Methods and devices for prioritizing neighboring cells during cell (re)selection according to artificial intelligence / machine learning parameters.

Description

1 / 92 “METHODS AND DEVICES FOR PRIORITIZING NEIGHBORING CELLS DURING CELL (RE)SELECTION ACCORDING TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE / MACHINE LEARNING PARAMETERS” CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUEST(S)

[001] This application claims priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 456,997, filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on April 4, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as if fully set forth below, for all applicable purposes. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[002] This description refers to procedures, methods, architectures, apparatus, systems, devices and computer program products for, and / or aimed at prioritizing neighboring cells during the (re)selection of cells according to artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) parameters and processes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[003] One or more modalities described here relate to methods, devices and procedures in wireless communications for prioritizing one or more neighboring cells during cell selection or re-selection according to a set of AI / ML parameters.

[004] In one embodiment, a method implemented by a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications includes detecting one or more neighboring candidate cells for cell selection, receiving AI / ML beam management information associated with one or more neighboring candidate cells, and receiving a priority regime for use in classifying one or more neighboring candidate cells with AI / ML capabilities for cell selection. The method also includes classifying one or more neighboring cells. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 12 / 122 2 / 92 candidates based at least on the priority regime, and select, from among one or more candidate neighboring cells, a neighboring cell based on the ranking of the selected neighboring cell. In one example, the selected neighboring cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighboring cell is reselected from among one or more candidate neighboring cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g., configuration information) indicates one or more of the following: a B-set type, a B-set size, a B-set pattern, or an AI / ML model that are associated with a reference signal feature set, a beam set, or a beam pair set to measure one or more candidate neighboring cells.

[005] In one embodiment, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications comprises a set of circuits, including a processor, a transmitter, a receiver and / or memory, and the WTRU is configured to implement and execute one or more methods described herein. For example, the WTRU is configured to detect one or more candidate neighboring cells for cell selection, to receive information related to AI / ML beam management associated with one or more candidate neighboring cells, and to receive a priority regime for use in classifying one or more candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities for cell selection. The WTRU is further configured to classify one or more candidate neighboring cells based at least on the priority regime and to select, from among one or more candidate neighboring cells, a neighboring cell based on the classification of the selected neighboring cell.In one example, the selected neighboring cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighboring cell is reselected from among one or more candidate neighboring cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g., configuration information) indicates one or more of the following: a set type B, a set size B, a set pattern. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 13 / 122 3 / 92 B or an AI / ML model that is associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells.

[006] In another embodiment, a network element associated with a base station can be configured to implement and execute one or more of the methods discussed here. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[007] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the detailed description below, provided by way of example in conjunction with the attached drawings. The figures in such drawings, as well as the detailed description, are illustrative. As such, the Figures and the detailed description should not be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and probable. Furthermore, similar reference numbers (“ref.”) in the Figures indicate similar elements, wherein:

[008] Figure 1A is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary communications system in which one or more of the described modalities can be implemented.

[009] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to one embodiment.

[010] Figure 1C is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary central network (CN) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to one modality.

[011] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary additional RAN and an additional additional CN that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to a Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 14 / 122 4 / 92 modality.

[012] Figure 2 is a diagram that illustrates a scenario in which a network (e.g., a base station) transmits a subset of beams and ignores the transmission of another subset of beams, according to one or more modes.

[013] Figure 3 is a flowchart that illustrates an exemplary procedure for a device (e.g., a WTRU) to prioritize neighboring cells for the purpose of (re)selecting cells according to AI / ML parameters, according to one or more modalities.

[014] Figure 4 is a flowchart that illustrates an exemplary procedure for a device (e.g., a WTRU) to collect and share data from neighboring cells that support AI / ML systems, according to one or more modalities. DETAILED DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION

[015] In the detailed description that follows, several specific details are presented to provide a complete understanding of the modalities and / or examples described herein. However, it should be understood that such modalities and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details described herein. In other cases, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the description that follows. Furthermore, modalities and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced instead of, or in combination with, the modalities and other examples described or otherwise explicitly, implicitly, and / or inherently provided (collectively “provided”) herein. EXEMPLARY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

[016] The methods, procedures, devices and systems provided here are suitable for communications involving wired and wireless networks. An overview of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 15 / 122 5 / 92 Various types of wireless devices and infrastructure are provided with regard to Figures 1A-1D, where various network elements can utilize, operate, be arranged according to and / or be adapted and / or configured to the methods, devices and systems provided herein.

[017] Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary 100 communications system, in which one or more described modalities can be implemented. The 100 communications system can be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messages, transmission, etc., to multiple wireless users. The 100 communications system can allow multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth.For example, communication systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailed single-word DFT propagation OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), single-word OFDM (UWOFDM), feature block filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[018] As shown in Figure 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is important to note that the described embodiments consider any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. As an example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be called a “station” and / or a “STA”, may be Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 16 / 122 6 / 92 configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, virtual reality glasses (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[019] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interact with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. By way of example, base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router and the like. Although base stations 114a and 114b are represented as a single element, it is important to note that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[020] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 17 / 122 7 / 92 a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be called a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.In one embodiment, base station 114a can employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and can utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in the desired spatial directions.

[021] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter waves, micrometer waves, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[022] More specifically, as noted above, communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the like. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 18 / 122 8 / 92 can establish the 115 / 116 / 117 air interface using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or HSPA Enhanced (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[023] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology, such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[024] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology, such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the 116 air interface using New Radio (NR).

[025] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[026] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 19 / 122 9 / 92 for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and similar.

[027] Base station 114b in Figure 1A can be a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a commercial location, a residence, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a highway, and the like. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can use a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to the 110 Internet. Thus, base station 114b may not need to access the 110 Internet via CN 106 / 115.

[028] RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different requirements for throughput, latency, error tolerance, reliability, data throughput, mobility, and the like. CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, location-based mobile services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it is important to note that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 may be in Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 20 / 122 10 / 92 direct or indirect communication with other RANs that use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may use NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA or WiFi radio technology.

[029] CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide traditional telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another NC connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[030] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multimode capabilities (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communication with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[031] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 21 / 122 11 / 92 speaker / microphone 124, a numeric keypad 126, a touchscreen / touch surface 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136 and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It should be noted that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the above elements, while remaining consistent with a particular embodiment.

[032] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that allows WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122.While Figure 1B depicts processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components, it is important to note that processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated into a single electronic package or chip.

[033] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the element of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 22 / 122 The 12 / 92 transmitter / receiver 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive RF and light signals. It is important to note that the 122 transmitter / receiver element can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[034] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is represented in Figure 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[035] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capabilities. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[036] The WTRU 102 processor 118 can be coupled to and receive user input data from the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the screen / touch surface 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the screen / touch surface 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information and store data in any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 can include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 23 / 122 13 / 92 may include a SIM card (subscriber identity module), a memory card, a secure digital memory card (SD), and the like. In other embodiments, processor 118 may access information and store data in memory that is not physically located in WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[037] Processor 118 can receive power from power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in WTRU 102. Power supply 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power supply 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[038] Processor 118 can also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which can be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) pertaining to the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to, or replacing, GPS chipset 136 information, WTRU 102 can receive location information via air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. Importantly, WTRU 102 can acquire location information by any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with a mode.

[039] The processor 118 may also be coupled with other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional wired or wireless features, functionality and / or connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 24 / 122 14 / 92 Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and similar devices. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors. Sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, magnetometer, orientation sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, time sensor; geolocation sensor, altimeter, light sensor, touch sensor, magnetometer, barometer, gesture sensor, biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[040] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., an inductor) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or DL ​​(e.g., for reception)) may be simultaneous.

[041] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one mode. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also be in communication with CN 106. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 25 / 122 15 / 92

[042] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is important to note that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs, remaining consistent with one embodiment. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via wireless interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a.

[043] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, transfer decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in Figure 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[044] The CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a service gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network gateway (PDN) (PGW) 166. Although the above elements are represented as part of CN 106, it is important to note that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[045] The MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, carrier activation / deactivation, selection of a specific service gateway during an initial connection of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and similar functions. The MME 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 26 / 122 16 / 92

[046] The SGW 164 can be connected to each of the B eNodes 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during transfers between B eNodes, initiating paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and similar.

[047] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[048] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional fixed-line communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[049] Although the WTRU is described in Figures 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is considered that, in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (for example, temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[050] In representative modalities, the other 112 network may be a WLAN.

[051] A WLAN in Basic Infrastructure Services Set mode Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 27 / 122 A 17 / 92 (BSS) system may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to, or an interface with, a Distribution System (DS) or other type of wired / wireless network that carries inbound and / or outbound traffic from the BSS. Traffic to the STAs originating from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from the STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the originating STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or termed point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the originating and destination STAs with a direct link configuration (DLS).In certain representative configurations, DLS may use either 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to here as an “ad-hoc” communication mode.

[052] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically defined width. The primary channel can be the BSS operating channel and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access and Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including the AP, can detect the primary channel. If the primary channel is detected and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, the Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 28 / 122 18 / 92 A specific STA can be dropped. An STA (e.g., just one station) can transmit at any time on a given BSS.

[053] High Throughput (HT) STAs can use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, by combining the 20 MHz primary channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[054] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be called an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. Streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and data can be transmitted via a STA transmitter.At the receiving STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[055] Sub-1 GHz operating modes are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The operating channel bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support Type Control Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 29 / 122 19 / 92 Meter / Machine-Type Communications (MTC) devices, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain features, for example, limited features, including support for (e.g., support only for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a lifespan above a certain limit (e.g., to maintain a very long lifespan).

[056] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the highest common operational bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be defined and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS that support the operating mode with the lowest bandwidth. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the primary channel state.If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to an STA (which only supports 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands can be considered occupied, even if most of them remain idle and could be available.

[057] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 30 / 122 20 / 92

[058] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to a modality. As noted above, RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 can also be in communication with CN 115.

[059] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it is important to note that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs, remaining consistent with a modality. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via the 116 air interface. In a modality, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may use beamforming to transmit to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown).A subset of these component carriers may be in unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be in licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[060] WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the spacing of OFDM symbols and / or the spacing of OFDM subcarriers can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 31 / 122 21 / 92 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or with variable absolute time duration).

[061] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone and / or non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility docking point. In a standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating / connecting to other RANs, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c.For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to support WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[062] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, transfer decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, network slicing support, DC, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, user plane data routing to the Plane Function. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 32 / 122 22 / 92 User (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and similar. As shown in Figure 1D, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[063] The CN 115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although the above elements are represented as part of the CN 115, it is important to note that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[064] AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N2 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing the log area, terminating non-access stratum signaling (NAS), managing mobility, and the like. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a, 182b to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services used in WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low-latency access (URLLC), services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband access (eMBB), services for MTC access, and the like. AMF 182a, 182b can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 33 / 122 23 / 92

[065] SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b on CN 115 via an N11 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b on CN 115 via an N4 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can select and control UPF 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing through UPF 184a, 184b. SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing DL data notifications, and similar functions. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and similar.

[066] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, support for multihomed PDU sessions, user plane QoS handling, temporary packet storage (DL), mobility tethering, and similar functions.

[067] CN 115 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 115 can include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b, through the N3 interface to UPF 184a, 184b, and through an N6 interface between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 34 / 122 24 / 92

[068] Considering Figures 1A-1D and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein, in relation to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). Emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[069] Emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, functions while fully or partially deployed and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, functions while temporarily deployed / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or perform tests using wireless over-the-air communications.

[070] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, including all, functions while not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices may be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or on an undeployed (e.g., under test) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement the testing of one or more components. The emulation device(s) may be a test device. Direct RF coupling and / or Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 35 / 122 25 / 92 Wireless communications via RF circuit arrays (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data. (Re)Selection of Cells in NR

[071] In 3GPP RAN#94-e, the RAN study item on Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) for NR agreed on an air interface. Beam management was selected as one of the target use cases for AI / ML for air interface. This technology can be a significant basis for improving performance and complexity in conventional aspects of beam management, including beam prediction in the temporal and / or spatial domain for overhead and latency reduction, improved beam selection accuracy, etc.

[072] In legacy NR, gNB could select a set of SS / PBCH (SSB) blocks to be transmitted in SSB bursts, where the list of SSBs transmitted in an SSB burst could be indicated via ssb-PositionsInBurst in SIB1. Transmitting all SSB beams (e.g., up to 64 in NR-Rel. 17) could result in a huge payload and overhead on gNB performance. Reducing the number of SSBs transmitted can positively impact system performance and latency. Thus, gNB could skip transmitting some SSBs and transmit only a subset of SSBs, and WTRUs could predict (e.g., using AI / ML systems) the best beam based on the transmitted SSBs. An example of this scenario is shown in Figure 2, where gNB transmits only a subset of beams (shown as black beams) and ignores the transmission of a subset of beams (shown as dashed pink beams).

[073] During cell (re)selection, WTRU performs cell classification based on cell-based RSRP measurement in SS / PBCH blocks. WTRU evaluates RSRP (Rs for the service cell and Rn for neighboring cells) with Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 36 / 122 26 / 92 based on the measured RSRP and one or more displacement values ​​and parameters. The WTRU searches for the strongest cell based on the assessed RSRP, the number of suitable beams, and the corresponding priorities. In cell (re)selection, once a cell is found whose assessed rating is higher than that of the service cell (within a given time period), the cell will be selected and re-selection will be performed.

[074] In NR-AI / ML systems, an AI / ML-capable WTRU could prioritize selection and connection to different cells based on the WTRU's preferences, as well as the AI / ML properties and AI / ML models of the cells. This could result in different WTRU behaviors in determining priority levels and / or relative priority and in prioritizing cells during initial access and cell (re)selection procedures. Therefore, further investigations are needed on improving AI / ML-dependent prioritization in initial access and cell (re)selection. Common Terminology

[075] Next, 'um', 'uma' and similar phrases should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. Similarly, any term ending with the suffix '(s)' should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. The term 'pode' should be interpreted as 'pode, for example'.

[076] A ' / ' symbol (e.g., slash) can be used here to represent 'and / or', where, for example, 'A / B' can imply 'A and / or B'. [Artificial Intelligence (AI)]

[077] Artificial intelligence can be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior can, for example, mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, and act. [Machine Learning (ML)]

[078] Machine learning can refer to types of algorithms that Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 37 / 122 27 / 92 solve a problem based on learning through experience ('data'), without being explicitly programmed ('set of configuration rules'). Machine learning can be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms can be predicted based on the nature of the data or the feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, a supervised learning approach might involve learning a function that maps input to output based on a labeled training example, where each training example might be a pair consisting of input and the corresponding output. For example, an unsupervised learning approach might involve detecting patterns in data without pre-existing labels. For example, a reinforcement learning approach might involve executing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize cumulative reward.In some cases, it is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the approaches mentioned above. For example, a semi-supervised learning approach might use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this sense, semi-supervised learning lies between unsupervised learning (without labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data). [Deep Learning (DL)]

[079] Deep learning refers to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically DNNs) that are loosely inspired by biological systems. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, in which the input is linearly transformed and passes through a non-linear activation function multiple times. A DNN typically Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 38 / 122 28 / 92 comprises multiple layers, where each layer comprises a linear transformation function and a specific non-linear activation function. DNNs can be trained using training data via a backpropagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have demonstrated top-tier performance in a variety of domains, e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc., and for various machine learning configurations, such as supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised. The term 'AI / ML-based methods / processing' can refer to achieving behaviors and / or compliance with requirements through data-driven learning, without explicitly configuring a sequence of steps or actions. Such methods can enable the learning of complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement when using legacy methods. [Beam Definition]

[080] A WTRU can transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” can be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[081] A WTRU can transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter used to receive a Reference Signal (RS) (such as CSI-RS) or an SS block. The WTRU transmission can be called the “target” and the received RS block or Synchronization Signal (SS) can be called the “reference” or “source”. In this case, it can be said that the WTRU transmits the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relationship with reference to such an RS or SS block.

[082] A WTRU can transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions can be called the “target” and “reference” (or “source”), respectively. In this case, it can be said that the WTRU transmits the first physical channel or signal (target) of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 39 / 122 29 / 92 according to a spatial relationship with reference to the second physical channel or signal (reference).

[083] A spatial relationship can be implicit, configured by RRC, or signaled by MAC CE or DCI. For example, a WTRU can implicitly transmit the Uplink Shared Physical Channel (PUSCH) and the Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS) of the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as an SRS indicated by an SRI indicated in DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relationship can be configured by RRC for an SRS feature indicator (SRI) or signaled by MAC CE for an Uplink Control Physical Channel (PUCCH). This spatial relationship can also be called a “beam indication”.

[084] A WTRU can receive a first downlink channel or signal (target) according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second downlink channel or signal (reference). For example, such an association can exist between a physical channel, such as the Uplink Control Physical Channel (PDCCH) or the Uplink Shared Physical Channel (PDSCH), and its respective DMRS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such an association can exist when the WTRU is configured with a type D quasi-location assumption (QCL) between the corresponding antenna ports. Such an association can be configured as a TCI state (transmit configuration indicator). A WTRU can be indicated by an association between a CSIRS or SS block and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE. Such an indication can also be called a “beam indication”. [TRP, MTRP, M-TRP]

[085] Next, a TRP (e.g., transmission and reception point) can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following TPs (transmission points), Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 40 / 122 30 / 92 RP (receiving point), RRH (remote radio head), DA (distributed antenna), BS (base station), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographic area of ​​cells served by a BS), but still consistent with this invention. Hereafter, Multi-TRP can be used interchangeably with one or more of MTRP, MTRP, and multiple TRPs. [CSI Components]

[086] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where the CSI components may correspond to at least one CSI-RS feature indicator (CRI), one SSB feature indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception on the WTRU (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as L1RSRP, L1-SINR obtained from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssbIndex-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR) and other channel state information, such as at least one classification indicator (RI), one channel quality indicator (CQI), one pre-coding matrix indicator (PMI), one layer index (LI) and / or similar. [Channel and / or Interference Measurements]

[087] [SSB] A WTRU can receive a synchronization signal / physical transmission channel (SS / PBCH) block. The SS / PBCH (SSB) block can include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical transmission channel (PBCH). The WTRU can monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, etc.

[088] [CSI-RS] A WTRU can measure and report channel state information (CSI), where the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of the following:

[089] CSI Report Configuration, including one or more of the following: Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 41 / 122 31 / 92 • Quantity of CSI reports, for example, Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Classification Indicator (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Feature Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc. • Type of CSI report, for example, aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic. • Configuration of CSI report codebook, for example, selection of Type I, Type II, Type III port, etc. • Frequency of CSI reporting. CSI-RS Feature Set, including one or more of the following CSI Feature configurations: • NZP-CSI-RS feature for channel measurement • NZP-CSI-RS feature for interference measurement • CSI-IM feature for interference measurement CSI-RS NZP resources, including one or more of the following: • CSI-RS NZP Resource ID • Periodicity and offset • QCL information and TCI status • Resource mapping, e.g., number of ports, density, Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) type, etc.

[090] A WTRU can indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more reference signals. The WTRU can monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters based on the respective reference signals. For example, one or more of the following may be applicable. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that may be included in the measurements of the reference signal(s). One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[091] SS-RSRP. SS - Received power of the reference signal (SS-RSRP) Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 42 / 122 32 / 92 can be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH or SSS). It can be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective synchronization signal. When measuring RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be necessary. If SSRSRP is used for L1-RSRP, the measurement can be performed based on CSI reference signals in addition to synchronization signals.

[092] CSI-RSRP. CSI-RSRP can be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS. CSI-RSRP measurement can be configured within the measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[093] SS-SINR. SS - Signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SS-SINR) can be measured based on synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It can be defined as the linear average of the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective synchronization signal, divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. If SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement can be performed based on resources configured by higher layers.

[094] CSI-SINR. CSI-SINR can be measured based on the linear average of the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective CSI-RS, divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. If CSI-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement can be performed based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power can be measured based on the resources carrying the respective CSI-RS.

[095] RSSI. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in OFDM symbols. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 43 / 122 33 / 92 configured and bandwidth. Power contribution can be received from different resources (e.g., cells serving and not serving on adjacent channels, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[096] CLI-RSSI. The Received Inter-Layer Interference (CLI-RSSI) signal strength indicator can be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols from the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution can be received from different resources (e.g., inter-layer interference, cells serving and not serving on joint channels, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.).

[097] SRS-RSRP. Sounding reference signals - RSRP (SRS-RSRP) can be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) carrying the respective SRS.

[098] SS-RSRQ. The quality of the received reference signal from the secondary synchronization signal (SS-RSRQ) can be measured based on measurements of the received reference signal power (SS-RSRP) and the received signal strength (RSSI). In one example, SS-RSRQ can be calculated as the ratio of NxSSRSRP / RSSI of the NR carrier, where N can be determined based on the number of feature blocks that are in the RSSI measurement bandwidth of the corresponding NR carrier. Thus, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator can be over the same set of feature blocks.

[099] CSI-RSRQ. The CSI - Received Reference Signal Quality (CSIRSRQ) can be measured based on measurements of the received reference signal power (CSI-RSRP) and the received signal strength (RSSI). In one example, the SS-RSRQ can be calculated as the ratio of NxCSI-RSRP / CSIRSSI, where N can be determined based on the number of feature blocks that are in the corresponding CSI-RSSI measurement bandwidth. In this way, the measurements to be used in the numerator and denominator can be over the same set of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 44 / 122 34 / 92 resource blocks. [Beam Configuration / CSI Report]

[0100] A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSIReportConfigs) can be associated with a single BWP (e.g., indicated by BWPId), where one or more of the following parameters are configured: CSI-RS features and / or CSI-RS feature sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS report configuration type including periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports; time constraints for channel and interference measurements; frequency band reporting configuration (broadband / sub-band CQI, PMI, etc.); limits and calculation modes for reporting quantities (CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.).); codebook configuration; group-based beam report; CQI table; sub-band size; non-PMI port indication; port index, etc. [CSI-RS resource configuration]

[0101] A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RSResourceSet) may include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RSResource and CSI-ResourceConfig), wherein a WTRU may be configured with one or more of the following features on a CSI-RS resource: CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS resources; CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; the portion of bandwidth to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; the TCI state reference, including the QCL source RS(s) and corresponding QCL types. [RS Resource Set Configuration] Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 45 / 122 35 / 92

[0102] One or more of the following configurations can be used for the RS feature set. A WTRU can be configured with one or more RS feature sets. The RS feature set configuration can include one or more of the following: RS feature set ID; one or more RS features for the RS feature set; repetition (i.e., on or off); aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one of slots 0 to 6); TRS information (e.g., true or not). [RS feature configuration]

[0103] One or more of the following configurations can be used for the RS resource. A WTRU can be configured with one or more RS resources. The RS resource configuration can include one or more of the following: RS resource; IDResource mapping (e.g., REs in a Physical Resource Block (PRB)); power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15); power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); scrambling ID; periodicity and offset; QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state). [Ownership of a concession or assignment]

[0104] The following is a property of a grant or assignment: it may consist of at least one of the following: a frequency allocation; an aspect of the time allocation, such as a duration; a priority; a modulation and encoding scheme; a transport block size; a number of spatial layers; a number of transport blocks; a TCI, CRI, or SRI state; a number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2, or a dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi-persistent scheduling assignment (configured); a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; a periodicity of a grant or assignment. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 46 / 122 36 / 92 configured; a channel access priority class (CAPC); any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for grant or assignment scheduling. A DCI indication may consist of at least one of the following: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by a Radio Network Identifier (RNTI) used to mask or scramble the DCI's CRC, and an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, Coreset or search space, Aggregation Level, first received DCI feature element (e.g., index of the first Control Channel Element), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0105] Receiving or monitoring a DCI with or using an RNTI may mean that the DCI's CRC is masked or scrambled with the RNTI.

[0106] Next, a signal can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: probe reference signal (SRS); channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); synchronization signal block (SSB).

[0107] Next, a channel can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH); Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); Physical random access channel (PRACH), etc.

[0108] Next, a signal, channel and message (for example, as in DL or UL signal, channel and message) can be used interchangeably.

[0109] Hereafter, RS can be used interchangeably with one or more of the following: RS resource, RS resource set, RS port, and RS port group.

[0110] Hereafter, RS can be used interchangeably with one or more Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 47 / 122 37 / 92 of the following: SSB, CSI-RS, SRS and DM-RS, TRS, PRS and PTRS.

[0111] Here, time instance, slot, symbol, and subframe can be used interchangeably.

[0112] Here, the terms SSB, SS / PBCH block, PSS, SSS, PBCH and MIB can be used interchangeably.

[0113] Here, SSB, SSB beam and SSB index can be used interchangeably.

[0114] Here, the methods provided for (re)selecting cells and initial access can be used interchangeably.

[0115] The following proposed modalities for beam feature prediction can be used for beam features belonging to one or multiple cells, as well as single or multiple TRPs.

[0116] CSI reports can be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, beam reports and beam measurement.

[0117] Next, a set of RS features can be used interchangeably with a group of beams. Aspects Common to All Modalities [SS / PBCH, MIB and SIB Block]

[0118] A WTRU may receive a physical transmission channel (PBCH). The PBCH may be part of an SS / PBCH block (SSB). The PBCH may carry system information. The PBCH may include or carry a master information block (MIB). The term MIB may be used to represent the content, information, payload, and / or bits carried by the PBCH. PBCH and MIB may be used interchangeably in this document.

[0119] After detecting and / or receiving an SS / PBCH block, the WTRU can use the information in the MIB about the time and / or frequency resources to find one or more System Information Blocks (SIBs). The term SIB can be Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 48 / 122 38 / 92 is used to represent content, information, payload, and / or bits. For example, one or more cell (re)selection parameters can be transmitted in SIB (e.g., SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, etc.), which the WTRU can detect and / or receive from the server and / or the newly detected cells. [Cell Selection and / or Re-selection]

[0120] A WTRU can perform cell selection with or without stored cell information. Cell information may include frequencies and / or cell parameters. In one example, a cell may be defined as a combination of one or more uplink component carriers (CC) and one or more downlink component carriers. The WTRU may have (previously) stored information about one or more cells based on previously received measurement control information elements or previously detected cells. If the WTRU has stored cell information, the WTRU can use it for cell selection.

[0121] If no information is stored, or if searching for cells based on stored information yields no results, the WTRU may perform initial cell selection without prior knowledge of cell parameters. For example, the WTRU may not know which radio frequency (RF) channels are NR frequencies. Thus, the WTRU may scan and / or monitor one or more RF channels, for example, from a set of RF channels (e.g., based on synchronization raster frequencies) in the NR bands to find a suitable cell. For example, a synchronization raster may indicate the frequency positions of the synchronization block (e.g., SS / PBCH block) that can be used by the WTRU for system acquisition when explicit signaling of the synchronization block position is not present.Thus, WTRU can search to find the SS / PBS blocks corresponding to one or more cells in each frequency and / or raster channel, where WTRU can select the... Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 49 / 122 39 / 92 stronger cell based on RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc. measurements for the detected SS / PBCH block.

[0122] Evaluated parameter. Hereafter, the term 'evaluated parameter' may be used interchangeably with 'evaluated RSRP', 'evaluated RSRQ', etc., where the term evaluated may be interpreted as adjusted, computed, calculated, compensated, scaled, defined, determined, identified, etc. Thus, a WTRU may determine an evaluated parameter based on one or more measured values, together with one or more compensation and / or scaling parameters (e.g., (pre-)configured and / or indicated parameters). The WTRU may calculate the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and / or division of one or more measured values ​​with one or more compensation and / or scaling parameters to determine the corresponding evaluated parameter.

[0123] Criteria for a suitable cell. Upon finding a suitable cell, the WTRU can select it as the service cell. In one example, the WTRU can use one or more criteria to select a candidate cell as suitable. The WTRU can determine the criteria based on one or more evaluated parameters. The WTRU can determine the evaluated parameters based on one or more measured parameters, offset values, scaling rules, etc. For example, the WTRU can determine the offset values ​​and / or scaling rules based on one or more configured and / or indicated offsets, parameters, and / or values. For example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine, one or more of the following parameters.

[0124] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine a measured received cell level value. For example, the WTRU can measure the received reference signal power (RSRP), signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), etc., for one or more SS / PBS blocks, reference signals and / or channels. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 50 / 122 40 / 92

[0125] In another example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine a measured cell quality value. For example, the WTRU can measure the received reference signal quality (RSRQ) for one or more SS / PBS blocks, reference signals, and / or channels.

[0126] In another example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine, a minimum required measured Rx level and / or quality level in a cell. For example, a WTRU can receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters and / or offset values ​​to determine the minimum required Rx level (e.g., in dBm) and / or the minimum required quality level (e.g., dB) in the corresponding cell.

[0127] In another example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine, one or more offset values. For example, the WTRU can receive, determine, or be configured with one or more parameters, offset and / or scaling values ​​that can be used when receiving an indication, or based on the determination of the WTRU based on one or more operating modes, limits, etc.

[0128] In another example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine, an evaluated (re)selected cell Rx level value. For example, the WTRU can compute, evaluate, and / or calculate the received level value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or compensation and / or scaling values. In one example, the WTRU can calculate the evaluated (re)selected cell Rx level value (e.g., Srxlev) based on the measured received cell level value (e.g., Qrxlevmeas), the minimum required measured Rx level (e.g., Qrxlevmin and / or Qrxlevminoffset), the compensation parameters (e.g., Pcompensation), one or more time offset values ​​(e.g., Qoffsettemp), etc. (e.g., Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation - Qoffsettemp). Thus, WTRU can select the corresponding cell as one of the suitable candidate cells if Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 51 / 122 41 / 92 the evaluated cell (re)selection Rx level value is greater than a (pre)configured limit (e.g., Srxlev > 0 for cell selection, or Srxlev > SintraSearchP or Srxlev > SnonIntraSearchP for intra-frequency and inter-frequency cell re-selection, respectively, etc.).

[0129] In another example, the WTRU can be configured with, or determine, an evaluated cell (re)selection quality value. For example, the WTRU can compute, evaluate, and / or calculate the received quality value (e.g., in dB) based on one or more measured parameters and / or offset and / or scaling values. In one example, the WTRU can calculate the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value (e.g., Squal) based on the measured cell quality value (e.g., Qqualmeas), the minimum required quality level (e.g., Qqualmin and / or Qqualminoffset), one or more temporary offset values ​​(e.g., Qoffsettemp), etc. (e.g., Squal = Qqualmeas — (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset) — Qoffsettemp).As such, WTRU can select the corresponding cell as one of the suitable candidate cells if the evaluated cell (re)selection quality value is greater than a (pre-)configured threshold (e.g., Squal > 0, or Squal > SintraSearchQ, or Squal > SnonIntraSearchQ for intrafrequency and interfrequency cell re-selection, respectively, etc.).

[0130] The WTRU can receive or be configured with one or more parameters, values, settings, and / or compensation and / or scaling rules as criteria for (re)selecting cells through implicit and / or explicit indications. Explicit indications can be through a master information block (MIB) in the corresponding SS / PBCH block, system information blocks (SIB1, SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, etc.), semi-static configuration (e.g., via RRC), dynamic indication (e.g., via MAC-CE and / or DCI), etc. The WTRU can determine the use of one or more compensation and / or scaling rules based on an implicit indication, which is based on the comparison of one or more parameters with limits. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 52 / 122 42 / 92 corresponding, for example. [Cell Classification]

[0131] When measuring and calculating the rated received power and / or rated quality value, a WTRU can perform cell classification for all cells (e.g., service and neighboring cells) that the WTRU has determined as suitable candidate cells based on the cell selection criteria. For example, the WTRU can determine cell classification based on the calculation of R values ​​(i.e., Rs and Rn) using average RSRP results, where one or more of the following may be applicable. The following parameters are non-limiting examples of parameters that may be included in the calculation and measurement of cell classification. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included. Rs = Qmeas,s +Qhyst — Qoffsettemp Rn = Qmeas,n -Qoffset — Qoffsettemp where, Rs and Rn correspond to the service and neighboring cells, respectively. In an example, in the equation above, Qhyst can represent the mobility aspects of the WTRU. Qoffset can be configured with different values ​​for intrafrequency and interfrequency cell (re)selections, and Qmeas can be the measured RSRP quantity used in cell (re)selection.

[0132] WTRU can reselect a new candidate cell if a neighboring cell has an R value greater than that of the service cell during a (pre)configured time interval. [Configuration of measurement and estimation sets]

[0133] A WTRU can be configured with one or more sets of reference signal (RS) and / or beam (or beam pair) features. Each RS feature, beam, or beam pair can be associated with a beam transmission of specific beam parameters (e.g., beam direction and beam width). A Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 53 / 122 43 / 92 WTRU can be configured with the associated beams and / or RS resources and beam parameters.

[0134] In one example, a WTRU can be configured with a first set of RS features, beams, or beam pairs that can cover the entire RS feature space, beam space, or beam pair space. The WTRU can determine or select a set A and a set B such that the union of set A and set B covers the entire RS feature space, beam space, or beam pair space. In one example, set A and set B can be mutually exclusive. In one example, a set B includes RS features on which the WTRU can perform measurements to obtain (1) direct measurement values ​​for a first set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., one-to-one mapping between an RS feature and a beam or beam pair) and (2) estimated measurement values ​​for a second set of beams or beam pairs (e.g., many-to-one mapping between RS features and a beam or beam pair and possibly using the AI / ML estimation model). [Requirements for Set B]

[0135] A WTRU can be configured with one or more sets of RS features associated with each beam. For example, a WTRU can be configured with a first beam associated with two sets of RSs: a first set including a single RS feature and a second set including multiple RS features. A WTRU can determine beam-associated measurements either by direct measurements of the RS features in the first set or by estimates obtained from measurements of the RS features in the second set.

[0136] A WTRU can determine a set of RS feature measurements (e.g., a set B) such that, for each beam for which it must obtain measurements (directly or by estimation), set B contains at least one of the two sets of RS features associated with the beam. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 54 / 122 44 / 92

[0137] Next, a Set B can be used interchangeably with a set of RS feature sets, beams, beam pairs, beam RS features, RS features and a beam pattern.

[0138] Next, a Set A can be used interchangeably with a set of RS feature sets, beams, beam pairs, beam RS features, RS features and a beam pattern. Prioritization of candidate cells according to AI / ML parameters during cell (re)selection. Methodology: Determining the priority level based on AI / ML

[0139] In an exemplary embodiment, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following steps.

[0140] WTRU detects one or more cells for cell (re)selection or during initial access.

[0141] The AI / ML enabled WTRU is (pre-)configured or receives one or more configurations (e.g., from gNB, via MIB, SIB, etc.) at the priority levels to be used for cell (re)selection.

[0142] WTRU receives priority levels to select cells with AI / ML operations.

[0143] For example, priority level 1 may indicate that there is no priority in connecting to cells operating with AI / ML, for example, all cells (with or without AI / ML systems) are considered to have the same priority.

[0144] For example, priority level 2 may indicate that cells with AI / ML operation have a higher priority compared to cells without AI / ML operation.

[0145] For example, priority level 3 may indicate that cells with AI / ML operation have lower priority compared to cells without AI / ML operation. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 55 / 122 45 / 92

[0146] If priority level 2 is configured, the WTRU can receive, determine, or be (pre-)configured with one or more priority sublevels within priority level 2 based on AI / ML system models (e.g., on the detected cell). For example, a first type of priority level 2 might comprise priority level 2-1, in which, for example, the WTRU considers cells with a specific Set B type (e.g., fixed or random) as having the highest priority (e.g., based on the WTRU's trained AI / ML model).

[0147] For example, a second priority level 2 could be level 2-2, in which, for example, WTRU considers cells with a specific size from Set B (e.g., 16, 32, etc. bundles) as having the highest priority (e.g., based on WTRU's trained AI / ML model).

[0148] For example, a third priority level 2 could be level 2-3, in which, for example, WTRU considers cells with a specific ratio between Set A and Set B (e.g., between transmitted and non-transmitted beams) as having the highest priority.

[0149] In another example, a second type of priority level 2 might comprise priority level 2-4, in which, for example, WTRU uses AI / ML-specific offset values, offset values, or scheduling rules (e.g., q-offsets or thresholds) to prioritize cells with AI / ML operation and specific properties (e.g., Set B type, Set B size, Set B ratio, etc.).

[0150] In the case of the first type of priority, WTRU can use the priority offset to be considered in the calculation of the absolute priority of a cell, for example: Absolute priority = cellReselectPriority + CellReselectSubPriority + AI / ML_priority Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 56 / 122 46 / 92

[0151] Next, WTRU performs cell classification based on priority levels and offset values.

[0152] Finally, WTRU selects the cell with the highest ranking. [Determining the Operating Mode: for example, operation with or without AI / ML]

[0153] In one embodiment, a WTRU can use the received and / or detected SS / PBCH, MIB, SIB, etc. block to receive, detect, identify, or determine information about the operating mode of the detected cell.The WTRU can determine at least one of the following modes of operation based on the detected information: (1) AI / ML operation (e.g., the WTRU can determine whether the detected cell supports operation with or without AI / ML systems); (2) duplex mode (e.g., the WTRU can determine the duplex mode as TDD, FDD, or HD-FDD); (3) license regime mode (e.g., the WTRU can determine whether the detected cell operates with or without shared spectrum, i.e., operation in unlicensed or licensed spectrum, respectively); (4) WTRU type restriction (e.g., access restriction for certain WTRU types) (e.g., a first type of WTRU (e.g., a WTRU with limited capacity, including reduced Rx antenna, lower maximum supported bandwidth, lower maximum transmission power) may not be allowed to access the cell if so indicated (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.).( ): otherwise, the first type of WTRUs may be allowed to access the cell); (5) support for a specific functionality in the network (e.g., power saving, carrier aggregation, XDR, etc.); (6) system bandwidth range; (7) use case (e.g., sidelink, Uu, NTN, etc.); and / or (8) maximum uplink transmission power; etc. [Parameters and settings for an operating mode]

[0154] In one embodiment, after the detection of a first mode of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 57 / 122 47 / 92 operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) for the detected cell, a WTRU can determine information corresponding to the first mode of operation (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). In one example, the WTRU can determine at least some of the following information for a cell detected with the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation). Time and frequency resources

[0155] Time resources: For example, WTRU can receive and / or determine the time resources, time units and / or time windows (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, etc.) where the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation) is applied.

[0156] Time settings: For example, WTRU can receive and / or determine the time periodicity, start time, time duration, etc. for the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation).

[0157] Frequency resources: For example, WTRU can receive and / or determine frequency resources (e.g., carriers, BWPs, sub-bands) where the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation) is applied. Reference signal (RS) and / or beam (or beam pair) resources

[0158] Set A. For example, WTRU can receive the configuration in a first set of RS features (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, etc.) or beams or beam pairs that can cover the entire RS feature space, beam space, or beam pair space (e.g., Set A).

[0159] Set B, Measurement Resources: In one example, the WTRU may receive the configuration on a second set of RS resources (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, etc.) or beams or beam pairs that can be effectively transmitted (e.g., measurement resources and / or Set B). The WTRU may receive information about one or more parameters pertaining to Set B in the detected cell: Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 58 / 122 48 / 92

[0160] Type B Set: For example, WTRU can receive information about the type of B Set supported in the detected cells (e.g., fixed type, random type, etc., e.g., via AI / ML-BeamResourceSet type).

[0161] B-Set Size: For example, the WTRU can receive information about the size of the B-Set supported in the detected cell (e.g., the number of transmitted reference signals included in the corresponding B-Set, e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64 etc. beams, e.g., via AI / MLBeamResourceSet-size).

[0162] Set B Pattern: For example, WTRU can receive information about the Set B pattern supported in the detected cell (e.g., whether the Set B pattern supported in the detected cell is a first pattern, a second pattern, etc., e.g., via AI / ML-model-location-support).

[0163] AI / ML Model: For example, the WTRU can receive the AI / ML model used in the detected cell. The WTRU can receive one or more indexes pointing to one or more lists or tables of AI / ML models, patterns, etc. (for example, via AI / ML operating status). Scheduling parameters, limits, and / or rules (e.g., AI / ML specific)

[0164] Priority Level: For example, the WTRU may receive, identify, or determine an indication at one or more priority levels of cell (re)selection. The WTRU may determine a first priority level for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation), a second priority level for a second mode of operation (e.g., without AI / ML operation), etc. The indication may be based on: Explicit indication: For example, WTRU can receive an explicit indication (e.g., from a gNB) via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc. Implicit indication: Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 59 / 122 49 / 92

[0165] WTRU Capability. In one instance (e.g., if the WTRU has not received an explicit indication of the priority level), the WTRU may determine priority levels based on one or more WTRU capabilities (e.g., AI / ML enabled WTRU) and / or operating modes. For example, the WTRU may assign a higher priority to a first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation) and a lower priority to a second operating mode (e.g., without AI / ML operation). Alternatively, the WTRU may assign a lower priority to the first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation) and a higher priority to the second operating mode (e.g., without AI / ML operation).

[0166] In another example, the WTRU can determine the priority level based on at least one of the following: latency, coverage, mobility criteria, etc. The WTRU can determine the priority level based on one or more thresholds. For example, the WTRU can determine that the (expected) latency is greater than a corresponding threshold (e.g., the WTRU can determine the requirements based on the respective mobility parameters). In this way, the WTRU can determine the use and / or consider a higher priority for cells with the first operating mode that reduces latency (e.g., with AI / ML operation) compared to cells with an operating mode with potentially higher latency (e.g., without AI / ML operation).

[0167] Limits: For example, the WTRU can receive, identify, determine, or be configured with one or more limit values ​​for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation). The WTRU can use the limits to determine one or more corresponding limits, levels, ranges, and actions. The WTRU can receive one or more limits indicating the minimum and maximum limits for one or more values. In one example, the WTRU can receive limits for latency, mobility, RSRP measurements, differences between detected and predicted RSRP, level of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 60 / 122 50 / 92 precision etc.

[0168] Offset and / or scaling rules and / or values: For example, the WTRU may receive, identify, determine, or be configured with one or more offset and / or scaling values. The WTRU may use the respective values ​​to be added, subtracted, multiplied, and / or divided by one or more configured, indicated, and / or determined parameters. [Determining the Priority Level for the operating mode]

[0169] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive, identify, determine, or be provided with one or more priority levels for cells with one or more modes of operation (e.g., for the first mode of operation, i.e., with AI / ML operation). For example, at least one of the following may apply. For priority level 1, no priority for cells with a first mode of operation. For example, the WTRU may determine that cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) have the same priority level as other cells (e.g., without AI / ML operation) for cell (re)selection.

[0170] For priority level 2, cells with the first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation) have higher priority compared to cells with other operating modes (e.g., without AI / ML operation). For example, if the WTRU supports a first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML-capable WTRUs), the WTRU may consider candidate frequencies for cell (re)selection where it cannot receive the first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation) as having lower priority.

[0171] For priority level 3, cells with the first operating mode (e.g., operating with AI / ML) have lower priority compared to cells with other operating modes (e.g., without Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 61 / 122 51 / 92 operation with AI / ML). For example, if the WTRU supports a first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML-capable WTRUs), the WTRU may consider candidate frequencies for (re)selection of cells in which it can receive the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) as having lower priority.

[0172] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive an indication of which of the priority levels is selected to be applied (e.g., for (re)selection of cells). In one example, the WTRU may receive the start and / or end time and / or the duration of time (e.g., time units, symbols, intervals, etc.) to apply one or more priority levels. The indication may be explicit. For example, the indication may be received via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, and / or RRC indication.

[0173] Alternatively, the indication may be implicit. For example, it may be based on the operating state. For example, the WTRU may determine one or more events to trigger, enable, configure, or allow the WTRU to consider priority levels for (re)selecting cells from among cells with the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation). Thus, the WTRU may determine one or more states or events as criteria for determining priority levels (e.g., WTRU mobility state with low and / or normal mobility, medium mobility, or high mobility).

[0174] In one example, if the WTRU determines that the WTRU is in a first state (e.g., high mobility state), the WTRU may determine to consider a first priority level (e.g., priority level 3). If the WTRU determines that the WTRU is in a second state (e.g., medium mobility state), the WTRU may determine to consider a second priority level (e.g., priority level 1). If the WTRU determines that the WTRU is in a third state (e.g., normal and / or low mobility state), Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 62 / 122 52 / 92 a WTRU can determine the consideration of a third priority level (e.g., priority level 2). The mobility state can be used interchangeably with other events or states, such as coverage state, latency state, etc. [Determining the priority level for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation)]

[0175] A WTRU can determine or be configured with a first priority level (e.g., priority level 2, as described here) that gives higher priority to cells with a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) compared to cells with other modes of operation (e.g., without AI / ML operation).

[0176] In one embodiment, a WTRU may implement and / or perform initial access and / or (re)selection of cells based on one or more priority subtypes. In one example, one or more of the following may be applicable.

[0177] First type of prioritization. In one mode, a WTRU can determine or be configured with a first type of priority, where the WTRU can determine or be configured with one or more priority levels to be considered. The WTRU can receive the priority type and priority level configuration via signaling (e.g., from a gNB, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.). In one example, one or more of the following priority levels can be determined and / or configured.

[0178] Set B Type. For example, the WTRU can determine or be configured to consider cells with at least one specific Set B type (e.g., fixed, random, etc.) as having the highest priority. In one example, the WTRU can determine the specific Set B type based on the trained model (e.g., AI / ML) in the WTRU.

[0179] Set B Size. For example, WTRU can determine or Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 63 / 122 53 / 92 can be configured to consider cells with at least one specific size from Set B (e.g., 8, 16, 32, etc.) as having the highest priority. In one example, WTRU can determine the specific size of Set B based on the model trained (e.g., AI / ML) in WTRU.

[0180] Ratio of Set A and Set B. For example, the WTRU can determine or be configured to consider cells with at least a specific ratio between the number of beams in Set A and the number of beams in Set B (e.g., between transmitted and non-transmitted beams) as having the highest priority. In one example, the WTRU can determine the specific ratio between Set A and Set B based on the trained model (e.g., AI / ML) in the WTRU.

[0181] Set B Pattern. For example, the WTRU can determine or be configured to consider cells with at least one specific pattern for Set B as having the highest priority. In one example, the WTRU can determine the specific pattern of Set B based on the trained model (e.g., AI / ML) in the WTRU.

[0182] Thus, in the first type of prioritization, WTRU may consider cells that conform to the determined and / or configured priority level as the cells with the highest priority (e.g., the highest in the cell sorting list). WTRU may consider (other) cells that do not conform to the determined and / or configured priority level as the cells with the lowest priority (e.g., the lowest and / or the lowest in the cell sorting list).

[0183] In one example, WTRU may determine the use of a given and / or (pre-)configured prioritization parameter (e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) (e.g., AI / ML_priority) to estimate, compute, calculate, and / or evaluate the absolute priority of the corresponding detected cell. The parameter of Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 64 / 122 54 / 92 prioritization can have different values ​​for different priority levels. As examples, WTRU can use the priority corresponding to the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML_priority), the (pre)configured and / or determined priority of the detected cell (e.g., cellReselectPriority), the (pre)configured and / or determined subpriority of the detected cell (e.g., cellReselectSubPriority), etc., to evaluate the absolute priority of the cell, for example: Absolute priority = cellReselectPriority + CellReselectSubPriority + AI / ML_priority

[0184] WTRU can use the assessed priority in the initial access and / or cell sorting and select the cell with the highest ranking. In one example, WTRU can use the determined priority levels, prioritization parameters (e.g., AI / ML_priority), assessed absolute priority (e.g., Absolute Priority), and so on to determine the relative priority to be used in cell sorting. For example, UE can determine that cells with an assessed absolute priority greater than a first value are considered prioritized (e.g., at the top of the cell sorting list, e.g., based on assessed RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). In another example, WTRU can determine that cells with an assessed absolute priority less than a second value are considered low priority (e.g., at the end of the cell sorting list, e.g., based on assessed RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0185] Second type of prioritization. In another mode, a WTRU can determine or be configured to use one or more offset values, offset values, or scaling rules (e.g., q-offsets or thresholds) (AI / ML specific, Set B type specific, Set B size specific, etc.) to prioritize cells with a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) and / or with properties Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 65 / 122 55 / 92 specific (e.g., Set B type, Set B size, Set B ratio, etc.).

[0186] In one example, the WTRU can determine or be configured to (re)evaluate a quality parameter based on one or more measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP) for a detected cell (e.g., based on the detected SSB). The WTRU can receive the scaling parameters based on (pre-)configured parameters and / or via signaling (e.g., from gNB, via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.). The WTRU can (re)evaluate the quality parameter based on one or more offset values, compensation values, and / or scaling parameters (e.g., (pre-)configured and / or indicated parameters). The WTRU can calculate the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and / or division of one or more measured values ​​with one or more compensation and / or scaling parameters to determine the corresponding (re)evaluated parameter.

[0187] In one example, the WTRU may determine to use a specific scaling parameter for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML-specific scaling parameter, e.g., Qoffset-AI / ML) to estimate, compute, calculate, and / or evaluate a parameter (e.g., receive power, signal strength, etc.) (e.g., for cell sorting during cell (re)selection, initial access, etc.). As an example, the WTRU may use the corresponding offset (e.g., Qoffset-AI / ML) together with the measured cell received level value (e.g., Qrxlevmeas), the minimum required measured Rx level (e.g., Qrxlevmin and / or Qrxlevminoffset), the compensation parameters (e.g., Pcompensation), one or more temporary offset values ​​(e.g., Qoffsettemp), etc. (for example, Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation - Qoffsettemp+ Qoffset-AI / ML).

[0188] In one modality, the WTRU may determine or be (pre Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 66 / 122 56 / 92) configured to use different scheduling parameters (e.g., Qoffset-AI / ML) for different priority levels. That is, for example, if the WTRU determines or is configured with a first priority level (e.g., priority level A), the WTRU can use a first scheduling parameter (e.g., Qoffset-AI / ML-A) for a cell that meets the necessary criteria (e.g., with a fixed Set type B).

[0189] Alternatively, if the WTRU determines or is configured with a second priority level (for example, priority level B), the WTRU can use a second scheduling parameter (for example, Qoffset-AI / ML-B) for a cell that meets the required criteria (for example, Set B size).

[0190] Alternatively, if the WTRU determines or is configured with a third priority level (e.g., priority level C), the WTRU may use a third scaling parameter (e.g., Qoffset-AI / ML-C) for a cell that satisfies the required criteria (e.g., ratio of Set A to Set B).

[0191] WTRU can use the (re)evaluated parameter in cell sorting and / or initial access and select the cell with the highest sorting. Prioritization of candidate cells during cell (re)selection.

[0192] In one exemplary embodiment, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following procedures:

[0193] A WTRU can perform the cell reselection procedure (e.g., periodic cell search) and detect one or more neighboring candidate cells with acceptable RSRP / RSRQ values ​​(i.e., valid cells). WTRU can measure RSRP, RSRQ, Line of Sight (LOS) probability, etc. based on the received SSB.

[0194] WTRU can receive information about the AI / ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 67 / 122 57 / 92 For example, the WTRU can receive the type of Set B or the number of beams in Set B, for example, via SIB2, SIB3, etc., from the cell in which the WTRU is currently camped.

[0195] A WTRU enabled for AI / ML can receive priority levels for the use of AI / ML-enabled cells, for example, based on Set B, trained datasets, latency, coverage, LOS probability, or mobility criteria.

[0196] WTRU can perform cell classification (e.g., based on RSRP, RSRQ, number of beams, etc.) for the detected cells.

[0197] WTRU can perform cell sorting separately to prioritize AI / ML cells: (e.g., for priority levels 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3, described here) (for a first priority type). WTRU can perform cell sorting in separate lists for cells with different priority levels, such as: 1st list: prioritized AI / ML cells; 2nd list: non-prioritized AI / ML cells (cells that do not meet the conditions for priority levels 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3) (for a first priority type); 3rd list: legacy cells (cells that do not support AI / ML). WTRU can perform cell sorting and selection based on the order of cells in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lists, successively.

[0198] Alternatively, WTRU can perform cell classification in conjunction, using scaling offsets and thresholds for AI / ML cells: (e.g., for priority levels 2-4, described here) (for a second priority type). For example, WTRU uses one or more offset and threshold values ​​(e.g., Qoffset-AI / ML) to measure / calculate cell classification (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) for AI / ML cells, e.g., Rn = Qmeas,n + Qoffset-AI / ML - Qoffset - Qoffsettemp. WTRU can determine the offset and threshold values ​​based on different use cases, AI / ML models, or system scenarios. For example, the offset or threshold values ​​can be Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 68 / 122 58 / 92 more conservative (e.g., smaller offsets, so that the gaps between the measured value and the offset values ​​are narrower for RSRP) for cases where cell (re)selection is based on predicted beams rather than legacy transmitted beams. WTRU can make the final decision for cell (re)selection based on the joint cell classification between AIML cells and non-AI / ML cells and the calculated cell classification values ​​(e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0199] WTRU selects the cell with the highest ranking and initiates initial access (e.g., sends the PRACH preamble) to the corresponding cell.

[0200] If a WTRU configured to prioritize AI / ML cells (for example, priority level 2, described here) cannot connect to any of the AI / ML cells, the WTRU may determine the use of a priority level (for example, priority level 3, described here) that prioritizes cells without AI / ML systems / operations. Representative Procedures

[0201] A WTRU can perform a cell (re)selection procedure (e.g., periodic cell search) when the WTRU detects one or more SSBs from one or more neighboring candidate cells. The WTRU can measure one or more quality parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.) based on the SSBs detected in the detected cells. The WTRU can determine that one or more of the detected cells can be considered valid candidate cells (e.g., with acceptable RSRP, RSRQ, etc. values). The WTRU can determine the priority level assessment for the valid cells to be considered in cell classification and in further cell (re)selection procedures.

[0202] In one embodiment, a WTRU can be configured or determined (e.g., based on latency, coverage, mobility requirements, etc.) to perform the prioritization of valid cells with different priority levels. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 69 / 122 59 / 92 separately, together, etc. One or more of the following options may apply: (Re)selecting separate cells for cells with different operating modes (e.g., with or without AI / ML)

[0203] In one embodiment, a WTRU can separate and / or categorize detected cells into different lists based on determined and / or (pre-)configured priority levels. That is, the WTRU can consider a first list to include the set of detected cells that support and / or provide a configuration indicated by a first determined and / or configured priority level (e.g., highest priority), a second list to include the set of detected cells that support and / or provide a configuration indicated by a second determined and / or configured priority level (e.g., second highest priority), etc.

[0204] In one example, a WTRU configured with priority level A (for example, to prioritize cells with a fixed Set B) may consider more than one list of detected cells. The WTRU may determine that the first list includes cells that support the prioritized configuration indicated by priority level A (for example, fixed Set B), and the second list includes cells that support the lower priority configuration indicated by priority level A (for example, random Set B), etc.

[0205] In an alternative mode, the WTRU can determine or receive the configuration in order of priority for the different priority levels to be considered. That is, for example, priority level A as the highest priority, priority level B as the second highest priority, etc.

[0206] Thus, WTRU can execute separate cell prioritization procedures (e.g., during initial access and / or cell re-selection) on separate, predetermined lists of detected cells. In one example, Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 70 / 122 60 / 92 during cell (re)selection, when performing separate cell sorting, WTRU may determine one or more higher-ranking cells in the first list (e.g., cells with a determined and / or configured Set B type), one or more higher-ranking cells in the second list (e.g., cells with a determined and / or configured Set B size), etc.

[0207] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive an indication (explicit or implicit) (e.g., configuration, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) that the WTRU may and / or must consider and / or apply the first list (e.g., may select only one higher-ranking cell within the first list) or consider and / or apply the second list (e.g., may select only one higher-ranking cell within the second list) selectively, based on the indication. This may provide benefits in terms of flexibility and / or efficiency, as a network (e.g., gNB) may choose (e.g., dynamically) a cell ranking procedure based on the first or second list, e.g., depending on varying traffic conditions, the congestion aspect of the WTRU per cell, the purpose of load balancing, etc.

[0208] Furthermore, the WTRU may determine or receive an indication (explicit or implicit) (e.g., configuration, e.g., via MIB, SIB, DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, etc.) that the WTRU may and / or should consider and / or apply more than one list for cell sorting. That is, for example, the WTRU may consider both a first and a second list when performing cell sorting and select one (or more) higher-ranking final cell between the two lists, e.g., each with one or more pre-selected cells with the higher ranking.

[0209] In another example, WTRU can perform cell sorting into separate lists for cells with different priority levels. For example, the Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 71 / 122 61 / 92 The first list may include cells that support a first prioritized operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation), where the cells satisfy at least one of the priority levels (e.g., priority level A, B, etc.). The second list may include cells that support a first prioritized operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation), where the cells do not satisfy any of the (pre-)configured priority levels (e.g., priority level A, B, etc.). The third list may include cells that do not support a first prioritized operating mode (e.g., cells without AI / ML operation and / or legacy cells), etc. WTRU can perform cell sorting and selection based on the order of the cells in the first list, second list, third list, etc., successively. (Re)selection of cells jointly for cells with different operating modes (e.g., with or without AI / ML)

[0210] In one embodiment, a WTRU may select the best cell (e.g., the appropriate and / or strongest cell) for cell (re)selection based on optimization and / or joint selection among cells with different modes of operation (e.g., with and without AI / ML operation) and / or different priority types and levels. For example, if multiple cells with similar priorities meet the cell (re)selection criteria, the WTRU may determine the use of one or more offsets, compensations, and / or scaling rules and parameters to calculate, evaluate, and / or determine the cell ranking for one or more cells that support a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation).

[0211] In one embodiment, a WTRU may determine the use of one or more compensation and / or scaling rules to enhance cell classification to prioritize cells with a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation). For example, if the WTRU is configured or determines Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 72 / 122 62 / 92 applying the second type of prioritization, the WTRU may determine the use of one or more (pre-)configured offset values, compensation parameters and / or scaling rules based on one or more limits and / or settings for the first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation). The WTRU may (re)evaluate the received power and / or intensity (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, SINR, etc.) and / or the received signal quality (e.g., RSRQ) for the cells with the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation) based on modified ratings after applying the determined offset values, compensation parameters and / or scaling rules.

[0212] A WTRU can perform cell (re)selection for one or more detected cells, where one or more preferred SSBs are based on one or more predicted beams (e.g., based on predicted RSRP, RSRQ, etc., via AI / ML systems). In one embodiment, the WTRU may determine the use of different sets of scaling rules, offset parameters, and / or offset values ​​if the WTRU has selected a cell based on predicted SSBs (e.g., instead of legacy transmitted SSBs). In one example, one or more scaling rules for one or more parameters (e.g., RSRP) may have a smaller gap and / or offset (e.g., more conservative) for cell (re)selection based on predicted SSBs, compared to the scaling rules used for cell (re)selection based on measured detected SSBs.

[0213] WTRU makes the final decision for (re)selecting cells based on the joint classification of cells between cells with the first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation), second operating mode (e.g., without AI / ML operation) and the calculated and / or (re)evaluated cell classification values ​​(e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). (Re)Selection of Cells Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 73 / 122 63 / 92

[0214] In one example, a WTRU can determine (re)evaluate the power, intensity and / or quality of the received signal (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, SINR, RSRQ, etc.) from a first cell with a first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation) based on the measured parameters and respective compensation and / or scaling values ​​configured and / or determined.

[0215] WTRU can perform cell classification based on (re)evaluated parameters. WTRU can determine that cell classification based on (re)evaluated parameters resulted in a first cell with the highest and / or strongest cell classification. Thus, WTRU can select the first cell as the service cell.

[0216] By selecting the first cell, WTRU can initiate an initial access procedure to the first selected cell (e.g., PRACH preamble transmission) to connect to the first selected cell.

[0217] In one example, a WTRU configured with a first priority level to prioritize cells that support a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) may fail to connect to any of the cells with the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation). Thus, the WTRU may determine the use of a second priority level that prioritizes cells with a second mode of operation (e.g., without AI / ML operation). Interfrequency cell reselection

[0218] WTRU can perform cell re-selection on multiple NR interfrequencies and / or radio access technology (RAT) frequencies. WTRU can determine and apply a priority for each of at least one of the interfrequencies and perform cell re-selection based on the priority and measurement results (e.g., Srxlev, Squal) applicable to at least one interfrequency. Frequency priority with the first operating mode. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 74 / 122 64 / 92

[0219] In some embodiments, a WTRU may determine the priority of a frequency based on whether a configuration for a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) is provided for that frequency. The WTRU may obtain such a configuration from system information or from the RRC connection release, for example. In one example, the WTRU may determine that if a configuration for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) is provided for a frequency, that frequency will be the highest priority frequency. The WTRU may make this determination only on the condition that the WTRU supports the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation).In another embodiment, the WTRU may determine that if a configuration for the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) is provided for a frequency and the WTRU does not support the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation), this frequency will be the lowest priority frequency. Prioritization of candidate cells during initial access.

[0220] A WTRU can detect one or more SSBs from one or more detected cells (e.g., during initial access). In one example, the WTRU can decode one or more parameters of the detected SSBs (e.g., PSS, SSS, PBCH, and MIB). For example, the WTRU (e.g., AI / ML enabled) can determine if the detected cells support a first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation) (e.g., via MIB).

[0221] In one embodiment, the WTRU can prioritize one or more cells among the detected cells, for example, for the detected cells that support the first mode of operation (e.g., with AI / ML operation). In one example, the WTRU can determine the multiplicity of prioritized candidate cells for which the prioritized candidate cells satisfy a performance level relative to the selected highest priority cell. For example, the WTRU can Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 75 / 122 65 / 92 determine that the difference between the measured RSRP of the candidate cell and the measured RSRP of the best cell must be less than a (pre-)configured limit.

[0222] In one embodiment, the WTRU may attempt to find and decode one or more information configurations (e.g., SIB1) to obtain more detailed information from one or more of the prioritized cells (e.g., information about AI / ML properties, models, or priorities). In one example, the WTRU may attempt to detect more information (e.g., SIB1) for cells that support the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation). In another example, the WTRU may determine the detection of more information (e.g., SIB1) based on priority levels determined and / or (pre-)configured by the WTRU for the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation). The WTRU may determine priority levels based on WTRU preferences, WTRU configuration, and / or WTRU operating state (e.g., latency, coverage, mobility, etc. required).

[0223] If the WTRU determines that it can detect more information about one or more detected cells, the WTRU may receive (e.g., via SIB1) one or more configuration information for the first operating mode (e.g., with AI / ML operation) (e.g., type, size, and / or pattern of Set B from SIB1). Alternatively, the WTRU may select a first cell as the best cell, e.g., based on measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, etc.), based on (re)evaluated parameters (e.g., as described herein, see Section 4.3.1), based on support for the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation), based on WTRU preferences, etc.

[0224] In one example, the WTRU can select a specific cell for the first mode of operation if at least one of the following exemplary properties is supported in the selected cell: the WTRU can select a Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 76 / 122 66 / 92 cell for which one or more operational parameters match the preferred cell selection criteria; WTRU may select a cell whose AI / ML model location support matches WTRU's preferred AI / ML model location support; WTRU may select a cell whose AI / MLBeamResourceSet-size is equal to, less than, or greater than WTRU's preferred AI / ML-BeamResourceSetsize; WTRU may select a cell whose AI / MLBeamResourceSet-type matches, is a superset of WTRU's preferred AI / MLBeamResourceSet-type (where the random type is the superset of fixed and random types) or is a subset of WTRU's preferred AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-type (where the fixed type is the subset of random and fixed types).

[0225] The WTRU can initiate an initial access to the selected cell (e.g., by sending a PRACH preamble). The WTRU can receive more detailed information about the first mode of operation (e.g., operation with AI / ML) (e.g., type or size of Set B) as part of the messages received during the initial access (e.g., via Random Access Response (RAR) PDSCH, Msg4 and / or MsgB).

[0226] In one example, the WTRU may determine that the selected cell meets the requirements for operation in the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation) (e.g., based on received information and the priority levels of the selected cell). The WTRU continues to connect to the cell, i.e., for example, the WTRU initiates initial access (e.g., sends a PRACH preamble) to the corresponding cell and / or the WTRU continues with the Msg3 transmission.

[0227] Otherwise, in another example, the WTRU may determine that the selected cell satisfies less than all (e.g., none) of the desired properties to operate in a first mode of operation (e.g., operation with AI / ML). In that case, the WTRU may reject the cell and try to find another cell. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 77 / 122 67 / 92

[0228] In another example, the WTRU may determine that none of the cells detected with the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation) satisfy the properties configured and / or determined for the first operating mode. Thus, in one instance, the WTRU may switch to fallback mode to prioritize cells without the first operating mode (i.e., with a second operating mode, e.g., without AI / ML operation). Data collection between cells that support AI / ML systems.

[0229] In an exemplary embodiment, a WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions.

[0230] WTRU may receive a request from gNB to perform automatic network relationship acquisition (ANR) of one or more neighboring cells.

[0231] The WTRU can receive configuration information for one or more AI / ML parameters to be acquired from neighboring cells, for example, AI / ML support, Set B type, Set B size, Set B default, etc.

[0232] WTRU may receive one or more preferential criteria for detecting and reporting cells (e.g., reporting only cells with (or without) AI / ML operation).

[0233] WTRU can search and try to find SSB bursts from neighboring cells.

[0234] By detecting the SSB of a neighboring cell, the WTRU can decode MIB and SIB1 and determine the configured AI / ML parameters. For example, the WTRU can determine if a cell supports AI / ML based on MIB. In another example, the WTRU can determine the decoding of SIB1 only if the AI / ML support determined from the MIB satisfies a preference indicated by gNB. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 78 / 122 68 / 92

[0235] WTRU can report the AI / ML parameters determined as part of an ANR report. Overview

[0236] A WTRU may receive a configuration and / or an indication to execute an automatic neighboring cell ratio (ANR) acquisition procedure (e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI message). The WTRU may receive one or more configuration information (e.g., from a service cell and / or a camped cell, e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI) to measure and / or acquire signal and / or beam quality measurements from one or more neighboring cells (e.g., RSRP, SINR, RSSI, CQI, etc.). The WTRU may receive one or more thresholds for one or more of the configured parameters.

[0237] A WTRU can detect SSBs associated with one or more neighboring cells. The WTRU can perform measurements on one or more configured parameters (e.g., RSRP) of the detected SSBs from one or more detected neighboring cells. Based on the measurements, the WTRU can determine the signal qualities of one or more detected neighboring cells. In one example, the WTRU can decode the MIB associated with the detected SSBs from the detected neighboring cells. In another example, the WTRU can determine physical cell IDs (PCIDs) of one or more detected neighboring cells based on the decoded MIB. The WTRU can determine or be configured to report one or more of the measured parameters (e.g., RSRP) and / or acquired information (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighboring cells. Examples of Modalities Information Acquisition

[0238] In one embodiment, a WTRU can receive configuration information to acquire one or more configurations, parameters, and / or resources from detected neighboring cells. The WTRU can be configured to report the Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 79 / 122 69 / 92 information acquired from detected neighboring cells (e.g., for gNB, service cell, etc.). For example, the WTRU can be given one or more thresholds to determine the information to be acquired and / or reported from detected neighboring cells. In another example, the WTRU can be configured to decode the information provided in the MIB and / or SIB. That is, the WTRU can be configured to detect and decode additional information from detected neighboring cells that are in the corresponding SIB. In one example, the WTRU can be configured to acquire one or more parameters (e.g., AI / ML).

[0239] For example, WTRU can be configured to acquire operating modes. For example, WTRU can determine whether neighboring cells support one or more operating modes (e.g., operation with or without AI / ML systems) (e.g., via MIB, SIB, etc.). In another example, WTRU can acquire information about the AI / ML models used in the detected neighboring cells.

[0240] For example, WTRU can be configured to acquire the Set B type. For example, for detected neighboring cells that support AI / ML operation, WTRU can determine the Set B type supported in the detected neighboring cells. That is, WTRU can determine and report whether the Set B type supported in the detected neighboring cells is a fixed type, random type, etc.

[0241] For example, the WTRU can be configured to acquire the B-Set size. For example, for detected neighboring cells that support AI / ML operation, the WTRU can determine the supported B-Set size in the detected neighboring cells. For example, the WTRU can determine and report the number of transmitted reference signals included in the corresponding B-Set (e.g., 8, 16, 32, or 64 beams).

[0242] For example, WTRU can be configured to acquire the Set B pattern. For example, for detected neighboring cells that support AI / ML operation, WTRU can determine the Set B pattern supported in the cells. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 80 / 122 70 / 92 neighbors detected. In one example, WTRU can determine and report whether the Set B pattern supported in the detected neighbor cells is a first pattern, a second pattern, etc. Reporting the information

[0243] In one embodiment, a WTRU may be assigned one or more thresholds, maximum and / or minimum limits and / or ranges for one or more parameters to determine whether to report the detected neighboring cell as part of the ANR report and / or the parameters to be reported for the detected neighboring cells as part of the ANR report. The WTRU may be configured with timing and frequency features to report the ANR report (e.g., PUCCH and / or PUSCH ANR features).

[0244] For example, one or more of the following may apply.

[0245] WTRU can only report the PCID for detected neighboring cells.

[0246] WTRU can report the PCID in addition to one or more measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP) for detected SSBs from detected neighboring cells.

[0247] The WTRU can determine or be configured to report the operating mode (e.g., operation with or without AI / ML model) only for detected neighboring cells for which one or more of the measured quality parameters (e.g., RSRP) are above a corresponding threshold. The WTRU can indicate the operating mode by means of a flag indication, where a first value (e.g., one) can indicate a first operating mode (e.g., operation with AI / ML) and a second value (e.g., zero) can indicate a second operating mode (e.g., operation without AI / ML).

[0248] A WTRU can determine or be configured to report the parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighboring cells that Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 81 / 122 71 / 92 support a first mode of operation (e.g., operation with AI / ML capabilities); WTRU can be configured to report only the parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighboring cells that support a second mode of operation (e.g., operation without AI / ML, e.g., legacy operation); WTRU can be configured to report only the parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighboring cells that support a first and a second mode of operation (e.g., operation with and without AI / ML), etc.

[0249] WTRU can determine or be configured to report parameters (e.g., PCID) of one or more detected neighboring cells for which the measured RSRPs are greater than a corresponding threshold and which the detected neighboring cells support a first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation).

[0250] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive a configuration (e.g., based on the reported PCIDs of detected neighboring cells and / or AI / ML capabilities of reported cells) (e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, DCI, etc.) indicating one or more PCIDs and an indication that the WTRU should report one or more parameters pertaining to the first mode of operation (e.g., AI / ML operation, e.g., AI / ML-operation-status, AI / MLBeamResourceSet-type, AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-size, and / or AI / ML-model-locationsupport) of the cells associated with the indicated PCIDs (e.g., for cells that have AI / ML operation capability). Additionally, the WTRU may receive a configuration of preferred criteria for cell selection (e.g., preferred AI / MLBeamResourceSet-type, AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-size, and / or preferred AI / ML-model-locationsupport).

[0251] In one example, WTRU can detect SSBs and decode the MIB and / or SIB of the cells associated with the indicated PCIDs. Based on the information Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 82 / 122 72 / 92 decoded from the MIB and / or SIB, the WTRU can determine the state pertaining to the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation) and / or one or more other operating parameters of detected neighboring cells.

[0252] For example, WTRU can determine the state of the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation) that can be enabled or disabled in a detected cell based on the decoded MIB information associated with that cell. Based on the determined operating state, WTRU can decode SIB1. For example, WTRU can decode a cell's SIB if the first operating mode is enabled in the cell.

[0253] For example, WTRU can determine the B-Set type (e.g., AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-type) for detected cells (e.g., fixed or random beam feature set) based on decoded SIB information.

[0254] For example, WTRU can determine the size of Set B (e.g., AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-size) for the detected cell, such as, for example, N beam RS resources or a maximum number of K_max beam RS resources in a beam resource set, based on information decoded from the SIB.

[0255] For example, WTRU can determine AI / ML-model-location-support (e.g., AI / ML model on the gNB side or AI / ML model on the WTRU side or both) based on information decoded from the SIB.

[0256] In one embodiment, the WTRU may report (e.g., via PUCCH and / or PUSCH, e.g., via ANR report on PUCCH and / or PUSCH) the operating status of the first operating mode for the cells associated with the indicated PCIDs, based on the received configuration (i.e., AI / ML reporting parameters and indicated PCIDs) and decoded MIB information of the cells associated with the indicated PCIDs. Furthermore, the WTRU may report one or more Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 83 / 122 73 / 92 cell operating parameters for the first operating mode, based on information decoded from the SIB and / or detected operation (e.g., when enabled) of the cells associated with the indicated PCIDs.

[0257] For example, WTRU can report the operating status indication by means of a flag indication with a first value (e.g., zero) indicating enabled and a second value (e.g., one) indicating disabled.

[0258] For example, the WTRU can report an indication indicating the decoding status (e.g., SIB1_status) of the SIB (e.g., SIB1) by means of a flag indication, where a first value (e.g., zero) can indicate successfully decoded and a second value (e.g., one) can indicate impossible to decode.

[0259] For example, the WTRU can report (e.g., based on successful decoding of SIB_status) the AI / ML-modellocation-support indication by means of an indication (e.g., 2-bit indication) that is a first value (e.g., zero) indicating on the WTRU side, a second value (e.g., one) indicating on the gNB and / or network side, a third value (e.g., two) indicating on both the WTRU and gNB sides.

[0260] For example, WTRU can report (e.g., based on successful decoding of SIB_status) the AI / ML-BeamResourceSettype indication, by means of an indication, where a first value (e.g., zero) can indicate a first Set B type (e.g., fixed), a second value (e.g., one) can indicate a second Set B type (e.g., random), a third value (e.g., two) can indicate a third Set B type (e.g., all supported types), etc.

[0261] For example, WTRU may report (e.g., based on successful decoding of SIB_status) the AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-size as N supported RS resources and / or a maximum number of max_K supported RS resources. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 84 / 122 74 / 92

[0262] In one embodiment, the WTRU can report (e.g., via PUCCH and / or PUSCH, e.g., by means of an ANR report on PUCCH and / or PUSCH) PCIDs of detected neighboring cells based on received configuration, preferred cell selection criteria received from the service cell, decoded information from the SIB, priority levels, operating state for the first operating mode (e.g., AI / ML operation) (e.g., enabled) etc. for detected neighboring cells.

[0263] In one embodiment, WTRU can report PCIDs of cells whose one or more operating parameters match the preferred cell selection criteria.

[0264] For example, WTRU can report PCIDs of cells whose AI / ML model-location-support matches the gNB's preferred AI / ML model-location-support.

[0265] For example, WTRU can report PCIDs of cells whose AI / MLBeamResourceSet-size is equal to, less than, or greater than gNB's preferred AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-size.

[0266] For example, WTRU can report PCIDs of cells whose AI / MLBeamResourceSet-type matches, is a superset of (where the random type is the superset of fixed and random types) of gNB's preferred AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-type, or is a subset of (where the fixed type is the subset of random and fixed types) of gNB's preferred AI / ML-BeamResourceSet-type.

[0267] Figure 3 is a flowchart that illustrates an exemplary process for a WTRU to prioritize neighboring cells for the purpose of (re)selecting cells according to AI / ML parameters, according to the modalities.

[0268] In step 301, the WTRU initiates a cell (re)selection procedure and detects one or more neighboring candidate cells. The cell (re)selection procedure may, for example, be initiated periodically or due to Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 85 / 122 75 / 92 an imminent transfer. WTRU can select appropriate candidate neighboring cells based on parameters such as RSRP, RSRQ, LOS probability, etc.

[0269] In step 303, the WTRU receives information about the AI / ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells. This information can be received via the cell where the WTRU is currently camped and can be received via SIB, for example, SIB2, SIB3. The information may include the type of Set B or the number of beams in Set B.

[0270] In step 305, WTRU receives a priority regime to use in classifying neighboring candidate cells for (re)selection purposes.

[0271] In step 307, the WTRU ranks neighboring candidate cells according to at least the assigned priority regime. Ranking may also be based on other parameters, such as RSRP, RSRQ, etc.

[0272] In step 309, WTRU selects the candidate neighboring cell with the highest ranking for cell (re)selection and initiates initial access (and may initiate initial access with the candidate neighboring cell with the highest ranking).

[0273] In one embodiment, information about the AI / ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells comprises at least one of the following: Set B type, Set B size, Set B pattern, and AI / ML model.

[0274] In one modality, the priority regime is based on one or more parameters of the candidate neighboring cell's Set B, trained datasets, latency, coverage, LOS probability, and mobility conditions.

[0275] In one embodiment, the classification of candidate neighboring cells is performed separately for candidate neighboring cells that are AI / ML capable in a first sorted list and candidate neighboring cells that are not capable. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 86 / 122 76 / 92 of AI / ML in a second ranked list.

[0276] In one embodiment, neighboring candidate cells in the first list are prioritized over neighboring candidate cells in the second list.

[0277] In an alternative embodiment, candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities and candidate neighboring cells without AI / ML capabilities are sorted into a single list, but offset values, displacement values, and / or scaling rules are applied based on the AI / ML capabilities of the candidate neighboring cells in the sorting. Representative procedures for prioritizing neighboring cell(s) during cell selection or re-selection according to a set of AI / ML parameters.

[0278] In one embodiment, a method (implemented by a WTRU) for wireless communications includes detecting one or more candidate neighboring cells for cell selection, receiving AI / ML beam management information associated with one or more candidate neighboring cells, and receiving a priority regime for use in classifying one or more candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities for cell selection. The method also includes classifying one or more candidate neighboring cells based at least on the priority regime and selecting, from among one or more candidate neighboring cells, a neighboring cell based on the ranking of the selected neighboring cell. In one example, the selected neighboring cell has the highest ranking for cell selection. In some cases, the neighboring cell is reselected from among one or more candidate neighboring cells.In some examples, the received information (e.g., configuration information) indicates one or more of the following: a B-set type, a B-set size, a B-set pattern, or an AI / ML model that are associated with a reference signal feature set, a beam set, or a beam pair set for measuring one or more neighboring cells. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 87 / 122 77 / 92 candidates.

[0279] In some examples, the information received indicates a type associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams or a set of beam pairs for measurement.

[0280] In some examples, the information received indicates a size or the number of beams associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells.

[0281] In some examples, the information received indicates a pattern associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells.

[0282] In some examples, the received information indicates an AI / ML model associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells.

[0283] In some examples, the information received indicates time and / or frequency resources for measuring one or more candidate neighboring cells.

[0284] In one example, the method may also include determining, based on received information related to AI / ML beam management and to measure one or more candidate neighboring cells, at least a subset of reference signal features associated with one or more beams or beam pairs.

[0285] In some examples, the priority regime is based on any of the following: a set of parameters from one or more neighboring candidate cells, trained datasets, a latency, a coverage, a line-of-sight (LOS) probability, and / or mobility conditions.

[0286] In some examples, the method may also include sorting candidate neighboring cells that are AI / ML capable into a first list, and sorting Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 88 / 122 78 / 92 candidate neighboring cells that are not AI / ML capable are in a second list. In one example, candidate neighboring cells in the first list are prioritized over candidate neighboring cells in the second list.

[0287] In some examples, the method may also include sorting candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities and candidate neighboring cells without AI / ML capabilities into a third list.

[0288] In some examples, the method may also include applying, when sorting one or more candidate neighboring cells, at least one of offset values, displacement values, or scaling rules based on the AI / ML capabilities of one or more candidate neighboring cells in the first list, second list, or third list.

[0289] In one embodiment, a WTRU is provided for wireless communications, comprising a set of circuits that includes a processor, a transmitter, a receiver, and a memory. The WTRU is configured to detect one or more candidate neighboring cells for cell selection, to receive information related to AI / ML beam management associated with one or more candidate neighboring cells, and to receive a priority regime for use in classifying one or more candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities for cell selection. The WTRU is further configured to classify one or more candidate neighboring cells based at least on the priority regime and to select, from among one or more candidate neighboring cells, a neighboring cell based on the ranking of the selected neighboring cell. In one example, the selected neighboring cell has the highest ranking for cell selection.In some cases, the neighboring cell is reselected from among one or more candidate neighboring cells. In some examples, the received information (e.g., configuration information) indicates one or more of the following: a set B type, a set B size, a set B pattern, or an AI / ML model that... Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 89 / 122 79 / 92 are associated with a set of reference signal resources, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells.

[0290] In one embodiment, a method (implemented in a WTRU) includes initiating a cell (re)selection procedure and detecting neighboring candidate cells; receiving information about AI / ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells; receiving a priority regime to use in classifying neighboring candidate cells with AI / ML capabilities for (re)selection; classifying neighboring candidate cells based at least on the received priority regime; and selecting the neighboring candidate cell having the highest ranking for cell (re)selection.

[0291] In some examples, information about the AI / ML beam management systems supported by the detected candidate cells comprises at least one of the following: B-set type, B-set size, B-set pattern, and AI / ML model. The prioritization regime is based on at least one of the candidate neighboring cell's B-set parameters: trained datasets, latency, coverage, LOS probability, and mobility conditions. The classification of candidate neighboring cells comprises separately classifying candidate neighboring cells that are AI / ML capable in a first ranked list and candidate neighboring cells that are not AI / ML capable in a second ranked list. Candidate neighboring cells in the first list are prioritized over candidate neighboring cells in the second list.

[0292] In some examples, candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities and candidate neighboring cells without AI / ML capabilities are sorted into a single list, and at least one of the offset values, offset values, and scaling rules are applied based on the AI / ML capabilities of the candidate neighboring cells in the sorting. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 90 / 122 80 / 92

[0293] In one embodiment, with reference to Figure 4, a flowchart is provided that illustrates an exemplary procedure for a WTRU to collect and share data from neighboring cells that support AI / ML systems.

[0294] In step 401, WTRU receives a request from its service gNB to perform ANR acquisition from one or more neighboring cells to acquire one or more configurations, parameters, and / or resources from detected neighboring cells, such as the AI / ML resources of the cells.

[0295] In step 403, the WTRU also receives from gNB a configuration for one or more AI / ML parameters that must be acquired from neighboring cells.

[0296] In step 405, the WTRU also receives preferential criteria from the gNB for which neighboring cells to acquire such information. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication that only cells with AI / ML capability should be considered or only cells without AI / ML capability should be considered.

[0297] In response, at step 407, the WTRU attempts to detect SSB bursts from the indicated neighboring cells.

[0298] In step 409, the WTRU decodes the MIB and SSB of each indicated neighboring cell to determine the indicated configurations, parameters, and / or capabilities, for example, indicated AI / ML configurations, parameters, and / or capabilities.

[0299] In step 411, WTRU reports the configurations, parameters and / or capabilities determined for its service gNB.

[0300] In one embodiment, the configurations, parameters and / or capabilities of neighboring cells comprise AI / ML capabilities, Set B type, Set B size, Set B pattern, etc.

[0301] In one embodiment, the preferential criteria for which neighboring cells acquire such information may be an indication that only cells with AI / ML capability should be considered. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 91 / 122 81 / 92

[0302] In one embodiment, the preferential criteria for which neighboring cells acquire such information may be an indication that only cells without AI / ML capabilities should be considered.

[0303] In one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured to, or can determine to, decode SIB1 only if the AI / ML support determined from the MIB decoding satisfies the preference indicated by gNB (e.g., only if the neighboring cell is AI / ML compatible). CONCLUSION

[0304] Although the features and elements are given above in specific combinations, one skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. The present description is not limited to the specific embodiments described in this application, which are intended to illustrate various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its character and scope, as will become evident to those skilled in the art. No element, action, or instruction used in the description of the present application should be construed as crucial or essential to the invention unless explicitly provided as such. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatus within the scope of the description, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be evident to those skilled in the art from the preceding descriptions.Such modifications and variations are intended to fit within the scope of the appended claims. The present description should be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, together with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims refer. It should be understood that this description is not limited to specific methods or systems.

[0305] The previous modalities are discussed, for simplicity, in relation to the terminology and structure of infrared-capable devices, i.e., infrared emitters and receivers. However, the modalities discussed do not Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 92 / 122 82 / 92 are limited to these systems, but can be applied to other systems that use other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves, such as acoustic waves.

[0306] It should also be understood that the terminology used here is intended to describe only specific modalities and is not meant to be limiting. As used here, the term “video” or the term “image” can mean any of a snapshot, a single image, and / or multiple images displayed over time.As another example, when mentioned herein, the terms “user equipment” and its abbreviation “UE”, the term “remote” and / or the terms “virtual reality glasses” or its abbreviation “HMD” may mean or include (i) a wireless transmitting and / or receiving unit (WTRU); (ii) any of several embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a device capable of wireless and / or wired communication (e.g., pluggable) configured with, among others, some or all of the structures and functionalities of a WTRU; (iv) a device capable of wireless and / or wired communication configured with less than all of the structures and functionalities of a WTRU; or (v) similar. Details of an exemplary WTRU, which may be representative of any WTRU mentioned herein, are provided herein with regard to Figures 1A-1D. As another example, several embodiments described herein, above and below, are described as using a head-mounted display.Those skilled in the art will recognize that a device other than virtual reality glasses may be used, and part or all of the description and various modalities described may be suitably modified without undue experimentation. Examples of such other devices may include a drone or other device configured to transmit information to provide the adapted reality experience.

[0307] In addition, the methods provided here can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a readable medium. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 93 / 122 83 / 92 by computer for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal and removable hard disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor, in association with software, can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, MME, EPC, AMF, or any host computer.

[0308] Variations of the method, apparatus and system provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. In view of the wide variety of embodiments that can be applied, it should be understood that the embodiments illustrated are only examples and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the following claims. For example, the embodiments provided herein include portable devices, which may include or be used with any suitable voltage source, such as a battery and the like, providing any suitable voltage.

[0309] In addition, in the modalities provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices that include processors are mentioned. These devices may include at least one Central Processing Unit (“CPU”) and memory. According to the practices of people versed in the art of computer programming, reference to actions and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be made by the various CPUs and memories. Such actions and operations or instructions may be referred to as “executed,” “computer-executed,” or Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 94 / 122 84 / 92 “executed by CPU”.

[0310] One skilled in the art will understand that the actions and operations or instructions symbolically represented include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. An electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits in memory locations within a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the operation of the CPU, as well as other signal processing. The memory locations where the data bits are held are physical locations that possess specific electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the platforms or CPUs mentioned above and that other platforms and CPUs may support the methods provided.

[0311] Data bits can also be held on a computer-readable medium, including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by the CPU. Computer-readable media may include cooperative or interconnected computer-readable media, which exist exclusively within the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local to or remote from the processing system. It should be understood that the modalities are not limited to the memories mentioned above and that other platforms and memories may support the methods provided.

[0312] In an illustrative embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor on a mobile unit, Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pages 95 / 122 85 / 92 a network element and / or any other computing device.

[0313] There is little distinction between hardware and software implementations of system aspects. The use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, since in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software may become significant) a design choice that represents trade-offs between cost and efficiency. There may be several vehicles by which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein may be implemented (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware), and the preferred vehicle may vary according to the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a predominantly hardware and / or firmware-based vehicle. If flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a predominantly software-based implementation.Alternatively, the implementer may choose some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0314] The preceding detailed description has presented various embodiments of the devices and / or processes through the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples. To the extent that such block diagrams, flowcharts, and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and / or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several parts of the subject matter described herein can be implemented by means of Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated forms. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 96 / 12286 / 92 described herein, in whole or in part, may be implemented equivalently in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and / or writing the code for the software and / or firmware would be within the ability of one skilled in the art, in light of this description.Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the mechanisms of the subject described herein can be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject described herein applies regardless of the specific type of signal carrier medium used to effectively accomplish the distribution. Examples of a signal carrier medium include, but are not limited to, a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and / or analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communication link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

[0315] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common in the field to describe devices and / or processes in the manner set forth herein and subsequently to use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system through a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system may generally include one or more components from a housing Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 97 / 122 87 / 92 of system unit, a video display device, memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces and application programs, one or more interaction devices such as a touchpad or screen, and / or control systems, including feedback circuits and control motors (e.g., feedback for position and / or speed detection, control motors for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented using any suitable commercially available components, such as those normally found in data computing / communication systems and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0316] The subject described here sometimes illustrates different components included in or connected to different other components. It should be understood that such represented architectures are merely examples and that, in fact, many other architectures can be implemented to achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” so that the desired functionality can be achieved. Therefore, any two components combined here to achieve a specific functionality can be seen as “associated” with each other, so that the desired functionality is achieved, regardless of architectures or intermediate components.Similarly, any two components thus associated can also be seen as "functionally connected" or "functionally coupled" to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being thus associated can also be seen as "functionally coupleable" to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of functionally coupleable components. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 98 / 122 88 / 92 include, among others, physically attachable and / or physically interactive components and / or wireless interactive components and / or logically interactive components.

[0317] With regard to the use of substantially any terms in the plural and / or singular herein, those versed in the art may translate from plural to singular and / or from singular to plural as appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for the sake of clarity.

[0318] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in general, the terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims), are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including, but not limited to”, the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least”, the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes, but is not limited to”, etc.) and / or “permissive” terms (e.g., the term “is” and / or the term “are” can be interpreted as “can” and / or “could”, the terms “refers” can be interpreted as “can refer to” and / or “could refer to”, the terms “receives” can be interpreted as “can receive” and / or “could receive”, the terms “supports” can be interpreted as “can support” and / or “could receive support”,The terms “faz(em) interface” can be interpreted as “can interface” and / or “could interface”, the terms “transmite(m)” can be interpreted as “can transmit” and / or “could transmit”, the terms “envia(m)” can be interpreted as “can send” and / or “could send”, the terms “não se refere” (and / or similar) can be interpreted as “may not refer” and / or “could not refer”, the terms “não recebe” (and / or similar) can be interpreted as “may not receive” and / or “could not receive”, the terms “não suporte” (and / or similar) can be interpreted as “may not support” and / or “could not support”. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 99 / 122 89 / 92 support”, the terms “does not interface” (and / or similar) may be interpreted as “may not interface” and / or “could not interface”, the terms “does not transmit” (and / or similar) may be interpreted as “may not transmit” and / or “could not transmit”, the terms “does not send” (and / or similar) may be interpreted as “may not send” and / or “could not send”, etc.) It will further be understood by those skilled in the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim citation is intended, such intention will be explicitly cited in the claim and, in the absence of such citation, such intention will not be present. For example, when only one item is intended, the term “single” or similar language may be used. As an aid to understanding, the following appended claims and / or the descriptions contained herein may include the use of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim citations.However, the use of such phrases should not be interpreted as implying that the introduction of a claim citation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any specific claim, including such introduced claim citation, to modalities that include only one of these citations, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “a or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted as “at least one” or “a or more”). The same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claim citations.Furthermore, even if a specific number from an introduced claim citation is explicitly cited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such a citation should be interpreted as meaning at least the cited number (e.g., the mere citation of “two citations,” without other modifiers, means at least two citations, or two or more citations). Moreover, in cases where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, such a construction is generally understood in the sense that someone skilled in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least…”). Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pages 100 / 122 The phrase "90 / 92 less one of A, B, and C" would include, but not be limited to, systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). In cases where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general, such a construction is understood in the sense that one skilled in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include, but not be limited to, systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). Alternatives, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood as considering the possibilities of including one of the terms, any of the terms, or both.For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood as including the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B”. Furthermore, the terms “any of”, followed by a listing of a plurality of items and / or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include “any of”, “any combination of”, “any multiple of”, and / or “any combination of multiples of” the items and / or categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and / or other categories of items. Moreover, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term “number” is intended to include any number, including zero. And the term “multiple”, as used herein, is intended to be synonymous with “a plurality”.

[0319] In addition, when elements or aspects of the description are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the description is also described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0320] As will be understood by someone versed in the technique, for all and Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pages 101 / 122 91 / 92 For any purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges described herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges. Any listed range can be readily recognized as sufficiently descriptive and allowing the same range to be decomposed into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be easily decomposed into a lower third, a middle third, and an upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art, all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like includes the quoted number and refers to ranges that can be subsequently decomposed into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual element. Thus, for example, a group with 1 to 3 cells refers to groups with 1, 2, or 3 cells.Similarly, a group with 1 to 5 cells refers to groups with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, etc.

[0321] Furthermore, claims should not be construed as limited to the order or elements provided, unless otherwise indicated. Additionally, the use of the terms “means to” in any claim is intended to invoke 35 USC §112, ^ 6 or the means plus function claim format, and any claim without the terms “means to” does not have that intention.

[0322] Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application-Specific Standard Products (ASSPs); Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC) and / or a state machine. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pages 102 / 122 92 / 92

[0323] The WTRU can be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and / or software, including a Software Defined Radio (SDR) and other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a hands-free device, a vibration device, a loudspeaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC) module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser and / or any Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra Wideband (UWB) module.

[0324] Although the various embodiments have been described in terms of communication systems, it is considered that the systems can be implemented in software on microprocessors / general-purpose computers (not shown). In certain embodiments, one or more functions of the various components can be implemented in software that controls a general-purpose computer.

[0325] Furthermore, although the invention is illustrated and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Instead, various modifications may be made to the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the invention. Petition 870250090021, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 103 / 122

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. A method implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for wireless communications, the method CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: detecting one or more candidate neighboring cells for cell selection; receiving information related to artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) beam management associated with the one or more candidate neighboring cells; receiving a priority regime to use in classifying the one or more candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capabilities for cell selection; classifying the one or more candidate neighboring cells based at least on the priority regime; and selecting, from among the one or more candidate neighboring cells, a neighboring cell based on the classification of the selected neighboring cell.

2. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that selecting the neighboring cell from among one or more candidate neighboring cells comprises reselecting the neighboring cell from among one or more candidate neighboring cells.

3. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates a type associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for measurement.

4. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates a size or number of beams associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for measuring one or more neighboring candidate cells.

5. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates a pattern associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells.

6. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates an AI / ML model associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for measuring one or more neighboring candidate cells.

7. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates time and / or frequency resources for measuring one or more neighboring candidate cells.

8. Method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises: determining, based on received information related to AI / ML beam management and measuring one or more candidate neighboring cells, at least one subset of reference signal features associated with one or more beams or beam pairs.

9. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the priority regime is based on any one of a set of parameters of one or more candidate neighboring cells, trained datasets, latency, coverage, line-of-sight probability (LOS) and / or mobility conditions.

10. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the classification of one or more candidate neighboring cells comprises: classifying candidate neighboring cells that are AI / ML compatible in a first list, and classifying candidate neighboring cells that are not AI / ML compatible in a second list, wherein the candidate neighboring cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighboring cells in the second list.

11. Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) for Wireless Communications Petition 870250090021, dated 10 / 02 / 2025, pp. 120 / 122 3 / 4 CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises a set of circuits, including a transmitter, a receiver, a processor, and memory, the WTRU configured to: detect one or more neighboring candidate cells for cell selection; receive information related to artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) beam management associated with one or more neighboring candidate cells; receive a priority regime to use in classifying one or more neighboring candidate cells with AI / ML capabilities for cell selection; classify one or more neighboring candidate cells based at least on the priority regime; and select, from among one or more neighboring candidate cells, a neighboring cell based on the classification of the selected neighboring cell.

12. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that, when selecting the neighboring cell from among one or more candidate neighboring cells, the WTRU is additionally configured to reselect the neighboring cell from among one or more candidate neighboring cells.

13. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates a type associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for measurement.

14. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates a size or number of beams associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for measuring one or more neighboring candidate cells.

15. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates a pattern associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for Petition 870250090021, dated 10 / 02 / 2025, page 121 / 122 4 / 4 to measure one or more candidate neighboring cells.

16. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates an AI / ML model associated with a set of reference signal features, a set of beams, or a set of beam pairs for measuring one or more neighboring candidate cells.

17. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the information indicates time and / or frequency resources for measuring one or more neighboring candidate cells.

18. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the WTRU is additionally configured to: determine, based on received information related to AI / ML beam management and to measure one or more neighboring candidate cells, at least a subset of reference signal features associated with one or more beams or beam pairs.

19. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the priority regime is based on any one of: a set of parameters of one or more neighboring candidate cells, trained datasets, a latency, a coverage, a line-of-sight probability (LOS) and / or mobility conditions.

20. WTRU, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the WTRU is additionally configured to: rank candidate neighboring cells with AI / ML capability in a first list, and rank candidate neighboring cells without AI / ML capability in a second list, wherein the candidate neighboring cells in the first list are prioritized over the candidate neighboring cells in the second list. Petition 870250090021, dated 10 / 02 / 2025, pp. 122 / 122

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