User equipment (UE) and network node for wireless communication, wireless communication method performed by a user equipment (UE), and, wireless communication method performed by a network node

Description

1 / 112 “USER EQUIPMENT (UE) AND NETWORK NODE FOR COMMUNICATION Wireless, a wireless communication method implemented by a user device (UD), and a wireless communication method implemented by a network node. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[0001] This patent application claims priority over provisional patent application U.S. No. 63 / 494,124, filed April 4, 2023, entitled RADIO RESOURCE CONTROL MODEL DELIVERY, and over non-provisional patent application U.S. No. 18 / 624,691, filed April 2, 2024, entitled RADIO RESOURCE CONTROL MODEL DELIVERY, which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF DISSEMINATION

[0002] Aspects of this disclosure relate generally to wireless communication and techniques and devices for artificial intelligence and / or machine learning model delivery via radio resource control signaling. BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, message exchange, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power, or the like). Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access systems (CDMA). Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 7 / 267 LTE / LTE is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard enacted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It encompasses 2 / 112 division multiple access), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA), and long-term evolution (LTE long term evolution).

[0004] A wireless network may include one or more network nodes that support communication to wireless communication devices, such as user equipment (UE) or multiple UEs. A UE can communicate with a network node via downlink and uplink communications. Downlink (or DL) refers to a communication link from the network node to the UE, and uplink (or UL) refers to a communication link from the UE to the network node. Some wireless networks may support device-to-device communication, such as via a local link (e.g., a sidelink (SL)), a wireless local area network (WLAN) link. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 8 / 267 3 / 112 network) and / or a wireless personal area network (WPAN) link, among other examples).

[0005] The multiple access technologies above have been adopted in several telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different EUs to communicate at a municipal, national, regional and / or global level. New Radio (NR) technology, which can be called fifth generation (5G), is a set of improvements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP.NR technology is designed to better support mobile broadband internet access by improving spectral efficiency, reducing costs, enhancing services, utilizing new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards through the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) on ​​the downlink, with the use of CP-OFDM and / or single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) (also known as discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing - DFT-s-OFDM) on the uplink, as well as supporting beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation.As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further enhancements in LTE, NR, and other radio access technologies remain useful. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 9 / 267 4 / 112 SUMMARY

[0006] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE). The method may include communicating with one of a first network node or a second network node to update the model information available in a UE context on one or more of the first network node or the second network node. The method may include receiving, from one of the first network node or the second network node, a model transfer via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0007] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a network node. The method may include communicating with a UE. The method may include issuing a model transfer to the UE via RRC signaling; receiving a model release request from the UE; and issuing a model release instruction to the UE to configure the UE to release one or more models.

[0008] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a UE for wireless communication. The UE may include a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to communicate with one or more of a first network node or a second network node to update model information available in a UE context on one or more of the first network nodes or the second network nodes. The one or more processors may be configured to receive, Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 10 / 267 5 / 112 from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, a model transfer via RRC signaling.

[0009] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a network node for wireless communication. The network node may include a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to communicate with a UE. The one or more processors may be configured to issue, to the UE, an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model transfer via RRC signaling; receive an AI / ML model release request from the UE; and issue an AI / ML model release instruction to the UE to configure the UE to release one or more AI / ML models.

[0010] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a UE. The instruction set, when executed by one or more UE processors, can cause the UE to communicate with one or more of the first network nodes or a second network nodes to update available model information in a UE context on one or more of the first or second network nodes. The instruction set, when executed by one or more UE processors, can cause the UE to receive a model transfer via RRC signaling from one or more of the first or second network nodes.

[0011] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to a non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 11 / 267 6 / 112 Wireless communication via a network node. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, can cause the network node to communicate with a UE. The instruction set, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, can cause the network node to issue an AI / ML template transfer to the UE via RRC signaling; receive an AI / ML template release request from the UE; and issue an AI / ML template release instruction to the UE to configure the UE to release one or more AI / ML templates.

[0012] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for communicating with one of a first network node or a second network node to update the model information available in a UE context at one or more of the first network node or the second network node. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from one of the first network node or the second network node, a model transfer via RRC signaling.

[0013] Some aspects described in the present invention relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for communicating with an UE. The apparatus may include means for transmitting an AI / ML template transfer to the UE via RRC signaling; means for receiving an AI / ML template release request from the UE; and means for issuing an AI / ML template release instruction to the UE to configure the UE to release one or more AI / ML templates. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 12 / 267 7 / 112 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] In order for the attributes mentioned above of this disclosure to be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, can be obtained by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be mentioned, however, that the accompanying drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and, therefore, should not be considered limiting to its scope, as the description may include other equally effective aspects. Identical reference numbers in different drawings may identify identical or similar elements.

[0015] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network, according to the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network node communicating with a user device (UE) on a wireless network, according to this disclosure.

[0017] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture, according to the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a wireless network (e.g., wireless network) in which a UE can support additional communication modes, according to this disclosure.

[0019] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example architecture of a functional structure for data collection-enabled radio access network intelligence, according to the present disclosure. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 13 / 267 8 / 112

[0020] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with the delivery of an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) model via radio resource control (RRC) signaling, according to this disclosure.

[0021] Figures 7 to 19 are diagrams illustrating various examples associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure.

[0022] Figure 20 is a diagram illustrating an example process carried out, for example, by a UE, in accordance with this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 21 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, by a network node, according to the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 22 is a diagram of an example device for wireless communication, according to the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 23 is a diagram of an example device for wireless communication, according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] In general, the aspects include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, computer-readable non-transient medium, user equipment, base station, network entity, network node, wireless communication device and / or processing system, as substantially described in the present invention with reference to, and as illustrated by, the drawings and descriptive report. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 14 / 267 9 / 112

[0027] The foregoing has described in a fairly broad manner the attributes and technical advantages of the examples according to the disclosure so that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional attributes and advantages will be described hereafter. The specific design and examples disclosed may be readily used as a basis for modifying or designing other structures to accomplish the same purposes as the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The characteristics of the concepts disclosed in the present invention, both their organization and their method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description, when considered in conjunction with the appended figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.

[0028] Although aspects are described in this disclosure by way of illustration to a few examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects can be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. The techniques described in the present invention can be implemented using different types of platforms, devices, systems, formats, sizes and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects can be implemented via embedded chip embodiments or other non-modular component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, devices of Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 15 / 267 10 / 112 retail / purchase, medical devices and / or artificial intelligence devices). The aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and attributes may include additional components and attributes for the implementation and practice of the claimed and described aspects. For example, wireless signal transmission and reception may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components, including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders and / or summers).It is intended that the aspects described in the present invention can be applied to a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements and / or end-user devices of varying sizes, shapes and constitution.

[0029] A user device (UD) may be equipped with various models or model frameworks that incorporate artificial intelligence (AI), such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. An example ML model may include mathematical representations or define computing capabilities to make inferences from input data based on patterns or relationships identified in the input data. As used in the present invention, the Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 16 / 267 11 / 112 The term inferences can include one or more decisions, predictions, determinations, or values, which can represent outputs of the ML model. Computational capabilities can be defined in terms of certain parameters of the ML model, such as weights and biases. Weights can indicate relationships between certain input data and certain outputs of the ML model, and biases are offsets that can indicate a starting point for the outputs of the ML model. An example ML model operating on input data might start at an initial output based on the biases and then update its output based on a combination of the input data and weights. ML models can be deployed on one or more devices (e.g., network entities and UEs) and can be configured to enhance various aspects of a wireless communication system.For example, a machine learning (ML) model can be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data that correspond to a network, device, air interface, or similar. An ML model can support operational decisions related to one or more aspects associated with wireless communication devices, networks, or services. For example, an ML model can be used to support or enhance aspects such as signal encoding / decoding, network routing, power conservation, transceiver circuit assembly controls, frequency synchronization, timing synchronization, channel state estimation, channel equalization, channel state feedback, modulation, demodulation, device placement, beamforming, load balancing, management operations and functions, security, etc. There may be times, no. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 17 / 267 12 / 112 However, when a network node, such as a gNB, does not know which AI / ML models are available for the UE.

[0030] Some devices and techniques described in the present invention enable a UE to communicate with one or more of the first or second network nodes to update information on available models in a UE context at one or more of the first or second network nodes and to receive, from one or more of the first or second network nodes, a model transfer via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. As a result, the UE can communicate to the first or second network node which AI / ML models are available to the UE. If the UE does not have an AI / ML model for a particular attribute or functionality, the network node can transfer the appropriate AI / ML model(s) to the UE.

[0031] Some devices and techniques described in the present invention enable a network node to communicate with a UE and transmit, to the UE, a model transfer via RRC signaling. As a result, the network node can know which AI / ML models are available to the UE and, when appropriate, transfer any necessary AI / ML models to the UE.

[0032] Several aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereafter, with reference to the attached drawings. This disclosure can, however, be incorporated in many different forms and should not be interpreted as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure is thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 18 / 267 13 / 112 to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed in the present invention, whether implemented independently or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented, or a method may be practiced, using any number of the aspects set forth in the present invention. Furthermore, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced with the use of another structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or different from the various aspects of the disclosure set forth in the present invention. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed in this invention may be incorporated by one or more elements of a claim.

[0033] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various devices and techniques. These devices and techniques will be described in the detailed description below and illustrated in the attached drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, stages, processes, algorithms or the like (collectively referred to as elements). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software or combinations thereof. Whether such elements will be implemented in the form of hardware or software will depend on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0034] Although aspects of the present invention may be described using terminology commonly associated with 5G radio access technology (RAT) or New Radio (NR), aspects of the present Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 19 / 267 14 / 112 disclosure may apply to other RATs, such as a third-generation (3G) RAT, a fourth-generation (4G) RAT, and / or a subsequent RAT. 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G - sixth generation)).

[0035] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 100 wireless network, according to the present disclosure. The 100 wireless network may be or may include elements of a 5G network (e.g., NR) and / or a 4G network (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)), among other examples. The 100 wireless network may include one or more 110 network nodes (shown as a 110a node, a 110b network node, a 110c network node, and a 110d network node), a 120 UE or multiple 120 UEs (shown as a 120a UE, a 120b UE, a 120c UE, a 120d UE, and a 120e UE), and / or other entities. A network node 110 is a network node that communicates with UEs 120. As shown, a network node 110 can include one or more network nodes. For example, a network node 110 can be an aggregate network node, meaning that the aggregate network node is configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single radio access network (RAN) node (e.g., in a single device or a single unit). As another example, a network node 110 can be a disaggregated network node (sometimes called a disaggregated base station), meaning that the network node 110 is configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more nodes (such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 20 / 267 15 / 112

[0036] In some examples, a 110 network node is or includes a network node that communicates with 120 UEs via a radio access link, such as a RU. In some examples, a 110 network node is or includes a network node that communicates with other 110 network nodes via a fronthaul link or a midhaul link, such as a DU. In some examples, a 110 network node is or includes a network node that communicates with other 110 network nodes via a midhaul link or a core network via a backhaul link, such as a CU. In some examples, a 110 network node (such as an aggregated 110 network node or a disaggregated 110 network node) may include multiple network nodes, such as one or more RUs, one or more CUs, and / or one or more DUs.A network node 110 may include, for example, an NR base station, an LTE base station, a NodeB, an eNB (e.g., in 4G), a gNB (e.g., in 5G), an access point, a transmission / reception point (TRP), a DU, a RU, a CU, a network mobility element, a core network node, a network element, a network equipment, a RAN node, or a combination thereof. In some examples, network nodes 110 may be interconnected to each other and / or to one or more other network nodes 110 in the wireless network 100 through various types of fronthaul, midhaul, and / or backhaul interfaces, such as a direct physical connection, an air interface, or a virtual network, using any suitable transport network.

[0037] In some examples, a 110 network node may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. According to the third-generation partnership project (3GPP), the term cell may refer to a coverage area of ​​a 110 network node and / or a node subsystem. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 21 / 267 A network node (110) that serves such a coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. A 110 network node can provide communication coverage for a macrocell, a picocell, a femtocell, and / or another type of cell. A macrocell can cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and can allow unrestricted access by 120 UEs with service subscriptions. A picocell can cover a relatively small geographic area and can allow unrestricted access by 120 UEs with service subscriptions. A femtocell can cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a residence) and can allow restricted access by 120 UEs that have association with the femtocell (e.g., 120 UEs in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A 110 network node of a macrocell can be called a network macronode. A network node 110 of a picocell can be called a network piconode.A network node 110 of a femtocell can be called a network femtonode or a home network node. In the example shown in Figure 1, network node 110a can be a network macronode for a macrocell 102a, network node 110b can be a network piconode for a picocell 102b, and network node 110c can be a network femtonode for a femtocell 102c. A network node can support one or multiple (e.g., three) cells. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of ​​the cell may move according to the location of a network node 110 that is mobile (e.g., a mobile network node).

[0038] In some respects, the term base station or network node may refer to an aggregated base station, Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 22 / 267 17 / 112 a disaggregated base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, or one or more components thereof. For example, in some respects, base station or network node may refer to a CU, a DU, a RU, a near-real-time (near-RT) intelligent RAN controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC, or a combination thereof. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to a device configured to perform one or more functions, such as those described in the present invention in conjunction with network node 110. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to a plurality of devices configured to perform one or more functions.For example, in some distributed systems, each of a number of different devices (which may be located in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations) may be configured to perform at least a portion of a function, or to duplicate the performance of at least a portion of the function, and the terms base station or network node may refer to any one or more of these different devices. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to one or more virtual base stations or one or more virtual base station functions. For example, in some respects, two or more base station functions may be instantiated on a single device. In some respects, the terms base station or network node may refer to one of the base station functions. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 23 / 267 18 / 112 base, and not another. In this way, a single device can include more than one base station.

[0039] A 100 wireless network may include one or more relay stations. A relay station is a network node that can receive a data transmission from an upstream node (e.g., a 110 network node or a 120 UE) and send a transmission of the data to a downstream node (e.g., a 120 UE or a 110 network node). A relay station may be a 120 UE that can relay transmissions to other 120 UEs. In the example shown in Figure 1, network node 110d (e.g., a relay network node) can communicate with network node 110a (e.g., a network macronode) and UE 120d, to facilitate communication between network node 110a and UE 120d. A network node that relays communications may be called a relay station, relay base station, relay node, repeater, or similar.

[0040] A wireless network 100 can be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as network macronodes, network piconodes, network femtonodes, relay network nodes, or the like. These different types of network nodes 110 may have different transmission power levels, different coverage areas, and / or different impacts on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, network macronodes may have a high transmission power level (e.g., 5 to 40 watts), while network piconodes, network femtonodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmission power levels (e.g., 0.1 to 2 watts). Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 24 / 267 19 / 112

[0041] A network controller 130 can couple to, or communicate with, a set of network nodes 110 and can provide coordination and control to those network nodes 110. The network controller 130 can communicate with the network nodes 110 via a backhaul communication link or a midhaul communication link. The network nodes 110 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly via a wired or wireless backhaul communication link. In some respects, the network controller 130 may be a CU or a core network device, or it may include a CU or a core network device.

[0042] UEs 120 can be spread throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE 120 can be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may include, for example, an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station and / or a subscriber unit.A UE 120 can be a mobile phone (e.g., a smartphone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a portable device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, a smart garment, smart glasses, a smart bracelet, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring or a smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device and / or a satellite radio), a vehicle component or sensor, a smart meter / sensor. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 25 / 267 20 / 112 an industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, a UE function of a network node and / or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wired or wireless medium.

[0043] Some UE120s may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UEs. An MTC UE and / or an eMTC UE may include, for example, a robot, a drone, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and / or a location tag, which may communicate with a network node, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. Some UE120s may be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices and / or may be implemented as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices. Some UE120s may be considered Customer Premises Equipment. A UE120 may be included within a housing that houses UE120 components, such as processor components and / or memory components.In some instances, processor components and memory components can be coupled to each other. For example, processor components (e.g., one or more processors) and memory components (e.g., a memory) can be operationally coupled, electronically coupled, electronically coupled, and / or electrically coupled.

[0044] In general, any number of 100 wireless networks can be deployed in a given geographic area. Each network Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 26 / 267 21 / 112 wireless 100 can support a particular RAT and can operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT can be called a radio technology, an air interface, or similar. A frequency can be called a carrier, a frequency channel, or similar. Each frequency can support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, 5G or NR RAT networks can be deployed.

[0045] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) can communicate directly using one or more side link channels (for example, without using a network node 110 as an intermediary to communicate with each other). For example, UEs 120 can communicate using point-to-point (P2P) peer-to-peer communications, device-to-device (D2D) communications, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocol (for example, which may include a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocol, a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocol, or a vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocol), and / or a mesh network. In such examples, a UE 120 can perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations described elsewhere in the present invention as being performed by network node 110.

[0046] Wireless network devices can communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which can be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, channels, or the like. For example, wireless network devices can communicate with the Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 27 / 267 22 / 112 Use of one or more operating bands. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands were identified as frequency band designations FR1 (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as a sub-6 GHz band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as a millimeter wave band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz to 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a millimeter wave band.

[0047] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as the FR3 frequency band designation (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands that fall under FR3 may inherit the characteristics of FR1 and / or the characteristics of FR2 and, in this way, may effectively extend the attributes of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency band designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands is in the EHF band. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 28 / 267 23 / 112

[0048] With the above examples in mind, except where specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term sub-6 GHz or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be in FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Additionally, except where specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term millimeter wave or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be in the FR2, FR4, FR4-a, or FR41 and / or FR5 bands, or may be in the EHF band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and the techniques described in the present invention are applicable to those modified frequency bands.

[0049] In some respects, the UE 120 may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere in the present invention, the communication manager 140 may communicate with one or more of the first network nodes or second network nodes to update the model information available in a UE context on one or more of the first network nodes or second network nodes; and receive, from one or more of the first network nodes or second network nodes, a model transfer via RRC signaling. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more of the other operations described in the present invention.

[0050] In some respects, network node 110 may include a communication manager 150. As Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 29 / 267 24 / 112 described in more detail elsewhere in the present invention, the communication manager 150 can communicate with a UE; and issue, to the UE, a model transfer via RRC signaling. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 150 can perform one or more of the other operations described in the present invention.

[0051] As indicated above, Figure 1 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 1.

[0052] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example 200 of a network node 110 communicating with a UE 120 in a wireless network 100, according to the present disclosure. The network node 110 may be equipped with an array of antennas 234a to 234t, as T antennas (T > 1). The UE 120 may be equipped with an array of antennas 252a to 252r, as R antennas (R > 1). The network node 110 of example 200 includes one or more radio frequency components, such as antennas 234 and a modem 232. In some examples, a network node 110 may include an interface, a communication component, or another component that facilitates communication with the UE 120 or another network node. Some 110 network nodes may not include radio frequency components that facilitate direct communication with the UE 120, such as one or more CUs or one or more DUs.

[0053] At network node 110, a transmission processor 220 can receive data from a data source 212 destined for UE 120 (or a set of UEs 120). The transmission processor 220 can select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for UE 120 based, at least in part, on one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs). Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 30 / 267 25 / 112 channel quality indicators) received from UE 120. Network node 110 can process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for UE 120 based, at least in part, on the MCS(s) selected for UE 120, and can provide data symbols for UE 120. Transmission processor 220 can process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and / or upper-layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols.The transmission processor 220 can generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). A multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission processor (TX) 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., pre-coding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols, if applicable, and can provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to a corresponding set of modems 232 (e.g., T modems), shown as modems 232a to 232t.For example, each stream of output symbols can be provided to a component. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 31 / 267 26 / 112 modulator (shown as MOD) of a 232 modem. Each 232 modem can use a respective modulator component to process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) in order to obtain an output sample stream. Each 232 modem can additionally use a respective modulator component to process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream in order to obtain a downlink signal. Modems 232a to 232t can transmit a set of downlink signals (e.g., T downlink signals) via a corresponding set of 234 antennas (e.g., T antennas), shown as antennas 234a to 234t.

[0054] In UE 120, a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a to 252r) can receive downlink signals from network node 110 and / or other network nodes 110 and can provide a set of received signals (e.g., R received signals) to a set of modems 254 (e.g., R modems), shown as modems 254a to 254r. For example, each received signal can be provided to a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 can use a respective demodulator component to condition (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert and / or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 can use a demodulator component to further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. A 256 MIMO detector can obtain symbols received from 254 modems; it can perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if... Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 32 / 267 27 / 112 applicable and can provide detected symbols. A receiving processor 258 can process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, can provide decoded data for the UE 120 to a data sink 260, and can provide decoded control information and system information to a controller / processor 280. The term controller / processor can refer to one or more controllers, one or more processors, or a combination thereof. A channel processor can determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, and / or a CQI parameter, among other examples. In some examples, one or more components of the UE 120 can be included in a housing 284.

[0055] Network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292. Network controller 130 may include, for example, one or more devices in a core network. Network controller 130 may communicate with network node 110 via communication unit 294.

[0056] One or more antennas (for example, antennas 234a to 234t and / or antennas 252a to 252r) may include, or may be included in, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements and / or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements and / or an antenna array Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 33 / 267 28 / 112 may include one or more antenna elements (in a single housing or multiple housings), a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, and / or one or more antenna elements coupled to one or more transmitting and / or receiving components, such as one or more components in Figure 2.

[0057] In the uplink, in UE 120, a transmission processor 264 can receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for reports that include RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, and / or CQI) from the controller / processor 280. The transmission processor 264 can generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols received from the transmission processor 264 can be pre-coded by a TX MIMO processor 266, if applicable, further processed by modems 254 (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM), and transmitted to network node 110. In some examples, the UE 120 modem 254 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the UE 120 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of antenna(s) 252, modem(s) 254, MIMO detector 256, reception processor 258, transmission processor 264 and / or TX MIMO processor 266.The transceiver can be used by a processor (for example, the controller / processor 280) and memory 282 to perform aspects of any of the methods described in the present invention (for example, with reference to Figures 4 to 23).

[0058] At network node 110, uplink signals from UE 120 and / or other UEs can be received by antennas 234, processed by modem 232 (e.g., Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 34 / 267 29 / 112 a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of the modem 232), detected by a MIMO detector 236, if applicable, and further processed by a receiving processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UE 120. The receiving processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and provide the decoded control information to the controller / processor 240. The network node 110 may include a communication unit 244 and may communicate with the network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. Network node 110 may include a scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink and / or uplink communications. In some examples, modem 232 of network node 110 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, network node 110 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of antenna(s) 234, modem(s) 232, MIMO detector 236, reception processor 238, transmission processor 220 and / or TX MIMO processor 230. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., controller / processor 240) and memory 242 to perform aspects of any of the methods described in the present invention (e.g., with reference to Figures 4 to 23).

[0059] The controller / processor 240 of network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of UE 120 and / or any other component(s) of Figure 2 may perform one or more techniques associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC, as described in more detail elsewhere in the present invention. For example, the controller / processor 240 of network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of UE 120 Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 35 / 267 Components 30 / 112 and / or any other component(s) of Figure 2 may perform or direct operations, for example, of process 2000 of Figure 20, process 2100 of Figure 21, and / or other processes as described in the present invention. Memory 242 and memory 282 may store data and program codes for network node 110 and UE 120, respectively. In some examples, memory 242 and / or memory 282 may include a non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores one or more instructions (e.g., code and / or program code) for wireless communication.For example, one or more instructions, when executed (e.g., directly, or after compilation, conversion, and / or interpretation) by one or more processors of network node 110 and / or UE 120, can cause the one or more processors, UE 120, and / or network node 110 to perform or direct operations, for example, of process 2000 of Figure 20, process 2100 of Figure 21, and / or other processes described in the present invention. In some examples, instruction execution may include executing instructions, converting instructions, compiling instructions, and / or interpreting instructions, among other examples.

[0060] In some respects, the UE 120 includes means for communicating with one or more of the first or second network nodes to update the model information available in a UE context at one or more of the first or second network nodes; and / or means for receiving, from one or more of the first or second network nodes, a model transfer via RRC signaling. The means for the UE 120 to perform operations described in the present invention may include, for example, one or more of the communication manager 140, the antenna 252, the Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 36 / 267 31 / 112 modem 254, MIMO detector 256, reception processor 258, transmission processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280 or memory 282.

[0061] In some respects, network node 110 includes means for communicating with a UE 120; means for issuing, to the UE 120, a model transfer via RRC signaling; means for receiving a model release request from the UE; and means for issuing a model release instruction to the UE to configure the UE to release one or more models. The means for network node 110 to perform operations described in the present invention may include, for example, one or more of the communication manager 150, the transmission processor 220, the TX MIMO processor 230, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the reception processor 238, the controller / processor 240, the memory 242, or the scheduler 246.

[0062] Although the blocks in Figure 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks can be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component, or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 can be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.

[0063] As indicated above, Figure 2 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 2.

[0064] The deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in multiple ways. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 37 / 267 32 / 112 with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a network mobility element, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station, or a network device can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a NodeB (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), a BS NR, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a TRP, or a cell, among other examples), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality, can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station), or as a disaggregated base station.The term network entity or network node can refer to an aggregated base station, a disaggregated base station, or one or more units of a disaggregated base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof).

[0065] An aggregated base station (e.g., an aggregated network node) can be configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single RAN node (e.g., a single device or a single unit). A disaggregated base station (e.g., a disaggregated network node) can be configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, a CU may be implemented in a network node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU or, alternatively, may be geographically or Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 38 / 267 33 / 112 virtually distributed across one or more other network nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as virtual units, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), among other examples.

[0066] Base station-type operation or network design may consider base station functionality aggregation features. For example, disaggregated base stations may be used in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as the O-RAN alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN), also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN), to facilitate the scaling of communication systems by separating base station functionality into one or more individually deployable units. A disaggregated base station may include functionality implemented across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented in at least one virtual unit, which can enable flexibility in network design.The various disaggregated base station units can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other disaggregated base station unit. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 39 / 267 34 / 112

[0067] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture 300, according to the present disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated control units (such as a near RT RIC 325 via an E2 link or a non-RT RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) structure 305, or both). A CU 310 can communicate with one or more DUs 330 via their respective midhaul links, such as through F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 330 can communicate with one or more RUs 340 via their respective fronthaul links. Each of the RU 340s can communicate with one or more UE 120s via their respective radio frequency (RF) access links.In some implementations, a UE 120 can be served simultaneously by multiple RU 340s.

[0068] Each of the units, including the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, as well as the near-RT 325 RICs, the non-RT 315 RICs, and the SMO 305 structure, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to one or more of the unit's communication interfaces, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. In some examples, each of the units may Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 40 / 267 35 / 112 include a wired interface, configured to receive or transmit signals through a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units, and a wireless interface that may include a receiver, a transmitter or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, through a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0069] In some respects, the CU 310 can host one or more higher-layer control functions. Such control functions may include RRC functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, among other examples. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., central unit-user plane (CU-UP) functionality), control plane functionality (e.g., central unit-control plane (CU-CP) functionality), or a combination thereof.In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. A CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface, when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with a DU 330, as needed, for network control and signaling. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 41 / 267 36 / 112

[0070] Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 34 0. In some respects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high-level physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional division, such as a functional division defined by 3GPP. In some respects, the one or more high-level PHY layers may be implemented by one or more modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, and modulation and demodulation, among other examples.In some respects, the DU 330 can additionally host one or more low-level PHY layers, such as those implemented by one or more modules for a fast Fourier transform (FFT), an inverse fast Fourier transform (iFFT), digital beamforming, or physical random access channel extraction and filtering (PRACH), among other examples. Each layer (which can be called a module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330 or with the control functions hosted by the CU 310.

[0071] Each RU 340 can implement lower-layer functionality. In some deployments, an RU 340, controlled by a DU 330, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-level PHY layer functions, such as performing an FFT, performing Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 42 / 267 37 / 112 of an iFFT, digital beamforming or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, based on a functional split (e.g., a functional split defined by 3GPP), as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU 340 can be operated to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 12 0. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user communication with the RU(s) 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable each The DU 330 and CU 310 should be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0072] The SMO 305 framework can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO 305 framework can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that can be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO 305 framework can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud platform (O-cloud) 390) to perform network element lifecycle management (LCM) (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). These virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, non-RT 315 RICs and RICs almost at RT 325. In some implementations, the structure Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 43 / 267 38 / 112 of SMO 305 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO 305 structure can communicate directly with each of the one or more RUs 340 via a respective O1 interface. The SMO 305 structure can also include a non-RT 315 RIC configured to support the functionality of the SMO 305 structure.

[0073] The non-RT 315 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or application / attribute-based guidance on the near-RT 325 RIC. The non-RT 315 RIC can be coupled to, or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface), the near-RT 325 RIC. The near-RT 325 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via actions and data collection over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more 310 CUs, one or more DUs 330, or both, as well as an O-eNB, to the RIC almost at RT 325.

[0074] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed on the near RT 325 RIC, the non-RT 315 RIC may receive external enrichment parameters or information from external servers. This information can be used by the near RT 325 RIC and can be received in the SMO 305 structure or the non-RT 315 RIC from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT 315 RIC or the near RT 325 RIC can be configured to Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 44 / 267 39 / 112 to fine-tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the RIC not in RT 315 can monitor long-term performance trends and patterns and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 305 framework (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via the creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies).

[0075] As indicated above, Figure 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 3.

[0076] Figure 4 illustrates an example 400 of a wireless network (e.g., wireless network 100) in which a UE (e.g., a UE 120) can support additional communication modes, according to the present disclosure. The UE can be communicatively connected to one or more network nodes. 110 on the wireless network. For example, the UE can be connected to one or more 110 network nodes in a dual connectivity configuration. In this case, a first 110 network node can serve the UE as a master node and a second network node as a secondary node. 110 can serve the EU as a secondary node.

[0077] As illustrated in Figure 4, the UE can support a connected communication mode (e.g., an active RRC 402 mode), an idle communication mode (e.g., an idle RRC 404 mode), and an inactive communication mode (e.g., an inactive RRC 406 mode). The inactive RRC 406 mode can functionally reside between the active RRC 402 mode and the idle RRC 404 mode.

[0078] The UE can transition between different modes based, at least in part, on various commands and / or communications received from one or more network nodes 110. By Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 45 / 267 40 / 112 example, the UE can transition from active mode of RRC 402 or inactive mode of RRC 406 to idle mode of RRC 404 based, at least in part, on receiving an RRCRelease communication (e.g., RRCRelease 408 to transition from active mode of RRC 402 to inactive mode of RRC 406 and RRCRelease 410 to transition from inactive mode of RRC 406 to idle mode of RRC 404). As another example, the UE can transition from active mode of RRC 402 to inactive mode of RRC 406 based, at least in part, on receiving an RRCRelease 408 with suspendConfig communication. As another example, the UE can transition from RRC 404 idle mode to RRC 402 active mode based, at least in part, on receiving an RRCSetupRequest 412 communication. As another example, the UE can transition from RRC 406 inactive mode to RRC 402 active mode based, at least in part, on receiving an RRCResumeRequest 414 communication.

[0079] When transitioning to RRC 406 idle mode, the UE and / or one or more 110 network nodes can store a UE context (e.g., an access stratum (AS) context and / or higher-layer settings). This allows the UE and / or one or more 110 network nodes to apply the stored UE context when the UE transitions from RRC 406 idle mode to RRC 402 active mode to resume communications with one or more 110 network nodes, which reduces the transition latency to RRC 402 active mode compared to transitioning to RRC 402 active mode from RRC 404 idle mode.

[0080] In some cases, the UE may communicatively connect with a new master node when transitioning. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 46 / 267 41 / 112 from RRC 404 idle mode or RRC 406 inactive mode to RRC 402 active mode (for example, a master node that is different from the last service master node when the UE transitioned to RRC 404 idle mode or RRC 406 inactive mode). In this case, the new master node may be responsible for identifying a secondary node for the UE in the dual connectivity configuration.

[0081] As indicated above, Figure 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 4.

[0082] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 architecture of a functional framework for data-enabled radio access network (RAN) intelligence, according to this disclosure. In some scenarios, the functional framework for RAN intelligence can be further enhanced by data collection through use cases and / or examples. For example, principles or algorithms for AI / ML-enabled RAN intelligence and the associated functional framework (e.g., AI functionality and / or component input / output for AI-enabled optimization) were used or studied to identify the benefits of AI-enabled RAN through potential use cases (e.g., beam management, energy saving, load balancing, mobility management, and / or coverage optimization, among other examples).In one example, as shown by the 500 architecture, a functional structure for RAN intelligence can include multiple logical entities, such as one. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 47 / 267 42 / 112 model training host 502, a model inference host 504, data sources 506, and an actor 508.

[0083] The 504 model inference host can be configured to run an AI / ML model based on 512 inference data provided by 506 data sources, and the 504 model inference host can produce an output. 514 (for example, a prediction) with inference data input 512 for actor 508 and model performance feedback 520 for model training host 502. Actor 508 can be an element or entity of a core network or RAN. For example, actor 508 can be a UE, a network node, a base station (e.g., a gNB), a CU, a DU, and / or a RU, among other examples. Furthermore, actor 508 may also depend on the type of tasks performed by the model inference host 504, the type of inference data 512 provided to the model inference host 504, and / or the type of output produced by the model inference host 504. For example, if the output 514 of the model inference host 504 is associated with beam management, then actor 508 may be a UE, a DU, or a RU. In other examples, if the output 514 of the model inference host 504 is associated with Tx / Rx scheduling, then actor 508 may be a CU or a DU.

[0084] After actor 508 receives a 514 output from the 504 model inference host, actor 508 can determine whether to act based on the 514 output. For example, if actor 508 is a DU or a RU and the 514 output from the 504 model inference host is associated with beam management, actor 508 can determine whether to alter / modify a Tx / Rx beam based on the 514 output. If actor 508 determines to act with Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 48 / 267 Based on output 514, actor 508 can indicate action 516 to at least one action subject 510. For example, if actor 508 determines to alter / modify a Tx / Rx beam for communication between actor 508 and action subject 510 (e.g., a UE 120), then actor 508 can transmit a beam (re)configuration or a beam switching indication to action subject 510. Actor 508 can modify its Tx / Rx beam based on the beam (re)configuration, such as switching to a new Tx / Rx beam or applying different parameters to a Tx / Rx beam, among other examples. As another example, actor 508 can be a UE and output 514 of the model inference host 504 can be associated with beam management. For example, output 514 could be one or more predicted measurement values ​​for one or more beams. Actor 508 (e.g., a UE) could determine that a measurement report (e.g., a Layer 1 RSRP report (L1)) - layer 1)) must be transmitted to a network node 110.

[0085] Data sources 506 can also be configured to collect data that are used as training data 518 to train an ML model or as inference data 512 to feed an ML model inference operation. For example, data sources 506 can collect data from one or more core network and / or RAN entities, which may include the action subject 510, and provide the collected data to the model training host 502 for ML model training. For example, after an action subject 510 (e.g., a UE 120) receives a beam configuration from the actor 508, the action subject 510 can provide performance feedback 524 associated with the beam configuration to the data sources 506, where the performance feedback 524 can Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 49 / 267 44 / 112 can be used by the model training host 502 to monitor or evaluate the ML model performance, such as whether the output 514 (e.g., prediction) provided to actor 508 is accurate. In some examples, if the output 514 provided by actor 508 is inaccurate (or the accuracy is below an accuracy threshold), then the model training host 502 may determine to modify or retrain the ML model used by the model inference host, such as via an ML model implementation / update 522.

[0086] As indicated above, Figure 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 5.

[0087] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. As shown in Figure 6, a first network node 1101, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a A source New Generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) communicating with UE 120 prior to a handover execution (e.g., completion of a handover procedure). The second network node 110-2 may be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure may include a handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN.

[0088] As shown by reference number 605, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, UE capacity information via, for example, RRC signaling. The UE capacity information can indicate, to the first network node Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 50 / 267 45 / 112 110-1, an amount of memory and other resources available for the UE 120.

[0089] As shown by reference number 610, the first network node 110-1 can determine whether to send new models to UE 120, whether to instruct UE 120 to release one or more models from UE 120 memory, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. The first network node 110-1 can determine whether to instruct UE 120 to release one or more models from UE 120 memory based, for example, on the amount of memory available in UE 120. In some respects, reference number 610 may occur at the second network node 110-2 instead of the first network node 110-1.

[0090] As shown by reference number 615, the first network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template release instruction. The template release instruction can be transmitted by the first network node 110-1 via RRC signaling. The template release instruction can instruct UE 120 to release one or more templates stored in UE 120's memory.

[0091] As shown by reference number 620, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates to be used by UE 120.

[0092] As shown by reference number 625, the first network node 110-1 can update an UE AI / ML context. The UE AI / ML context can be updated to identify the models available for UE 120 after the model release shown by the number of Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 51 / 267 46 / 112 reference 615 and the model transfer shown by reference number 620.

[0093] As shown by reference number 630, the first network node 110-1 can initiate a handover from UE 120 to the second network node 110-2.

[0094] As shown by reference number 635, network node 110-1 can transmit, and network node 110-2 can receive, a handover request. In some respects, the handover request may include the UE AI / ML context. Therefore, with the handover request, the second network node 110-2 can know which models are available for UE 120.

[0095] As shown by reference number 640, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a handover response. The handover response may include or identify one or more models not available in UE 120.

[0096] As shown by reference number 645, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC reconfiguration signal. The RRC reconfiguration signal may include the configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the destination NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2.

[0097] As shown by reference number 650, the first network node 110-1 or the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates for UE 120 to apply when communicating via the destination NGRAN via the second network node 110-2. In some Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 52 / 267 47 / 112 aspects, model transfer only occurs if UE 120 does not have one or more AI / ML models available.

[0098] As indicated above, Figure 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 6.

[0099] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. As shown in Figure 7, a first network node 110-1, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a source NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover execution. The second network node 110-2 can be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure can include a handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. Destination NG-RAN.

[0100] As shown by reference number 705, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, UE capacity information via RRC signaling. UE capacity information can indicate which models are supported by and available for UE 120.

[0101] As shown by reference number 710, the first network node 110-1 can update an UE AI / ML context. The UE AI / ML context can be updated to identify the models supported by and / or available for UE 120 according to UE capability information.

[0102] As shown by reference number 715, network node 110-1 can transmit, and the UE Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 53 / 267 48 / 112 UE120 can receive model transfer via RRC signaling. The model transfer may include one or more AI / ML models to be used by UE120.

[0103] As shown by reference number 720, the UE 120 may experience a memory problem. As a result, the UE 120 may determine that releasing one or more models may resolve the memory problem.

[0104] As shown by reference number 725, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 1101 can receive, a model release request. The model release request can be transmitted via RRC (e.g., via UE assistance information (UAI)) and can request permission from the first network node 110-1 to release one or more AI / ML models from UE 120's memory.

[0105] As shown by reference number 730, the first network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template release response. The template release response can configure or otherwise instruct UE 120 to release one or more templates from UE 120 memory. In some respects, the template release response indicates which of the templates stored in UE 120 memory can be released.

[0106] As shown by reference number 735, the first network node 110-1 can update the UE AI / ML context. The UE AI / ML context can be updated to remove or otherwise delete models released by UE 120 after the model release response shown by reference number 730. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 54 / 267 49 / 112

[0107] As shown by reference number 740, the first network node 110-1 can initiate a handover from UE 120 to the second network node 110-2.

[0108] As shown by reference number 745, network node 110-1 can transmit, and network node 110-2 can receive, a handover request. In some respects, the handover request may include the UE AI / ML context. Therefore, with the handover request, the second network node 110-2 can know which models are available for UE 120.

[0109] As shown by reference number 750, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a handover response. The handover response may include or identify one or more models not available in UE 120.

[0110] As shown by reference number 755, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC reconfiguration signal. The RRC reconfiguration signal may include the configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the destination NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2.

[0111] As shown by reference number 760, the first network node 110-1 or the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates for UE 120 to apply when communicating via the destination NGRAN via the second network node 110-2. In some respects, the template transfer only occurs if UE 120 does not have one or more AI / ML templates available. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 55 / 267 50 / 112

[0112] As indicated above, Figure 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 7.

[0113] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an 800 example associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. As shown in Figure 8, a first network node 110-1, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a source NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover execution. The second network node 110-2 can be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure can include a handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. Destination NG-RAN.

[0114] As shown by reference number 805, the first network node 110-1 can update an UE AI / ML context. The UE AI / ML context can be updated to identify the models supported by and / or available for UE 120 according to UE capability information.

[0115] As shown by reference number 810, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, the template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates to be used by UE 120.

[0116] As shown by reference number 820, the UE 120 may release one or more models. In some respects, the UE 120 may release one or more Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 56 / 267 51 / 112 models without a model release instruction from the first network node 110-1.

[0117] As shown by reference number 825, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, model information. In some respects, the model information may indicate the one or more models that are available or released. In some respects, the model information may indicate the models still available to UE 120 after one or more models have been released. In some respects, the model information is transmitted from the UE to the first network node 110-1 via RRC signaling, MAC control element (MAC-CE) signaling, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0118] As shown by reference number 830, the first network node 110-1 can update the UE AI / ML context. The UE AI / ML context can be updated to remove or otherwise delete models released by UE 120 after the model release shown by reference number 820.

[0119] As shown by reference number 835, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a measurement report. UE 120 can transmit the measurement report via RRC signaling, MAC-CE signaling and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0120] As shown by reference number 840, the first network node 110-1 can initiate a handover from UE 120 to the second network node 110-2.

[0121] As shown by reference number 845, network node 110-1 can transmit, and network node 110-2 can receive, a handover request. In Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 57 / 267 52 / 112 In some aspects, the handover request may include the EU's AI / ML context. Therefore, with the handover request, the second network node 110-2 can know which models are available for the EU 120.

[0122] As shown by reference number 850, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a handover response. The handover response may include or identify one or more models not available in UE 120.

[0123] As shown by reference number 855, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC reconfiguration signal. The RRC reconfiguration signal may include the configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the destination NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2.

[0124] As shown by reference number 860, the first network node 110-1 or the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates for UE 120 to apply when communicating via the destination NGRAN via the second network node 110-2. In some respects, the template transfer only occurs if UE 120 does not have one or more AI / ML templates available.

[0125] As indicated above, Figure 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 8.

[0126] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating a 900 example associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 58 / 267 53 / 112 As shown in Figure 9, a first network node 110-1, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a source NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover is performed. The second network node 110-2 can be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure may include a handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. Destination NG-RAN.

[0127] As shown by reference number 905, UE 120 can store a list of available models. In some respects, the list of available models can be stored in an RRC variable.

[0128] As shown by reference number 910, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a measurement report. UE 120 can transmit the measurement report via RRC signaling, MAC-CE signaling and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0129] As shown by reference number 915, the first network node 110-1 can initiate a handover from UE 120 to the second network node 110-2.

[0130] As shown by reference number 920, the first network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a model information request. The model information request can be transmitted via RRC signaling, MAC-CE signaling, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. In some respects, the model information includes a model identifier for each model available to UE 120. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 59 / 267 54 / 112

[0131] As shown by reference number 925, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, the model information. The model information can be transmitted to the first network node 110-1 via RRC signaling, MACCE signaling and / or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0132] As shown by reference number 930, network node 110-1 can transmit, and network node 110-2 can receive, a handover request. In some respects, the handover request may include the UE AI / ML context. Therefore, with the handover request, the second network node 110-2 can know which models are available for UE 120.

[0133] As shown by reference number 935, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a handover response. The handover response may include or identify one or more models not available in UE 120.

[0134] As shown by reference number 940, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC reconfiguration signal. The RRC reconfiguration signal may include the configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the destination NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2.

[0135] As shown by reference number 945, the first network node 110-1 or the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates for UE 120 to apply when communicating via NG. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 60 / 267 55 / 112 Destination RAN via the second 110-2 network node. In some respects, model transfer only occurs if UE 120 does not have one or more AI / ML models available.

[0136] As indicated above, Figure 9 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 9.

[0137] Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example 1000 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 10, a second network node 110-2 and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The second network node 110-2 can be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 as a result of, for example, UE 120 returning to an active state from an idle / inactive state.

[0138] As shown by reference number 1005, UE 120 can store a list of available models. In some respects, the list of available models is stored in an RRC variable.

[0139] As shown by reference number 1010, UE 120 can transmit, and the second network node 110-2 can receive, an RRC resume request, an RRC definition request, or an RRC restoration request. The RRC resume request, the RRC definition request, or the RRC restoration request can indicate to the second network node 110-2 a transition of UE 120 from an idle / inactive state to an active state.

[0140] As shown by reference number 1015, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 61 / 267 56 / 112 and UE 120 may receive an RRC resumption or an RRC definition signal. The RRC resumption or RRC definition signal may include a request for available model information stored by UE 120.

[0141] As shown by reference number 1020, UE 120 can transmit, and the second network node 110-2 can receive, a completed RRC resume signal, a completed RRC definition signal, or a completed RRC restoration signal. The completed RRC resume signal, a completed RRC definition signal, or a completed RRC restoration signal may include the response to the request, by the second network node 110-2, for model information stored by UE 120.

[0142] As shown by reference number 1025, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. The template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates for UE 120 to apply when communicating via the destination NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2. In some respects, the template transfer only occurs if UE 120 does not have one or more AI / ML templates available.

[0143] As indicated above, Figure 10 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 10.

[0144] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 11, a first network node 1101, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 62 / 267 57 / 112 Previous NG-RAN in communication with UE 120 before UE 120 enters the idle / inactive state. In some respects, the first network node 110-1 is an access and mobility function (AMF). The second network node 110-2 may be part of a destination NG-RAN in communication with UE 120 as a result of, for example, UE 120 returning to an active state from an idle / inactive state.

[0145] As shown by reference number 1105, UE 120 can transmit, and the second network node 110-2 can receive, an RRC resume request, an RRC definition request, or an RRC restoration request. The RRC resume request, the RRC definition request, or the RRC restoration request can indicate to the second network node 110-2 a transition of UE 120 from an idle / inactive state to an active state.

[0146] As shown by reference number 1110, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a UE context retrieval request. The UE context retrieval request may include a request for the first network node 110-1 to retrieve a list or other identifier of AI / ML models available to UE 120.

[0147] As shown by reference number 1115, the first network node 110-1 can transmit, and the second network node 110-2 can receive, a retrieval UE context request response. The retrieval UE context request response may include the list or other identification of AI / ML models available for UE 120. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 63 / 267 58 / 112

[0148] As shown by reference number 1120, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC resumption or an RRC definition signal. The RRC resumption or RRC definition signal can transfer one or more AI / ML models to UE 120 from the second network node 110-2.

[0149] As shown by reference number 1125, UE 120 can transmit, and the second network node 110-2 can receive, a completed RRC resume signal, a completed RRC definition signal, or a completed RRC restoration signal. The completed RRC resume signal, a completed RRC definition signal, or a completed RRC restoration signal can indicate to the second network node 110-2 that UE 120 has received the AI / ML template transfer.

[0150] As shown by reference number 1130, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an additional template transfer via RRC signaling. The additional template transfer may include one or more AI / ML templates for UE 120 to apply when communicating via the destination NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2. In some respects, the additional template transfer only occurs if UE 120 does not have one or more AI / ML templates available. For example, the additional template transfer may occur if more AI / ML templates are needed or if the template transfer shown by reference number 1130 is incomplete, among other examples.

[0151] As indicated above, Figure 11 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 11. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 64 / 267 59 / 112

[0152] Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating an example 1200 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. As shown in Figure 12, a first network node 1101, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a supported NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover execution. The second network node 110-2 can be part of an unsupported NG-RAN (e.g., an NG-RAN that does not support one or more AI / ML models used by UE 120) communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure can include a handover from UE 120 during mobility from the supported NG-RAN to the unsupported NG-RAN.

[0153] As shown by reference number 1205, the first network node 110-1 can initiate a handover from UE 120 to the second network node 110-2.

[0154] As shown by reference number 1210, network node 110-1 can transmit, and network node 1102 can receive, a handover request. In some respects, the handover request may include a transparent container with the UE AI / ML context. Therefore, with the handover request, the second network node 110-2 can know which models are available for UE 120.

[0155] As shown by reference number 1215, the second network node 110-2 can store the transparent container containing the EU AI / ML context. In some respects, the second network node 110-2 can update the transparent container to include one or more AI / ML models. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 65 / 267 60 / 112

[0156] As shown by reference number 1220, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a handover response. The handover response may include the transparent container with one or more AI / ML templates for use by UE 120.

[0157] As shown by reference number 1225, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC reconfiguration signal. The RRC reconfiguration signal may include configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the unsupported NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2. In some respects, the RRC reconfiguration signal may include the transparent container.

[0158] As indicated above, Figure 12 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 12.

[0159] Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating an example 1300 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 13, a first network node 110-1, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a A supported NG-RAN communicates with UE 120 after a handover is performed. The second network node, 110-2, may be part of an unsupported NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 prior to a handover procedure. The handover procedure may include a handover from UE 120 during the mobility from the unsupported NG-RAN to the supported NG-RAN.

[0160] As shown by reference number 1305, the second network node 110-2 can initiate a handover from UE 120 to the first network node 110-1. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 66 / 267 61 / 112

[0161] As shown by reference number 1310, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a handover request. In some respects, the handover request may include a transparent container with the UE AI / ML context. The UE AI / ML context, as discussed above, may include information on available models communicated to the second network node 110-2 by UE 120. Therefore, with the handover request, the first network node 110-1 can know which models are available to UE 120.

[0162] As shown by reference number 1315, the first network node 110-1 can store the EU AI / ML context.

[0163] As shown by reference number 1320, network node 110-1 can transmit, and network node 110-2 can receive, a handover response. The handover response can include the EU AI / ML context in a transparent container.

[0164] As shown by reference number 1325, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, an RRC reconfiguration signal. The RRC reconfiguration signal may include the configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the supported NG-RAN via the first network node 110-1. In some respects, the RRC reconfiguration signal may include one or more AI / ML templates.

[0165] As shown by reference number 1330, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a completed RRC reconfiguration signal. The completed RRC reconfiguration signal Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 67 / 267 62 / 112 may indicate that UE 120 is configured to communicate on the supported NG-RAN via the first network node 110-1.

[0166] As shown by reference number 1335, the first network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, one or more additional AI / ML models.

[0167] As indicated above, Figure 13 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 13.

[0168] Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating an example 1400 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. As shown in Figure 14, a first network node 1101, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a supported NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover execution (e.g., completion of a handover procedure). The second network node 110-2 can be part of an unsupported NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover execution. The handover procedure can include a handover from UE 120 during mobility from the unsupported NG-RAN to the supported NG-RAN.

[0169] As shown by reference number 1405, the first network node 110-1, the second network node 1102, and UE 120 can participate in a handover procedure to, for example, transition UE 120 to communication via the supported NG-RAN via the first network node 110-1 from the unsupported NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2. The handover procedure may involve the first network node 110-1 or the second network node 110-2 transmitting, and UE 120 receiving, a signal of Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 68 / 267 63 / 112 RRC reconfiguration with a configuration for UE 120 to initiate communication on the unsupported NG-RAN via the second network node 110-2. In some aspects, the RRC reconfiguration signal may include one or more AI / ML models.

[0170] As shown by reference number 1410, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 1101 can receive, a completed RRC reconfiguration signal. The completed RRC reconfiguration signal may indicate that UE 120 is configured to communicate on the supported NG-RAN via the first network node 110-1. In some respects, the completed RRC reconfiguration signal may indicate one or more AI / ML models available for UE 120.

[0171] Alternatively or additionally, as shown by reference number 1415, the first network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a request for information from the UE. The request for information from the UE can request, from UE 120, an identification of one or more AI / ML models available to UE 120.

[0172] As shown by reference number 1420, UE 120 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a completed RRC reconfiguration signal or a UE information reply signal. The completed RRC reconfiguration signal or the UE information reply signal shown by reference number 1420 may include information about one or more AI / ML models available to UE 120.

[0173] As shown by reference number 1425, network node 110-1 can transmit, and UE 120 can receive, a template transfer via RRC signaling. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 69 / 267 64 / 112 The model transfer may include one or more AI / ML models. In some respects, one or more of the AI / ML models included in the model transfer may differ from one or more of the AI / ML models indicated in the completed RRC reconfiguration signal or the UE information response signal.

[0174] As indicated above, Figure 14 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 14.

[0175] Figure 15 is a diagram illustrating examples 1500 associated with a model configuration and delivery, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 15, example 1500 includes communications between a first network node 110-1 and a UE (not shown) and between a second network node 110-2 and the UE. In some examples, such UE may be the UE 120 described in the present invention. In some respects, the first network node 110-1 is part of a source NG-RAN (e.g., a source cell as shown in Figure 15) and the second network node 110-2 is part of a destination NG-RAN (e.g., a destination cell as shown in Figure 15).

[0176] As shown by the reference number In one example, the first network node 110-1 can provide a UE with a 1535 configuration, an additional 1540 configuration (sometimes called a fallback configuration), and the AI / ML 1545 model via the same signaling radio bearer (SRB) 1550. After successful delivery of the AI / ML 1545 model to the UE, the first network node 110-1 can transmit an indication to the second network node. Alternatively, the UE can indicate to the second network node 110-2 that the UE has received all configured AI / ML models. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 70 / 267 65 / 112 and / or a list of received or available AI / ML models. In some respects, the second 110-2 network node may transmit an LCM 1555 control signal to the UE after the handover from the first 110-1 network node to the second 110-2 network node. The LCM 1555 control signal may include a control signal used to manage the lifecycle of one or more network functions or services, such as the creation, modification, and termination of network functions. In some respects, such as during a handover procedure, the LCM 1555 control signal may be used to allocate resources that facilitate the handover to the target cell without degrading the quality of service.

[0177] As shown by reference number 1510, in one example, the first network node 110-1 can provide a UE with a configuration 1535 and an additional configuration 1540 on a first SRB 1550 and can provide the UE with AI / ML template 1545 via a second SRB 1565. In the example shown by reference 1510, the first SRB 1550 can have a higher priority than the second SRB 1565. After successful delivery of template 1545, the first network node 110-1 can transmit an indication to the second network node 110-2. Alternatively, the UE can indicate to the second network node 110-2 that the UE has received all configured AI / ML templates and / or a list of received or available AI / ML templates. In some respects, the second 110-2 network node can transmit an LCM 1555 control signal to the UE after the handover from the first 110-1 network node to the second 110-2 network node.

[0178] As shown by reference number 1515, in one example, the first network node 110-1 can provide a UE with a 1535 configuration and an additional 1540 configuration on a first SRB 1550 and can provide the UE with the model of Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 71 / 267 66 / 112 AI / ML 1545 via a second SRB 1565. In the example shown by reference 1515, the first SRB 1550 may have a higher priority than the second SRB 1565. If the first network node 110-1 determines that the AI / ML templates cannot be transmitted within a predetermined time, the first network node 110-1 may transmit a partial configuration 1535 and / or an additional partial configuration 1540 before transmitting the AI / ML template 1545. After transmitting the partial configuration 1535 or the additional configuration 1540, the first network node 110-1 may transmit a remainder of the configuration 1535 or the additional configuration 1540. After successful delivery of the 1545 template, the first network node 110-1 may transmit an indication to the second network node 110-2. Alternatively, the UE can indicate to the second network node 110-2 that the UE has received all configured AI / ML models and / or a list of received or available AI / ML models.In some respects, the second 110-2 network node can transmit an LCM 1555 control signal to the UE after the handover from the first 110-1 network node to the second 110-2 network node.

[0179] As shown by the reference number In one example, the first network node 110-1 can provide a UE with configuration 1535 and AI / ML model 1545 via the same or different SRBs as the configuration handover and model delivery. For example, as shown in Figure 15, configuration 1535 can be transmitted on the second SRB 1565, AI / ML model 1545 can be transmitted on the first SRB 1545, and LCM control signal 1555 can be transmitted on a third SRB 1570. Alternatively, similar to the example shown by reference number 1520, the first network node 110-1 can provide a UE with configuration 1535 and AI / ML model 1545 via the same or different SRBs as the configuration handover and model delivery. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 72 / 267 67 / 112 Configuration 1515, configuration 1535, and an additional configuration 1540 can be transmitted on the first SRB 1550, and AI / ML model 1545 can be transmitted on the second SRB 1565. Alternatively (discussed below in relation to reference number 1525), configuration 1535, additional configuration 1540, and AI / ML model 1545 can be transmitted on a single SRB (e.g., the first SRB 1550). The first network node 110-1 can transmit AI / ML model 1545 and the handover configuration after the model delivery is complete. After successful delivery of AI / ML model 1545, the first network node 110-1 can transmit an indication to the second network node 110-2. Alternatively, the UE can indicate to the second network node 110-2 that the UE has received all configured AI / ML models and / or a list of received or available AI / ML models.In some respects, the second 110-2 network node can transmit an LCM 1555 control signal to the UE after the handover from the first 110-1 network node to the second 110-2 network node.

[0180] As shown by reference number 1525, in one example, the first network node 110-1 can begin providing a UE with configuration 1535, additional configuration 1540, and AI / ML template 1545 via the same SRB (e.g., the first SRB 1550). In cases where the first network node 110-1 is unable to complete the template transfer, the first network node 110-1 can send an indication to the second network node 110-2 that the delivery of AI / ML template 1545 to the UE failed, and the UE can apply additional configuration 1560 while the second network node 110-2 transmits AI / ML template 1545 to the UE. After successful delivery of AI / ML template 1545, the UE can indicate to the second network node 110 Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 73 / 267 68 / 112 2, that the UE has received all configured AI / ML models and / or a list of received or available AI / ML models. In some respects, the UE may indicate to the second 110-2 network node which additional AI / ML models need to be transferred. In some respects, the indications to the second 110-2 network node from the UE are made via RRC signaling. In some respects, the second 110-2 network node may transmit an LCM 1555 control signal to the UE after the handover from the first 110-1 network node to the second 110-2 network node.

[0181] As shown by reference number 1530, in one example, the first network node 110-1 can start providing a UE with a 1535 configuration and an additional 1540 configuration via a first SRB 1550 and can start providing the UE with the AI / ML model 1545 via a second SRB 1565. In cases where the first network node 110-1 is unable to complete the transfer of the AI / ML model 1545 to the UE, the first network node 110-1 can send an indication to the second network node 110-2 that the delivery of the AI / ML model 1545 to the UE failed, and the UE can apply the additional configuration while the second network node 110-2 transmits the AI / ML model 1545 to the UE. After the successful delivery of AI / ML model 1545, the UE can indicate to the second network node 110-2 that the UE has received all configured AI / ML models and / or a list of received or available AI / ML models.In some respects, the UE can indicate to the second 110-2 network node which additional AI / ML models need to be transferred. In some respects, the indications to the second 110-2 network node from the UE are made via RRC signaling. In some respects, the second 110-2 network node can transmit. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 74 / 267 69 / 112 a control signal from LCM 1555 to the UE after the handover from the first network node 110-1 to the second network node 110-2.

[0182] With respect to the examples above, in some respects, AI / ML models may be treated as enabled by default, in which case the second network node 1102 may not need to send the LCM 1555 control signal for model activation. In some cases, such as in the case of model delivery failure, the second network node 110-2 may send a temporary configuration to the UE. In some cases, the temporary configuration may include lightweight and low-complexity reference models to be used until one or more of the desired AI / ML models are delivered to the UE. In some cases, such as when the model is successfully delivered before configuration, a temporary configuration of the first network node 110-1 may not be necessary. The first network node 110-1 may release the temporary configuration after successful delivery of the AI / ML model.

[0183] As indicated above, Figure 15 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 15.

[0184] Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating a 1600 example associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to this disclosure. As shown in Figure 16, a first network node 110-1, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a source NG-RAN communicating with the UE before a handover execution. The second network node 110-2 can be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with the UE after a handover procedure. The handover procedure can include a Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 75 / 267 70 / 112 handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. As shown by reference number 1605, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, a template transfer (e.g., a transfer of an AI / ML template). The template transfer can occur during an Xn-based handover procedure between the first network node 110-1 and the second network node 110-2. As shown by reference number 1610, the first network node 110-1 attempts to transmit the AI / ML template to UE 120 via RRC signaling, but the template transfer fails. In some respects, as shown by reference number 1615, the second network node 110-2 can restart the template delivery (e.g., to achieve the template transfer) to UE 120 via RRC signaling. As indicated above, Figure 16 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 16.

[0185] Figure 17 is a diagram illustrating an example 1700 associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 17, a first network node 1101, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a source NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover execution. The second network node 110-2 can be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure can include a handover of the UE from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. As shown by reference number 1705, the second network node 110-2 can transmit, and the Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 76 / 267 71 / 112 The first network node 110-1 can receive a template transfer (e.g., a transfer of an AI / ML template). The template transfer can occur during an Xn-based handover procedure between the first network node 110-1 and the second network node 110-2. As shown by reference number 1710, the first network node 110-1 transmits at least part of the AI / ML template to UE 120 via RRC signaling. As shown by reference number 1715, at least part of the template transfer between the first network node 110-1 and UE 120 fails. As shown by reference number 1720, the first network node 110-1 can indicate to the second network node 110-2 a byte, segment, or sequence number associated with the partial (e.g., incomplete) transmission of the AI / ML template. Therefore, the indication shown by reference number 1720 can indicate to the second network node 110-2 how much of the AI / ML model was received by UE 120.As shown by reference number 1725, the second network node 110-2 can transmit the remaining bytes, segment, or sequence of the AI / ML model to UE 120 via RRC signaling, resulting in a lossless model transfer during the Xn-based handover. As indicated above, Figure 17 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 17.

[0186] Figure 18 is a diagram illustrating an 1800 example associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 18, a first network node 110-1, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 77 / 267 72 / 112 between them. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a The source NG-RAN is communicating with UE 12 0 before a handover is performed. The second network node 110-2 may be part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 12 0 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure may include a handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. Destination NG-RAN. As shown by reference number 1805, the second network node 110-2 can transmit the AI / ML model to an AMF 1825 via an NG application protocol (AP application protocol). As shown by reference number 1810, AMF 1825 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, the model transfer (e.g., AI / ML model transfer) via NG-AP. As shown by reference number 1815, the first network node 110-1 attempts to transmit the AI / ML model to UE 120 via RRC signaling, but the model transfer fails. In some respects, as shown by reference number 1820, the second network node 110-2 can restart the model delivery (e.g., to achieve model transfer) to UE 120 via RRC signaling. As indicated above, Figure 18 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 18.

[0187] Figure 19 is a diagram illustrating a 1900 example associated with AI / ML model delivery via RRC signaling, according to the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 19, a first network node 1101, a second network node 110-2, and a UE 120 can communicate with each other. The first network node 110-1 can be part of a source NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 before a handover execution. The second network node 110-2 can be Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 78 / 267 73 / 112 part of a destination NG-RAN communicating with UE 120 after a handover procedure. The handover procedure may include a handover from UE 120 from the source NG-RAN to the destination NG-RAN. As shown by reference number 1905, the second network node 110-2 can transmit the AI / ML model to an AMF 1935 via an NG-AP. As shown by reference number 1910, AMF 1935 can transmit, and the first network node 110-1 can receive, the model transfer (e.g., AI / ML model transfer) via the NG-AP. As shown by reference number 1915, the first network node 110-1 attempts to transmit the AI / ML model to UE 120 via RRC signaling, but the model transfer fails at least partially. As shown by reference number 1920, the first network node 110-1 can indicate to AMF 1935 a byte, segment, or sequence number associated with the partial transmission of the AI / ML model.Consequently, the indication, which can be transmitted to AMF 1935 via NG-AP, shown by reference number 1920, can indicate to AMF 1935 how much of the AI / ML model was received by the UE. As shown by reference number 1925, AMF 1935 can transmit the remaining bytes, segment, or sequence of the AI / ML model to the second network node 1102 via NG-AP. As shown by reference number. In 1930, the second network node 110-2 can transmit the remaining bytes, segment, or sequence of the AI / ML model to UE 120 via RRC signaling, resulting in a lossless model transfer during NG-AP handover. As indicated above, Figure 19 is provided as Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 79 / 267 74 / 112 is an example. Other examples may differ from what is described in relation to Figure 19.

[0188] Figure 20 is a diagram illustrating an example process 2000 carried out, for example, by a UE, in accordance with this disclosure. The example process 2000 is an example where the EU (e.g., EU 120) performs operations associated with an RRC delivery of AI / ML models.

[0189] As shown in Figure 20, in some respects, process 2000 may include communicating with one of a first network node or a second network node to update the model information available in a UE context on one or more of the first network node or the second network node (block 2010). For example, the UE (e.g., using the 2202 reception component, the 2204 transmission component, and / or the 2206 communication manager, depicted in Figure 22) may communicate with one of a first network node or a second network node to update the model information available in a UE context on one or more of the first network node or the second network node, as described above.

[0190] As further shown in Figure 20, in some respects, process 2000 may include receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, a template transfer via RRC signaling (block 2020). For example, the UE (e.g., using the reception component 2202 and / or the communication manager 2206, depicted in Figure 22) may receive, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, a template transfer via RRC signaling, as described above. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 80 / 267 75 / 112

[0191] Process 2000 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere in the present invention.

[0192] In one aspect, process 2000 includes transmitting information from available models to the first network node.

[0193] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 2000 includes receiving a template release instruction from the first network node.

[0194] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, process 2000 includes releasing one or more models indicated in the model release instruction.

[0195] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting a template release request to the first network node.

[0196] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourth aspects, the receipt of the model release instruction occurs after the transmission of the model release request to the first network node.

[0197] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifth aspects, process 2000 includes releasing one or more models without an indication of the first network node. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 81 / 267 76 / 112

[0198] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting available model information to the first network node, the model information indicating the one or more available or released models.

[0199] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventh aspects, process 2000 includes receiving a request for model information from the first network node.

[0200] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting the model information to the first network node in response to the request for model information.

[0201] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting to the second network node a request to define an RRC, a request to restore an RRC, or a request to resume an RRC.

[0202] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to tenth aspects, receiving the template transfer includes receiving the template transfer from the second network node based, at least in part, on the transmission of the RRC definition request, the RRC restoration request, or the RRC resumption request to the second network node.

[0203] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eleventh aspects, process 2000 includes receiving the model transfer from the second network node after the completion of a Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 82 / 267 77 / 112 RRC definition procedure, an RRC reinstatement procedure or an RRC resumption procedure.

[0204] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twelfth aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting an indication to update the available model information in a completed RRC definition message, a completed RRC restoration message, or a completed RRC resume message before receiving the model transfer from the second network node.

[0205] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirteenth aspects, communication with one of the first network nodes or the second network node includes communication with the first network node before a handover execution and communication with the second network node after the handover procedure is completed.

[0206] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer includes receiving the model transfer from the first network node before the handover procedure.

[0207] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifteenth aspects, process 2000 includes receiving an RRC reconfiguration signal from the first network node after completion of a template handover procedure.

[0208] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more from the first to the sixteenth. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 83 / 267 78 / 112 aspects, receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer includes receiving the model transfer from the second network node after the handover procedure is complete.

[0209] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventeenth aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting a completed RRC reconfiguration signal to the second network node to update the available model information, wherein the model transfer is received from the second network node after transmitting the completed RRC reconfiguration signal.

[0210] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighteenth aspects, process 2000 includes receiving a request for model information from the second network node after the handover procedure.

[0211] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, process 2000 includes transmitting model information to the second network node based, at least in part, on receiving the model information request from the second network node.

[0212] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twentieth aspects, process 2000 includes receiving a first configuration and a message via a first SRB.

[0213] In a twenty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-first aspects, receive, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer via Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 84 / 267 79 / 112 RRC signaling includes receiving the first configuration, the second configuration, and the template transfer from the first network node via the first SRB.

[0214] In a twenty-third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-second aspects, process 2000 includes receiving a second configuration from the first network node via the first SRB.

[0215] In a twenty-fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-third aspects, receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the template transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving a first configuration and a second configuration from the first network node via the first SRB and the template transfer via a second SRB.

[0216] In a twenty-fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-fourth aspects, the first SRB has a higher priority than the second SRB.

[0217] In a twenty-sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-fifth aspects, receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving the model transfer via a second SRB.

[0218] In a twenty-seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-sixth aspects, process 2000 includes receiving a second configuration via the first SRB when model transfer cannot be completed before the completion of a handover procedure. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 85 / 267 80 / 112

[0219] In a twenty-eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-seventh aspects, process 2000 includes receiving at least a portion of a second configuration after receiving the model transfer.

[0220] In a twenty-ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-eighth aspects, the first SRB has a higher priority than the second SRB.

[0221] In a thirtieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-ninth aspects, process 2000 includes receiving the model before receiving the first configuration.

[0222] In a thirty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty aspects, process 2000 includes receiving an LCM control signal from the second network node.

[0223] In a thirty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-first aspects, receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving at least a portion of the model transfer from the first network node and at least a portion of the model transfer from the second network node when the model transfer cannot be completed before the completion of a handover procedure.

[0224] In a thirty-third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-second aspects, process 2000 includes receiving a second configuration from the first network node or the second network node. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 86 / 267 81 / 112

[0225] In a thirty-fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-third aspects, process 2000 includes applying the second configuration of the first network node until a complete model transfer is received.

[0226] Although Figure 20 shows example blocks of process 2000, in some respects, process 2000 may include additional blocks, a smaller number of blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged differently from those depicted in Figure 20. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 2000 may be performed in parallel.

[0227] Figure 21 is a diagram illustrating an example 2100 process performed, for example, by a network node, according to the present disclosure. The example 2100 process is an example where the network node (e.g., network node 110) performs operations associated with the delivery of RRCs of AI / ML models.

[0228] As shown in Figure 21, in some respects, process 2100 may include communicating with a UE (block 2110). For example, the network node (e.g., using the receiving component 2302, the transmitting component 2304, and / or the communication manager 2306, depicted in Figure 23) may communicate with a UE, as described above.

[0229] As further shown in Figure 21, in some respects process 2100 may include sending an AI / ML template transfer to the UE via RRC signaling (block 2120). For example, the network node (e.g., using transmission component 2304 and / or Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 87 / 267 82 / 112 the communication manager 2306, depicted in Figure 23) can send an AI / ML model transfer to the UE via RRC signaling, as described above.

[0230] Process 2100 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere in the present invention.

[0231] In one aspect, process 2100 includes receiving AI / ML model information issued by the EU.

[0232] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 2100 includes the issuing of an AI / ML model release instruction to the EU.

[0233] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the AI / ML template release instruction configures the UE to release one or more AI / ML templates.

[0234] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to third aspects, process 2100 includes receiving an AI / ML model release request from the EU.

[0235] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourth aspects, the issuance of the AI / ML model release instruction occurs based, at least in part, on the receipt of the AI / ML model release request.

[0236] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 88 / 267 83 / 112 aspects, process 2100 includes receiving AI / ML model information from the EU, the model information identifying one or more AI / ML models released by the EU.

[0237] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to sixth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing a request for AI / ML model information to the EU.

[0238] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to seventh aspects, process 2100 includes receiving AI / ML model information based, at least in part, on the issuance of a request for AI / ML model information.

[0239] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighth aspects, process 2100 includes receiving a request from the EU to resume RRC.

[0240] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to ninth aspects, issuing the model transfer includes issuing the AI / ML model transfer based, at least in part, on receipt of the RRC resumption request.

[0241] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to tenth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing an RRC resumption signal or an RRC definition signal to the EU after receiving the RRC resumption request and before issuing the AI / ML template transfer.

[0242] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more from the first to the tenth. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 89 / 267 84 / 112 first aspects, the 2100 process includes receiving a context response from the EU.

[0243] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twelfth aspects, issuing the RRC resumption signal or the RRC definition signal is based, at least in part, on receiving the EU context response.

[0244] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirteenth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing a completed RRC resumption signal or a completed RRC definition signal to the UE before issuing the AI / ML model transfer.

[0245] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fourteenth aspects, communication with the EU takes place on the basis, at least in part, of the handover procedure.

[0246] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to fifteenth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing an RRC reconfiguration signal to the UE after completion of a handover procedure.

[0247] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, issuing the model transfer includes issuing the model transfer after the completion of a handover procedure.

[0248] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, process 2100 includes receiving a completed RRC reconfiguration signal, in which the transfer of Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 90 / 267 Model 85 / 112 AI / ML is issued to the EU based, at least in part, on receipt of the completed RRC reconfiguration signal.

[0249] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to eighteenth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing a request for AI / ML model information to the EU after completion of a handover procedure.

[0250] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, process 2100 includes receiving AI / ML model information based, at least in part, on the issuance of a request for AI / ML model information.

[0251] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twentieth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing, to the EU, a first configuration via a first SRB.

[0252] In a twenty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-first aspects, issuing, to the UE, the AI / ML model transfer via RRC signaling includes issuing the AI / ML model transfer to the UE via the first SRB.

[0253] In a twenty-third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-second aspects, process 2100 includes issuing a second configuration to the UE via the first SRB.

[0254] In a twenty-fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-third aspects, issuing, for the EU, the AI / ML model transfer via RRC signaling includes issuing a Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 91 / 267 86 / 112 second configuration via the first SRB and AI / ML model transfer via a second SRB.

[0255] In a twenty-fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-fourth aspects, the first SRB has a higher priority than the second SRB.

[0256] In a twenty-sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-fifth aspects, issuing, for the UE, the AI / ML template transfer via RRC signaling includes issuing the template transfer via a second SRB.

[0257] In a twenty-seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-sixth aspects, emitting the first configuration includes emitting at least a portion of the first configuration via the first SRB.

[0258] In a twenty-eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-seventh aspects, process 2100 includes emitting at least a portion of a second configuration after emitting the template transfer.

[0259] In a twenty-ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-eighth aspects, the first SRB has a higher priority than the second SRB.

[0260] In a thirtieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to twenty-ninth aspects, issuing the AI / ML model transfer occurs before issuing the first configuration.

[0261] In a thirty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 92 / 267 87 / 112 thirtieth aspects, issuing, for the EU, the AI / ML model transfer via RRC signaling includes issuing at least a portion of the AI / ML model transfer.

[0262] In a thirty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-first aspects, process 2100 includes emitting an LCM control signal.

[0263] In a thirty-third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-second aspects, process 2100 includes determining an AI / ML model transfer to the EU.

[0264] In a thirty-fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-third aspects, process 2100 includes issuing, to a target network node, an indication of incomplete model transfer based, at least in part, on the determination of incomplete AI / ML model transfer to the UE.

[0265] In a thirty-fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-fourth aspects, process 2100 includes issuing, to an AMF, an indication of incomplete AI / ML model transfer based, at least in part, on the determination of incomplete AI / ML model transfer to the EU.

[0266] In a thirty-sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first to thirty-fifth aspects, process 2100 includes updating AI / ML model information available in a UE context in one or more of the UE or network node.

[0267] Although Figure 21 shows example blocks of process 2100, in some respects, process 2100 may Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 93 / 267 88 / 112 include additional blocks, a smaller number of blocks, different blocks, or blocks arranged differently from those depicted in Figure 21. Alternatively, two or more of the blocks from process 2100 may be performed in parallel. [02 68] Figure 22 is a diagram of an example 2200 device for wireless communication, according to the present disclosure. The 2200 device may be a UE, or a UE may include the 2200 device. In some respects, the 2200 device includes a receiving component 2202, a transmitting component 2204, and / or a communication manager 2206, which may be in communication with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). In some respects, the communication manager 2206 is the communication manager 140 described in connection with Figure 1. As shown, the 2200 device may communicate with another 2208 device, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, a RU, or another base station), using the receiving component 2202 and the transmitting component 2204.

[0269] In some respects, apparatus 2200 can be configured to perform one or more operations described in the present invention in conjunction with Figures 4 to 19. Additionally or alternatively, apparatus 2200 can be configured to perform one or more processes described in the present invention, such as process 2000 of Figure 20. In some respects, apparatus 2200 and / or one or more components shown in Figure 22 may include one or more UE components described in relation to Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components shown in Figure 22 may be implemented within one or more components described in relation to Figure 2. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 94 / 267 89 / 112 2. Alternatively, one or more components of the component set may be implemented, at least in part, as software stored in memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transient, computer-readable medium that is executable by a controller or processor to perform the component's functions or operations.

[0270] The receiving component 2202 can receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the device 2208. The receiving component 2202 can provide received communications to one or more other components of the device 2200. In some respects, the receiving component 2202 can perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) and can provide the processed signals to one or more other components of the device 2200. In some respects, the receiving component 2202 can include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receiving processor, a controller / processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the UE described in relation to Figure 2.

[0271] The transmission component 2204 can transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the device 2208. In some respects, one or more other components of the device 2200 Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 95 / 267 90 / 112 can generate communications and can provide the generated communications to the transmitting component 2204 for transmission to the device 2208. In some aspects, the transmitting component 2204 can perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) and can transmit the processed signals to the device 2208. In some aspects, the transmitting component 2204 can include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmitting MIMO processor, a transmitting processor, a controller / processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the UE described in relation to Figure 2. In some aspects, the transmitting component 2204 can be co-located with the receiving component 2202 in a transceiver.

[0272] The communication manager 2206 can support operations of the receiving component 2202 and / or the transmitting component 2204. For example, the communication manager 2206 can receive information associated with the configuration of receiving communications from the receiving component 2202 and / or transmitting communications from the transmitting component 2204. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 2206 can generate and / or provide control information for the receiving component 2202 and / or the transmitting component 2204 to control the reception and / or transmission of communications.

[0273] The receiving component 2202 and / or the transmitting component 2204 can communicate with one of a first network node or a second network node to Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 96 / 267 91 / 112 update the available model information in a UE context on one or more of the first network node or the second network node. The receiving component 2202 can receive a model transfer via RRC signaling from one of the first network nodes or the second network node.

[0274] The transmitting component 2204 can transmit model information to the first network node. The receiving component 2202 can receive a model release instruction from the first network node. The communication manager 2206 can release one or more models indicated in the model release instruction. The communication manager 2206 can release one or more models without an indication from the first network node. The transmitting component 2204 can transmit updated model information to the first network node, the updated model information indicating the one or more available or released models. The receiving component 2202 can receive a request for available model information from the first network node. The transmitting component 2204 can transmit model information to the first network node in response to the model information request.The transmitting component 2204 can transmit an RRC resume request to the second network node. The receiving component 2202 can receive an RRC resume signal or an RRC definition signal from the second network node after transmitting the RRC resume request to the second network node and before receiving the model transfer from the second network node. The transmitting component 2204 can transmit an indication to update the available model information in a completed RRC definition message. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 97 / 267 92 / 112 a completed RRC restoration message or a completed RRC resumption message before receiving the model transfer from the second network node. The receiving component 2202 may receive an RRC reconfiguration signal from the first network node after the completion of a model transfer procedure. The transmitting component 2204 may transmit a completed RRC reconfiguration signal to the second network node to update the available model information, wherein the model transfer is received from the second network node after the transmission of the completed RRC reconfiguration signal. The receiving component 2202 may receive a model information request from the second network node after the handover procedure. The transmitting component 2204 may transmit model information to the second network node based, at least in part, on receiving the model information request from the second network node.The receiving component 2202 can receive a first configuration via a first SRB. The receiving component 2202 can receive a second configuration from the first network node via the first SRB. The receiving component 2202 can receive at least a portion of a second configuration after receiving the template transfer. The receiving component 2202 can receive an LCM control signal from the second network node. The receiving component 2202 can receive a second configuration from either the first network node or the second network node. The communication manager 2206 can apply the second configuration from the first network node until it receives the entirety of the template transfer. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 98 / 267 93 / 112

[0275] The number and arrangement of components shown in Figure 22 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, a smaller number of components, different components, or components arranged differently from those shown in Figure 22. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 22 may be implemented in a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 22 may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 22 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 22. [027 6] Figure 23 is a diagram of an example 2300 device for wireless communication, according to the present disclosure. The 2300 device may be a network node, or a network node may include the 2300 device. In some respects, the 2300 device includes a receiving component 2302, a transmitting component 2304, and / or a communication manager 2306, which may be in communication with each other (e.g., via one or more buses and / or one or more other components). In some respects, the communication manager 2306 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Figure 1. As shown, the 2300 device may communicate with another 2308 device, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or another base station), using the receiving component 2302 and the transmitting component 2304.

[0277] In some respects, the 2300 device can be configured to perform one or more of the operations described Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 99 / 267 94 / 112 in the present invention in conjunction with Figures 4 to 19. Additionally or alternatively, the device 2300 can be configured to perform one or more processes described in the present invention, such as process 2100 of Figure 21. In some aspects, the device 2300 and / or one or more components shown in Figure 23 may include one or more components of the network node described in relation to Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components shown in Figure 23 may be implemented within one or more components described in relation to Figure 2. Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the component assembly may be implemented, at least in part, in the form of software stored in a memory.For example, a component (or a portion of a component) can be implemented in the form of instructions or code stored in a non-transient, computer-readable medium that can be executed by a controller or processor to perform the component's functions or operations.

[0278] The receiving component 2302 can receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the device 2308. The receiving component 2302 can provide received communications to one or more other components of the device 2300. In some respects, the receiving component 2302 can perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, demapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) and can provide the processed signals to one or more other components. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 100 / 267 95 / 112 of device 2300. In some aspects, the receiving component 2302 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receiving processor, a controller / processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the network node described in relation to Figure 2. In some aspects, the receiving component 2302 and / or the transmitting component 2304 may include or may be included in a network interface. The network interface may be configured to obtain and / or transmit signals to device 2300 via one or more communication links, such as a backhaul link, a midhaul link, and / or a fronthaul link.

[0279] The transmission component 2304 can transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the device 2308. In some respects, one or more other components of the device 2300 can generate communications and can provide the generated communications to the transmission component 2304 for transmission to the device 2308. In some respects, the transmission component 2304 can perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) and can transmit the processed signals to the device 2308.In some respects, the 2304 transmission component may include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmission MIMO processor, a transmission processor, a controller / processor, memory, or a combination thereof, of the network node described in relation to Figure 2. In some respects, the component of... Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 101 / 267 96 / 112 transmission 2304 can be colocated with the reception component 2302 in a transceiver.

[0280] The communication manager 2306 can support operations of the receiving component 2302 and / or the transmitting component 2304. For example, the communication manager 2306 can receive information associated with the configuration of receiving communications from the receiving component 2302 and / or transmitting communications from the transmitting component 2304. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 2306 can generate and / or provide control information for the receiving component 2302 and / or the transmitting component 2304 to control the reception and / or transmission of communications.

[0281] The receiving component 2302 and / or the transmitting component 2304 can communicate with a UE. The transmitting component 2304 can send a model transfer to the UE via RRC signaling. The receiving component 2302 can receive model information sent by the UE. The transmitting component 2304 can send a model release instruction to the UE. The receiving component 2302 can receive the model release request from the UE. The receiving component 2302 can receive model information from the UE, the model information identifying one or more models released by the UE. The transmitting component 2304 can send a model information request to the UE. The receiving component 2302 can receive model information based, at least in part, on the sending of the model information request. The receiving component 2302 can receive an RRC resumption request from the UE. The transmitting component Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 102 / 267 97 / 112 Component 2304 can issue an RRC resumption signal or an RRC definition signal to the UE after receiving the RRC resumption request and before issuing the model transfer. Receiving component 2302 can receive a context response from the UE. Transmitting component 2304 can issue a completed RRC resumption signal or a completed RRC definition signal to the UE before issuing the model transfer. Transmitting component 2304 can issue an RRC reconfiguration signal to the UE after a handover procedure is completed. Receiving component 2302 can receive a completed RRC reconfiguration signal, where the model transfer is issued to the UE based, at least in part, on the receipt of the completed RRC reconfiguration signal. Transmitting component 2304 can issue a model information request to the UE after a handover procedure is completed.

[0282] The receiving component 2302 can receive model information based, at least in part, on the transmission of the model information request. The transmitting component 2304 can transmit, to the UE, a first configuration via a first SRB. The transmitting component 2304 can transmit a second configuration to the UE via the first SRB. The transmitting component 2304 can transmit at least a portion of a second configuration after transmitting the model transfer. The transmitting component 2304 can transmit an LCM control signal. The communication manager 2306 can determine an incomplete model transfer to the UE. The transmitting component 2304 can transmit, to a target network node, an indication of incomplete model transfer based, at least on Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 103 / 267 98 / 112 part, in determining the incomplete model transfer to the UE. The transmission component 2304 can issue, to an AMF, an indication of incomplete model transfer based, at least in part, on the determination of incomplete model transfer to the UE. The communication manager 2306 can update the model information available in a UE context in one or more of the UE or network nodes.

[0283] The number and arrangement of components shown in Figure 23 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, a smaller number of components, different components, or components arranged differently from those shown in Figure 23. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 23 may be implemented in a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 23 may be implemented as multiple distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 23 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 23.

[0284] The following is an overview of some aspects of this disclosure:

[0285] Aspect 1: A wireless communication method implemented by a UE, comprising: communicating with one of a first network node or a second network node to update the model information available in a UE context on one or more of the first network nodes or the second network nodes; and receiving, from one of the first Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 104 / 267 99 / 112 network node or the second network node, a model transfer via RRC signaling. [028 6] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, additionally comprising transmitting the model information to the first network node.

[0287] Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 2, additionally comprising receiving a template release instruction from the first network node.

[0288] Aspect 4: The method of Aspect 3, additionally comprising releasing one or more models indicated in the model release instruction.

[0289] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 3, additionally comprising transmitting a template release request to the first network node.

[0290] Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 5, in which the receipt of the model release instruction occurs after the transmission of the model release request to the first network node.

[0291] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 6, additionally comprising releasing one or more models without an indication of the first network node.

[0292] Aspect 8: The method of Aspect 7, additionally comprising transmitting available model information to the first network node, the model information indicating the one or more available or released models.

[0293] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 8, additionally comprising receiving, from the first network node, a request for model information. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 105 / 267 100 / 112

[0294] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, additionally comprising transmitting the model information to the first network node in response to the request for model information.

[0295] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 10, additionally comprising: transmitting an RRC resumption request to the second network node.

[0296] Aspect 12: The method of Aspect 11, wherein receiving the template transfer includes receiving the template transfer from the second network node based, at least in part, on the transmission of the RRC resume request to the second network node. [02 97] Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 12, additionally comprising receiving the model transfer from the second network node after completion of an RRC definition procedure, an RRC restoration procedure or an RRC resumption procedure.

[0298] Aspect 14: The method of Aspect 12, further comprising transmitting an indication to update the available model information in a completed RRC definition message, a completed RRC reset message, or a completed RRC resume message to the second network node before receiving the model transfer from the second network node.

[0299] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein communication with either the first network node or the second network node includes communication with the first network node before a handover is performed and communication with the second network node after the handover procedure is completed. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 106 / 267 101 / 112

[0300] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 15, in which receiving the model transfer from either the first network node or the second network node includes receiving the model transfer from the first network node before the handover procedure.

[0301] Aspect 17: The method of Aspect 15, further comprising receiving an RRC reconfiguration signal from the first network node after completion of a template transfer procedure.

[0302] Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 15, in which receiving the model transfer from either the first or second network node includes receiving the model transfer from the second network node after the handover procedure.

[0303] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 18, further comprising transmitting a completed RRC reconfiguration signal to the second network node to update available model information, wherein the model transfer is received from the second network node after the transmission of the completed RRC reconfiguration signal.

[0304] Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 15, additionally comprising receiving a model information request from the second network node after the handover procedure.

[0305] Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 20, additionally comprising model information to the second network node based, at least in part, on receiving the model information request from the second network node. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 107 / 267 102 / 112

[0306] Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 21, additionally comprising receiving a first configuration via a first SRB.

[0307] Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 22, in which receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving the first configuration, the second configuration, and the model transfer from the first network node via the first SRB.

[0308] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 23, additionally comprising receiving a second configuration from the first network node via the first SRB.

[0309] Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 22, in which receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving a first configuration and a second configuration from the first network node via the first SRB and the model transfer via a second SRB.

[0310] Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 25, in which the first SRB has a higher priority than the second SRB.

[0311] Aspect 27: The method of Aspect 22, in which receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the model transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving the model transfer via a second SRB.

[0312] Aspect 28: The method of Aspect 27, where receiving the first configuration includes receiving the second configuration via the first SRB when the model transfer cannot be completed before the completion of a handover procedure. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 108 / 267 103 / 112

[0313] Aspect 29: The method of Aspect 28, additionally comprising receiving at least a portion of a second configuration after receiving the model transfer.

[0314] Aspect 30: The method of Aspect 28, where the first SRB has higher priority than the second SRB.

[0315] Aspect 31: The method of Aspect 22, in which receiving the model occurs before receiving the first configuration.

[0316] Aspect 32: The method of Aspect 24, additionally comprising receiving an LCM control signal from the second network node.

[0317] Aspect 33: The method of Aspect 22, in which receiving, from either the first network node or the second network node, the model transfer via RRC signaling includes receiving at least a portion of the model transfer from the first network node and at least a portion of the model transfer from the second network node when the model transfer cannot be completed before the completion of a handover procedure.

[0318] Aspect 34: The method of Aspect 33, additionally comprising receiving a second configuration from the first network node or the second network node.

[0319] Aspect 35: The method of Aspect 34, additionally comprising applying the second configuration of the first network node until a complete model transfer is received.

[0320] Aspect 36: A wireless communication method implemented by a network node, comprising: a Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 109 / 267 104 / 112 communication with an EU; and the transmission, to the EU, of an AI / ML template transfer via RRC signaling.

[0321] Aspect 37: The method of Aspect 36, additionally comprising receiving information from AI / ML model information issued by the EU.

[0322] Aspect 38: The method of Aspect 37, additionally comprising issuing an AI / ML model release instruction to the EU.

[0323] Aspect 39: The method of Aspect 38, where the AI / ML template release instruction configures the UE to release one or more AI / ML templates.

[0324] Aspect 40: The method of Aspect 38, additionally comprising receiving an AI / ML model release request from the EU.

[0325] Aspect 41: The method of Aspect 40, in which the issuance of the AI / ML model release instruction occurs based, at least in part, on the receipt of the AI / ML model release request.

[0326] Aspect 42: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 41, further comprising receiving model information from the EU, AI / ML model information identifying one or more AI / ML models released by the EU.

[0327] Aspect 43: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 42, additionally comprising issuing to the EU a request for AI / ML model information.

[0328] Aspect 44: The method of Aspect 43, further comprising receiving AI / ML model information based, at least in part, on the issuance of the AI / ML model information request. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 110 / 267 105 / 112

[0329] Aspect 45: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 44, additionally comprising receiving from the EU a request to resume RRC.

[0330] Aspect 46: The method of Aspect 45, whereby the issuance of the AI / ML model transfer includes the issuance of the AI / ML model transfer based, at least in part, on receipt of the RRC resumption request.

[0331] Aspect 47: The method of Aspect 46, further comprising issuing an RRC resumption signal or an RRC definition signal to the UE after receiving the RRC resumption request and before issuing the AI / ML template transfer.

[0332] Aspect 48: The method of Aspect 47, additionally comprising receiving a context response from the EU.

[0333] Aspect 49: The method of Aspect 48, in which the transmission of the RRC resumption signal or the RRC definition signal is based, at least in part, on the receipt of the EU context response.

[0334] Aspect 50: The method of Aspect 46, additionally comprising issuing a completed RRC resumption signal or a completed RRC definition signal to the UE before issuing the AI / ML model transfer.

[0335] Aspect 51: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 50, in which communication with the EU takes place based, at least in part, on a handover procedure.

[0336] Aspect 52: The method of Aspect 51, additionally comprising the transmission of an RRC reconfiguration signal to the UE after completion of a handover procedure. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 111 / 267 106 / 112

[0337] Aspect 53: The method of Aspect 51, where the issuance of the AI / ML model transfer includes the issuance of the AI / ML model transfer after the completion of a handover procedure.

[0338] Aspect 54: The method of Aspect 53, further comprising receiving a completed RRC reconfiguration signal, wherein the AI / ML model transfer is issued to the UE based, at least in part, on the receipt of the completed RRC reconfiguration signal.

[0339] Aspect 55: The method of Aspect 51, additionally comprising issuing a request for AI / ML model information to the UE after completion of a handover procedure.

[0340] Aspect 56: The method of Aspect 55, further comprising receiving AI / ML model information based, at least in part, on the issuance of the AI / ML model information request.

[0341] Aspect 57: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 56, additionally comprising issuing, to the UE, a first configuration via a first SRB.

[0342] Aspect 58: The method of Aspect 57, whereby the transmission, to the UE, of the AI / ML model transfer via RRC signaling includes the transmission of the AI / ML model transfer to the UE via the first SRB.

[0343] Aspect 59: The method of Aspect 58, additionally comprising the transmission of a second configuration to the UE via the first SRB.

[0344] Aspect 60: The method of Aspect 57, whereby the issuance, to the EU, of the AI / ML model transfer Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 112 / 267 107 / 112 via RRC signaling includes the transmission of a first configuration and a second configuration via the first SRB and the transfer of the AI / ML model via a second SRB.

[0345] Aspect 61: The Aspect 60 method, where the first SRB has higher priority than the second SRB.

[0346] Aspect 62: The method of Aspect 57, whereby the issuance, to the UE, of AI / ML template transfer via RRC signaling includes the issuance of the template transfer via the first SRB.

[0347] Aspect 63: The method of Aspect 62, where the emission of the first configuration includes the emission of at least a portion of the first configuration via the first SRB. [034 8] Aspect 64: The method of Aspect 63, additionally comprising the output of at least a portion of a second configuration after the output of the AI / ML template transfer.

[0349] Aspect 65: The method of Aspect 63, where the first SRB has higher priority than the second SRB.

[0350] Aspect 66: The method of Aspect 57, in which the model transfer is issued before the first configuration is issued.

[0351] Aspect 67: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 66, whereby the transmission, to the EU, of the AI / ML template transfer via RRC signaling includes the transmission of at least a portion of the AI / ML template transfer.

[0352] Aspect 68: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 67, further comprising emitting an LCM control signal. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 113 / 267 108 / 112

[0353] Aspect 69: The method of Aspect 38, additionally comprising determining an incomplete AI / ML model transfer to the UE.

[0354] Aspect 70: The method of Aspect 69, further comprising issuing, to a target network node, an indication of incomplete AI / ML model transfer based, at least in part, on the determination of incomplete AI / ML model transfer to the UE.

[0355] Aspect 71: The method of Aspect 69, further comprising issuing, for an access and mobility management (AMF) function, an indication of incomplete AI / ML model transfer based, at least in part, on the determination of incomplete AI / ML model transfer to the UE.

[0356] Aspect 72: The method of any of Aspects 36 to 71, additionally comprising updating model information available in a UE context in one or more of the UE or network nodes.

[0357] Aspect 73: An apparatus for wireless communication in a device comprising a processor; memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in memory and executable by the processor to make the apparatus perform the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 72.

[0358] Aspect 74: A device for wireless communication, comprising a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory, wherein the one or more processors are configured to perform the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 72. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 114 / 267 109 / 112

[0359] Aspect 75: A wireless communication apparatus comprising at least one means for carrying out the method of one or more of aspects 1 to 72.

[0360] Aspect 76: A non-transient, computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, wherein the code comprises instructions executable by a processor to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1 to 72.

[0361] Aspect 77: A non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication, the instruction set comprising one or more instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1 to 72.

[0362] The aforementioned disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.

[0363] As used in the present invention, the term component is intended to be broadly interpreted as hardware and / or a combination of hardware and software. The term software should be interpreted broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, execution threads, procedures and / or functions, among other examples, whether called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, programming language. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 115 / 267 110 / 112 Hardware description or otherwise. As used in the present invention, a processor is implemented in hardware and / or in a combination of hardware and software. It will be evident that the systems and / or methods described in the present invention can be implemented in different forms of hardware and / or in a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limiting aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods are described in the present invention without reference to specific software code, as those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems and / or methods based, at least in part, on the description in the present invention.

[0364] As used in the present invention, satisfying a threshold may, depending on the context, refer to a value that is greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, or similar.

[0365] Although particular combinations of attributes are mentioned in the claims and / or disclosed in the descriptive report, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these attributes can be combined in ways not specifically mentioned in the claims and / or disclosed in the descriptive report. Disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with each other claim in the set of claims. As used in the present invention, an expression referring to Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 116 / 267 111 / 112 at least one of a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including unique members. For example, at least one of: a, b or c is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c and c + c + c, or any other order of a, b and c).

[0366] No element, action, or instruction used in the present invention should be interpreted as critical or essential, except when explicitly described as such. Also, as used in the present invention, the articles "a" and "an" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more". Additionally, as used in the present invention, the article "the" or "a" is intended to include one or more items mentioned in conjunction with the article "the" or "a", and may be used interchangeably with "one or more" or "an or more". Furthermore, as used in the present invention, the terms "set" and "group" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more". Where only one item is intended, the phrase "only one" or similar language is used.Also, as used in the present invention, the terms have, have, that has, or similar terms are intended to be non-limiting terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element that has A may also have B). Additionally, the phrase based on is intended to mean based, at least in part, on, except where specifically indicated otherwise. Also, as used in the present invention, the term or if. Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 117 / 267 112 / 112 is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with and / or, except where specifically indicated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with either or only one of). Petition 870250086048, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 118 / 267

Claims

1 / 8 CLAIMS 1. User equipment (UE) for wireless communication characterized by comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, coupled to the memory, configured to: communicate with one of a first network node or a second network node to update the model information available in a UE context in one or more of the first network node or the second network node; and receive, from one of the first network node or the second network node, a model transfer via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

2. A UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to transmit available model information to the first network node.

3. A UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to receive a template release instruction from the first network node.

4. EU, according to claim 3, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to release one or more models indicated in the model release instruction.

5. EU, according to claim 3, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to: transmit a template release request to the first network node, Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, p. 232 / 267 2 / 8 wherein receipt of the template release instruction occurs after transmission of the template release request to the first network node.

6. A UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to: release one or more models without an indication from the first network node; and transmit updated model information to the first network node, the updated model information indicating the one or more available or released models.

7. A UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the RRC signaling includes one or more of an RRC definition message, an RRC restoration message, or an RRC resumption message, and wherein the one or more processors, to receive the model transfer via RRC signaling, are configured to receive the model transfer from the second network node as a result of transmitting an RRC definition request, an RRC restoration request, or an RRC resumption request to the second network node.

8. A UE, according to claim 7, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to receive the template transfer from the second network node after the completion of an RRC definition procedure, an RRC restoration procedure, or an RRC resumption procedure.

9. EU, according to claim 7, characterized in that one or more processors are Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, page 233 / 267 3 / 8 additionally configured to transmit an indication to update available model information in a completed RRC definition message, a completed RRC reset message, or a completed RRC resume message before receiving the model transfer from the second network node.

10. A UE, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors, to communicate with one of the first network nodes or the second network node, are configured to communicate with the first network node before a handover execution and to communicate with the second network node after the handover execution, the communications with the first network node and the communications with the second network node including model transfer information.

11. A UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more processors, to receive the model transfer from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, are configured to receive the model from the first network node before the handover is performed.

12. UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to receive an RRC reconfiguration signal from the first network node after completion of a template transfer procedure.

13. A UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more processors, to receive the model transfer from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, are configured to: Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, pp. 234 / 267 4 / 8 receive the model from the second network node after the handover has been performed; and transmit a completed RRC reconfiguration signal to the second network node to update the available model information, wherein the model is received from the second network node after the transmission of the completed RRC reconfiguration signal.

14. A UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to: receive a request for available model information from the second network node after handover has been performed; and transmit the available model information to the second network node based, at least in part, on receiving the model information request from the second network node.

15. A UE, according to claim 10, characterized in that one or more processors are configured to receive a lifecycle management control signal from the second network node after the execution of handover from the first network node to the second network node.

16. EU, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to receive a first configuration and message via a first signaling radio carrier (SRB). Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, pp. 235 / 267 5 / 8 17. A UE, according to claim 16, characterized in that one or more processors, to receive the template transfer from one of the first network nodes or the second network node via RRC signaling, are configured to: receive a second configuration from the first network node; and apply the second configuration from the first network node until receiving a complete template transfer.

18. A UE, according to claim 16, characterized in that one or more processors, to receive the template transfer from one of the first network nodes or the second network node via RRC signaling, are configured to receive the first configuration, a second configuration, and the template transfer from the first network node via the first SRB.

19. A UE, according to claim 16, characterized in that one or more processors, to receive, from one of the first network nodes or the second network node, the template transfer via RRC signaling, are configured to receive a first configuration and a second configuration from the first network node via the first SRB and the template transfer via a second SRB.

20. EU, according to claim 16, characterized in that one or more processors are configured to receive a second configuration via the first SRB when the model transfer cannot be completed before the execution of a handover procedure. Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, pp. 236 / 267 6 / 8 21. A UE, according to claim 16, characterized in that one or more processors, to receive the model transfer from one of the first network nodes or the second network node via RRC signaling, are configured to receive at least a portion of the model transfer from the first network node and at least a portion of the model transfer from the second network node when the model transfer cannot be completed before the execution of a handover procedure.

22. EU, according to claim 16, characterized in that one or more processors are configured to receive the model before receiving the first configuration.

23. Network node for wireless communication characterized by comprising: a memory; and one or more processors, coupled to the memory, configured to: communicate with a user device (UD); transmit, to the UD, an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model transfer via radio resource control (RRC) signaling; receive an AI / ML model release request from the UD; and transmit an AI / ML model release instruction to the UD to configure the UD to release one or more AI / ML models.

24. Network node, according to claim 23, characterized in that one or more processors are additionally configured to transmit, to the UE, a Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, page 237 / 267 7 / 8 first configuration and a message via a first signaling radio carrier (SRB), wherein the one or more processors, to transmit the AI / ML template transfer to the UE via RRC signaling, are configured to transmit the AI / ML template transfer to the UE via the first SRB.

25. Network node, according to claim 23, characterized in that one or more processors, for issuing the AI / ML model transfer to the UE via RRC signaling, are configured to issue at least a portion of the model transfer.

26. Wireless communication method performed by a user device (UD) characterized by comprising: communicating with one of a first network node or a second network node to update information from artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) models available in an UD context on one or more of the first network nodes or the second network nodes; and receiving, from one of the first network nodes or the second network nodes, an AI / ML model transfer via radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

27. A method according to claim 26, characterized by further comprising: transmitting an AI / ML template release request to the first network node; and receiving an AI / ML template release instruction after transmitting the AI / ML template release request to the first network node.

28. Method according to claim 26, characterized by receiving the AI / ML template transfer from one of the first network nodes or the second network node including: receiving a configuration from the first network node; and applying the configuration from the first network node until receiving a complete AI / ML template transfer.

29. Wireless communication method performed by a network node characterized by comprising: communicating with a user equipment (UE); issuing, to the UE, an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model transfer via radio resource control (RRC) signaling; receiving an AI / ML model release request from the UE; and issuing an AI / ML model release instruction to the UE, wherein the AI / ML model release instruction configures the UE to release one or more AI / ML models.

30. Method according to claim 29, characterized by further comprising configuring the UE to: receive a configuration; and apply the configuration until the UE receives a complete AI / ML model transfer. Petition 870250086048, dated 23 / 09 / 2025, pp. 239 / 267

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