according to claim 3, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive a set of signals via at least one of a light-sensing and ranging device (LIDAR), a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) device, or a wireless local area network (WLAN) antenna; and calculate the position of the wireless device based on the set of signals.

5. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising a transceiver coupled to at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 373 / 380 3 / 9 receive, via the transceiver, at least one subset of the marker set, wherein the subset of the marker set comprises a second set of measurements based on the PRS set.

6. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive at least a first subset of the marker set or a second subset of the service information.

7. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: transmit a request for at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information, wherein, in order to receive at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information, at least one processor is configured to receive at least the first subset of the marker set or the second subset of the assistance information in response to the request.

8. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the assistance information comprises at least one of: a bandwidth portion (BWP) associated with the set of PRSs; a number of transmit and receive points (TRPs) associated with the set of PRSs; a location associated with at least one TRP associated with the set of PRSs; a PRS configuration associated with the set of PRSs; a frame number associated with the set of PRSs; a slot index associated with the set of PRSs; an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol associated with the set of PRSs; a hyperframe number associated with the set of PRSs; Petition 870250085605, dated 22 / 09 / 2025, p.374 / 380 4 / 9 a coordinated universal time (UTC) associated with the set of PRSs; a first indication of an implementation error; a feature mapping associated with the set of PRSs; a second indication of a first quality of a marker; or a third indication of a second quality of a measurement of the set of PRSs.

9. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive a second set of PRSs; measure the second set of PRSs; and calculate a position of the wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of a second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs.

10. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive a second set of PRSs; measure the second set of PRSs; and calculate a second set of measurements associated with the second set of PRSs based on the positioning model and at least one of the second set of measurements based on the second set of measured PRSs or a second assist information associated with the second set of measured PRSs.

11. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: calculate a position of the wireless device based on the second set of measurements.

12. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that, to emit the set of measurements, at least one processor is configured to: Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, p. 375 / 380 5 / 9 transmit, to a network entity, the set of measurements for the positioning model.

13. Apparatus, according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive an indication of a calculated position from the wireless device in response to the transmission of the set of measurements.

14. Apparatus, according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive a second set of measurements associated with the set of measured PRSs in response to the transmission of the set of measurements.

15. Device according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: calculate a position of the wireless device based on the second set of measurements.

16. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: transmit to the network entity a location associated with the wireless device.

17. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the network entity comprises a location management function (LMF).

18. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the wireless device comprises the positioning model, and wherein, to emit at least one of the set of measurements, the set of markers or the assistance information, at least one processor is configured to: train the positioning model based on at least one of the set of measurements, the set of markers or the assistance information.

19. Device according to claim 18, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: Petition 870250085605, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 376 / 380 6 / 9 receive, from a network entity, a request for a wireless device position; calculate the wireless device position based on the positioning model; and transmit, to the network entity, an indication of the calculated position in response to the request.

20. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the wireless device comprises a user equipment (UE) or a positioning reference unit (PRU).

21. Device for wireless communication within a network entity characterized by comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on the information stored in the memory, the at least one processor being configured to: transmit, to a first wireless device, a first positioning schedule to measure a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs); transmit, to at least one of the first wireless device or a second wireless device, a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs; and transmit, to the first wireless device, an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

22. Apparatus, according to claim 21, characterized in that the set of markers comprises at least one of a second indication of a position of the first wireless device or a second set of measurements based on the set of PRSs.

23. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: receive, from at least one of the first wireless devices or a third wireless device, at least a subset of the measurement set, marker set, or assistance information.

24. Device according to claim 23, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the positioning model and at least one of the set of measurements or assistance information.

25. Apparatus, according to claim 24, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: Transmit, to the first wireless device, a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device.

26. Apparatus, according to claim 23, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: calculate a second set of measurements associated with the set of PRSs based on the positioning model and at least one of the set of measurements or assistance information.

27. Apparatus, according to claim 26, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to: calculate a position of the first wireless device based on the second set of measurements; and transmit, to the first wireless device, a second indication of the calculated position of the first wireless device. Petition 870250085605, dated 22 / 09 / 2025, pp. 378 / 380 8 / 9 28. Apparatus, according to claim 26, characterized by further comprising a transceiver coupled to at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit, via the transceiver, at least the second set of measurements or the assistance information to the first wireless device.

29. A wireless communication method in a wireless device characterized by comprising: receiving a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs); measuring the set of PRSs; and emitting at least one of a set of measurements based on the measured set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the measured set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the measured set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

30. A wireless communication method in a network entity characterized by comprising: transmitting, to a first wireless device, a first positioning schedule to measure a set of positioning reference signals (PRSs); transmitting, to at least one of the first wireless device or a second wireless device, a second positioning schedule to transmit the set of PRSs; and transmitting, to the first wireless device, an indication to emit at least one of a set of measurements based on the set of PRSs, a set of markers associated with the set of PRSs, or assistance information associated with the set of PRSs to train a positioning model.

31. Product, process, system, kit, means or use, characterized by comprising one or more elements described in the descriptive report, in the claims, in the drawings, in the sequence listing, or in the summary of this application, when applicable.

Images