Methods for layer 1 / 2 driven mobility (LTM) with network energy saving (NES)

Description

1 / 81 METHODS FOR LAYER 1 / 2-DRIVEN MOBILITY (LTM) WITH NETWORK ENERGY SAVINGS (NES) Cross-reference to related requests

[001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 457,059, filed April 4, 2023, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[002] LTM may involve the use of lower-layer L1 / 2 signaling for procedures associated with the transfer, such as measurement reports. This may involve the use of MAC control elements (CE) as opposed to the use of L3 RRC messages. For example, instead of a base station sending an RRC reconfiguration message to a WTRU, a MAC-CE may be sent. In one example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more transfer parameters, such as different candidate cells for transfer; the base station may send a MAC-CE indicating to the WTRU which configuration to use for the transfer. Furthermore, the base station's decision to trigger a transfer may be made based on Layer 1 measurements, such as CSI-RS, rather than relying on the RRC measurement report message.

[003] A network energy savings (NES) can be associated with a cell, indicating a power-saving state of the base station. A cell in the NES off state may represent that the cell is switched off, for example, when the base station's baseband hardware is completely switched off. A cell in the active NES state may represent that the cell is operating normally. A WTRU can determine whether it can transmit or receive on a cell based on the cell's NES state. SUMMARY

[004] In a system, method and / or device, network energy saving Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 10 / 119 2 / 81 is taken into account when determining the management of candidate cell selection during mobility events. In a system, there may be a method to configure a device with network power saving information, which may determine reports and subsequent changes. Additionally, there may be system information blocks and / or common group indications for conditional changes to network power saving cells. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[005] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where similar reference numbers in the figures indicate similar elements, and where:

[006] FIG. 1A is a system diagram that illustrates an example communications system in which one or more advertised modes can be implemented;

[007] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example of a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to one or more techniques disclosed in the present invention.

[008] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to one or more techniques disclosed in the present invention.

[009] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating another example of RAN and another example of CN that can be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to one or more techniques disclosed in the present invention.

[010] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a measurement model. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 11 / 119 3 / 81

[011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of LTM operation using Carrier Aggregation (CA).

[012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a basic LTM procedure.

[013] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an LTM configuration update based on a common indication update.

[014] NES state of the cells.

[015] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of the interaction between NES states and LTM operation.

[016] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a dedicated and dynamic indication to enable / disable different LTM neighbors based on the NES state.

[017] FIG. 8 illustrates an example in which a cell change command contains an indication of the NES state for the cell sending the cell change command.

[018] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example of a WTRU LTM procedure while a WTRU receives common signaling with an NES indication.

[019] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example of group common NES indication and WTRU reporting when the SpCell enters the cell shutdown NES state.

[020] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example of LTM updates with NES indication(s) based on SIB and

[021] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of an example of LTM updates with NES indication based on SIB and conditional LTM. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[022] Table 1 below lists one or more abbreviations that may be used in the present invention. Table 1: Acronyms Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 12 / 119 4 / 81 ACK Acknowledgment BLER Block Error Rate 3WP Bandwidth Share CA Carrier Aggregation CAP Channel Access Priority CAPC Channel Access Priority Class CC Composite Carriers CCA Free Channel Evaluation CCE Control Channel Element CE Control Element CG Configured Grant or Cell Group CHO Conditional Handover CP Cyclic Prefix CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (based on cyclic prefix) CPA Conditional PsCell Addition CP AC Conditional PsCell Addition / Change PCC Conditional PsCell Change CQI Channel Quality Indicator CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel Status Information CU Central Unit CW Contention Window CWS Contention Window Size CO Channel Occupancy DAI Downlink Assignment Index DC Dual Connectivity DCI Downlink Control Information DFI Downlink Feedback Information Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 13 / 119 5 / 81 DG Dynamic Grant DL Downlink DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal DRB Data Radio Carrier DU Distributed Unit eLAA Enhanced License-Assisted Access FeLAA Further Enhanced License-Assisted Access HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request LAA License-Assisted Access LBT Listen Before You Speak LTE Long-term evolution, e.g., from 3GPP LTE R8 and above LTM L1 / 2 Enabled Mobility NACK Negative ACK NR New Radio MAC Medium Access Control MCG Master Cell Group MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MIMO Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs NES Network Energy Saving NR New Radio OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing PCell Primary Cell PCI Cell Physical Identity PHY Physical Layer PID Process ID PO Paging Occasion PRACH Random Access Physical Channel PSCelI Primary SCG Cell Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 14 / 119 6 / 81 PSS Primary synchronization signal RA Random access (or procedure) RACH Random access channel RAR Random access response RCU Radio access network central unit RF Radio front-end RLC Radio link control RLF Radio link fault RLM Radio link monitoring RNTI Radio network identifier RO Occasion RACH RRC Radio resource control RRM Radio Resource Management RS Reference signal RSRP Received reference signal strength RSSI Received signal strength indicator Scell ​​Secondary cell SCG Secondary cell group SCS Subcarrier spacing SDU Service data unit SpCell Special cell - Refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG,depending on whether the MAC entity is associated with the MCG or the SCG SRS Probing reference signal SS Synchronization signal SSB Synchronization signal block SSS Secondary synchronization signal swc Shift gap (in an independent subframe) SPS Semi-persistent scaling SUL Supplementary uplink, Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 15 / 119 7 / 81 TB Transport Block TBS Transport Block Size TCI Transmission Configuration Indication TRP Transmission / Reception Point TSC Time-Sensitive Communications TSN Time-Sensitive Network UL Uplink URLLC Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications WBWP Wideband Part WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and Related Technologies (IEEE 802.xx domain)

[023] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed modalities can be implemented. The communications system 100 can be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messages, streaming, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 can allow multiple wireless users to access this content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth.For example, 100 communication systems may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailed single-word (UW) discrete Fourier transform (ZT) propagation OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-S-OFDM), single-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), feature block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[024] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 16 / 119 8 / 81 a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network (ON) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is recognized that the disclosed embodiments encompass any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station and / or a STA, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device,A watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated process chain contexts), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as UE.

[025] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interact with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106, the Internet 110 and / or the networks 112. By way of example, base radio stations 114a and 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNode B (eNB), a Home NodeB, a Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 17 / 119 9 / 81 Home eNode B, a next-generation NodeB station, such as a gNode B (gNB), a new radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, among others. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each represented as a single element, it will be recognized that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[026] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be called a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service for a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cellular sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[027] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d by means of an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 18 / 119 10 / 81 ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The 116 air interface can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[028] More specifically, as noted above, communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the like. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[029] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[030] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology, such as NR radio access, which can establish the 116 air interface using NR.

[031] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using dual connectivity principles (dual connection, DC). Thus, the air interface used by Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 19 / 119 11 / 81 WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[032] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and the like.

[033] Base station 114b in FIG. 1A can be a wireless router, home Node-B, home eNode-B, or access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a workplace, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a highway, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another mode, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can use a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.).) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via CN 106.

[034] RAN 104 may be in communication with CN 106, which may be Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 20 / 119 12 / 81 Any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be recognized that RAN 104 and / or CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs employing the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT.For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104, which may be using NR radio technology, CN 106 may also be communicating with another RAN (not shown) employing any of the following radio technologies: GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi.

[035] CN 106 can also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and / or Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different one. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 21 / 119 13 / 81 Different RAT.

[036] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multimode capabilities (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communication with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[037] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example of a WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136 and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be recognized that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements, remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[038] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate array circuits (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that allows WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 22 / 119 14 / 81 Although FIG. 1B depicts processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be recognized that processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[039] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive infrared, ultraviolet, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be recognized that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[040] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is shown in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[041] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capabilities. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[042] The WTRU 102 118 processor can be coupled and can receive Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 23 / 119 15 / 81 User input data from the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information and store data in any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a memory card, a Secure Digital Memory Card (SD), and the like.In other configurations, the 118 processor can access information and store data in memory that is not physically located in the WTRU 102, such as in a server or a home computer (not shown).

[043] Processor 118 can receive power from power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in WTRU 102. Power source 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[044] Processor 118 can also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which can be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from GPS chipset 136, WTRU 102 can receive location information via air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 24 / 119 16 / 81 received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be recognized that WTRU 102 may acquire location information through any suitable method of location determination, remaining consistent with a

[045] The processor 118 may additionally be coupled with other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass (e-compass), a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for stills and / or video), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker and the like. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors.Sensors can be one or more of the following: gyroscope, accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, magnetometer, orientation sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, time sensor, geolocation sensor, altimeter, light sensor, touch sensor, magnetometer, barometer, gesture sensor, biometric sensor, humidity sensor, and similar sensors.

[046] A WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio, in which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with certain subframes) on both the uplink UL, for transmission, and the downlink DL (e.g., for reception) may occur concurrently and / or simultaneously. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 25 / 119 17 / 81 middle of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink DL (e.g., for reception)) are permitted.

[047] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one mode. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ radio technology - UTRA - to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also be in communication with CN 106.

[048] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is possible that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs, remaining consistent with one embodiment. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals and receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a.

[049] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) user scheduling, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[050] CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164 and a packet data network gateway. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 26 / 119 18 / 81 (PDN - Packet Data Network) (PGW) 166. Although the above elements are described as part of CN 106, it will be recognized that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[051] MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, carrier activation / deactivation, selecting a specific service gateway during an initial connection from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and similar functions. MME 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[052] SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during transfers between eNode-Bs, triggering paging when DL data is available to WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and similar.

[053] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[054] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional landline communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, a gateway. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 27 / 119 19 / 81 of IP (for example, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 106 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[055] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[056] In representative modalities, the other 112 network may be a WLAN.

[057] A WL XN in Basic Services Infrastructure Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a Distribution System (DS) or other type of wired / wireless network that carries inbound and / or outbound traffic from the BSS. Traffic to STAs originating outside the BSS may arrive via the AP and be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent via the AP, for example, where the originating STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a Direct Link System (DLS) configuration.In certain representative configurations, DLS may use either 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to here as the mode of. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 28 / 119 20 / 81 ad-hoc communication.

[058] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically defined width. The primary channel can be the BSS's operating channel and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier-sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, that specific STA can back off. An STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any time on a given BSS.

[059] High-throughput (HT) STAs can use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, by combining the 20 MHz primary channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[060] High-throughput STAs (VHTs) can support channels of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz width. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be called an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. The streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and the Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 29 / 119 21 / 81 data can be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiving STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, etc.

[061] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Operating channel and carrier bandwidths are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11ne and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV whitespace spectrum (TVWS), and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah supports meter-type machine / control type communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain features, for example, limited features, including support for (e.g., support only for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a lifespan exceeding a certain limit (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[062] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the highest common operational bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be defined and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS, that supports the lowest bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier and / or vector sensing settings Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 30 / 119 22 / 81 Network Allocation Values ​​(NAV) may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which only supports a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands may be considered occupied, even if most of the available frequency bands remain idle.

[063] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[064] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one mode. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also be in communication with CN 106.

[065] RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it is possible that RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with a mode. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In a mode, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may use beamforming to transmit signals and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be in Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 31 / 119 23 / 81 unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[066] WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or with varying absolute time lengths).

[067] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone and / or non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility docking point. In a standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating with / connecting to other RANs, such as eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more other RANs. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 32 / 119 24 / 81 plus eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[068] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity (DC), interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[069] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although the above elements are described as part of CN 106, it will be recognized that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[070] The AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N2 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing the log area, terminating non-access stratum signaling (NAS), Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 33 / 119 25 / 81 Mobility Management and similar. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a, 182b to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low-latency access (URLLC), services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and similar. AMF 182a, 182b can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[071] SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b on CN 106 via an N11 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b on CN 106 via an N4 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can select and control UPF 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing through UPF 184a, 184b. SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing downlink data (DL) notifications, and the like. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[072] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, support for multihomed PDU sessions, user plane QoS handling, downlink packet buffering (DL), provisioning of Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 34 / 119 26 / 81 Mobility anchoring and similar.

[073] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 106 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b through the N3 interface to UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b.

[074] In view of FIGS. 1A-1D, and the corresponding description in FIGS. 1A1-D, one or more, or all, of the functions described in the present invention with respect to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185ab and / or any other devices described in this invention may be performed by one or more devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described in this invention. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[075] Emulation devices can be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices can perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being wholly or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices can perform one or more, Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 35 / 119 27 / 81 or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or conducting tests using wireless communications.

[076] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all, without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices may be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or an undeployed wired and / or wireless communication network (e.g., test) to implement tests of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[077] In RRC_CONNECTED, a WTRU can detect and measure one or more beams from a cell, and the measurement results (e.g., power values) can be calculated to derive cell quality. The WTRU can be configured to consider a subset of the detected beams. Filtering of results can occur at two different levels: at the physical layer, to derive beam quality for each detected beam, and at the RRC layer, to derive cell quality based on the multiple detected beams. Cell quality from beam measurements can be derived in the same way for the service cell(s) and for the non-service cell(s). Measurement reports can contain measurement results for the top X beams if the WTRU is configured to do so by the base station.

[078] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a measurement model.

[079] As shown in FIG. 2, the specific samples of beam (A) Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 36 / 119 28 / 81 may represent measurements internal to the physical layer 201. Specific beam samples (A) may be the input for a layer 1 filter 202. The exact filtering may vary depending on the implementation choice. The process used to perform measurements in the physical layer may vary (e.g., inputs A and layer 1 filtering may be implementation-specific).

[080] The output of layer 1 filtering, A1203, can be reported by layer 1 up to layer 3211.

[081] Beam consolidation / selection 204 can be used to consolidate specific beam measurements to derive cell quality 205. The behavior of beam consolidation / selection 204 can be standardized, and the configuration of this module can be provided by RRC signaling. Cell quality, B 205, can be derived from specific beam measurements reported to layer 3 after beam consolidation / selection 205. The reporting period in B 205 can be equal to a measurement period in A1203.

[082] Additional layer 3 filtering 206 for cell quality 205 can be performed on measurements provided at point B 205. The behavior of the layer 3 filters can be standardized and the configuration of the layer 3 filters can be provided by the RRC signaling. The filtering report period at C 207 can be equal to a measurement period at B 205.

[083] The result after a measurement is processed by the layer 3 filter is represented by C in FIG. 2 207. The reporting rate may be identical to the reporting rate at point B 205. This measurement may be used as input for one or more reporting criteria assessments 208.

[084] The assessment of reporting criteria 208 may be the process of verifying whether a measurement report is required at point D 209. The assessment may be based on more than one stream of measurements at reference point C 207, for example, to compare between different measurements. This is illustrated by entry C 207 Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 37 / 119 29 / 81 and C1210. WTRU can evaluate the reporting criteria at least whenever a new measurement result is reported at point C207, or C1210. The reporting criteria can be standardized and the configuration can be provided by the RRC signaling (e.g., WTRU measurement reporting configuration).

[085] D 209, as shown in FIG. 2, represents the measurement report information sent on the radio interface (e.g., in a message)

[086] L3 211 beam filtering can be performed on the measurements provided at point A1203 (e.g., on beam-specific measurements). The behavior of the beam filters can be standardized and the beam filter configuration can be provided by the RRC signaling. The filtering period of the report at E can be equal to a measurement period at A1.

[087] E 212 represents measurements (e.g., beam-specific measurement) after processing in beam filter L3 211. These measurements are associated with beams K 215. The notification rate may be identical to the notification rate at point A1203.

[088] The beam selection process 213 may result in the selection of beams X 214 from the beam measurements K 215 provided at point E 212, resulting in the measurement at point F 216. The beam selection behavior may be standardized and the configuration of this module may be provided by the RRC signaling.

[089] F 216 represents beam measurement information included in a measurement report (e.g., sent) on the radio interface.

[090] Layer 1 filtering may employ a certain level of measurement averaging. How and when the WTRU performs exactly the necessary measurements may be implementation-specific and may be based on some predetermined performance requirements of the output at B 205. Layer 3 filtering for cell quality 206 and associated parameters may ideally introduce no delay in sample availability between B 205 and C 207. C1210 is the input Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 38 / 119 30 / 81 used in the event assessment for reporting criterion 208. The L3 beam filtering 211 and associated parameters must ideally not introduce any delay in sample availability between E 212 and F 216.

[091] Measurement reports can be characterized in one or more ways. For example: measurement reports can include the measurement identity of the associated measurement configuration that triggered the report; measurement quantities of cells and beams can be included in measurement reports that can be configured by the network; the number of unattended cells to be reported can be limited through configuration by the network; cells belonging to an exclusion list configured by the network cannot be used in event evaluation and reporting, and conversely, when an allow list is configured by the network, only cells belonging to the allow list can be used in event evaluation and reporting; beam measurements to be included in measurement reports can be configured by the network (e.g., beam identifier only, measurement result and beam identifier, no beam report, etc.).

[092] Intrafrequency neighboring cell measurements and interfrequency neighboring cell measurements can be based on one or more definitions. For example, for intrafrequency measurement based on Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) beams, a measurement can be defined as an SSB-based intrafrequency measurement, provided that the center frequency of the service cell's SSB and the center frequency of the neighboring cell's SSB are the same, and the subcarrier spacing of the two SSBs is also the same. For example, for interfrequency measurement based on SSBs, a measurement can be defined as an interfrequency measurement based on SSB, provided that the center frequency of the service cell's SSB and the center frequency of the neighboring cell's SSB are different, or the subcarrier spacing of the two SSBs is different (for example, for SSB-based measurements, a measurement object can correspond Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 39 / 11931 / 81 to an SSB and WTRU considers different SSBs as different cells). For example, for channel state information - interfrequency measurement based on reference signal (CSI-RS), a measurement can be defined as an interfrequency measurement based on CSI-RS if it is not an intrafrequency measurement based on CSI-RS (e.g., the extended cyclic (CP) prefix for CSI-RS-based measurement may not be supported in all cases).For example, for intrafrequency measurement based on CSI-RS, a measurement can be defined as an intrafrequency measurement based on CSI-RS, provided that one or more conditions are met: the subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the CSI-RS resources in the neighboring cell configured for measurement is the same as the SCS of the CSI-RS resources in the server cell indicated for measurement; for a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz, the cyclic prefix type (CP) of the CSI-RS resources in the neighboring cell configured for measurement is the same as the CP type of the CSI-RS resources in the server cell indicated for measurement; and / or the center frequency of the CSI-RS resources in the neighboring cell configured for measurement is the same as the center frequency of the CSI-RS resource in the server cell indicated for measurement.

[093] Whether a measurement is gap-assisted or not may depend on the WTRU's capacity, the active bandwidth portion (BWP) of the WTRU, and / or the current operating frequency. For example, for SSB-based interfrequency measurement, if measurement gap requirement information is reported by the WTRU, a measurement gap configuration can be provided accordingly. A measurement gap configuration can be provided in the following cases: if the WTRU only supports WTRU-based measurement gaps; if the WTRU supports frequency band (FR) measurement gaps and any of the service cells are in the same frequency band as the measurement object. In another example, for SSB-based intrafrequency measurement, if measurement gap requirement information is reported by the WTRU, a configuration of Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 40 / 119 32 / 81 measurement gap can be provided according to the information. Otherwise, a measurement gap setting is always provided in the following case: In addition to the initial BWP, if any of the BWPs configured by WTRU do not contain the SSB frequency domain features associated with the initial BWP DL.

[094] In gap-free scenarios, the WTRU may be able to perform such measurements without measurement gaps. In gap-assisted scenarios, it cannot be assumed that the WTRU will be able to perform such measurements without measurement gaps.

[095] In some cases, a device may be able to use inter-cell beam management to manage beams in a carrier aggregation (CA) scenario. It may also be desirable to support cell alteration / addition in the same scenarios. There is a need for L1 / L2-based intercellular mobility techniques and procedures to reduce mobility latency. In a sense, this may be L1 / L2-triggered intercellular mobility (LTM).

[096] LTM may involve the use of lower-layer L1 / 2 signaling for procedures associated with the transfer, such as measurement reports. This may involve the use of MAC control elements (CE) as opposed to the use of L3 RRC messages. For example, instead of a base station sending an RRC reconfiguration message to a WTRU, a MAC-CE may be sent. In one example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more transfer parameters, such as configuration for different neighboring candidate cells for transfer, the base station may send a MAC-CE indicating to the WTRU which configuration to use for the transfer. Furthermore, the base station's decision to trigger a transfer may be made based on Layer 1 measurements, such as CSI-RS, rather than relying on the RRC measurement report message.

[097] Different approaches can be considered, for example: Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 41 / 119 33 / 81 configuration and maintenance for multiple candidate cells to allow rapid application of configurations to candidate cells; dynamic switching mechanism between candidate server cells (including SpCell and SCell) for potentially applicable scenarios based on L1 / L2 signaling; L1 enhancements for intercellular beam management, including L1 measurement and reporting and beam indication; time advance management; and / or Central Unit (CU) - Distributed Unit (DU) interface signaling to support L1 / L2 mobility, if needed.In some cases, the L1 / L2-based intercellular mobility procedure may be applicable to one or more of the following scenarios: standalone, carrier aggregation (CA), and new radio (NR) – dual connectivity (DC) case with service cell change within a cell group (CG); intraDU case and inter-DU intra-CU case (e.g., applicable to standalone and CA: no new RAN interface is expected); intrafrequency and interfrequency; both FR1 (low-frequency bands, e.g., frequency range below 6 GHz) and FR2 (high-frequency bands, e.g., above 6 GHz, millimeter waves); source and destination cells may be synchronized or unsynchronized; and / or, the inter-CU case is not included.

[098] In some cases, during LTM and / or intercellular beam management, which addresses intra-DU and intrafrequency scenarios, the service cell remains unchanged (e.g., there is no possibility of changing the service cell using L1 / 2-based mobility). In FR2 deployments, CA can be used to exploit available bandwidth, for example, to aggregate multiple composite carriers (CCs) in one band. These CCs can be transmitted with the same pair of analog beams (e.g., base station beam and WTRU beam). The WTRU can be configured with Transmit Configuration Indication (TCI) states (e.g., it can have a fairly large number, e.g., 64) for PDCCH and PDSCH reception. Each TCI state can include an RS or Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 42 / 119 34 / 81 The SSB to which the WTRU refers to define its beam. The SSB may be associated with a non-server physical cell identity (PCI). MAC signaling (“TCI state indication for WTRU-specific PDCCH MAC control element (CE)”) may activate the TCI state for a Coreset / PDCCH. PDCCH reception from a non-server cell may be supported by the CE MAC, indicating a TCI state associated with the non-server PCI. MAC signaling (“TCI state activation / deactivation for WTRU-specific PDSCH”) may activate a subset of (up to) 8 TCI states for PDSCH reception. DCI may indicate which of the 8 TCI states. Additionally, a “unified TCI state” with a different update mechanism (based on downlink control information (DCI)) may be supported, but without multi-TRP. In other cases, unified TCI state with multi-TRP may be supported.

[099] One of the goals of LTM may be to improve transfer latency. In a conventional L3 transfer or conditional handover, the WTRU may first send a measurement report using RRC signaling. In response to the measurement report, the network (e.g., base station, network node, etc.) may provide an additional measurement configuration and potentially a conditional handover configuration or a conditional handover configuration (CHO). With a conditional handover, the network provides a configuration to a destination cell after the WTRU reports, using RRC signaling, that the cell meets a configured radio quality criterion.With conditional handover (CHO), to reduce the rate of transfer failures due to delays in sending a measurement report and receiving an RRC reconfiguration, the network can provide, in advance, a target cell configuration as well as a measurement criterion that determines if and when the WTRU should trigger the CHO configuration. However, both L3 methods can suffer some delay due to the sending of measurement reports and the receipt of target configurations, mainly in... Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 43 / 119 35 / 81 case of conditional (non-conditional) handover.

[0100] In particular, one goal of LTM may be to enable rapid application of settings to candidate cells, including dynamic switching between SCells and PCell switching (e.g., switching functions between SCell and PCell), without performing RRC signaling. Note that the inter-CU case may be excluded from LTM, as it may require relocation of the PDCP anchor and, consequently, an RRC / L3-based approach may be necessary to at least support inter-CU transfer.

[0101] Furthermore, with legacy L3 transfer mechanisms, any currently active SCell(s) may be released before the WTRU completes the transfer to a destination cell within the coverage area of ​​a new site and may only be added again after the successful transfer, which may lead to throughput degradation during the transfer. One of the goals of LTM may be to enable instantaneous CA operation when handling cell change.

[0102] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of LTM operation using carrier aggregation (CA). In this example, a group of candidate cells can be configured by RRC and a dynamic change of PCell and SCell is achieved using L1 / 2 signaling, for example, MAC Control Element (CE).

[0103] Four cells are considered in the example of FIG. 3. The cells can be configured to operate at frequencies ranging, for example, from 21 GHz to 26 GHz. This is an example of a possible frequency range and cell frequencies in that range. One skilled in the art will understand that other frequency ranges and cell frequencies can be adopted and the solutions described in the present invention can be used for other frequencies.

[0104] To perform a dynamic change, the network can send a dynamic change indication to the WTRU using L1 / 2 signaling, such as a Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 44 / 119 36 / 81 MAC CE. The WTRU MAC layer can receive the MAC CE with the network dynamic change indication. The WTRU MAC layer can then indicate the dynamic change to the WTRU RRC layer. The WTRU RRC layer can apply the new configuration to execute the dynamic change. Once in the new cell, the RRC layer can send an RRC message in the new cell indicating the successful change. Optionally, the successful change indication can be sent in the new cell via L1 / 2 signaling, such as a MAC CE.

[0105] In the example in FIG. 3, the RRC can initially configure all 4 cells (cells 1 to 4) 301 302 303 304 as candidate cells and can activate cell 305 1 301 as a PCell and cell 2302 as an SCell. The direction of movement of WTRU in FIG. Figure 3 is illustrated from left to right 306, as shown by the arrow, and the WTRU starts at the leftmost point on the arrow 305. In this example, as the WTRU moves and approaches cell 3 303, the network can send a first indication (e.g., an L1 / 2 MAC CE) 307 triggering the WTRU (MAC / RRC) to perform a dynamic change and change the SCell from cell 2 302 to cell 3 303. After continued movement, the WTRU can leave cell 3 303, and the WTRU (MAC / RRC) can receive a second indication 308 from the network (e.g., a MAC CE) to dynamically change the SCell back to cell 2302.Upon exiting cell 1 301, the WTRU may receive a third indication from the network (e.g., on a CE MAC) 309 to dynamically change the PCell to cell 2 302 and, upon approaching cell 4 304, also dynamically change the SCell to cell 4 304.

[0106] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a basic LTM procedure.

[0107] In 1, the WTRU can send a measurement report message to the base station. The base station can decide to use LTM and start preparing the candidate cells.

[0108] In 2, the base station can transmit a message of Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 45 / 119 37 / 81 RRC reconfiguration for WTRU, including LTM candidate cell configurations for single or multiple candidate cells.

[0109] In 3, the WTRU can store the configurations of LTM candidate cells and transmit a complete RRC reconfiguration message to the base station.

[0110] In 4a / 4b, the WTRU can perform DL synchronization and TA acquisition with candidate cell(s) before receiving the cell change command. In some cases, DL synchronization to candidate cell(s) before the cell change command can be supported, at least based on SSB. Additionally, TA acquisition from candidate cell(s) before the LTM cell change command can be supported, at least based on PDCCH-ordered RACH, where the PDCCH order is triggered only by the source cell.

[0111] In 5, the WTRU can perform L1 measurements on the configured candidate cell(s) and transmit lower layer measurement reports to the base station. In some cases, the lower layer measurement reports can be transmitted in L1 and / or MAC. Furthermore, the synchronization order of DL / UL (step 4a / 4b) and L1 measurement (step 5) may not be defined and may employ other techniques described in the present invention and / or may be optional.

[0112] In 6, the base station can perform cell switching to a target cell and transmit a trigger cell switch MAC CE including the target cell candidate configuration index. The WTRU can switch to the target cell configuration.

[0113] In 7, the WTRU can execute a random access procedure towards the target cell.

[0114] In 8, the WTRU can indicate the successful completion of the cell change towards the destination cell by sending a link message. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 46 / 119 38 / 81 ascending.

[0115] In some cases, WTRU may execute steps 4 through 8 multiple times for subsequent LTM cell change based on the configuration provided in step 2.

[0116] In some cases, an uplink control signal, such as a MAC-CE and / or RRC message, may be sent after the WTRU has switched to the destination cell, to indicate the successful completion of the LTM cell change.

[0117] A cell can be in a network power saving (NES) state. For example, a cell can be in a discontinuous transmit (DTX) state or in a partial DTX state. For example, in a partial DTX state, one or more downlink channels may be unavailable in the cell, i.e., they are not being transmitted by the base station. As another example, a cell can be in a discontinuous receive (DRX) state or in a partial DRX state. For example, in a partial DRX state, one or more uplink channels may be unavailable to the UEs in the cell. A combination of XRD and DTX may also be possible. And as another example, the cell may be currently off, for example, in the NES state, or in the NES state for a certain period, or even be in the NES state periodically. An active NES state may be associated with a normal cell state, for example, where all channels are operating normally.

[0118] The terms NES state, NES state and availability state may be used interchangeably herein to represent the cell state.

[0119] Many NES states can be imagined, and several examples will be used here to illustrate the different functions and behavior of the system. For example, an NES state can be a reduced Tx power state, a dormant state, a micro-hibernation state, a light hibernation state, or Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 47 / 119 39 / 81 a state of deep hibernation. Such examples should not limit the scope of the different aspects described here.

[0120] In some cases, the WTRU may determine whether it can transmit or receive on certain resources depending on the network availability state and / or the network power saving state (NES), which may imply the base station power saving state. An availability state may correspond to a network power saving state (NES), a cell DTX mode, a cell DRX mode, and / or a base station availability state. An availability state may be uplink or downlink specific and may change from symbol to symbol, slot to slot, frame to frame, or at longer duration granularity. The availability state may be determined by the WTRU or indicated by the network.In addition to the examples listed above, an availability state can be, for example, “On”, “DL and UL active”, “UL only active”, “Off”, “Reduced transmission power”, “Sleeping”, “Micro hibernation”, “Light sleep” or “Deep sleep”. These states can be abstracted by network configuration parameters and / or values, and a dynamic indication to the UE can point to the active availability state (e.g., by DCI or MAC CE signaling).

[0121] NES states can be operator-specific, as each operator chooses which NES states are applicable to its network. NES states can be cell-specific, as each operator decides which NES states are applicable to each cell in its network. NES states can be WTRU-specific, as a particular user or group of users can be configured with a specific NES state, such as a “group-specific idle state,” where only a specific group of WTRUs should behave as if the cell were in that NES state (e.g., cell shutdown NES state). This can help in the overall power saving of the station. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 48 / 119 40 / 81 base, even if the cell is still operational for certain selected users (e.g., VIP users). Different user categories can be defined and charged accordingly.

[0122] Each NES state can have its own NES parameters. For example, a cell-off NES state might imply that the base station's baseband hardware is completely switched off. For a cell-off NES state, the following NES parameters might be relevant: a maximum or minimum duration that the cell can be switched off, whether the transmission channel is still transmitting in the cell, whether paging functionality is still enabled in the cell, what actions the WTRU should take upon receiving a page during the cell-off state, etc. The WTRU can be configured with these parameters via the transmission channel or via dedicated RRC messages, for example. In a reduced transmission power state, the WTRU can be configured with a maximum transmission power. This might imply that only WTRUs close to the base station can obtain coverage in that cell.The same parameters can be applied to downlink power. Another example is a case where UL or DL ​​communication is only allowed at a very basic rate.

[0123] Each operator may be able to select which NES parameters to use and assign the values ​​appropriately. The WTRUs in their network can be configured with the applicable NES states and the associated NES parameters for each state. The NES states and parameters can be configured on the WTRU via broadcast or dedicated RRC configuration signaling. The WTRU can determine an availability state from receiving the availability state indication, for example, by L1 / L2 signaling (e.g., a group common DCI or indication), or it can determine it implicitly from receiving periodic DL signaling - or the lack thereof. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 49 / 119 41 / 81

[0124] In some availability states, some DL or UL features are unavailable during certain periods of time, and this allows the network to shut down baseband processing and other activities. Some metering features (e.g., SSBs or CSI-RS) may only be available in certain availability states, including: RLM, BFD, RRM measurements, CSI-RS feedback configuration, and / or a different power offset for CSI feedback.

[0125] WTRU can determine whether a resource is available for transmission / reception and / or whether certain measurements are applicable in the active availability state. WTRU can adapt its active C-DRX cycle, active spatial elements (e.g., antenna or logic gates), active TRPs, and / or paging occasions depending on the signaled or determined availability state.

[0126] Under certain conditions, the WTRU may also transmit a request to the network (e.g., activation request) to modify the availability state to a state in which the resources that would satisfy the WTRU's requirements are available.

[0127] Parameters associated with a state can be defined in a parameter set. For example, a NES parameter set might include a configuration to be used during the NES state and might include one or more of the following: multiple antenna ports, a C-DRX configuration, a measurement configuration (e.g., for RRM, RLM, and / or BFD), CSI feedback, a CSI-RS configuration, an SSB configuration, CHO or mobility candidates, a set of active TRPs. The WTRU can be configured with one or more NES parameter sets per availability status.

[0128] The WTRU can be configured with one or more sets of NES transmission and / or reception parameters by availability status. NES parameter sets can be configured on the WTRU via Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 50 / 119 42 / 81 Dedicated RRC configuration transmission or signaling. The WTRU can apply the parameter set (e.g., NES parameter set) according to the determined or signaled availability status. The WTRU can apply one or more applicable settings depending on the determined NES state. In one example, not all WTRUs may be in the same NES state; for example, one group of WTRUs may receive less power on downlink transmissions, thus reducing the power spent by the base station without compromising the quality of another group of WTRUs. In another example, the NES state may be defined per cell and may be the same for all WTRUs in the cell.

[0129] An availability state may be applicable to at least one transmission, reception, or measurement resource. An availability state may be applicable to at least one time period, such as a time interval or time symbol. An availability state may be applicable to a service cell, a group of cells, a frequency band, a bandwidth portion, a TRP, a set of spatial elements, or a frequency range within a bandwidth portion. For example, when a NES state changes in a cell, the WTRU may receive an availability state change indication indicating that this change is only for that cell, for all cells on the same frequency and / or the same RAT.

[0130] The WTRU may consider the active availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band as “Off,” “Deep Sleep,” or “Micro Sleep” after receiving a DL signal that changes the availability state of the cell or TRP. For example, the WTRU may receive a shutdown command in transmit signaling, RRC signaling, DCI (e.g., a group common DCI), or a DL MAC CE (e.g., part of a PDSCH indication). The WTRU may determine an availability state from receiving the availability state indication, for example, by signaling. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 51 / 119 43 / 81 L1 / L2 (e.g., a common group DCI or indication) or transmission signaling associated with an availability state.

[0131] For example, an indication of a change in availability status may also be part of the SI update or SIB signaling (e.g., in a separate SIB that is not read by legacy WTRUs). There may be a common time for all WTRUs in the cell to determine the availability status.

[0132] For example, the WTRU can determine a NES state change from receiving a common group command L1 signal (e.g., a common group DCI, a multi-stage DCI, a specific DCI format, or a DCI scrambled by a specific NES RNTI configured or specified). The L1 signal can indicate one of the configured NES parameter sets to be applied or can determine a delta configuration of the current parameter set when determining an NES state change. The WTRU can transmit feedback / acknowledgment to the base station, possibly multiplexed with UL data (e.g., part of a UL TB as a CE MAC or a subheader indication), after receiving the NES state change indication.

[0133] For example, the WTRU can determine a NES state change from receiving broadcast signaling associated with the NES indication or state change, including signaling in SIB(s) or part of a broadcast or multicast PDSCH. The WTRU can indicate the NES status explicitly in the SIB. The WTRU can be configured with one or more SIBs associated exclusively with NES parameter configuration. The WTRU can be configured to receive this broadcast or multicast indication periodically; the WTRU can determine that an indication may have been incorrectly detected if it is not received at expected periodic times and / or if a timer has elapsed. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 52 / 119 44 / 81 since the last reception of the NES status indication. The WTRU can count the number of incorrect detections. The WTRU can initiate intercellular, interfrequency and / or inter-RAT measurements, initiate a mobility procedure and / or begin evaluating configured CHO candidates after determining one or more incorrect detections of the NES status indication.

[0134] The WTRU can implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g., “Off”, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep”, or dormant) based on one or more conditions (a condition associated with another event, as opposed to sending a direct message to the WTRU).

[0135] For example, a condition may be the reception of a command or signal indicating a change in availability status: for example, a common group DCI in connected mode or RRC signaling or a presence signal. The WTRU may determine an availability status implicitly from the reception of periodic DL signaling. The WTRU may be configured or specified to associate an availability status with one or more DL signal types (e.g., SSB, partial SSB and / or one or more periodicities).

[0136] For example, a condition might be the reception of a paging message, DCI paging, or PDSCH paging, possibly on a subset of PCs (e.g., those aligned with the NES DRX cycle or a configured subset of PDCCH resources). The WTRU might assume a certain availability state upon receiving a portion of the DCI or PDCCH paging schedule indication (e.g., as a function of the P-RNTI, NES-RNTI, or based on receiving an explicit indication—e.g., in a reserved bit). The WTRU might assume a certain availability state upon receiving a paging message with a given P-RNTI. In one example, a newly defined NES P-RNTI, or the NES Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 53 / 119 45 / 81 RNTI can be configured in WTRU. WTRU can assume a certain availability state after receiving a paging message with a specific P-RNTI.

[0137] For example, in the case where the Paging Ahead Indication (PAI) is configured on the cell, the WTRU can be configured to be part of a Paging Ahead Indication (PEI) device subgroup, in which case the IEP can address all WTRUs in the subgroup. The PEI subgroup can be associated with one or more NES states, for example, the WTRU can assume a specific NES state upon receiving an IEP with an NES subgroup, if that subgroup is configured and / or associated with the NES state. The indication of the applicable NES state or an indication for a change of NES state can be in a paging payload, for example, as part of the paging message signaling or a short message. This paging indication can further indicate an alternative cell to monitor the paging channel while the current cell (the cell from which the indication was received) is off, in standby mode, or in any other NES state.Such pagination indication may indicate or signal further applicable reconfiguration parameters (e.g., for initial access, applicable PRACH resources, applicable SSB / RS occasions, applicable SI cycle and / or applicable cell(s) and associated availability states).

[0138] For example, a condition could be the DTX state of the base station (e.g., whether the base station is active time or whether an associated activity timer is running)

[0139] For example, a condition could be the lack of detection of a presence indication in a cell (e.g., absence of DL synchronization channel). For example, a WTRU could determine an availability state associated with the cell (e.g., “off” or “deep sleep”) if the presence indication is not detected on one or more occasions of indication. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 54 / 119 46 / 81 presence. For example, a WTRU can assume or change the availability state of the cell after a series of consecutive incorrect detections or after a timer expires after no presence signal is detected. The WTRU can determine whether an availability state is active or inactive after the expiration of a timer associated with the availability state. This timer can be configured and / or maintained only in RRC connected mode or also in other modes (e.g., RRC idle and RRC inactive modes).

[0140] For example, a “cell off time duration” can be a parameter in the parameter set associated with the cell off NES state. When the cell enters the NES off state, the WTRU is notified (explicitly or implicitly) and can start a timer. When the timer reaches the “cell off time duration” value, the WTRU can assume that the cell is no longer in the NES off state and has returned to the normal state. Optionally, the parameter set associated with the cell off NES state can include an indication of a specific NES state (instead of the normal state), so that when the timer reaches the “cell off time duration” value, the WTRU can assume that the cell is no longer in the cell off NES state and that the cell has entered the specific NES state indicated in the parameter set associated with the cell off NES state.

[0141] For example, a WTRU can implicitly determine an availability state from the lack of reception of periodic DL signaling. For example, the WTRU can be configured with a signal quality threshold (e.g., an RSRP threshold) and if the WTRU does not detect a signal associated with an availability state (e.g., a presence signal or an SSB) with signal strength above the threshold, the WTRU can assume that this availability state is not active and can assume a different availability state. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 55 / 119 47 / 81 This criterion may also be associated with the failure to detect a presence signal identification sequence (e.g., PSS sequence detection).

[0142] For example, a condition can be based on the time of day, where a WTRU can be configured to automatically assume a certain availability state (e.g., off, standby, or dormant) for a configured subset of cells (e.g., capacity increase cells) based on the time of day. For example, the WTRU can be configured so that it knows that a capacity increase cell has an availability state such as “On” at certain times of day, “Deep sleep” at other configured times, and “Off” at a third set of configured times of day or night.

[0143] For example, a condition may be based on the availability status of an associated cell (e.g., another carrier of the same MAC entity, another carrier in the same cell group, another carrier on the same base station, another sector on the same base station, or a configured associated cell or capacity increase cell).

[0144] For example, a NES state may be associated with a condition such as the detection of a PSS-only signal or a simplified / reduced SSB signal.

[0145] For example, a NES state may be associated with a condition such as the detection of an RS signal (e.g., CSI-RS, PRS, TRS) or the lack thereof.

[0146] For example, a NES state may be associated with a condition such as the WTRU RRC state (idle, inactive or connected mode).

[0147] For example, a NES state may be associated with a condition such as whether paging has been received, possibly within a configured time window.

[0148] For example, a NES state may be associated with a condition such as whether system information (e.g., periodic SI or a subset of SIBs) has been received, possibly within a configured time window. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 56 / 119 48 / 81

[0149] For example, a NES state may be associated with a condition such as when a measured channel condition(s) is / are below or above a threshold. The WTRU may assume a change in NES state based on a change in the measured channel conditions or by taking a channel measurement below or above a threshold. For example, the WTRU may use degradation in SSBs or CSI-RS measurements, possibly in combination with other signaling, to determine the NES state. For example, a window configured after DCI reception may be used to measure SSBs and / or CSI-RS for degradation, and if a delta drop in SSB-RSRP is measured, the WTRU may determine that the NES state has changed and take associated actions for such NES state (e.g., triggering for CHO candidate selection or for group scheduling for a mobility command).

[0150] A WTRU can be configured to monitor an indication that can characterize the NES state. The NES state can be associated with a base station and / or a cell. In one example, WTRUs can assume the same NES state for all cells that are part of the same base station, for example, cells of the same MAC entity. The NES status indication can be sent on a channel (e.g., a PDCCH) and / or a signal (e.g., a sequence, such as SSB for presence indication). An indication of an NES status or a change in NES status can indicate the level of activity that the WTRU can expect from the associated base station and / or cell, such as reduced activity or increased activity (e.g., relative to a threshold). The NES state can contain activity information from other base stations and / or cells. The NES status indication can be sent on a PDCCH containing common group signaling.For example, the network can transmit a specific NES RNTI or a common group DCI to a group of WTRUs (e.g., WTRUs in the service cell) indicating a change in availability status in UL and / or DL. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 57 / 119 49 / 81 The PDCCH CRC can be scrambled with a dedicated “Activity Indication RNTI” or a NES-RNTI. A WTRU can be configured with at least one search space associated with PDCCH activity indication monitoring occasions. The indication can comprise a sleep signal, such as a predefined sequence. When a WTRU detects this sequence, it can expect a reduced availability state for a specified period of time. The WTRU can activate the C-DRX for the indicated period of time. Alternatively, two sequences can be used to indicate regular activity and reduced activity.

[0151] The signaling within the PDCCH or the activity indication may contain one or more parameters.

[0152] For example, a parameter can be an expected availability state of the associated base stations / cells over a specific time interval (e.g., an availability state). The availability state can be predetermined and / or configured and can, for example, include regular and reduced activity. Signaling can indicate the availability state. For example, bit “1” can indicate regular activity and bit “0” can indicate reduced activity.

[0153] For example, a parameter can be a transmit and / or receive attribute for each availability state. For example, during certain availability states, a WTRU may not be expected to monitor certain PDCCH seek spaces (e.g., including all SSs) and / or receive a certain type of PDSCH (e.g., including all PDSCH) and / or transmit PUCCH / PUSCH and / or perform certain measurements. The WTRU can start or stop monitoring PDCCH and / or TCI states associated with a given NES state, including PDCCH resources or transmit configuration information (TCI) states associated with (dis)activated TRPs or spatial elements.

[0154] For example, a parameter can be a set of settings Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 58 / 119 50 / 81 that can be associated with an availability state and can be used / applied when that availability state is indicated (e.g., a set of NES parameters). For example, SS settings, CSI reporting settings, transmitted SSB indexes, etc. Each set of settings can have an attribute associated with an availability state. For example, a label that can be set to “reduced activity”.

[0155] For example, a parameter can be a time interval during which an availability state is assumed and can be signaled in the PDCCH or as part of the activity indication. In one example, the time interval can be indicated using a bitmap where each bit in the bitmap can be associated with a specific duration, such as a slot or a frame. For example, bit “1” can indicate regular activity and bit “0” can indicate reduced activity in an associated frame. In another case, the time interval can be indicated with a start time and the interval duration. The start time can be defined; for example, it can be determined by adding a fixed offset to the time the indication is received. The interval duration can be configured or signaled in the PDCCH indication.

[0156] For example, a parameter can be a time interval during which an availability state is assumed and can be predetermined. The WTRU can assume an interrupt delay (e.g., or more generally a time until the NES state changes) after receiving the NES state change command (e.g., after the last symbol or slot in which the command was received). The interrupt time can be in absolute time, in a number of symbols, or in a number of slots.

[0157] WTRU may determine that an uplink or downlink resource or signal is available for transmission / reception and / or measurements for the determined network availability status, if applicable in Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 59 / 119 51 / 81 active availability status. WTRU may determine that a subset of metering features and / or signals (e.g., SSBs, CSI-RS, TRS, PRS) are not applicable in certain availability states. WTRU may determine that a subset of uplink or downlink features (e.g., PRACH, PUSCH, PUCCH) are not applicable in certain availability states. WTRU may transmit some uplink signals only in a subset of network availability states (e.g., SRS, pSRS, PRACH, UCI).

[0158] In some cases, the WTRU may perform cell (re)selection, mobility to another service cell, trigger mobility-related measurements, and / or begin evaluating CHO candidates in alternate cells upon determining a NES change in the camped cell or service cell. The WTRU may be configured or predefined with an alternate service cell to perform initial access, mobility, or cell re-selection in the event that the current service cell or a capacity increase cell (e.g., a cell not configured as an alternate cell) is turned off (NES status cell off) or a certain condition is met. The WTRU may be configured via dedicated broadcast or signaling with a list of alternate or fallback service cells, possible by service cell, by base station, by PLMN, or by network identity.

[0159] In one example, the WTRU may initiate a cell re-selection or mobility procedure to an alternate service cell associated with a cell or base station from which a OFF indication was received. In another example, the OFF or hibernation indication may dynamically indicate to the WTRU which cell to return to or connect to, for example, by dedicated signaling or transmission. The fallback / alternative cell may be configured or predefined to be a cell within the same base station from which a sector entered the OFF state. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 60 / 119 52 / 81 NES (e.g., off, standby, or with reduced power). In another example, the fallback cell can be preset as the master node cell if the WTRU is in dual connectivity. The fallback / alternate cell can be configured or preset to be a cell associated with a different RAT or frequency band. For example, the WTRU can fall back to an LTE or FR1 cell associated with the cell or base station from which the OFF indication was received (e.g., if the WTRU is in AC or DC using multiple RATs or multiple frequency bands).

[0160] The terms alternate cell and stable cell can be used interchangeably, as discussed in the present invention. A stable cell is a cell that can change the NES state at a low frequency (where “low” can be defined by a parameter, such as a percentage of time). The WTRU can be configured with a list of stable cells (e.g., alternate cells that will not be switched off, e.g., some macro cells); the list can be a list of alternate cells per service / camped cell or a general list of PCIs for the entire network, scan area, etc. The WTRU can be configured with measurement object configuration for the alternate cells. The alternate cells can be pre-configured to be CHO candidates and / or potentially considered CHO candidates only if the source cell switches off / enables the NES.

[0161] In at least one scenario of the basic LTM procedure, the network first pre-configures several target cell candidates in RRC, then the WTRU performs L1 measurements and reports, then the WTRU can be triggered to perform DL and UL synchronization on one or more target cells, before finally receiving a CE MAC that triggers reconfiguration / transfer.

[0162] Turning off some cells can affect the NES by reducing the amount of power consumed by the network equipment associated with those cells. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 61 / 119 53 / 81 By selectively switching off cells that are not heavily used or strategically reducing the number of cells in a given area, the grid can operate more efficiently, reducing energy consumption and costs while maintaining adequate coverage and capacity. This can result in significant energy savings over time, reducing the grid's environmental impact and improving its sustainability, especially during periods of low demand (e.g., at night).

[0163] LTM configurations can provide a means of reducing downtime for WTRUs. Energy-saving mechanisms can select some of the cells that have been configured as LTM candidates. Smooth handling of LTM and NES procedures may be necessary so that the network can save energy whenever possible without putting WTRUs at risk of failure (e.g., LTM failure, transfer failure, etc.). Therefore, there is a need for LTM procedures to consider the possibility of dynamic cell configuration changes due to NES.

[0164] Generally, as discussed in the present invention, “perform LTM” or “perform LTM procedure” may refer to performing any combination of, and / or all of the steps described in FIG. 4. For example, performing early synchronization in DL and / or UL for one or more candidate cells, performing L1 measurements, reporting on one or more candidate cells, and / or switching (e.g., performing the transfer) between candidate cells (e.g., “Perform LTM” may mean that the WTRU moves / switches between multiple candidate cells during the procedure).

[0165] Generally, as discussed in the present invention, one or more sets of candidate cells may be groups of more than one RRC configuration corresponding to a transfer configuration for one or more candidate SpCells and, optionally, SCells. This may be modeled or received as a Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 62 / 119 54 / 81 or more complete RRC reconfiguration messages, one or more cell group configurations, or one or more cell configurations. Each of the candidate cell configurations may include a candidate configuration identifier, and each of the candidate cell groups may include a candidate cell group identifier. If grouping is performed in the RRC, switching between different sets of candidate cells may include updating the service cell indexes or candidate configuration indexes that are used in L1 and MAC signaling to refer to specific indexes (for example, a CE MAC that triggers reconfiguration may include a candidate configuration index informing the WTRU which cell to perform the reconfiguration on).

[0166] One or more candidate cell groups can be configured as a single candidate cell configuration list or group in the RRC. Grouping can occur in the initial synchronization or LTM execution phase rather than the configuration phase, meaning that the set of candidate cells can be considered a single group in terms of an RRC configuration list or group, while the cells selected to perform initial synchronization, L1 measurements, and LTM execution depend on further grouping into multiple subsets of the overall candidate cell list. In other words, the grouping itself cannot be modeled in the RRC using candidate configuration identifiers, but the grouping can be performed as part of the initial synchronization or LTM execution procedure.

[0167] As disclosed in the present invention, when referring to a candidate LTM configuration, this can apply to any type of pre-configured cell information. For example, a WTRU can be configured with one or more conditional reconfigurations, such as conditional handover (CHO), conditional PSCell addition (CPA), or conditional PSCell change (CPC), which are valid before and / or after a cell change, or valid at certain times. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 63 / 119 55 / 81 cells.

[0168] As disclosed in this invention, an L1 measurement may comprise a measurement of RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, etc., performed by a WTRU of a single cell, beam, cell array, or beam array. This L1 measurement may be similar to the L3 measurements reported in the RRM, with differences in filtering, measured reference signals, reporting mechanisms, etc.

[0169] As discussed in the present invention, the measurements may refer to L1 to LTM measurements. However, certain examples may also be applied to RRM / L3 measurements, as well as other measurements (e.g., speed, location, height, traffic, etc.).

[0170] In some cases, a WTRU may be provided with a preconfigured pattern of NES states for neighboring cells. In general, this may be a list of cells with NES-related parameters or information. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a list of cells configured with at least one NES technique, a list of cells that may serve NES-capable WTRUs, or a list of cells that are actively using at least one NES technique (e.g., cell DTX, spatial or power domain adaptation, cell shutdown or suspension, etc.). In some cases, the WTRU may be configured with multiple patterns that can be referenced using an index or identity.

[0171] In one example, a list of neighboring cells is provided, for example, using a permanent identifier such as PCI or Cell ID, or using a temporary identifier such as a service cell identity or candidate cell identity, with an indication of the state or certain parameters. The cell state (e.g., neighbor) can be configured per cell, or there can be a common setting that can be indicated as applicable to multiple cells – for example, a setting comprising cell state = on, default Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 64 / 119 56 / 81 DTX / DRX of the cell = pattern A can be applied to one or more cells in the list.

[0172] In some cases, the pre-configured NES pattern can be provided in the transmission signaling, for example, in a SIB. In one example, this can be provided to a WTRU using dedicated signaling, for example, in an RRC Reconfiguration.

[0173] A WTRU, as disclosed in the present invention, may be provided with any of the parameters or configurations as disclosed in the present invention, and / or the WTRU may be provided with alternative NES cells, as described in the present invention.

[0174] A change to a NES state or parameter may impact one or more of the following LTM-related parameters or procedures: LTM candidate list; CSI reports, which may update SSBs or CSI-RS that are active on some of the candidates; DL synchronization, where whether the WTRU maintains downlink synchronization for a cell may depend on NES states; UL synchronization, where whether the WTRU maintains a TA for a candidate cell may depend on the NES state; RA type, where the WTRU may determine the use of a specific RA procedure (e.g., 2-step, 4-step, or no RACH) depending on the NES status; L1 event-triggered reports, where there may be a new MAC CE for L1 event reports, limited only to active NES cells; updating L1 reporting limits or criteria based on cell state; updating active BWPs to use when triggering LTM;and / or replace some of the candidate cells with alternative NES cells depending on the NES state of a candidate cell. WTRU may alter or apply a subset of these LTM parameters depending on the direction of the NES state change of the source cell and / or a candidate cell (e.g., from ON to OFF vs. OFF to ON, cell DTX enabled vs. cell DTX disabled, reduction of spatial / energy domain coverage, etc.); Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 65 / 119 57 / 81

[0175] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an LTM configuration update based on a common indication updating the NES state of the cells. Here, an example of a message sequence for updating an LTM configuration based on a common indication updating the NES state of the cells is shown. The main aspect of this solution is that the information related to updating NES information is transmitted in a common indication. In the example in FIG. 5, a System Information Block (SIB) is used 501.

[0176] Initially, the WTRU can be configured with one or more sets of NES state parameters associated with one or more NES states 501. For example, in a periodic cell-off NES state, the set of NES state parameters can define a start time, a periodicity of the cell-off NES state, a duration of the cell-off NES state, and an end time. The start time may not be necessary if an indication is used to notify the WTRU that the cell is entering this state. The same may apply to the end time, which may be based on an indication sent to the WTRU.

[0177] A WTRU can be configured with a subset of cells as LTM candidates via dedicated RRC signaling, such as using an RRC 502 reconfiguration message.

[0178] To receive common signaling, the WTRU can be configured by the network with a common group signaling. This can be achieved by providing the WTRU with a group-common RNTI (e.g., a cell-specific RNTI or a NES-RNTI).

[0179] Since the WTRU is pre-configured with the NES state parameter set, an indication notifying the WTRU that the cell is entering a particular NES state can be based on a short 503 indication, and the Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 66 / 119 58 / 81 parameters associated with each state do not need to be transmitted with the short indication.

[0180] The short indication 503 can be transmitted, for example, on a DCI 503. The DCI can be sent on a CORESET configured against a specific NES RNTI, a common group RNTI, or another common RNTI. An RRC configuration for NES indication can provide the mapping between the PC Is and the bits in the DCI to which the indication is sent. Or the bits can be predefined or pre-provisioned in the WTRU. The NES indication can be transmitted in a bitmap pattern on the DCI. The NES state indication can be limited to certain cells (e.g., unstable cells).

[0181] In one example, the bitmap indicated in the DCI may correspond to an indication of which of the configured alternate cells or candidate cells to consider for LTM, and the size of the bitmap may be determined as the size of the configured alternate cell candidates for the source cell from which the DCI was received.

[0182] Optionally, the short indication 503 can be transmitted in the MACCE which can be transmitted in the programmed data via a specific NES DCI, common group DCI or a specific WTRU DCI. Signaling can be bitmap-based where the pre-configuration associates cell identities with specific bits in the bitmap.

[0183] More than one type of MAC-CE can be used. A NES indication MAC-CE can comprise a bitmap that provides NES state indication for cells configured to be indicated via MAC signaling. A long NES indication MAC-CE can be used, which can provide NES state indication for a set of cells configured to be indicated. The long NES indication MAC-CE can also provide additional attributes related to NES procedures. In one case, for each cell Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 67 / 119 59 / 81 being switched on / off, timing information can be provided about when the network is planning to switch these cells on or off. NES status indication may be limited to unstable cells.

[0184] In one example, the bitmap indicated in the MAC CE may correspond to an indication of which of the alternative cells, unstable cells, or configured candidate cells should be considered for LTM. The size of the MAC CE may be fixed, but the cells indicated in part of the MAC CE may be reconfigured. For example, the size of the MAC CE may be fixed to indicate x candidate cells or alternative cells, but the list of configured alternative cells may be y (where y>x). The (re)configuration of the RRC may configure which of the y alternative cells should be included in the MAC CE.

[0185] The long MAC-CE can provide attributes that modify the WTRU processing / behavior for the LTM procedure. In one case, the indication may comprise a trigger to provide LTM measurements to the network at a specific time.

[0186] Optionally, short messages can be used to transmit the short indication 503. Short messages can be transmitted in the PDCCH using PRNTI with or without an associated paging message using, for example, a short message field in DCI format 1_0. Signaling that transmits a change in an NES state can use one or more reserved bits (resetting bits), where the NES state can be associated with the service cell. The bits can indicate a single on / off indication using a single bit, or a combination of bits can be used to provide more information, such as a configuration index or to indicate the presence of an associated paging message. The associated paging message, or any type of associated message received in the PDSCH, can contain additional information, such as an index to a predefined list of NES cell states, or it can provide attributes that modify Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 68 / 119 60 / 81 the WTRU processing / behavior for the LTM procedure. In one case, the indication may comprise a trigger to provide LTM measurements to the network at a specific time.

[0187] In one example, a bit might indicate a flag for a NES state change associated with the source cell. Another bit might indicate an NES state change associated with at least one other candidate cell. Upon receiving such a flag, the paging message might include additional information about the nature of the NES state change. The paging message might include additional information about the NES state change of the candidate cells.

[0188] NES state parameters can be updated via a SIB 504 update. LTM measurement report triggers can also be updated 505. When a trigger occurs, WTRU can send an LTM measurement report and complete the LTM procedure 506.

[0189] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of the interaction between NES states and LTM operation. The WTRU can receive configuration information for one or more NES states 601. The configuration information can be sent in a cell-specific message, for example, a common RRC message (e.g., SIB message) 601 or in a dedicated RRC message (e.g., RRC reconfiguration message, not shown in FIG. 6). The configuration information can contain NES parameters for each of the configured NES states 602. A cell shutdown NES state can be defined, with its associated parameters, indicating that a cell can be switched off for a certain period of time.

[0190] The network can configure a set of neighboring cells as candidate cells. These candidate cells can be configured for LTM. These candidate cells can be selected by the network based on the location of Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 69 / 119 61 / 81 WTRU. As an example, in FIG. 6, cell 1 through cell (x+y) are configured as candidate cells for LTM 603.

[0191] This can be sent in a specific EU RRC message (e.g., RRC reconfiguration message) 603. Optionally, this can be transmitted in the cellular system information.

[0192] An LTM measurement trigger event (referred to as an LTM event in FIG. 6) is an event identified by the WTRU that may cause the WTRU to perform LTM measurements. The WTRU monitors events and, if the event is triggered (i.e., if the event occurs), the WTRU begins performing the LTM measurements associated with that event.

[0193] An LTM measurement report trigger event (LTMR event) is an event that triggers the WTRU to report LTM measurements to the network (e.g., to the service cell). The LTM-MR event may be associated with LTM measurement results, as a condition in the measurement result that may trigger the WTRU report. A measurement is performed by the UE on specific cells, including, for example, service cells and neighboring cells. The WTRU monitors the events and, if the event is triggered (i.e., if the event occurs), the WTRU reports the LTM measurement results. The results may be based on LTM measurements that have been performed.

[0194] The UE can optionally be pre-configured with one or more LTM events associated with candidate cells. The LTM event can optionally be an implicit trigger event that the WTRU is pre-configured to identify, as discussed in the preceding paragraphs of this document. Optionally, the network can configure LTM events on the WTRU using an RRC 603 message. In FIG. 6, the network configures the WTRU with LTM events when configuring LTM candidate cells (e.g., RRC reconfiguration message) 603. LTM-MR events can also be configured. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 70 / 119 62 / 81 on WTRU via dedicated message RRC 603.

[0195] The LTM event may be associated with the NES state of the cells. For example, the LTM event may be the event of one or more cells in the candidate cell set entering a specific NES state. In one example, the WTRU may be triggered to perform LTM measurements when one or more cells in the candidate sets change their NES state. The new NES state may be configured to be the cell off from the NES state.

[0196] The network can then send an L1 / 2 signaling message 604 indicating the activation of a NES state for one or more cells of the configured candidate cells. For example, in FIG. 6, candidate cells from cell 1 to cell x are indicated to the WTRU to enter the NES state, cell off 605. The indication of NES state activation can be a bitmap.

[0197] As mentioned earlier, the LTM event for the example shown in FIG. 6 is to trigger LTM measurements when one or more cells in the candidate set change their NES state to the NES off state. Therefore, the WTRU can monitor this event and identify the LTM event 606. In this example, the WTRU can be configured to, after identifying the LTM event, begin performing LTM measurements on the cells that are not in the NES (cell off) state. The candidate cells from cell (x+1) to cell (x+y) are not in the NES off state, so the WTRU can begin measuring the candidate cells from cell (x+1) to cell (x+y) 607.

[0198] The WTRU may be monitoring the LTM-MR event. In the example in FIG. 6, the WTRU identifies the occurrence of the LTM-MR event 608. The LTM-MR event may be associated with the signal strength of the candidate cells, the SINR of the candidate cells, and comparisons between the server cells and the candidate cells. The LTM-MR event may be associated with Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 71 / 119 63 / 81 events that can trigger a transfer.

[0199] The measurement report can be sent to the network via an L1 / 2 signaling message, such as using a CE MAC 609. Based on the received measurements 609, the network can then send an L1 / 2 signaling message instructing the WTRU to switch to a target cell 610. The target cell can be one of the candidate cells that are not in the cell shutdown NES state and that the WTRU has measured and reported to the network. The received signaling can cause the WTRU to switch to the indicated target cell 611.

[0200] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of dedicated and dynamic indication to enable / disable different LTM neighbors based on NES state. As shown, there can be a message sequence for dynamic indication to enable / disable different LTM neighbors based on NES state. The main aspect of this example is that the NES state of neighboring cells is reported to the WTRU using a CE MAC sent to the WTRU using dedicated signaling. With this approach, the network can dynamically update the candidate NES states of the LTM by WTRU, which can provide better performance, for example, if the NES state is very dynamic according to the scheduler.

[0201] As shown in FIG. 7, initially, LTM candidates are pre-configured in WTRU 701. The pre-configuration may include cell-specific NES information, including LTM-specific information that depends on the cell's NES state. This can be provided by an RRC Reconfiguration or a SIB 701. Different NES cell state patterns may be pre-configured (e.g., active cells, load, priority, limit, DRX configuration, etc.).

[0202] The WTRU can receive an indication of the NES state of the current LTM candidate cell and one or more neighboring cells 702. The CE MAC bitmap can contain an index to a pre-configured cell state pattern. In Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 72 / 119 64 / 81 In some situations, a MAC CE containing a bitmap may be received by the WTRU. Each bit in the MAC CE may refer to an LTM candidate cell ID or a server cell ID and indicate whether the NES state is on (e.g., bit = 'T') or off (e.g., bit = '0'). In another example, the WTRU may not know exactly the nature of the NES state of the candidate cells, but may use the bit indications to know whether or not to consider the cell for LTM. Each bit in the MAC CE may refer to an LTM candidate cell ID or a service cell ID and indicate whether to consider such a cell for LTM (e.g., bit = 'T') or exclude such a cell from LTM (e.g., bit = '0'); where such an indication may only be for the list of cells configured as unstable cells. In some cases, the MAC CE contains an index that refers to a pre-configured NES pattern or state.

[0203] Based on the MAC CE information received, WTRU can update LTM candidate cells and / or LTM parameters, as well as update CSI 703 report triggers.

[0204] Upon receiving a measurement report, the network may decide to deliver the WTRU to one of the reported cells 704. The network may send a control CE MAC indicating a cell change to the destination cell. The WTRU may change to the destination cell and send an indication to the destination cell 706, for example, LTM completed, transfer completed, or RRC reconfiguration completed.

[0205] FIG. 8 illustrates an example where a cell change command contains an indication of the NES state for the cell sending the cell change command.

[0206] The key aspect of this example is that the NES state of the source cells can be reported to the WTRU using a CE MAC, as part of the LTM cell change indication. With this approach, the WTRU can be informed of the NES state of a newly visited cell when the cell change is Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 73 / 119 65 / 81 activated. In this case, there may be no need to transfer information / coordinates between cells.

[0207] Initially, the WTRU can receive a pre-configuration of cell-specific NES information, including LTM-specific information that depends on the cell's NES state.

[0208] WTRU can receive a configuration of candidate LTM 801 cells.

[0209] The WTRU can receive L1 / 2 signaling (e.g., MAC CE) 802 containing an LTM cell change indication and including NES indication of: a cause value indicating that a source cell is being switched off or changing NES state and / or a delay for the cell change.

[0210] WTRU can perform the reconfiguration according to the indicated candidate cell received in the LTM cell change command and can release or update the configuration of the source cell's RRC candidate configuration, if indicated, after the indicated delay.

[0211] In one example, WTRU may receive additional NES information in the same MAC CE, triggering a cell change. The MAC CE may contain, for example, a candidate configuration ID (e.g., an ID of a target cell configuration) and an indication of a NES state change of the source cell. In some situations, a separate MAC CE may be provided before the LTM execution MAC CE, which may contain this additional information.

[0212] In one example, the NES state change indicator might be a single flag indicating a change between 2 binary states. In some situations, the NES state change indicator might be an index that identifies a pre-configured NES state. WTRU might exclude cells indicated as being in the NES state from the list of candidate cells considered for LTM. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 74 / 119 66 / 81

[0213] In one example, the WTRU may receive (e.g., on a MAC CE or a DCI) a list of neighboring cells that will be switched on or that are no longer applying a NES technique (e.g., cell DTX, spatial adaptation, or power domain). Upon receiving such an indication, the WTRU may initiate LTM-related measurements for such indicated cells and perform mobility if the configured mobility conditions are met.

[0214] In one example, the NES information received in the MAC CE can provide a state or a future state of the cell that sent the MAC CE.

[0215] In one example, NES information may additionally include a timer value, indicating a time when the state change will occur (e.g., a number of milliseconds or seconds in the future). In some situations, the time indication has a value of “immediate” or “at a pre-configured time”, where the pre-configured time may be a fixed value, or may be pre-provisioned, or may be configured in a semi-static manner, for example, in SIB or dedicated signaling. For example, WTRU may be configured with an activation period, a deactivation period, a cell DTX activation period, and a cell DTX deactivation period.Upon receiving a MAC CE indication of an imminent NES state change, the WTRU can assume that the indicated neighboring cell will apply the NES state change after the configured period has elapsed, and the WTRU can initiate LTM-related measurements during that duration or after the configured period has elapsed (e.g., in the case of cell shutdown).

[0216] FIG. 9 illustrates an example flowchart of a WTRU LTM procedure while a WTRU receives common signaling with a NES indication. In this example, the network can update the status of configured LTM candidates to a WTRU. Additionally, the example has a flowchart for updating LTM candidate configurations with a signaling-based indication. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 75 / 119 67 / 81 common group. As shown, initially the WTRU is configured with dynamic NES indication which can be provided in a common group 901 signaling. The RRC configuration provides details about the cell identities and the dynamic indication pattern. The WTRU can be configured with an LTM procedure with a set of LTM candidates and reporting mechanisms for the configured candidates. The WTRU can be configured to handle LTM candidates with respect to the NES indication (ON / OFF). The WTRU can, for example, stop monitoring LTM candidates that the network is planning to shut down. Furthermore, there can be two sets of thresholds (e.g., two sets of offsets) for LTM candidates. One set of thresholds can be applicable to LTM candidates when the service cell is ON, and another set when the service cell is OFF, according to the NES indication.WTRU can monitor, measure, and report on LTM candidates according to the LTM configuration.

[0217] The WTRU can receive common group signaling, providing updates on the NES 902 status of neighboring cells. The NES status indication can include cells being switched on or off with a time delay (pre-configured / indicated). They can contain a neighboring NES cell configuration ID or a mapping table so that the WTRU can associate the correct NES state with the relevant cell.

[0218] WTRU can identify the NES indication of common group signaling for cells that are candidates for LTM 903.

[0219] WTRU can remove LTM candidates for which the network has indicated the NES indication with OFF status from its actively monitored LTM candidate pool 904.

[0220] WTRU can activate its LTM candidates for which the network indicated the NES indication with the ON state from its LTM candidate pool. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 76 / 119 68 / 81 actively monitored 905. WTRU can perform measurements on actual LTM candidates 906. WTRU can provide a measurement report of the strongest cell(s) (a configurable number of strongest cells, e.g., N) to the network by sending a report.

[0221] WTRU may receive network indication for LTM change to one of the 907 candidates.

[0222] WTRU can perform the LTM change to cell 908 indicated on the network.

[0223] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example of group common NES indication and WTRU reporting when the SpCell enters the cell shutdown NES state. In this example, the network is updating the SpCell state to WTRU within the common NES indication. Similar to the SIB-based approach, the WTRU can be configured to trigger a measurement report when the SpCell is being shut down, to identify the most suitable alternate beam or cell (e.g., an alternate NES cell).

[0224] Initially, the WTRU can be configured with dynamic NES indication that can be provided in a common 1001 group signaling. The RRC configuration can provide configuration information for LTM and NES operation. The configuration information can include details about cell identities and the dynamic indication pattern. The WTRU can be configured with the LTM procedure with a set of LTM candidates. The WTRU can be configured to handle LTM candidates with respect to NES indication (ON / OFF). This can be configured, for example, by stopping monitoring LTM candidates that the network is planning to shut down. Additionally, there can be two sets of thresholds (e.g., two sets of offsets) for LTM candidates. One set of thresholds can be applicable to LTM candidates when the service cell is ON, and another set when the service cell is OFF. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 77 / 119 69 / 81 OFF as indicated by NES.

[0225] The WTRU can be configured with a special reporting mechanism if the NES signaling indicates that the PSCell is being switched to OFF 1001.

[0226] WTRU can monitor, measure and provide (e.g., send) the report on the measurements of the LTM candidate cells, as configured.

[0227] The WTRU can receive common group signaling providing the update on the NES 1002 state of neighboring cells. The NES state indication can be cells being switched on or off with a (pre)configured / indicated time delay. The signaling can contain a neighboring NES cell configuration ID or a mapping table so that the WTRU can associate the correct NES state with the relevant cell 1003.

[0228] WTRU can identify NES indication from the group's common signaling for cells that are its LTM candidates.

[0229] WTRU can remove LTM candidates for which the network has indicated the NES indication with the OFF state from its actively monitored LTM candidate pool 1004. WTRU can monitor LTM candidates that are indicated to turn on 1005.

[0230] The common signaling of the group that provides the NES status may include the OFF indication for SpCell 1006, in which case the WTRU may trigger a special report for network 1007. Otherwise, the WTRU may measure the LTM candidates and provide a measurement report of the strongest cell(s) (e.g., a configurable number of the strongest) for network 1008.

[0231] WTRU may receive network indication for LTM change to one of the 1009 candidates. WTRU may execute the LTM change to the 1010 cell indicated in the network.

[0232] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example of an LTM update. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 78 / 119 70 / 81 with NES indication based on SIB. In this example, there may be a SIB-based design for NES indication and WTRU update of LTM settings.

[0233] A WTRU can be configured with NES where the NES indication for a set of cells is provided via a NES SIB. The NES SIB with (pre-)configuration can specify the cell identities and the NES state update for cells 1101. The NES indication can also provide the time when a cell will change to the indicated state with appropriate granularities.

[0234] The WTRU can be configured to trigger a special measurement reporting mechanism when the SpCell is being switched off, to identify the most suitable alternative beam or cell (e.g., an alternative NES cell) 1101. The WTRU can be configured with the LTM procedure with a set of LTM candidates and the reporting mechanisms for the configured candidates.

[0235] The WTRU can be configured to handle LTM candidates with respect to the NES (ON / OFF) indication provided in the NES SIB. This can be configured, for example, by stopping to monitor LTM candidates that the network is planning to shut down. Additionally, there can be two sets of thresholds (e.g., two sets of offsets) for LTM candidates. One set of thresholds can be applied to LTM candidates when the service cell is ON, and another set when the service cell is OFF according to the NES indication.

[0236] WTRU can monitor, measure, and report on LTM candidates according to the LTM configuration.

[0237] WTRU may receive paging regarding NES SIB change 1102. In one case, P-RNTI may be used to indicate the NES SIB change indication. In another case, a new P-NES-RNTI may be used to provide indication. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 79 / 119 71 / 81 change of NES SIB; This could prevent non-NES WTRUs from decoding paging and subsequent system information acquisition.

[0238] WTRU can acquire the SIB by providing NES information (e.g., NES SIB) 1103. The NES SIB can provide NES information for a set of configured cells. If an NES SIB is not scheduled, WTRU can request that the network receive the NES SIB via dedicated signaling. The NES SIB can provide updates on the NES status of neighboring cells. The NES status indication can be cells being switched on or off with a (pre-)configured indicated time delay.

[0239] WTRU can identify the NES indication from the NES SIB for cells that are its LTM 1104 candidates.

[0240] WTRU can remove LTM candidates for which the network has indicated an OFF state NES indication from its actively monitored LTM candidate pool 1105. WTRU can enable monitoring of LTM candidates for which the network has indicated an ON state NES indication 1106. WTRU can report measurements of, for example, the best N cells 1107.

[0241] Common group signaling can provide a state change from NES to OFF for the SpCell, in which case the WTRU can trigger a special measurement report to the network configured for the case of the SpCell shutting down 1108. This report for the case of the SpCell shutting down can be provided through a special feature (pre-configured for the WTRUs). Alternatively, the WTRUs can be pre-configured to transmit a scheduling request (SR) that the WTRUs can transmit to the network when the SpCell is being shut down. The network can provide a UL grant through which the WTRUs can provide a measurement report that can be MAC-based or RRC-based. The WTRU can measure LTM candidates and provide a measurement report of the strongest cells (e.g., a configurable number of the strongest) to the Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pages 80 / 119 72 / 81 network. In some cases, this measurement report can be run using L1 event-triggered reports, CSI reports, and the WTRU can indicate the best beams and / or cells with their associated measurements (e.g., RSRP). In some cases, a specific CSI reporting configuration can be applied, for example, to enable reporting of some specific features (e.g., beams in alternate NES cells). The WTRU can receive network indication for LTM change to one of the 1109 candidates.

[0242] WTRU can perform the LTM change to cell 1110 indicated on the network.

[0243] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of an example of LTM updates with SIB-based NES indication and conditional LTM. In this example, there may be a common group indication or SIB-based approach for NES indication and WTRU update of LTM settings and WTRU triggering the LTM conditionally autonomously via previous settings if the current SpCell is being turned off.

[0244] A WTRU can be configured with NES support, where an NES indication for a set of cells is provided via an NES SIB. The (pre-)configured NES SIB can specify the cell identities and an NES state update for cells 1201. The NES SIB can also provide the time when a cell will change to the indicated state with appropriate granularities.

[0245] A WTRU can be configured with an LTM procedure with a set of LTM candidates and the reporting mechanisms for the configured candidates. The WTRU can be configured to handle LTM candidates with respect to the NES (ON / OFF) indication provided in the NES SIB. This can be configured, for example, by stopping monitoring LTM candidates that the network is planning to shut down. Additionally, there can be two sets of thresholds (per Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 81 / 119 73 / 81 example, two sets of offsets) for LTM candidates. One set of offsets applies to LTM candidates when the service cell is ON, and another set applies when the service cell is OFF, according to the NES indication.

[0246] WTRU can monitor, measure, and report on LTM candidates according to the LTM configuration.

[0247] A WTRU can receive paging on the NES SIB change 1202. Alternatively, the WTRU can receive a common indication, as described in other examples herein. In one case, the P-RNTI can be used to indicate the NES SIB change indication. In one case, a new P-NES-RNTI can be used to provide the NES SIB change indication; this can prevent non-NES WTRUs from decoding the paging and subsequent system information acquisition. In one case, the common indication can be transmitted using a CE MAC. In one case, the common indication can be transmitted via a DCI using a group common RNTI, an NES RNTI, or another common RNTI. In one case, the common indication can be transmitted using a short message transmitted on the PDCCH using P-RNTI.

[0248] WTRU can acquire the SIB by providing NES information for a set of configured cells 1203. Alternatively, this SIB acquisition can be optional, for example, if a common indication is used, it can contain all the information needed to update the NES state. If an NES SIB is not scheduled, WTRU can request that the network receive the NES SIB via dedicated signaling. The NES SIB can provide updates on the NES state of neighboring cells. The NES state indication can be cells being turned ON or OFF with a pre-configured / indicated time delay.

[0249] WTRU identifies the NES indication from the SIB of NES for the cells that are its LTM 1204 candidates. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 82 / 119 74 / 81

[0250] WTRU can remove LTM candidates for which the network has indicated an OFF NES indication from its pool of actively monitored LTM candidates 205. If the common signaling of the group providing the NES state includes an OFF indication for the SpCell, WTRU can determine a suitable LTM candidate as follows: WTRU can select a suitable LTM target from among the configured active LTM candidates (e.g., “active” can mean: WTRU has a valid TA for this cell, WTRU is maintaining DL synchronization, WTRU is running TRS tracing, and / or WTRU is actively reporting CSI). Selection of a suitable candidate can be made via a second set of RSRP thresholds (RSRQ) configured by the network.If no cell meets the autonomous selection conditions, WTRU may choose the cell with the strongest signal quality; and / or the criterion for strongest signal quality may be RSRP, RSRQ associated with the target candidate's RS. The criterion may be part of the configuration.

[0251] WTRU can activate LTM candidate cells that are becoming LIGA 1206. WTRU can report measurements of, for example, the N best cells 1207. WTRU can perform the LTM cell change to the selected cell 1208.

[0252] In some cases, the WTRU may determine a suitable cell to switch autonomously. For example, the WTRU may attempt to autonomously trigger the LTM if an indication is received that the PCell is switching to OFF due to NES 1209.

[0253] The WTRU may attempt to activate the LTM autonomously if an indication is received that one or more neighboring cells are switching to ON.

[0254] The WTRU may select a subset of candidate LTM cells to consider for standalone LTM. In one case, the subset may be determined based on one or more of the following: cells for which the WTRU Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 83 / 119 75 / 81 has a valid TA; cells in which WTRU is maintaining DL synchronization; cells in which WTRU is performing TRS tracing; cells in which WTRU is actively reporting CSI; cells with a radio quality measurement above a configured threshold; and / or an explicit list of cells.

[0255] The subset of cells can be selected so that these cells are prepared for the WTRU to perform LTM at any time (e.g., based on an explicit MAC CE). As an example, the case where the WTRU has already performed an RA ordered by the PDCCH to obtain the TA or the case where the WTRU has been explicitly configured to maintain DL synchronization or report CSI measurements.

[0256] For example, the WTRU may select a subset of cells based on current radio conditions, and the WTRU may need to trigger random access to the target cell after the LTM execution. In some cases, the WTRU may be configured with advance TA acquisition using RAR (e.g., the WTRU may be configured to perform advance TA acquisition and receive TA in a RAR). In this case, the WTRU may respond to the RAR (e.g., using a granted grant) to complete the LTM for the target cell.

[0257] The WTRU may attempt to perform a cell change to a cell that has been indicated as connected, and the WTRU may perform random access after a certain period of time. The WTRU may first trigger measurements and / or DL ​​synchronization procedure before triggering RA.

[0258] The WTRU may have been pre-configured (by RRC or in a MAC CE) with an indication of the specific cells to be included in the subset. This pre-configuration may include a TA to be used, uplink resources to be used, for example, a configured lease (e.g., CG-PUSCH at a specific time) to transmit an ACK, specific RA resources. The WTRU may receive a timing indication for this lease, with respect to Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 84 / 119 76 / 81 Reception time of the signal indicating the NES state. The time indication can be pre-configured, sent with the indication, or determined based on a received indication.

[0259] A suitable target cell can be determined from the subset. This can be based on one or more of the following: a prioritization, for example, prioritizing intra-DU cells or specific cells; the best radio quality measurement, for example, RSRP; and / or the cell with the highest number of beams above a radio quality threshold.

[0260] If a suitable candidate cell is determined, the WTRU can then execute the LTM. For example, perform an RRC reconfiguration using the stored candidate configuration, but without any explicit MAC CE.

[0261] In one approach, there may be an LTM configuration update based on a common indication updating a cell's NES state. Generally, a WTRU can be configured to allow dynamic updating of neighboring cell NES states using common signaling. For example, one or more of the following options may be configurations for the WTRU: the WTRU may be configured to receive one or more NES indications that may be provided in a group common signaling; an RRC pre-configuration may provide details of cell identities and NES state patterns; and / or the WTRU may be configured with a set of LTM candidates and measurements, procedures, and parameters associated with specific NES states.

[0262] A WTRU can receive common signaling, providing an update of the NES state of one or more neighboring cells. For example, one or more of the following may be included in the signaling: an indication of NES state which may indicate that the cell(s) is / are being switched ON or OFF with a (pre-)configured / indicated time delay; one or more configuration IDs of Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 85 / 119 77 / 81 neighboring NES cells or a mapping table so that WTRU can associate the correct NES state with the relevant cell; and / or an index to a pre-configured set of neighboring cell states.

[0263] WTRU can update the LTM configuration according to new NES states. For example, WTRU can remove LTM candidates for which the network has indicated an OFF NES indication from its actively monitored LTM candidate pool and can enable LTM candidates for which the network has indicated an ON NES indication. WTRU can update the monitoring of an LTM candidate cell based on the NES status, for example: CSI reports, which can update the SSBs or CSIRS that are active on some of the candidates; DL / UL synchronization; L1 event-triggered reports, where new MAC CE for L1 event reports (e.g., limited only to active NES cells); update L1 reporting limits or criteria based on cell state; and / or update active BWPs to use when triggering LTM.

[0264] If the common signaling of the group providing the NES status includes the OFF indication for the PCell, then one or more of the following may apply: the WTRU may receive the network indication for the LTM change to one of the candidates; the WTRU may perform the LTM change to the cell indicated by the network; and / or the WTRU may measure a subset of LTM candidates and provide an indication to the network. For this last option, the indication may be one or more of the following: RRC measurement report, L1 event-triggered report (e.g., on a CE MAC), or CSI report; a report of the strongest cells (e.g., a configurable number of the strongest) to the network; and / or a specific set of cells (e.g., alternate NES cells).

[0265] Group / common signaling can enable additional system benefits, such as reduced signaling overhead. The NES status of a cell Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 86 / 119 78 / 81 can be reported using common signaling, and each WTRU can update LTM settings (e.g., active) based on the NES state. There may be an identification of suitable alternative cells to run LTM before the cell is turned off.

[0266] In one approach, there may be a common NES indication(s) based on SIB / group and an implicit and / or conditional LTM. Generally, a WTRU may receive a configuration that allows a dynamic update of neighboring cells' NES states using common signaling.

[0267] A WTRU can receive common signaling, providing an update of one or more NES states of neighboring cells.

[0268] WTRU can update the LTM configuration according to the new NES state(s).

[0269] There may be an implicit LTM trigger: If the common signaling that provides the NES state includes the OFF indication for the SpCell, the WTRU will determine a suitable LTM candidate and autonomously perform the LTM cell change to the selected cell.

[0270] In such a case, where there is an implicit LTM trigger, the WTRU may select a suitable LTM target from a subset of LTM candidates. The subset may be cells on which the WTRU is maintaining DL and / or UL synchronization (e.g., has a valid TA); this may imply that the cells are primed and ready for LTM cell switching at any time. The subset may be cells for which CSI reporting has been enabled. The subset may be a set of cells previously indicated as LTM candidates for the case of NES OFF indication. Selection of a suitable target from the subset may be based on radio conditions, such as the strongest cell among the selected subset or above a threshold.

[0271] In the case of an implicit LTM trigger, if a suitable cell is Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, p. 87 / 119 79 / 81 selected, the WTRU can execute LTM without any MAC CE trigger. If the WTRU does not yet have DL / UL synchronization, it can execute RACH on the target cell. Otherwise, the WTRU can execute LTM in the same way as if the candidate configuration index were received on a MAC CE (e.g., normal case).

[0272] In such a case, where there is an implicit LTM trigger, if no suitable cell can be selected for the implicit LTM trigger, then the WTRU may trigger RLF or measurement report.

[0273] In this approach, there may be one or more benefits to the system, such as improved latency and reduced signaling when switching off a cell. Using common signaling, the HO can be implicitly triggered for multiple WTRUs in a switched-off cell, avoiding the need to trigger WTRUs individually when a cell enters the “off” NES state.

[0274] As described in the present invention, a top layer may refer to one or more layers in a protocol stack, or to a specific sublayer within the protocol stack. The protocol stack may comprise one or more layers in a WTRU or a network node (e.g., eNB, gNB, other functional entity, etc.), where each layer may have one or more sublayers. Each layer / sublayer may be responsible for one or more functions. Each layer / sublayer may communicate with one or more of the other layers / sublayers, directly or indirectly. In some cases, these layers may be numbered, such as Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3. For example, Layer 3 may comprise one or more of the following: Non-Access Layer (NAS), Internet Protocol (IP), and / or Radio Resource Control (RRC).For example, Layer 2 may comprise one or more of the following: Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), and / or Medium Access Control (MAC). For example, Layer 3 may comprise... Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, page 88 / 119 80 / 81 operations of the physical layer (PHY) type. The higher the layer number, the larger it will be relative to the other layers (for example, Layer 3 is larger than Layer 1). In some cases, the above-mentioned examples may be referred to as layers / sublayers, regardless of the number of layers, and may be referred to as a top layer, as described in the present invention. For example, from highest to lowest, a top layer may refer to one or more of the following layers / sublayers: a NAS layer, an RRC layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, a MAC layer, and / or a PHY layer. Any reference herein to a top layer in conjunction with a process, device, or system will refer to a layer that is higher than the process, device, or system layer. In some cases, the reference to a top layer herein may refer to a function or operation performed by one or more layers described in the present invention.In some cases, reference to a high layer in the present invention may refer to information that is sent to or received by one or more layers described in the present invention. In some cases, reference to a top layer herein may refer to a configuration that is sent to and / or received by one or more layers described in the present invention.

[0275] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations (e.g., embodiments, methods, examples, etc.), one skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. For example, as disclosed in the present invention, there may be a method described in association with a figure for illustrative purposes, and one with common knowledge in the field will realize that one or more features or elements of that method can be used alone or in combination with one or more features of another method described elsewhere. A symbol 7' (e.g., bar) Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 89 / 119 81 / 81 can be used here to represent 'and / or', where, for example, 'A / B' can imply 'A and / or B'. As used in the present invention, 'a' and 'an' and similar phrases should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. Similarly, any term ending with the suffix '(s)' should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. The term 'may' should be interpreted as 'may', for example, or indicate that something happens or may happen. Furthermore, the methods described in the present invention can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted by wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media.Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard drives and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor in conjunction with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 90 / 119

Claims

1 / 6 CLAIMS 1. A method implemented by a wireless receiving and transmitting unit (WTRU), the method CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: receiving, from a first cell, configuration information for one or more candidate cells, including a cell identification for one or more candidate cells, wherein one or more candidate cells are in an active Network Energy Saving (NES) state; receiving, from the first cell, L1 / 2-triggered mobility measurement (LTM) configuration information for at least one cell of one or more candidate cells;Receive, from the first cell, a first signaling message, wherein the first signaling message includes the identification of at least one cell from one or more candidate cells and an indication of activation of a cell shutdown NES state for at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells, wherein the first signaling message is a common group NES signaling message addressing a plurality of WTRUs; generate, by the WTRU, and based on the LTM measurement configuration information, measurement results for at least one candidate cell that is in the active NES state; send, to the first cell, an LTM measurement report message, wherein the LTM measurement report message includes, for each measured cell, at least one measurement result and identification of the measured cell;receive, from the first cell, a second signaling message, in which the second signaling message includes an identification of a second cell, where the second cell is a cell included in the LTM measurement report message; Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 114 / 119 2 / 6 change, in the WTRU, from the first cell to the second cell; and send, via the WTRU, to the second cell, a third signaling message confirming the successful change.

2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises receiving, from a network, configuration information for one or more NES states, wherein the one or more NES states include the active NES state and the cell shutdown NES state, and wherein the configuration information for the cell shutdown NES state includes a time value indicating a duration of time during which a cell will be switched off.

3. Method, according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises generating, by the WTRU, after receiving the first signaling message including an indication of activation of a cell shutdown NES state for at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells, and after the time period has elapsed, LTM measurement results for the cells included in the first signaling message.

4. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the first signaling message and the second signaling message are received in a downlink control information (DCI).

5. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the LTM measurement report message is sent on a medium access control (MAC) element (CE).

6. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the third signaling message is sent in a radio resource control (RRC) message.

7. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the first cell is a primary cell (PCell). Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 115 / 119 3 / 6 8. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises receiving from the network a fourth signaling message, wherein the fourth signaling message includes an identification of at least one cell from one or more candidate cells, wherein the at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells is in the cell shutdown NES state and wherein the fourth signaling message includes an indication of activation of the active NES state for at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells.

9. Method, according to claim 8, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises generating, by WTRU, based on LTM measurement configuration information, measurement results for at least one cell from one or more candidate cells identified in the fourth signaling message.

10. Wireless Transmit and Receive Unit (WTRU), the WTRU CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises at least one processor and one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor and the transceiver are configured to: receive, from a first cell, configuration information for one or more candidate cells, including a cell identification for one or more candidate cells, wherein the one or more candidate cells are in an active Network Energy Saving (NES) state; receive, from the first cell, L1 / 2-triggered mobility measurement (LTM) configuration information for at least one cell of one or more candidate cells;receive, from the first cell, a first signaling message, wherein the first signaling message includes the identification of at least one cell from one or more candidate cells and an indication of activation of a NES cell shutdown state for at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells, wherein the first signaling message is a common group NES signaling message addressing a plurality of WTRUs; generate, based on the LTM measurement configuration information, measurement results for at least one candidate cell that is in the active NES state; send, to the first cell, an LTM measurement report message, wherein the LTM measurement report message includes, for each measured cell, at least one measurement result and identification of the measured cell;Receive a second signaling message from the first cell, wherein the second signaling message includes an identification of a second cell, which is included in the LTM measurement report message; switch from the first cell to the second cell; and send a third signaling message to the second cell confirming the successful switch.

11. Wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor and the transceiver are additionally configured to receive, from a network, configuration information for one or more NES states, wherein the one or more NES states include the active NES state and the cell shutdown NES state, and wherein the configuration information for the cell shutdown NES state includes a time value indicating a duration of time during which a cell will be switched off.

12. Wireless transmission and reception unit (WTRU), according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor and the transceiver are further configured to generate, after receiving the first signaling message including an indication of activation of a cell shutdown NES state for at least one cell identified from one or more candidate cells, and after the duration time has elapsed, LTM measurement results for the cells included in the first signaling message.

13. Wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the first and second signaling messages are received in a downlink control information (DCI).

14. Wireless transmission and reception unit (WTRU), according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the LTM measurement report message is sent on a medium access control (MAC) element.

15. Wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the third signaling message is sent in a radio resource control (RRC) message.

16. Wireless transmission and reception unit (WTRU), according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the first cell is a primary cell (PCell).

17. Wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor and the transceiver are additionally configured to receive, from the network, a fourth signaling message, wherein the fourth signaling message includes an identification of at least one cell from one or more candidate cells, wherein the at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells is in the cell shutdown NES state and wherein the fourth signaling message includes an indication of activation of the active NES state for at least one identified cell from one or more candidate cells.

18. Wireless transmission and reception unit (WTRU), according to claim 17, CHARACTERIZED in that at least one processor and transceiver are additionally configured to generate, based on LTM measurement configuration information, measurement results for at least one cell from one or more candidate cells identified in the fourth signaling message. Petition 870250086078, dated 09 / 23 / 2025, pp. 119 / 119

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