User equipment beam management for user equipment

Description

1 / 61 User Equipment Beam Management CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[0001] This patent application claims priority to provisional patent application U.S. No. 63 / 493,898, filed April 3, 2023, entitled USER EQUIPMENT TO USER EQUIPMENT BEAM MANAGEMENT and to non-provisional patent application U.S. No. 18 / 410,665, filed January 11, 2024, entitled USER EQUIPMENT TO USER EQUIPMENT BEAM MANAGEMENT, which are hereby expressly incorporated into the present invention by reference. FIELD OF DISSEMINATION

[0002] Aspects of this disclosure relate generally to wireless communication and to techniques and apparatus for managing user equipment (UE) to UE beams. BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, message exchange, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power, or the like).Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SCFDMA), and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA). Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 230 / 310 LTE / LTE is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard enacted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It encompasses 2 / 61 division synchronous code division multiple access) and long-term evolution (LTE).

[0004] A wireless network may include one or more network nodes that support communication to wireless communication devices, such as a user equipment (UE) or multiple UEs. A UE may communicate with a network node via downlink and uplink communications. Downlink (or DL ​​downlink) refers to a communication link from the network node to the UE, and uplink (or UL uplink) refers to a communication link from the UE to the network node. Some wireless networks may support device-to-device communication, such as via a local link (e.g., a sidelink (SL), a wireless local area network (WLAN), and / or a wireless personal area network (WPAN), among other examples).

[0005] The multiple access technologies described above have been adopted in several telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different UEs to communicate at a municipal, national, regional, and / or global level. New Radio (NR) technology, which can be called fifth generation (5G), is a set of improvements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP. NR technology is designed to better support mobile broadband internet access by improving spectral efficiency, reducing costs, improving services, utilizing new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards through the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM - cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) in the downlink, using CP-OFDM and / or single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM - single-carrier frequency division multiplexing) (known as Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 231 / 310 3 / 61 also as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) on the uplink, as well as supporting beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further enhancements in LTE, NR, and other radio access technologies remain useful. SUMMARY

[0006] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a wireless communication method implemented by a user equipment (UE). The method may include transmitting signaling relating to a UE-to-UE beam maintenance (BM) procedure supported by the UE. The method may include performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

[0007] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a UE for wireless communication. The UE may include a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure supported by the UE. The one or more processors may be configured to perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

[0008] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a UE. The instruction set, when executed by one or more UE processors, can cause the UE to transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure supported by the UE. The instruction set, when executed by one or more UE processors, can cause the UE to perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

[0009] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 232 / 310 4 / 61 transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE beam holding (BM) procedure supported by the device. The device may include means to perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

[0010] In general, the aspects include a method, an apparatus, a system, a computer program product, a computer-readable non-transient medium, a user device, a base station, a network entity, a network node, a wireless communication device and / or a processing system, as substantially described in the present invention with reference to, and as illustrated by the drawings.

[0011] The foregoing has described in a fairly broad manner the attributes and technical advantages of the examples according to the disclosure so that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional attributes and advantages will be described hereafter. The specific design and examples disclosed may be readily used as a basis for modifying or designing other structures to perform the same purposes as the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The characteristics of the concepts disclosed in the present invention, both their organization and their method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description, when considered in conjunction with the appended figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.

[0012] Although aspects are described in this disclosure by way of illustration to a few examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects can be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. The techniques described in the present invention can be implemented using different types of platforms, devices, systems, formats, sizes and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects can be implemented via integrated chip modalities or other devices based on non-modular components. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 233 / 310 5 / 61 (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchase devices, medical devices, and / or artificial intelligence devices). The aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and attributes may include additional components and attributes for the implementation and practice of the claimed and described aspects. For example, wireless signal transmission and reception may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components, including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and / or summers).It is intended that the aspects described in the present invention can be applied to a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements and / or end-user devices of varying sizes, shapes and constitution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] In order for the attributes mentioned above of this disclosure to be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, can be obtained by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be mentioned, however, that the accompanying drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and, therefore, should not be considered limiting to its scope, as the description may include other equally effective aspects. Identical reference numbers in different drawings may identify identical or similar elements.

[0014] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network, according to the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a node of Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 234 / 310 6 / 61 network in communication with a user device (UE) on a wireless network, in accordance with this disclosure.

[0016] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture, according to the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of side link communications, according to this disclosure.

[0018] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of side link communications and access link communications, according to this disclosure.

[0019] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of an implicit UE-to-UE beam maintenance (BM) procedure, according to this disclosure.

[0020] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, in accordance with this disclosure.

[0021] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of signage relating to EU-to-EU BM procedures, in accordance with this disclosure.

[0022] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hybrid EU-to-EU BM procedure, according to this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process carried out, for example, by a UE, in accordance with this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 11 is a diagram of an example device for wireless communication, according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] A wireless communication device, such as a user equipment (UE), can use beamforming to communicate with other wireless communication devices, which improves signal propagation and counteracts the increased path loss of higher frequency communication. For example, a UE can perform beamforming for transmission. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 235 / 310 7 / 61 (in which a radiated signal is beamformed) and / or reception (in which a spatial filter is applied to an array of antennas to receive a radiated signal). In some deployments, a network node (such as a gNB) and a UE may use beamforming to communicate with each other. Beam selection and management (collectively referred to in the present invention as beam maintenance) may enable the UE and the network node to identify an appropriate beam pair (comprising one or more transmit beams at a transmitter and one or more receive beams at a receiver) with which to communicate.

[0026] In some instances, two UEs can communicate with each other using beamforming. For example, UEs can use beamforming for side-link unicast communication, such as in frequency range 2 (FR2 frequency range 2) (e.g., millimeter wave (mmWave)). However, beamkeeping procedures may not be well-defined for side-link beamforming, which can lead to suboptimal beam selection when a UE changes location or orientation. Furthermore, in beamforming between a UE and a network node, the network node is generally expected to be stationary and not move or rotate. Therefore, beamkeeping procedures between a UE and a network node may be based on an assumption that the beam direction of the network node does not change over time.For example, in some situations, an explicit beamkeeping procedure involving feedback between a transmitter and a receiver may introduce latency to beamkeeping. On the other hand, if a side-link UE (such as a roadside unit) does not move or rotate, an explicit beamkeeping procedure may be more robust or stable than an implicit beamkeeping procedure.

[0027] Some techniques described in the present invention provide UE-to-UE beam maintenance procedures. For example, some techniques described in the present invention provide an implicit UE-to-UE beam maintenance procedure, in which a UE refines its own beam by measuring reference signaling from a transmitting UE in a single Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 236 / 310 8 / 61 transmission beam (or a set of transmission beams) using multiple receiving beams in the UE. In this way, latency is reduced compared to beamkeeping procedures between a UE and a network node, which facilitates beamkeeping between moving UEs. As another example, some techniques described in the present invention provide an explicit UE-to-UE beamkeeping procedure, in which a transmitting UE transmits reference signaling in multiple beams, receives feedback from a receiving UE regarding one or more beams of the multiple beams, and then transmits information indicating a selected beam. In this way, beamforming stability and robustness are achieved, particularly in a situation where one or both UEs are stationary.

[0028] In some examples, a UE may have a capability for (e.g., may support) one or more types of UE-to-UE beamkeeping, such as explicit beamkeeping or implicit beamkeeping. Explicit beamkeeping and implicit beamkeeping are described in more detail below. Different UEs may have different capabilities for beamkeeping, or may wish to enable or disable (e.g., support or stop supporting) a type of beamkeeping. Some techniques described in the present invention provide capability information signaling that indicates one or more types of UE-to-UE beamkeeping supported by a UE. In this way, two UEs can identify an appropriate type of UE-to-UE beamkeeping for a pair of beams from the two UEs, which improves compliance with the capabilities of the UEs and increases beamforming flexibility.Furthermore, in some instances, a type of UE-to-UE beam maintenance used by UEs can switch, based at least in part on the UEs' motion state, providing stability and robustness for stationary UEs (such as using explicit UE-to-UE beam maintenance) or reduced latency for moving UEs (such as using implicit UE-to-UE beam maintenance).

[0029] Several aspects of the disclosure are described more fully below, with reference to the attached drawings. This disclosure may, Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 237 / 310 9 / 61 However, it can be incorporated in many different forms and should not be interpreted as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. More precisely, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure is thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed in the present invention, whether implemented independently or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented, or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth in the present invention.Furthermore, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such apparatus or method that is practiced with the use of another structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or different from the various aspects of the disclosure set forth in the present invention. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed in the present invention may be incorporated by one or more elements of a claim.

[0030] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various devices and techniques. These devices and techniques will be described in the detailed description below and illustrated in the attached drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, stages, processes, algorithms or the like (collectively referred to as elements). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software or combinations thereof. Whether such elements will be implemented in the form of hardware or software will depend on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0031] Although aspects of the present invention may be described using terminology commonly associated with a 5G or New Radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT), aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to other RATs, such as a RAT of Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 238 / 310 10 / 61 third generation (3G), a fourth generation RAT (4G fourth generation) and / or a RAT subsequent to 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G sixth generation)).

[0032] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 100 wireless network, according to the present disclosure. The 100 wireless network may be or may include elements of a 5G network (e.g., NR) and / or a 4G network (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)), among other examples. The 100 wireless network may include one or more 110 network nodes (shown as a 110a node, a 110b network node, a 110c network node, and a 110d network node), a 120 UE or multiple 120 UEs (shown as a 120a UE, a 120b UE, a 120c UE, a 120d UE, and a 120e UE), and / or other entities. A network node 110 is a network node that communicates with UEs 120. As shown, a network node 110 can include one or more network nodes.For example, a 110 network node can be an aggregate network node, meaning that the aggregate network node is configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single radio access network (RAN) node (e.g., in a single device or a single unit). As another example, a 110 network node can be a disaggregated network node (sometimes called a disaggregated base station), meaning that the 110 network node is configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more nodes (such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)).

[0033] In some examples, a 110 network node is or includes a network node that communicates with 120 UEs via a radio access link, such as a RU. In some examples, a 110 network node is or includes a network node that communicates with other 110 network nodes via a fronthaul link or a midhaul link, such as a DU. In some examples, a 110 network node is or includes a network node that communicates with other 110 network nodes via a midhaul link or a core network via a backhaul link, such as a CU. In some examples, a 110 network node (such as an aggregate 110 network node or a Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 239 / 310 A disaggregated network node (110) may include multiple network nodes, such as one or more RUs, one or more CUs, and / or one or more DUs. A network node (110) may include, for example, an NR base station, an LTE base station, a NodeB, an eNB (e.g., in 4G), a gNB (e.g., in 5G), an access point, a transmission / reception point (TRP), a DU, an RU, a CU, a network mobility element, a core network node, a network element, a network equipment, a RAN node, or a combination thereof. In some examples, network nodes 110 may be interconnected to each other and / or to one or more other network nodes 110 in the wireless network 100 through various types of fronthaul, midhaul, and / or backhaul interfaces, such as a direct physical connection, an air interface, or a virtual network, using any suitable transport network.

[0034] In some examples, a 110 network node can provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. According to the Third Generation Partnership (3GPP) project, the term cell can refer to a coverage area of ​​a 110 network node and / or a network node subsystem that serves that coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. A 110 network node can provide communication coverage for a macrocell, a picocell, a femtocell, and / or another type of cell. A macrocell can cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and can allow unrestricted access by 120 UEs with service subscriptions. A picocell can cover a relatively small geographic area and can allow unrestricted access by 120 UEs with service subscriptions.A femtocell can cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a residence) and can allow restricted access by UEs 120 that have association with the femtocell (e.g., UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A network node 110 of a macrocell can be called a network macronode. A network node 110 of a picocell can be called a network piconode. A network node 110 of a femtocell can be called a network femtonnode or a household network node. In the example shown. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 240 / 310 12 / 61 in Figure 1, network node 110a can be a network macronode for a macrocell 102a, network node 110b can be a network piconode for a picocell 102b, and network node 110c can be a network femtonode for a femtocell 102c. A network node can support one or multiple (e.g., three) cells. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of ​​the cell may move according to the location of a mobile network node 110 (e.g., a mobile network node).

[0035] In some respects, the term base station or network node may refer to an aggregated base station, a disaggregated base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, or one or more components thereof. For example, in some respects, base station or network node may refer to a CU, a DU, a RU, a near-real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC, or a combination thereof. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to a device configured to perform one or more functions, such as those described in the present invention in conjunction with network node 110. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to a plurality of devices configured to perform one or more functions.For example, in some distributed systems, each of a number of different devices (which may be located in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations) may be configured to perform at least a portion of a function, or to duplicate the performance of at least a portion of the function, and the terms base station or network node may refer to any one or more of these different devices. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to one or more virtual base stations or one or more virtual base station functions. For example, in some respects, two or more base station functions may be instantiated on a single device. In some respects, the terms... Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 241 / 310 13 / 61 base station or network node may refer to one of the base station functions, and not another. Thus, a single device may include more than one base station.

[0036] A 100 wireless network may include one or more relay stations. A relay station is a network node that can receive a data transmission from an upstream node (e.g., a 110 network node or a 120 UE) and send a transmission of the data to a downstream node (e.g., a 120 UE or a 110 network node). A relay station may be a 120 UE that can relay transmissions to other 120 UEs. In the example shown in Figure 1, network node 110d (e.g., a relay network node) can communicate with network node 110a (e.g., a network macronode) and UE 120d, to facilitate communication between network node 110a and UE 120d. A network node that relays communications may be called a relay station, relay base station, relay node, repeater, or similar.

[0037] A wireless network 100 can be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as network macronodes, network piconodes, network femtonodes, relay network nodes, or the like. These different types of network nodes 110 may have different transmission power levels, different coverage areas, and / or different impacts on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, network macronodes may have a high transmission power level (e.g., 5 to 40 watts), while network piconodes, network femtonodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmission power levels (e.g., 0.1 to 2 watts).

[0038] A network controller 130 can couple to, or communicate with, a set of network nodes 110 and can provide coordination and control to those network nodes 110. The network controller 130 can communicate with the network nodes 110 via a backhaul communication link or a midhaul communication link. The network nodes 110 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly via a wired backhaul communication link. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 242 / 310 14 / 61 or wireless. In some respects, the 130 network controller may be a CU or a core network device, or it may include a CU or a core network device.

[0039] UEs 120 may be dispersed throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may include, for example, an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station and / or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be a mobile phone (e.g., a smartphone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a portable device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, a smart garment, smart glasses, a smart bracelet, a smart jewel (e.g., a smart ring or a smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g.,a music device, a video device and / or a satellite radio), a vehicle component or sensor, a smart meter / sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, a UE function of a network node and / or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wired or wireless medium.

[0040] Some UEs 120 may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UEs. An MTC UE and / or an eMTC UE may include, for example, a robot, a drone, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and / or a location tag, which may communicate with a network node, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. Some UEs 120 may be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices and / or may be implemented as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices. Some UEs 120 may Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 243 / 310 15 / 61 to be considered Equipment on the Customer's Premises. A UE 120 may be included within a housing that houses UE 120 components, such as processor components and / or memory components. In some instances, processor components and memory components may be coupled to each other. For example, processor components (e.g., one or more processors) and memory components (e.g., a memory) may be operationally coupled, electronically coupled, electronically coupled and / or electrically coupled.

[0041] In general, any number of 100 wireless networks can be deployed in a given geographic area. Each 100 wireless network can support a particular RAT and can operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may be called a radio technology, an air interface, or similar. A frequency may be called a carrier, a frequency channel, or similar. Each frequency can support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, 5G or NR RAT networks may be deployed.

[0042] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) can communicate directly using one or more side link channels (for example, without using a network node 110 as an intermediary to communicate with each other). For example, UEs 120 can communicate using point-to-point (P2P) peer-to-peer communications, device-to-device (D2D) communications, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocol (for example, which may include a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocol, a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocol, or a vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocol), and / or a mesh network. In such examples, a UE 120 can perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations described elsewhere in the present invention. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 244 / 310 16 / 61 as being performed by network node 110.

[0043] Wireless network devices can communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which can be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, channels, or the like. For example, wireless network devices can communicate using one or more operating bands. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands were identified as frequency band designations FR1 (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as a sub-6 GHz band in various documents and articles.A similar nomenclature issue sometimes arises with regard to the FR2 band, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as a millimeter wave band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz to 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a millimeter wave band.

[0044] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as the FR3 frequency band designation (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands that fall under FR3 may inherit the characteristics of FR1 and / or the characteristics of FR2 and, in this way, may effectively extend the attributes of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency band designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0045] With the above examples in mind, except where specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term sub-6 Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 245 / 310 17 / 61 GHz or similar, as used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be in FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Additionally, except where specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term millimeter wave or similar, as used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be in the FR2, FR4, FR4-a, or FR4-1 and / or FR5 bands, or may be in the EHF band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and the techniques described in the present invention are applicable to those modified frequency bands.

[0046] In some respects, the UE 120 may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere in the present invention, the communication manager 140 may transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure supported by the UE; and perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more of the other operations described in the present invention.

[0047] As indicated above, Figure 1 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 1.

[0048] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example 200 of a network node 110 communicating with a UE 120 in a wireless network 100, according to the present disclosure. The network node 110 may be equipped with an array of antennas 234a to 234t, as T antennas (T > 1). The UE 120 may be equipped with an array of antennas 252a to 252r, as R antennas (R > 1). The network node 110 in example 200 includes one or more radio frequency components, such as antennas 234 and a modem 232. In some examples, a network node 110 may include an interface, a communication component, or another component that facilitates communication with the UE 120. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 246 / 310 18 / 61 or another network node. Some 110 network nodes may not include radio frequency components that facilitate direct communication with the UE 120, such as one or more CUs or one or more DUs.

[0049] At network node 110, a transmission processor 220 can receive data from a data source 212 destined for UE 120 (or a set of UEs 120). The transmission processor 220 can select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for UE 120 based, at least in part, on one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from that UE 120. Network node 110 can process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for UE 120 based, at least in part, on the MCS(s) selected for UE 120, and can provide data symbols for UE 120.The 220 transmission processor can process system information (e.g., semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and / or upper-layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The 220 transmission processor can generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)).A multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission (TX) processor 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., pre-coding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols, if applicable, and can provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to a corresponding set of modems 232 (e.g., T modems), shown as modems 232a to 232t. For example, each output symbol stream can be provided to a modulating component. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 247 / 310 19 / 61 (shown as MOD) of a 232 modem. Each 232 modem can use a respective modulator component to process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) in order to obtain an output sample stream. Each 232 modem can additionally use a respective modulator component to process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream in order to obtain a downlink signal. Modems 232a to 232t can transmit a set of downlink signals (e.g., T downlink signals) via a corresponding set of 234 antennas (e.g., T antennas), shown as antennas 234a to 234t.

[0050] In UE 120, a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a to 252r) can receive downlink signals from network node 110 and / or other network nodes 110 and can provide a set of received signals (e.g., R received signals) to a set of modems 254 (e.g., R modems), shown as modems 254a to 254r. For example, each received signal can be provided to a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 can use a respective demodulator component to condition (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert and / or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 can use a demodulator component to further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols.A MIMO detector 256 can obtain symbols received from modems 254, can perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and can provide detected symbols. A receiving processor 258 can process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, can provide decoded data to UE 120 to a data sink 260, and can provide decoded control information and system information to a controller / processor 280. The term controller / processor can refer to one or more controllers, one or more processors, or a combination thereof. A channel processor can determine a received power parameter in the reference signal (RSRP). Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 248 / 310 20 / 61 - reference signal received power), a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, and / or a CQI parameter, among other examples. In some examples, one or more components of the UE 120 may be included in a 284 housing.

[0051] Network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292. Network controller 130 may include, for example, one or more devices in a core network. Network controller 130 may communicate with network node 110 via communication unit 294.

[0052] One or more antennas (for example, antennas 234a to 234t and / or antennas 252a to 252r) may include, or may be included in, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements and / or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements and / or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (in a single housing or multiple housings), a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements and / or one or more antenna elements coupled to one or more transmitting and / or receiving components, such as one or more components of Figure 2.

[0053] In the uplink, in UE 120, a transmission processor 264 can receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, and / or CQI) from the controller / processor 280. The transmission processor 264 can generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols received from the transmission processor 264 can be pre-coded by a TX MIMO processor 266, if applicable, further processed by modems 254 (e.g., for DFT-sOFDM or CP-OFDM), and transmitted to network node 110. In some examples, the UE 120 modem 254 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 249 / 310 21 / 61 some examples, the UE 120 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of antenna(s) 252, modem(s) 254, MIMO detector 256, reception processor 258, transmission processor 264 and / or TX MIMO processor 266. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., controller / processor 280) and memory 282 to perform aspects of any of the methods described in the present invention (e.g., example, with reference to Figures 6 to 11).

[0054] At network node 110, uplink signals from UE 120 and / or other UEs can be received by antennas 234, processed by modem 232 (e.g., a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of modem 232), detected by a MIMO detector 236, if applicable, and further processed by a receiving processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 120. The receiving processor 238 can provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and provide the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. Network node 110 may include a communication unit 244 and may communicate with network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. Network node 110 may include a scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink communications. and / or uplink. In some examples, modem 232 of network node 110 may include a modulator and a demodulator.In some examples, the network node 110 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of antenna(s) 234, modem(s) 232, MIMO detector 236, reception processor 238, transmission processor 220 and / or TX MIMO processor 230. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., the controller / processor 240) and memory 242 to perform aspects of any of the methods described in the present invention (e.g., with reference to Figures 6 to 11).

[0055] Network node 110 controller / processor 240, UE 120 controller / processor 280, and / or any other component(s) in Figure 2 may perform one or more techniques associated with Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 250 / 310 22 / 61 BM from UE to UE, as described in more detail elsewhere in the present invention. For example, the controller / processor 240 of network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of UE 120 and / or any other component(s) of Figure 2 may perform or direct operations, for example, of process 1000 of Figure 10 and / or other processes, as described in the present invention. Memory 242 and memory 282 may store data and program codes for network node 110 and UE 120, respectively. In some examples, memory 242 and / or memory 282 may include a non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores one or more instructions (e.g., code and / or program code) for wireless communication.For example, one or more instructions, when executed (e.g., directly, or after compiling, converting, and / or interpreting) by one or more processors of network node 110 and / or UE 120, can cause the one or more processors, UE 120, and / or network node 110 to perform or direct operations, for example, of process 1000 of Figure 10 and / or other processes, as described in the present invention. In some examples, instruction execution may include executing instructions, converting instructions, compiling instructions, and / or interpreting instructions, among other examples.

[0056] In some respects, the UE 120 includes means for transmitting signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure supported by the UE; and / or means for performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling. The means for the UE 120 to perform operations described in the present invention may include, for example, one or more of the communication manager 140, the antenna 252, the modem 254, the MIMO detector 256, the reception processor 258, the transmission processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the controller / processor 280 or the memory 282.

[0057] Although the blocks in Figure 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks can be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 251 / 310 23 / 61 or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described in relation to the transmission processor 264, the reception processor 258 and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 can be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.

[0058] As indicated above, Figure 2 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 2.

[0059] The deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in multiple ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a network mobility element, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station, or a network device can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a NodeB (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), a BS NR, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a TRP, or a cell, among other examples), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality, can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station), or as a disaggregated base station.The term network entity or network node can refer to a disaggregated base station, or to one or more units of a disaggregated base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof).

[0060] An aggregated base station (e.g., an aggregated network node) can be configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single RAN node (e.g., a single device or a single unit). A disaggregated base station (e.g., a disaggregated network node) can be configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, a CU can be implemented in one network node and one or more DUs. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 252 / 310 24 / 61 devices can be co-located with the CU or, alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other network nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as virtual units, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), among other examples.

[0061] Base station-type operation or network design may consider base station functionality aggregation features. For example, disaggregated base stations may be used in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as the O-RAN alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN), also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN), to facilitate the scaling of communication systems by separating base station functionality into one or more individually deployable units. A disaggregated base station may include functionality implemented across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented in at least one virtual unit, which can enable flexibility in network design.The various disaggregated base station units can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other disaggregated base station unit.

[0062] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture 300, according to this disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link or indirectly with the core network 320 via one or more disaggregated control units (such as a near RT RIC 325 via an E2 link or a non-RT RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) structure 305, or both). Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 253 / 310 25 / 61 A CU 310 can communicate with one or more DUs 330 via their respective midhaul links, such as through F1 interfaces. Each DU 330 can communicate with one or more RUs 340 via their respective fronthaul links. Each RU 340 can communicate with one or more UEs 120 via their respective radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 120 can be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 340.

[0063] Each of the units, including the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, as well as the near-RT 325 RICs, the non-RT 315 RICs and the SMO 305 structure, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to one or more of the respective unit's communication interfaces, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium.In some examples, each unit may include a wired interface, configured to receive or transmit signals through a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units, and a wireless interface that may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, through a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0064] In some respects, the CU 310 can host one or more higher-layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, among other examples. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 can be configured to handle plane functionality. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 254 / 310 26 / 61 user (e.g., central unit-user plane (CU-UP) functionality), control plane functionality (e.g., central unit-control plane (CU-CP) functionality), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface, when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 may be implemented to communicate with a DU 330, as needed, for network control and signaling.

[0065] Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some respects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high-level physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional division, such as a functional division defined by 3GPP. In some respects, the one or more high-level PHY layers may be implemented by one or more modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, and modulation and demodulation, among other examples.In some respects, the DU 330 can additionally host one or more low-level PHY layers, such as those implemented by one or more modules for a fast Fourier transform (FFT), an inverse fast Fourier transform (iFFT), digital beamforming, or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. Each layer (which can be called a module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330 or with the control functions hosted by the CU 310. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 255 / 310 27 / 61

[0066] Each RU 340 can implement lower-layer functionality. In some deployments, an RU 340, controlled by a DU 330, may correspond to a logical node hosting RF processing functions or low-level PHY layer functions, such as performing an FFT, performing an iFFT, digital beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, based on a functional split (e.g., a functional split defined by 3GPP), as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU 340 can be operated to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 120. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user communication with the RU(s) 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330.In some scenarios, this configuration can enable each DU 330 and CU 310 to be deployed in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0067] The SMO 305 framework can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO 305 framework can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that can be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO 305 framework can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 390 platform) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). These virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, non-RT 315 RICs, and near-RT 325 RICs.In some implementations, the SMO 305 structure can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO 305 structure... Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 256 / 310 28 / 61 can communicate directly with each of the one or more RUs 340 via a respective O1 interface. The SMO 305 structure can also include a non-RT 315 RIC configured to support the functionality of the SMO 305 structure.

[0068] The non-RT 315 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or application / attribute-based guidance on the near-RT 325 RIC. The non-RT 315 RIC can be coupled to, or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the near-RT 325 RIC. The near-RT 325 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via actions and data collection through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more 310 CUs, one or more 330 DUs, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the near-RT 325 RIC.

[0069] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed on the near RT 325 RIC, the non-RT 315 RIC may receive external enrichment parameters or information from external servers. Such information may be used by the near RT 325 RIC and may be received in the SMO 305 framework or the non-RT 315 RIC from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT 315 RIC or the near RT 325 RIC may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT 315 RIC may monitor long-term performance trends and patterns and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 305 framework (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies).

[0070] As indicated above, Figure 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 3. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 257 / 310 29 / 61 3.

[0071] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 of side link communications, according to the present disclosure.

[0072] As shown in Figure 4, a first UE 405-1 can communicate with a second UE 405-2 (and one or more other UE 405s) via one or more 410 side link channels. UEs 405-1 and 405-2 can communicate using the one or more 410 side link channels for P2P communications, D2D communications, V2X communications (e.g., which may include V2V communications, V2I communications, and / or V2P communications), and / or mesh network communication. In some respects, the UEs 405 (e.g., UE 405-1 and / or UE 405-2) may correspond to one or more other UEs described elsewhere in the present invention, such as UE 120. In some respects, one or more of the 410 side link channels may use a PC5 interface and / or may operate in a high-frequency band (e.g., the 5.9 GHz band).Alternatively, UEs 405 can synchronize the timing of transmission time intervals (TTIs) (e.g., frames, subframes, slots, or symbols) using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) timing.

[0073] As further shown in Figure 4, the one or more sidelink channels 410 may include a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) 415, a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) 420 and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) 425. The PSCCH 415 may be used to communicate control information, similar to a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and / or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) used for cellular communications with a network node 110 via an access link or an access channel. The PSSCH 420 may be used to communicate data, similar to a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 258 / 310 30 / 61 downlink shared channel) and / or a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) used for cellular communications with a network node 110 via an access link or an access channel. For example, PSCCH 415 may carry sidelink control information (SCI) 430, which may indicate various control information used for sidelink communications, such as one or more resources (e.g., time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources), where a transport block (TB) 435 may be carried on PSSCH 420. The TB 435 may include data.The PSFCH 425 can be used to communicate 440 side link feedback, such as hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback (e.g., acknowledgement / negative acknowledgement (ACK / NACK) information), transmit power control (TPC), and / or a scheduling request (SR).

[0074] Although shown in PSCCH 415, in some respects, SCI 430 may include multiple communications at different stages, such as first-stage SCI (SCI-1) and second-stage SCI (SCI-2). SCI-1s can be transmitted on PSCCH 415. SCI-2s can be transmitted on PSSCH 420. SCI-1s may include, for example, an indication of one or more resources (e.g., time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources) on PSSCH 420, information for decoding side link communications on PSSCH, a quality of service (QoS) priority value, a resource reservation period, a PSSCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) pattern, an SCI format for SCI-2s, a beta offset for SCI-2s, a number of PSSCH DMRS ports, and / or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS).SCI-2s can include information associated with data transmissions in PSSCH 420, such as a HARQ process identifier (ID), a new data indicator (NDI), and more. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 259 / 310 31 / 61 source identifier, a destination identifier and / or a channel state information (CSI) reporting trigger.

[0075] In some respects, one or more 410 side link channels may use resource groupings. For example, a scheduling assignment (e.g., included in SCI 430) may be transmitted on subchannels using specific resource blocks (RBs) over time. In some respects, data transmissions (e.g., in PSSCH 420) associated with a scheduling assignment may occupy adjacent RBs in the same subframe as the scheduling assignment (e.g., using frequency division multiplexing). In some respects, a scheduling assignment and associated data transmissions are not transmitted on adjacent RBs.

[0076] In some respects, a UE 405 may operate using a side-link transmission mode (e.g., Mode 1), where resource selection and / or scheduling is performed by a network node 110 (e.g., a base station, a CU, or a DU). For example, the UE 405 may receive a lease (e.g., in downlink control information (DCI) or in a radio resource control (RRC) message, as for configured leases) from the network node 110 (e.g., directly or via one or more network nodes) for side-link channel access and / or scheduling. In some respects, a UE 405 may operate using a transmission mode (e.g., Mode 2), where resource selection and / or scheduling is performed by the UE 405 (e.g., instead of a network node 110). In some respects, UE 405 can perform resource selection and / or scheduling by detecting channel availability for transmissions.For example, the UE 405 can measure a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter (e.g., a sidelink-RSSI (S-RSSI) parameter) associated with multiple sidelink channels, it can measure a received power parameter in the reference signal (RSRP) (e.g., a PSSCH-RSRP parameter) associated with multiple sidelink channels, and / or it can measure a received signal quality parameter. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 260 / 310 32 / 61 reference (RSRQ) (for example, a PSSCH-RSRQ parameter) associated with multiple side-link channels, and can select a channel for transmitting a side-link communication based, at least in part, on the measurement(s).

[0077] Alternatively, the UE 405 can perform resource selection and / or scheduling using SCI 430 received on PSCCH 415, which can indicate busy resource and / or channel parameters. Alternatively, the UE 405 can perform resource scheduling and / or selection by determining a channel busy rate (CBR) associated with various side-link channels, which can be used for rate control (e.g., indicating a maximum number of resource blocks that the UE 405 can use for a particular set of subframes).

[0078] In transmission mode where resource selection and / or scheduling is performed by a UE 405, the UE 405 can generate side-link grants and can transmit the grants on SCI 430s. A side-link grant can indicate, for example, one or more parameters (e.g., transmission parameters) to be used for future side-link transmission, such as one or more resource blocks to be used for future side-link transmission on PSSCH 420 (e.g., for TBs 435), one or more subframes to be used for future side-link transmission, and / or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to be used for future side-link transmission. In some respects, a UE 405 can generate a side-link grant indicating one or more parameters for semi-persistent scheduling (SPS), such as a periodicity of a side-link transmission.Alternatively, UE 405 can generate a side link grant for event-triggered scheduling, such as for an on-demand side link message.

[0079] As indicated above, Figure 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 4.

[0080] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of 500 Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 261 / 310 33 / 61 side link communications and access link communications, in accordance with this disclosure.

[0081] As shown in Figure 5, a transmitter (Tx transmitter) / receiver (Rx receiver) UE 505 and an Rx / Tx UE 510 can communicate with each other via a side link, as described above in relation to Figure 4. As further shown, in some side link modes, a network node 110 can communicate with the Tx / Rx UE 505 (e.g., directly or via one or more network nodes), as via a first access link. Additionally or alternatively, in some side link modes, the network node 110 can communicate with the Rx / Tx UE 510 (e.g., directly or via one or more network nodes), as via a first access link. The Tx / Rx UE 505 and / or the Rx / Tx UE 510 may correspond to one or more UEs described elsewhere in the present invention, such as the UE 120 of Figure 1.Thus, a direct link between UEs 120 (e.g., via a PC5 interface) can be called a side link, and a direct link between a network node 110 and a UE 120 (e.g., via a Uu interface) can be called an access link. Side link communications can be transmitted via the side link, and access link communications can be transmitted via the access link. An access link communication can be either a downlink communication (from a network node 110 to a UE 120) or an uplink communication (from a UE 120 to a network node 110).

[0082] As indicated above, Figure 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 5.

[0083] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of a UE-to-UE beam maintenance (BM) procedure, according to this disclosure. Generally, an implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure is a procedure in which a receiving UE (Rx) 605 (e.g., UE 120, UE 405, UE 505) performs a plurality of measurements to refine a Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 262 / 310 34 / 61 receiving beam (and optionally a transmit beam, if beam matching is enabled on Rx UE 605) from Rx UE 605. For example, in some respects, an implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure may involve no feedback signaling from Rx UE 605 to the transmitting UE 610. The implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure may be called receiver-autonomous beam refinement. Example 600 also includes a transmitting UE (Tx) 610 (e.g., UE 120, UE 405, UE 505). In some respects, Rx UE 605 and Tx UE 610 may communicate in FR2. Beam matching is an attribute by which a UE can derive beam parameters of a beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam in the UE) from beam parameters of a reciprocal beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam, respectively).

[0084] Example 600 illustrates a plurality of transmissions by Tx UE 610 and a plurality of receptions (e.g., measurements) by Rx UE 605. Each transmission by Tx UE 610 can use a reference signal (RS) resource. For example, each transmission by Tx UE 610 can use a channel state information (CSI) RS resource. A CSI-RS resource can define a time, frequency, and / or parameters (e.g., beam parameters, such as a quasi-co-location (QCL) parameter or a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state) with which Tx UE 610 must transmit a CSI-RS. Tx UE 610 can transmit a CSI-RS resource, meaning that Tx UE 610 can transmit a CSI-RS according to a corresponding CSI-RS resource.The Rx UE 605 can perform a measurement according to a CSI-RS feature (for example, at a time and / or frequency defined by the CSI-RS feature and / or using a parameter indicated by the CSI-RS feature), which is referred to in the present invention as a measurement of a CSI-RS feature. The measurement can include any suitable measurement, such as a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a measurement of... Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 263 / 310 35 / 61 Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurement, or similar. The measurement can be called a Layer 1 measurement (compared to a filtered measurement that may incorporate time-domain filtering, such as a Layer 3 measurement). Each CSI-RS transmission and reception feature is shown with an indicator T1 to T8. For example, T1 indicates that transmission and reception occur at time T1. In this way, it can be seen that the Tx UE 610 transmits multiple CSI-RS features with a fixed beam (called beam repetition). For example, the multiple CSI-RS features may belong to the same feature set. It can also be seen that the Rx UE 605 measures the multiple CSI-RS features using beam sweep, in which a reception beam from the Rx UE 605 alternates reception beams from one measurement to another.For example, beam scanning can involve measurements using multiple different beams within a feature set.

[0085] As shown by reference number 615, in some respects, Rx UE 605 can transmit, and Tx UE 610 can receive, a request for Tx UE 610 to transmit the plurality of CSI-RS resources. For example, the request may instruct Tx UE 610 to transmit the plurality of CSI-RS resources using a fixed beam (e.g., using beam repetition). In some respects, the request may be aperiodic. For example, Rx UE 605 may transmit an aperiodic request, which is not associated with a periodicity, to trigger Tx UE 610 to transmit the plurality of CSI-RS resources. In some other respects, the request may be periodic. For example, Rx UE 605 may transmit the request according to a periodicity, such as on a configured resource or according to a configured parameter indicating the periodicity.

[0086] As shown by reference number 620, the Rx UE 605 can measure CSI-RS feature plurality using a plurality of receive beams (in example 600, four different receive beams). The measurements are described above. In this way, the Rx UE 605 can measure the Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 264 / 310 36 / 61 plurality of CSI-RS features using beam scanning, which can enable refinement of the UE 605 Rx receiver beam.

[0087] As shown by reference number 625, Rx UE 605 can communicate with Tx UE 610 using a selected receive beam. For example, Rx UE 605 can select the selected receive beam from the plurality of receive beams with which Rx UE 605 measured the plurality of CSI-RS features. In some respects, the selected receive beam may have a better measurement value (e.g., a stronger RSRP, a stronger RSRQ, a higher SINR) from the plurality of receive beams. In some respects, communicating with Tx UE 610 using the selected receive beam may include receiving a communication from Tx UE 610 using the selected receive beam. Additionally or alternatively, communicating with Tx UE 610 using the selected receive beam may include transmitting a communication to Tx UE 610 using the selected receive beam.For example, if the Rx UE 605 supports beam matching, the Rx UE 605 can use the selected receive beam (e.g., spatial parameters of the selected receive beam, such as a QCL parameter or a TCI state) to transmit a communication to the Tx UE 610. In this way, the Rx UE 605 can select or refine a receive beam for transmission or reception without providing feedback to the Tx UE 610, which reduces the latency and overhead associated with beam refinement.

[0088] In some respects, Tx UE 610 can also perform the UE-to-EU BM procedure implied in example 600. For example, Tx UE 610 can perform one or more of the operations in example 600 described as performed by Rx UE 605, and Rx UE 605 can perform one or more of the operations in example 600 described as performed by Tx UE 610.

[0089] In some respects, the Tx UE 610 and the Rx UE 605 can exchange signaling as described, for example, in conjunction with example 800 of Figure 8. Additionally or alternatively, in addition to the operations described in relation to example 600, the Tx UE 610 and the Rx UE 605 can perform one or Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 265 / 310 37 / 61 more explicit EU-to-EU BM transactions, such as one or more of the transactions described in relation to example 700 in Figure 7.

[0090] As indicated above, Figure 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 6.

[0091] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 of an explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure, according to this disclosure. Generally, an explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure is a procedure in which an Rx UE 705 (e.g., UE 120, UE 405, UE 505) provides feedback to a Tx UE 710 (e.g., UE 120, UE 405, UE 505) regarding RS resource transmissions by the Tx UE 710, so that the Tx UE 710 can select an appropriate Tx beam and / or report the selected Tx beam to the Rx UE 705. In some respects, the Rx UE 705 and the Tx UE 710 can communicate in FR2.

[0092] Example 700 illustrates a plurality of RS transmissions by Tx UE 710. Example 700 also includes a plurality of receptions (e.g., measurements) by Rx UE 705. Each transmission by Tx UE 710 can utilize an RS feature. For example, each transmission by Tx UE 710 can utilize a CSI-RS feature. Tx UE 710 can transmit a CSIRS feature, meaning that Tx UE 710 can transmit a CSI-RS according to a corresponding CSI-RS feature. Rx UE 705 can perform a measurement according to a CSI-RS feature (e.g., at a time and / or frequency defined by the CSI-RS feature and / or using a parameter indicated by the CSI-RS feature), which is referred to in the present invention as a measurement of a CSI-RS feature. The measurement can include any suitable measurement, such as an RSRP measurement, an RSRQ measurement, a SINR measurement, or similar.The measurement can be called a layer 1 measurement (as opposed to a filtered measurement that may incorporate time-domain filtering, such as a layer 3 measurement).

[0093] It can be seen that the Tx UE 710 transmits multiple CSI-RS features with multiple beams (i.e., using beam scanning through a Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 266 / 310 38 / 61 plurality of transmission beams). For example, multiple CSI-RS features may belong to the same feature set. The Rx UE 705 measures multiple CSI-RS features using one or more beams. For example, the Rx UE 705 may measure a first set of CSI-RS features using a first receiving beam and a second set of CSI-RS features using a second receiving beam. As another example, the Rx UE 705 may measure all CSI-RS features using the same beam.

[0094] As shown by reference number 715, in some respects, Tx UE 710 can transmit, and Rx UE 705 can receive, a request for information regarding measurements from one or more beams of the Tx beam plurality. For example, Tx UE 710 can trigger an explicit UE-to-UE BM by transmitting the request. The request can be called a trigger for Layer 1 RSRP (L1-RSRP) or Layer 1 SINR (L1-SINR) reports from Rx UE 705. For example, the request might instruct Rx UE 705 to transmit information regarding measurements from one or more beams of the Tx beam plurality, wherein the information includes one or more L1-SINR or L1-RSRP measurements. The request can be transmitted periodically (as per a configured feature or a configured periodicity parameter) or aperiodically. In some respects, the request may comprise a field in a side link control information (SCI) message, such as SCI-2.

[0095] As shown by reference number 720, the Rx UE 705 can measure CSI-RS feature plurality using one or more Rx beams. In example 700, the Rx UE 705 uses a single Rx beam. In some respects, the Rx UE can use a plurality of Rx beams. Measurements may include L1-RSRP measurements, L1-SINR measurements, or other forms of measurements.

[0096] As shown by reference number 725, the Rx UE 705 can transmit, and the Tx UE 710 can receive, initial information. The initial information may include information relating to measurements of one or more Tx beams from the plurality of Tx beams. For example, one or more Tx beams Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 267 / 310 39 / 61 may include K beams, where K may be configurable or signaled by the Tx UE 705 or Rx UE 710. In some respects, the first information may refer to a superior K beam, such as a set of K beams having a stronger L1-RSRP or a higher L1-SINR from the plurality of Tx beams. In some respects, the first information may identify one or more Tx beams, such as using identifiers corresponding to CSI-RS features of one or more Tx beams. In some respects, the Rx UE 705 may select one or more Tx beams, for example, according to L1-RSRP or L1-SINR measurements of one or more Tx beams or the plurality of Tx beams.

[0097] As shown by reference number 730, the Tx UE 710 can select a Tx beam from a plurality of Tx beams. For example, the Tx UE 710 can select a Tx beam by having a better measurement of the plurality of Tx beams. In this way, the Tx UE 710 can select the Tx beam based, at least in part, on the first piece of information.

[0098] As shown by reference number 735, the Tx UE 710 can transmit, and the Rx UE 705 can receive, second pieces of information indicating the selected Tx beam. For example, the second piece of information may indicate a TCI state of the selected Tx beam. The TCI state may indicate beam parameters (e.g., QCL parameters) of the selected Tx beam. In some respects, the second piece of information may indicate an identifier of a CSI-RS feature corresponding to the selected beam (e.g., the CSI-RS feature on which the RS measured by the Rx UE 705 was measured). In some respects, the Tx UE 710 can communicate with the Rx UE 705 using the selected Tx beam (such as transmitting a communication, which may include the second piece of information, to the Rx UE 705 using the selected beam). In some respects, the Tx UE 710 can determine an Rx beam corresponding to the selected Tx beam.For example, if the Tx UE 710 supports beam matching, the Tx UE 710 can use the selected Tx beam (e.g., spatial parameters of the selected Tx beam, such as a QCL parameter or a TCI state) to receive a communication from the Rx UE 705, which can be called communication with the Rx UE 705 using the selected Tx beam. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 268 / 310 40 / 61

[0099] As shown by reference number 740, the Rx UE 705 can select an Rx beam. For example, the Rx UE 705 can select the Rx beam based, at least in part, on the second piece of information. In some respects, the Rx UE 705 can select an Rx beam that corresponds to the selected Tx beam indicated by the second piece of information. For example, the Rx UE 705 can select an Rx beam that was used to measure the selected Tx beam. As another example, the Rx UE 705 can select a beam that corresponds to the selected Tx beam according to spatial parameters of the selected Tx beam. The Rx UE 705 can communicate with the Tx UE 710 using the selected Rx beam. For example, the Rx UE 705 can receive a communication from the Tx UE 710 using the selected beam.As another example, if the Rx UE 710 supports beam matching, the Rx UE 705 can use the selected Rx beam (e.g., spatial parameters of the selected Rx beam, such as a QCL parameter or a TCI state) to transmit a communication to the Tx UE 710, which can be called communication with the Tx UE 710 using the selected Rx beam.

[0100] In some respects, the Tx UE 710 and the Rx UE 705 can exchange signaling as described, for example, in relation to example 800 of Figure 8. Additionally or alternatively, in addition to the operations described in relation to example 700, the Tx UE 710 and the Rx UE 705 can perform one or more implicit UE-to-UE BM operations, such as one or more of the operations described in relation to example 600 of Figure 6.

[0101] As indicated above, Figure 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 7.

[0102] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 of signaling relating to EU-to-EU BM procedures, in accordance with this disclosure. Example 800 includes a first EU (e.g., EU 120, EU 405, EU 505, EU 605, EU 610, EU 705, EU 710) and a second EU (e.g., EU 120, EU 405, EU 505, EU 605, EU 610, EU 705, EU 710). In some respects, the first EU may be a Tx EU and the second EU Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 269 / 310 41 / 61 can be an Rx UE. In some other respects, the first UE can be an Rx UE and the second UE can be a Tx UE. In some respects, the first UE and the second UE can communicate in FR2, such as using side link signaling.

[0103] As shown by reference number 810, the first UE can transmit, and the second UE can receive, capacity information. The transmission of capacity information can be referred to in the present invention as signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure. In some respects, the second UE can transmit, and the first UE can receive, capacity information. For example, the first UE and the second UE can exchange capacity information. In some respects, the first UE and / or the second UE can transmit capacity information during the establishment of a unicast link between the first UE and the second UE. For example, configuration information exchanged between the first UE and the second UE can include capacity information. In some respects, the first UE and / or the second UE can transmit capacity information after the establishment of a unicast link.For example, the first UE and / or the second UE can transmit capacity information via a unicast link between the first UE and the second UE (for example, using a source identifier from a UE originating the capacity information and a destination identifier from a UE receiving the capacity information).

[0104] Capacity information may indicate one or more types of EU-to-EU BM procedures supported by the first EU. For example, capacity information may indicate whether the first EU supports an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure (as described in relation to Figure 6). As another example, capacity information may indicate whether the first EU supports an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure (as described in relation to Figure 7). As yet another example, capacity information may indicate whether the first EU supports both an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure and an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 270 / 310 42 / 61

[0105] As shown by reference number 820, in some respects, the second EU can transmit, and the first EU can receive, information indicating a mobility status of the second EU. Additionally or alternatively, the first EU can transmit, and the second EU can receive, information indicating a mobility status of the first EU. In some respects, a mobility status can indicate whether an EU is expected to move or change orientation. Additionally or alternatively, a mobility status can indicate whether an EU is currently moving or rotating.Additionally or alternatively, a mobility state may indicate a UE type (for example, the mobility state may indicate whether the UE is a fixed side-link UE, such as a side-link relay UE, a roadside unit, or a side-link hub UE; whether the UE is attached to a stationary object or a moving object such as a vehicle; or whether the UE is a smartphone or other type of UE expected to move or change orientation). In some respects, capability information may be based, at least in part, on a mobility state. Additionally or alternatively, capability information may be based, at least in part, on whether a UE supports beam matching. For example, a mobile UE that supports beam matching may transmit information indicating that the mobile UE only supports implicit UE-to-UE BM procedures.In some respects, an UE can determine its own mobility status using a mobility sensor or mobility measurement (e.g., if the mobility sensor or mobility threshold indicates at least a threshold level of movement, the UE can determine that the UE is a mobile UE). Additionally or alternatively, an UE can determine its own mobility status based, at least in part, on a configuration, such as a UE pre-configuration. The first UE and / or the second UE can use the information indicating the mobility status(s) to select a UE-to-UE BM procedure type, as described below.

[0106] As shown by reference number 830, the first EU and the second EU can carry out an EU-to-EU BM procedure. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 271 / 310 43 / 61 explicit. For example, the first UE and the second UE can perform the explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure described in relation to Figure 7. In some respects, the first UE or the second UE can select the explicit UE-to-EU BM procedure. For example, the first UE or the second UE can select the explicit UE-to-EU BM procedure if both the first and second UE support the explicit UE-to-EU BM procedure. As another example, the first UE or the second UE can select the explicit UE-to-EU BM procedure if a motion state of the first UE or the second UE indicates that the first UE or the second UE is stationary (or is associated with a motion level lower than a threshold).In some respects, the first EU may transmit, and the second EU may receive, information indicating to carry out the explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, such as a request relating to the explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, as described in relation to Figure 7.

[0107] As shown by reference number 840, the first UE and the second UE can perform an implicit UE-to-EU BM procedure. In this way, the first UE and the second UE can switch from the explicit UE-to-EU BM procedure to the implicit UE-to-EU BM procedure. In some respects, the first UE or the second UE can switch the type of UE-to-EU BM procedure based, at least in part, on a movement state. For example, one UE (e.g., the first UE or the second UE) can determine that a movement state of the other UE or another UE (e.g., the second UE or the first UE) has changed, based, at least in part, on signaling from the other UE. The UE can switch the type of UE-to-EU BM procedure according to the change in movement state.For example, if a UE moves from a stationary state to a moving state, the UE may switch from the explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure to the implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure. In some respects, if the channel quality falls below a threshold, the UE may switch. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 272 / 310 44 / 61 for the implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, which can reduce the occurrence of lost BM-related communications due to poor channel quality.

[0108] When the first UE supports both the implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure and the explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure, the first UE can perform both the implicit and explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure. For example, the first UE can initiate the explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure by periodically triggering L1-RSRP or L1-SINR reports from the second UE. As another example, the first UE can request that the second UE assist the first UE's implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure by transmitting multiple CSI-RS resources with beam repeating. As yet another example, the first UE can switch between explicit and implicit BM types based, at least in part, on the mobility state of the second UE. For example, when the second UE is in a low mobility state, the first UE can select the explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure.When the second EU is in a state of high mobility, the first EU can select the implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure. As described above, the second EU can indicate its mobility status (e.g., low mobility versus high mobility), which can assist the first EU in selecting the type of EU-to-EU BM procedure.

[0109] Table 1 below provides an example summary of BM type selection and BM actions for the first UE (UE1 - first UE) and the second UE (UE2 - second UE) given the different capabilities of the first UE and a BM type selected from the first UE: UE1 Capability UE1 Tx Beam Selection UE1 Rx Beam Selection UE2 Behavior Only implicit (for both Rx and Tx beams) Based on beam matching Based on CSIRS measurement with Rx beam scanning Transmit CSIRSs with beam repetition as requested by UE1 Only explicit (for both beams) Based on BM reports Based on matching Measure and report K CSI- capabilities Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 273 / 310 45 / 61 (Rx and Tx) from UE2. UE1 transmits multiple CSI-RSs with beam scanning of Tx beams of top-level RS with fixed Rx beam. Both implicit and explicit (explicit selected). Based on UE2 BM reports. UE1 transmits multiple CSI-RSs with beam scanning of Tx. Based on beam matching. Measure and report K features of top-level CSIRSs with fixed Rx beam. Both implicit and explicit (implicit selected). Based on beam matching. Based on measurement of CSIRS with Rx beam scanning. Transmit CSIRSs with beam repetition as requested by UE1. Table 1

[0110] As indicated above, Figure 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 8. For example, the first UE or the second UE in Figure 8 may additionally or alternatively perform any one or more of the actions described in relation to example 600 in Figure 6, example 700 in Figure 7, or example 900 in Figure 9. As another example, although Figure 8 is primarily described with respect to signaling to support explicit and implicit BM procedures, the signaling in Figure 8 may also include capacity or mobility status signaling information related to a hybrid UE-to-UE BM procedure, as described in Figure 9. Furthermore, any description of signaling related to, or BM using, a type of UE-to-UE BM procedure may also encompass signaling related to, or BM using, a hybrid UE-to-UE BM procedure as described in Figure 9.

[0111] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 of a hybrid EU-to-EU BM procedure, according to this disclosure. Example 900 includes a first EU (e.g., EU 120, EU 405, Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 274 / 310 46 / 61 EU 505, EU 605, EU 610, EU 705, EU 710 (the first EU in Figure 8) and a second EU (e.g., EU 120, EU 405, EU 505, EU 605, EU 610, EU 705, EU 710 (the second EU in Figure 8)).

[0112] As shown in Figure 9, and by reference number 910, the first UE can transmit, and the second UE can receive, signaling including a request to transmit a number of CSI-RS resources. The request may include a first indication of a number of CSI-RS resources (e.g., a number of repetitions of a CSI-RS resource) to transmit per beam (M) and a second indication of a number of transmission beams (N). For example, the request may indicate to transmit MχN CSI-RS resources with M repetitions in each of the N Tx beams.

[0113] As shown by reference number 920, the second UE can transmit a plurality of CSI-RS resources according to the signaling. For example, the second UE can transmit M CSI-RS resources (e.g., repeats) per beam for each of the N beams. As an example, if M is 2 and N is 4, the second UE can transmit a total of 8 CSI-RS resources: 2 in a first beam, 2 in a second beam, 2 in a third beam, and 2 in a fourth beam. In some respects, the UE can select the N beams. For example, the UE can select N Tx beams to scan for the transmission of CSI-RS resources.

[0114] As shown by reference number 930, the first UE can measure the number of CSI-RS features (M) for the number of Tx beams (N) using a number of receiving beams. The number of receiving beams can include, for example, any number of receiving beams between, and including, 1 to Mχ N receiving beams. In some respects, the first UE can select the number of receiving beams. Additionally or alternatively, the first UE can select particular receiving beams to measure. For example, the first UE can determine beam parameters of a beam set for measuring the plurality of CSI-RS features.

[0115] As shown by reference number 940, the first EU can transmit information (e.g., a third indication) indicating a Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 275 / 310 47 / 61 selected Tx beam from N Tx beams. For example, the first UE might select a Tx beam based, at least in part, on a measurement (e.g., a Tx beam with a stronger L1-RSRP, a Tx beam with a higher L1SINR). As another example, the first UE might select a Tx beam based, at least in part, on a preferred Rx beam. For example, the first UE might select a Tx beam that is associated with a better measurement on a preferred Rx beam of the first UE. In this way, the first UE might select a Tx beam selected for the second UE based, at least in part, on a pair of beams selected from the first UE. The information indicating the selected Tx beam might include, for example, information indicating a TCI state of the selected Tx beam, information indicating a CSI-RS feature of the selected Tx beam, or similar.

[0116] As shown by reference number 950, the first UE and the second UE can communicate. For example, the first UE and the second UE can communicate based, at least in part, on the selected Tx beam or the selected Rx beam. In some respects, the first UE can receive, using the selected Rx beam, a communication transmitted by the second UE using the selected Tx beam. In some respects, if the first UE supports beam matching, the first UE can transmit a communication using the selected Rx beam (e.g., beam parameters of the selected Rx beam, as described in relation to beam matching elsewhere in the present invention).In some respects, if the second UE supports beam matching, the second UE can receive communication using the selected Tx beam (e.g., beam parameters of the selected Tx beam, as described in relation to beam matching elsewhere in the present invention).

[0117] As indicated above, Figure 9 is provided as an example. Other examples are described in relation to Figure 9.

[0118] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1000 carried out, for example, by a UE, in accordance with this disclosure. The example process 1000 is an example where the UE (by Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 276 / 310 48 / 61 example, EU 120, EU 405, EU 505, EU 605, EU 610, EU 705, EU 710, the first EU in Figures 8 and / or 9) performs operations associated with EU-to-EU BM procedures.

[0119] As shown in Figure 10, in some respects, process 1000 may include transmitting signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure supported by the UE (block 1010). For example, the UE (e.g., using transmission component 1104 and / or communication manager 1106, depicted in Figure 11) may transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE BM procedure supported by the UE, as described above. The signaling may include a CSI-RS transmission, a request for another UE to perform a CSI-RS transmission, capacity signaling, information indicating a mobility state, or a configuration indicating a number of CSI-RS resources and / or a number of beams on which to transmit the number of CSI-RS resources, as described in the present invention.

[0120] As further shown in Figure 10, in some respects, process 1000 may include performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on signaling (block 1020). For example, the UE (e.g., using communication manager 1106 depicted in Figure 11) may perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on signaling, as described above. The UE-to-UE BM procedure may be an implicit UE-to-UE BM procedure, an explicit UE-to-UE BM procedure, or a hybrid UE-to-UE BM procedure, as described in relation to Figures 6, 7, and 9, respectively.

[0121] Process 1000 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in relation to one or more other processes described elsewhere in the present invention.

[0122] In a first aspect, the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a request for another UE to transmit a plurality of CSI-RS resources using a single transmission beam. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 277 / 310 49 / 61

[0123] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the request is an aperiodic request.

[0124] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the request is a periodic request.

[0125] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a plurality of CSI-RS resources corresponding to a plurality of transmission beams.

[0126] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourth aspects, the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure additionally comprises a request for information relating to measurements of one or more beams of the transmission beam plurality.

[0127] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifth aspects, the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure additionally comprises information indicating a selected beam from the plurality of transmission beams based, at least in part, on the plurality of CSI-RS features.

[0128] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure comprises capacity information indicating one or more types of EU-to-EU BM procedures supported by the EU.

[0129] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventh aspects, transmitting signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure further includes transmitting signaling during or after establishing a unicast link between the UE and another UE.

[0130] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighth aspects, the EU-to-EU BM procedure is Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 278 / 310 50 / 61 a first EU-to-EU BM procedure and process 1000 includes switching to a second EU-to-EU BM procedure based, at least in part, on a first EU mobility status or a second mobility status of another EU, the other EU being associated with the EU-to-EU BM procedure.

[0131] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to ninth aspects, the first EU-to-EU BM procedure is either an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure or an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, and the second EU-to-EU BM procedure is either an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure or an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure.

[0132] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to tenth aspects, process 1000 includes receiving information indicating the second state of mobility.

[0133] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eleventh aspects, the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure comprises a first indication of a number of CSI-RS resources to transmit per beam and a second indication of a number of beams for the EU-to-EU BM procedure.

[0134] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twelfth aspects, the signaling additionally comprises a third indication of a preferred beam, of the number of beams.

[0135] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirteenth aspects, transmitting signaling further comprises transmitting a request to a second UE, transmitting a plurality of CSI-RS resources using a single transmission beam, wherein performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure further comprises measuring the plurality of CSI-RS resources using a plurality of receive beams and communicating with the second UE. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 279 / 310 51 / 61 The EU uses a selected reception beam, from the plurality of reception beams, based, at least in part, on the measurement of CSI-RS feature plurality.

[0136] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourteenth aspects, communicating with the selected UE using the selected reception beam further comprises transmitting or receiving a communication using the selected reception beam.

[0137] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifteenth aspects, transmitting the signaling further comprises transmitting a plurality of CSI-RS resources using a plurality of transmission beams, and performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises receiving, from a second UE, information regarding the measurements of one or more beams of the plurality of transmission beams, and selecting a beam for communication with the second UE based, in part, on the measurements of one or more beams of the plurality of transmission beams.

[0138] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more from the first to the sixteenth aspect, the one or more beams comprise one or more superior beams of the plurality of transmission beams.

[0139] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventeenth aspects, communicating with the second UE using the selected beam further comprises transmitting or receiving a communication using the selected beam.

[0140] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighteenth aspects, process 1000 includes transmitting information indicating the selected beam to the second UE.

[0141] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to nineteenth aspects, the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure comprises a first indication of Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 280 / 310 52 / 61 a number of CSI-RS resources to transmit per beam, and a second indication of a number of transmission beams for the EU-to-EU BM procedure, and performing the EU-to-EU BM procedure additionally comprises measuring the number of CSI-RS resources for the number of transmission beams using a number of reception beams, transmitting a third indication of a selected beam, of the number of transmission beams, and communicating using the selected beam.

[0142] Although Figure 10 shows example blocks of process 1000, in some respects, process 1000 may include additional blocks, a smaller number of blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged differently from those depicted in Figure 10. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1000 may be performed in parallel.

[0143] Figure 11 is a diagram of an example 1100 device for wireless communication, according to the present disclosure. The 1100 device may be a UE, or a UE may include the 1100 device. In some respects, the 1100 device includes a receiving component 1102, a transmitting component 1104, and / or a communication manager 1106, which may be in communication with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). In some respects, the communication manager 1106 is the communication manager 140 described in relation to Figure 1. As shown, the 1100 device may communicate with another 1108 device, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, a RU, or another base station), using the receiving component 1102 and the transmitting component 1104.

[0144] In some respects, apparatus 1100 can be configured to perform one or more operations described in the present invention in relation to Figures 4 to 9. Additionally or alternatively, apparatus 1100 can be configured to perform one or more processes described in the present invention, such as process 1000 of Figure 10, or a combination thereof. In some respects, apparatus 1100 and / or one or more components Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 281 / 310 53 / 61 shown in Figure 11 may include one or more UE components described in relation to Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components shown in Figure 11 may be implemented within one or more components described in relation to Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the component set may be implemented, at least in part, as software stored in memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transient, computer-readable medium executable by a controller or processor to perform the component's functions or operations.

[0145] The receiving component 1102 can receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the device 1108. The receiving component 1102 can provide received communications to one or more other components of the device 1100. In some respects, the receiving component 1102 can perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) and can provide the processed signals to one or more other components of the device 1100. In some respects, the receiving component 1102 can include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receiving processor, a controller / processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the UE described in relation to Figure 2.

[0146] Transmission component 1104 can transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to device 1108. In some respects, one or more other components of device 1100 can generate communications and can provide the generated communications to transmission component 1104 for transmission to device 1108. In some respects, the component of Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 282 / 310 54 / 61 transmission 1104 can perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) and can transmit the processed signals to the device 1108. In some aspects, the transmission component 1104 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmission MIMO processor, a transmission processor, a controller / processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, as described in Figure 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1104 may be co-located with the reception component 1102 in a transceiver.

[0147] The communication manager 1106 can support operations of the receiving component 1102 and / or the transmitting component 1104. For example, the communication manager 1106 can receive information associated with the configuration of receiving communications from the receiving component 1102 and / or transmitting communications from the transmitting component 1104. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1106 can generate and / or provide control information for the receiving component 1102 and / or the transmitting component 1104 to control the reception and / or transmission of communications.

[0148] Transmission component 1104 can transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-EU BM procedure supported by the UE. Communication manager 1106 can perform the UE-to-EU BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

[0149] The receiving component 1102 can receive information indicating the second mobility state.

[0150] The 1104 transmission component can transmit information indicating the selected beam to the second UE.

[0151] The number and arrangement of components shown in Figure 11 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, a smaller number of components, different components, or components arranged differently from those shown in Figure 11. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 283 / 310 55 / 61 Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 11 can be implemented in a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 11 can be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 11 can perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 11.

[0152] The following is an overview of some aspects of this disclosure: Aspect 1: A wireless communication method implemented by a user equipment (UE), comprising: transmitting signaling relating to a UE-to-UE beam maintenance (BM) procedure supported by the UE; and performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

[0153] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a request for another UE to transmit a plurality of channel state information reference signal resources (CSI-RS) using a single transmission beam.

[0154] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, where the request is an aperiodic request.

[0155] Aspect 4: The method of aspect 2, where the request is a periodic request.

[0156] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a plurality of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources corresponding to a plurality of transmission beams.

[0157] Aspect 6: The method of aspect 5, wherein the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure additionally includes a request for information relating to measurements of one or more beams of the transmission beam plurality.

[0158] Aspect 7: The method of aspect 5, in which the signaling refers Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 284 / 310 56 / 61 to the EU-to-EU BM procedure additionally includes information indicating a selected beam from the plurality of transmission beams based, at least in part, on the plurality of CSIRS features.

[0159] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure comprises capability information indicating one or more types of EU-to-EU BM procedures supported by the EU.

[0160] Aspect 9: The method of aspect 8, in which transmitting signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure additionally includes transmitting signaling during or after establishing a unicast link between the UE and another UE.

[0161] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the EU-to-EU BM procedure is a first EU-to-EU BM procedure, and wherein the method further comprises switching to a second EU-to-EU BM procedure based, at least in part, on a first EU mobility status or a second mobility status of another EU, the other EU being associated with the EU-to-EU BM procedure.

[0162] Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, wherein the first EU-to-EU BM procedure is either an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure or an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, and the second EU-to-EU BM procedure is either an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure or an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure.

[0163] Aspect 12: The method of aspect 10, which additionally involves receiving information indicating the second state of mobility.

[0164] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a first indication of a number of CSI-RS resources to transmit per beam and a second indication of a number of beams for the Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 285 / 310 EU-to-EU BM procedure 57 / 61.

[0165] Aspect 14: The aspect 13 method, in which the signaling additionally includes a third indication of a preferred beam, of the number of beams.

[0166] Aspect 15: The method of any of aspects 1 to 14, wherein transmitting the signaling further comprises transmitting a request from a second UE to transmit a plurality of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources using a single transmit beam, wherein performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure further comprises: measuring the plurality of CSI-RS resources using a plurality of receive beams; and communicating with the second UE using a receive beam selected from the plurality of receive beams based, at least in part, on the measurement of the plurality of CSI-RS resources.

[0167] Aspect 16: The method of aspect 15, in which communicating with the selected UE using the selected reception beam further comprises transmitting or receiving a communication using the selected reception beam.

[0168] Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 1 to 16, wherein transmitting the signaling further comprises transmitting a plurality of channel state information reference signal resources (CSI-RS) using a plurality of transmission beams, and wherein performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises: receiving, from a second UE, information concerning the measurements of one or more beams of the plurality of transmission beams; and selecting a beam for communication with the second UE based, in part, on the measurements of one or more beams of the plurality of transmission beams.

[0169] Aspect 18: The aspect 17 method, in which one or more beams comprise one or more upper beams of the transmission beam plurality.

[0170] Aspect 19: The method of aspect 17, in which to communicate with Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 286 / 310 58 / 61 the second UE using the selected beam additionally comprises transmitting or receiving a communication using the selected beam.

[0171] Aspect 20: The aspect ratio 17 method, which additionally comprises transmitting information indicating the selected beam to the second UE.

[0172] Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 1 to 20, wherein the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure comprises a first indication of a number of CSI-RS resources to transmit per beam and a second indication of a number of transmission beams for the EU-to-EU BM procedure, and wherein performing the EU-to-EU BM procedure further comprises: measuring the number of CSI-RS resources for the number of transmission beams using a number of reception beams; transmitting a third indication of a selected beam, from the number of transmission beams; and communicating using the selected beam.

[0173] Aspect 22: An apparatus for wireless communication in a device comprising a processor; memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in memory and executable by the processor to make the device perform the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 21.

[0174] Aspect 23: A device for wireless communication, comprising a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory, wherein the one or more processors are configured to perform the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 21.

[0175] Aspect 24: A wireless communication apparatus comprising at least one means for carrying out the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 21.

[0176] Aspect 25: A non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores code for wireless communication, wherein the code comprises instructions executable by a processor to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1 to 21.

[0177] Aspect 26: A non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 287 / 310 59 / 61 of instructions comprising one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 21.

[0178] The aforementioned disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.

[0179] As used in the present invention, the term component is intended to be broadly interpreted as hardware and / or a combination of hardware and software. The term software should be interpreted broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, execution threads, procedures and / or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language or otherwise. As used in the present invention, a processor is implemented in hardware and / or in a combination of hardware and software. It will be evident that the systems and / or methods described in the present invention can be implemented in different forms of hardware and / or in a combination of hardware and software.The actual specialized hardware or software control code used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limiting. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods are described in the present invention without reference to specific software code, since those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems and / or methods based, at least in part, on the description in the present invention.

[0180] As used in the present invention, satisfying a threshold may, depending on the context, refer to a value that is greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, or similar. Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pp. 288 / 310 60 / 61

[0181] Although particular combinations of attributes are mentioned in the claims and / or disclosed in the descriptive report, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these attributes can be combined in ways not specifically mentioned in the claims and / or disclosed in the descriptive report. Disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with each other claim in the set of claims. As used in the present invention, an expression referring to at least one of a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including unique members.For example, at least one of a, b, or c is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, c + c, c + c, c + c, or any other order of a, b, c).

[0182] No element, action, or instruction used in the present invention should be interpreted as critical or essential, except when explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the articles "a" and "an" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more". Additionally, as used in the present invention, the article "the" or "a" is intended to include one or more items mentioned in conjunction with the article "the" or "a", and may be used interchangeably with "one or more" or "an or more". Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the terms "set" and "group" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more". Where only one item is intended, the phrase "only one" or similar language is used.Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the terms "has," "have," "that has," or similar terms are intended to be non-limiting terms that do not restrict an element they modify (for example, an element that has A may also have B). Additionally, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based, at least in part, on," except where specifically indicated otherwise. Furthermore, as used in... Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 289 / 310 61 / 61 present invention, the term or is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with and / or, except where specifically indicated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with one or the other or only one of them). Petition 870250085670, dated 09 / 22 / 2025, pages 290 / 310

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. User equipment (UE) for wireless communication characterized by comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, coupled to the memory, configured to: transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE beam holding (BM) procedure supported by the UE; and perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

2. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a request for another UE to transmit a plurality of channel state information reference signal resources (CSI-RS) using a single transmission beam.

3. EU, according to claim 2, characterized by the request being an aperiodic request.

4. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a plurality of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources corresponding to a plurality of transmission beams.

5. UE, according to claim 4, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure additionally comprises a request for information relating to measurements of one or more beams of the transmission beam plurality.

6. UE, according to claim 4, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure additionally includes information indicating a selected beam from the plurality of transmission beams based, at least in part, on the plurality of CSIRS features.

7. EU, according to claim 1, characterized in that the signaling relating to the EU-to-EU BM procedure comprises capacity information indicating one or more types of EU-to-EU BM procedures Petition 870250085670, dated 22 / 09 / 2025, p. 307 / 310 2 / 4 supported by the EU.

8. EU, according to claim 1, characterized in that the EU-to-EU BM procedure is a first EU-to-EU BM procedure, and wherein one or more processors are configured to switch to a second EU-to-EU BM procedure based, at least in part, on a first EU mobility state or a second mobility state of another EU, the other EU being associated with the EU-to-EU BM procedure.

9. EU, according to claim 8, characterized in that the first EU-to-EU BM procedure is either an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure or an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure, and the second EU-to-EU BM procedure is either an implicit EU-to-EU BM procedure or an explicit EU-to-EU BM procedure.

10. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a first indication of a number of CSI-RS resources to transmit per beam and a second indication of a number of beams for the UE-to-UE BM procedure.

11. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the signaling transmission further comprises transmitting a request to a second UE to transmit a plurality of Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) resources using a single transmission beam, wherein the one or more processors, to perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure, are configured to: measure the plurality of CSI-RS resources using a plurality of receive beams; and communicate with the second UE using a selected receive beam, from the plurality of receive beams, based at least in part on the measurement of the plurality of CSI-RS resources.

12. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors, for transmitting signaling, are configured to transmit a plurality of channel state information reference signal resources (CSI-RS) using a plurality of transmission beams, and wherein the one or more processors, for performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure, are configured to: receive, from a second UE, information regarding measurements of one or more beams of the plurality of transmission beams; and select a beam for communication with the second UE based in part on the measurements of one or more beams of the plurality of transmission beams.

13. UE, according to claim 12, characterized in that one or more processors, in order to communicate with the second UE using the selected beam, are configured to transmit or receive a communication using the selected beam.

14. UE, according to claim 12, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to transmit information indicating the selected beam to the second UE.

15. UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a first indication of a number of CSI-RS resources to transmit per beam, and a second indication of a number of transmission beams for the UE-to-UE BM procedure, and wherein the one or more processors, to perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure, are configured to: measure the number of CSI-RS resources for the number of transmission beams using a number of reception beams; transmit a third indication of a selected beam, from the number of transmission beams; and communicate using the selected beam.

16. Wireless communication method implemented by a user equipment (UE) characterized by comprising: transmitting signaling relating to a UE-to-UE beam maintenance procedure (BM) supported by the UE; and performing the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

17. Method according to claim 16, characterized by the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprising a request for another UE to transmit a plurality of channel state information reference signal resources (CSI-RS) using a single transmission beam.

18. Method, according to claim 16, characterized by the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprising a plurality of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources corresponding to a plurality of transmission beams.

19. A non-transient, computer-readable medium characterized by storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, wherein the instruction set comprises: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: transmit signaling relating to a UE-to-UE beamholding (BM) procedure supported by the UE; and perform the UE-to-UE BM procedure based, at least in part, on the signaling.

20. A non-transient, computer-readable medium according to claim 19, characterized in that the signaling relating to the UE-to-UE BM procedure comprises a request for another UE to transmit a plurality of channel state information reference signal resources (CSI-RS) using a single transmission beam.

21. Product, process, system, kit, means or use, characterized by comprising one or more elements described in the descriptive report, claims, drawings, sequence listing, or summary of this application, when applicable. Petition 870250085670, dated 22 / 09 / 2025, pp. 310 / 310

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