LIQUID FLAME RETARDANT SOLUTION COMPOSITIONS

Description

1 / 62 “LIQUID FLAME RETARDANT SOLUTION COMPOSITIONS” Divided from BR 11 2021 011598-6 Field of Invention

[001] Liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions comprising mixtures of ammonium phosphate flame retardants are described herein. Specifically, liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions comprising one or more of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) are described herein. The ammonium phosphate flame retardant(s) is / are typically suspended and / or dissolved in a liquid, usually with the flame retardant(s) incorporated into the composition in powder or granular form. In certain aspects of the present invention, the provided compositions may exhibit one or more advantages compared to current liquid concentrate flame retardants, including greater strength (i.e., a higher proportion of flame retardant component per unit volume), reduced toxicity, and / or reduced corrosion. Background of the Invention

[002] Aerial application of flame retardant compositions to combat the spread of forest fires is common. Generally, the flame retardant composition applied to combat the spread of forest fires is in the form of a diluted end-use solution. This end-use solution is usually prepared from a concentrated flame retardant composition, which may take the form of a powder or be a liquid-based suspension or paste. Although each type of concentrate has proven suitable for forming the end-use solution, in certain cases, liquid concentrates may be preferred. For example, liquid concentrates can be diluted simply and easily to the end-use strength with little mixing equipment and manpower. Furthermore, Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 13 / 163 2 / 62 Liquid concentrates may be preferred for use in facilities where storage and mixing equipment for handling liquid concentrates is already installed.

[003] Since wildland flame retardants are most often transported to the fire and applied by air, it is imperative that corrosive damage to the construction materials of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters be minimized. Thus, corrosion caused by flame retardant solutions prepared from liquid flame retardant concentrates is an important feature.

[004] Consequently, the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) Forest Service has established, in Specification 5100304d (January 7, 2020, and any and all amendments) entitled “Specification 5100-304d Long-Term Retardant, Wildland Firefighting” (hereinafter, “Forest Service Specification”), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all relevant purposes, maximum allowable corrosion rates for 2024T3 aluminum, 4130 steel, yellow brass, and Az-31-B magnesium. For example, the corrosiveness of forest flame retardants, in concentrate, to aluminum, steel, yellow brass, and magnesium shall not exceed 5.0 milliinches (“mils”) per year (“mpy”), as determined by the 90-day weight loss test listed in Table 3 of the aforementioned Forest Service Specification.The Forest Service Specification identifies the maximum acceptable amount of corrosion when both the flame retardant concentrate and its diluted solutions are exposed to each metal listed above at temperatures of 70 degrees Fahrenheit (“°F”) and 120 °F (21 °C and 49 °C) in the fully and partially immersed configuration. The maximum allowable corrosivity of air-applied diluted flame retardant solutions to aluminum is 2.0 mpy, and the maximum corrosivity to brass and steel is 5.0 mpy when fully immersed or partially immersed. If the product is... Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 14 / 163 3 / 62 applied from helicopters equipped with a fixed tank, the corrosiveness of the flame retardants to magnesium must not exceed 4.0 mpy.

[005] Another important characteristic of flame retardant solutions is toxicity, in particular toxicity to aquatic organisms.

[006] There are several known flame retardant concentrates, both in powder and liquid form, that have proven effective in terms of flame retardancy as well as corrosion and toxicity.

[007] These concentrated liquid flame retardants include those containing ammonium polyphosphate. However, alternative flame retardant compositions are desired to provide more options for users fighting forest fires.

[008] There is, therefore, a need for alternative liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions. One aspect for investigation is the flame retardant component, which may include MAP, DAP and / or APP. The present invention provides liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions that are suitable in terms of effectiveness, corrosion and toxicity, as current compositions, including liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions containing MAP and DAP that meet such criteria and also provide advantages related to the presence of MAP and DAP in the concentrate. Brief Description of the Invention

[009] Liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions are provided herein comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates, a mixture comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and a suspending agent comprising micronized clay. Liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions are also provided herein comprising one or more powdered flame retardants selected from MAP, DAP and / or APP dispersed in an aqueous medium. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 15 / 163 4 / 62 with the composition further comprising a suspending agent comprising micronized clay.

[010] Also provided here are liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates, the mixture comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and wherein the flame retardant component contains a low sulfate content (e.g., less than 0.2% by total weight) and / or does not include a sulfate source (e.g., diammonium sulfate).

[011] In addition, liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions are provided comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates, the mixture comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), a biopolymer and water, wherein the water constitutes less than 50% by volume of the concentrate composition.

[012] Liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions are also supplied comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates, wherein the mixture comprises monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and free diammonium phosphate (DAP), a corrosion inhibitor system comprising micronized clay complexed with diammonium phosphate (complexed DAP) and water.

[013] Methods are also provided for preparing the liquid flame retardant concentrates described herein, the methods comprising dissolving monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate in water and then adding a suspending agent. In some embodiments, a biopolymer and / or other components are subsequently added.

[014] Flame retardant solutions are provided herein prepared by the method of mixing a flame retardant concentrate composition disclosed herein with water.

[015] Methods for producing a solution are provided here. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 16 / 163 5 / 62 flame retardant. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing at least five volumes of water per volume of liquid concentrate. In certain embodiments, the method comprises mixing three to seven volumes of water per volume of liquid concentrate.

[016] Methods for fighting a fire are provided herein comprising applying a flame retardant solution disclosed in this document directly to the burning fuel or indirectly to the fuel ahead of a potentially advancing fire front. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from a ground platform, an aerial platform, or both. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from a rotary-wing aircraft. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from a device consisting of a helicopter bucket, an internal tank, or a tank directly attached to the exterior of the supply platform.

[017] Other objectives and characteristics will be partly evident and partly pointed out below. Definitions

[018] It should be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of these entities; for example, “a plant” is understood as representing one or more plants. As such, the terms “a,” “one or more,” and “at least one” may be used interchangeably in this document.

[019] Furthermore, “and / or”, where used in this document, should be considered as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” in this document is intended to include “A and B”, “A or B”, “A” (alone) and “B” (alone). Similarly, the term Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 17 / 163 6 / 62 “and / or” as used in a phrase like “A, B and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following realizations: A, B and C; A, B or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

[020] Unless defined otherwise, the technical and scientific terms used in this document have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention relates.

[021] Numerical intervals include the numbers that define the interval.

[022] The topics provided in this document are for ease of reference only and are not limitations of the various aspects or features of the invention, which can be considered by reference to the descriptive report as a whole. Consequently, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the descriptive report in its entirety.

[023] As used herein, the terms “concentrate”, “flame retardant concentrate” and “flame retardant concentrate” may be used interchangeably to mean a concentrated product that is mixed with water to prepare a flame retardant solution prior to application. In particular, as used herein to define the present invention, particularly the appended claims, the term “flame retardant concentrate” refers to a concentrate containing liquid that is diluted prior to use. That is, although “concentrate” may be used herein and in the art to define powder-based compositions, in defining the present invention, the term “concentrate” refers to a composition that includes water (i.e., it is not a powder).

[024] As used in this document, unless otherwise specified, the terms percent, %, or percent by weight refer to a 'percentage by weight' of a given component relative to the total weight of the overall composition. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 18 / 163 7 / 62

[025] As used herein, the phrase “flame retardant solution” includes suspensions of soluble and insoluble components.

[026] As used in this document, the phrase “corrosion inhibitor system” means a component or mixture of components that reduce the corrosion of flame retardant concentrates and solutions. In certain embodiments, a corrosion inhibitor system reduces the corrosion of flame retardant concentrates and solutions to within some or all of the requirements of paragraphs 4.4.1 and 4.4.22 referenced in USDA Forest Service Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020, and any and all amendments) referenced above and incorporated by reference herein for all relevant purposes.

[027] As used in this document, the term “free flowing” means that the substance will flow easily from or can be sucked from a container by means of a vacuum source.

[028] As used herein, the “corrosion rate” of a flame retardant concentrate or flame retardant solution expressed in milliinches per year (MPY) relative to a metal is determined by the methods described in Forest Service Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020, and any and all amendments).

[029] As used in this document, the qualifier “ammoniacal”, placed in front of nitrogen (i.e., “ammoniacal nitrogen”), when referring to the molar ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (N / P) specifies that the amount of nitrogen used to determine the N / P ratio is only that nitrogen present in ammonium phosphate and therefore, if other nitrogen is present in the flame retardant concentrate from other sources, that other nitrogen would not be considered when calculating the N / P ratio.

[030] As used in this document, a “fugitive color” is as defined in Section 6 of the Service Specification. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 19 / 163 8 / 62 USDA Forestry 5100-304d, January 2020, states: “A coloring agent that imparts a high degree of visibility to the blended product when first applied in wilderness areas provides fuel, but will gradually fade over several months.” In certain respects, the intensity of the dye color is negatively impacted by the ultraviolet intensity of natural sunlight.

[031] As used herein, a “dye” is a coloring material used in solution to dye other materials and a “pigment” is a colored solid powder that is mixed with other materials to change their color. Detailed Description of the Invention

[032] According to the present invention, liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions comprising one or more retardants, including MAP, DAP and / or APP, are described herein. Firstly, compared with powder compositions, the liquid concentrates of the present invention can provide advantages in terms of increased stability and ease of storage in pre-diluted form. It is currently believed that these compositions can provide certain advantages over other prior compositions, including liquid concentrate compositions. The compositions of the present invention are typically in the form of a liquid-based suspension or paste.According to the present invention, it has been found that incorporating a suspending agent, typically micronized clay, together with a powdered flame retardant facilitates the formulation of a suspension or paste including a certain amount of water with adequate storage stability, which is easy to transport, and can be easily diluted before application. Certain aspects of the present invention, therefore, involve liquid concentrate compositions incorporating powdered flame retardant(s) and a suspending agent. Currently, it is believed that advantageous compositions can be prepared by incorporating either of these. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 20 / 163 9 / 62 a variety of ammonium phosphate-based flame retardants, including MAP, DAP and / or APP. Other aspects of the present invention involve compositions containing MAP and DAP as flame retardants. For example, it is currently believed that the use of MAP and DAP, in particular technical grade sources of MAP and DAP as described in this document, provides a higher proportion of flame retardant component per unit volume of concentrate. This allows the use of a less concentrated composition to prepare a composition with the desired retardant effect, which therefore requires less storage and transport of the concentrated composition.

[033] Also according to the present invention, the MAP and DAP-containing formulations described herein are suitable as alternatives to formulations containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP). MAP and DAP do not have the solubility of ammonium polyphosphates, so concentrated MAP and DAP compositions are generally prepared in powder form. Given this problem, current methods for preparing liquid concentrates comprising MAP and DAP generally include diammonium sulfate (DAS) as an economical alternative to MAP and DAP. According to the present invention, it has been found that MAP and DAP can achieve high solubility when used in specific ratios. Furthermore, certain aspects of the present invention are directed to the use of a suspending agent comprising micronized clay, which promotes the stabilization of MAP and DAP. Representative examples of micronized clay include attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay, halloysite clay, and bentonite clay.Without being limited by any particular theory, it is currently believed that micronized clay impacts the rheological properties of the liquid concentrate without reducing the solubility of orthophosphates (MAP and DAP). Furthermore, unlike current methods, the liquid concentrate can be prepared without the addition of diammonium sulfates. Thus, the present invention is directed to liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions containing sulfate-free MAP and DAP. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 21 / 163 10 / 62

[034] The amount of flame retardant concentrate required per unit volume / weight of solution of the composition and solutions described herein may be less than similar compositions prepared from liquid concentrates, resulting in the need for less total chemical to achieve fire control. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solutions may be considerably more visible to firefighting personnel during firefighting activities, which may aid in better placement of the flame retardant solution and consequently may result in the use of considerably less flame retardant solution to achieve incident control.

[035] Therefore, according to the foregoing, in some embodiments, a flame retardant concentrate is provided, the composition comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates and a suspending agent. In certain preferred embodiments, the ammonium phosphate mixture comprises monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The suspending agent preferably comprises micronized clay.

[036] In further embodiments, a flame retardant concentrate is provided, the composition comprising one or more ammonium phosphates, a suspending agent and water. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises MAP, DAP and / or APP. In certain other embodiments, the composition includes a mixture of ammonium phosphates comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). Preferably, the water constitutes less than 50% by volume of the concentrate composition. In some embodiments, for example, the water may comprise about 40% to 50% by weight of the concentrate composition.

[037] In still other embodiments, a flame retardant concentrate is provided, the composition comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates and wherein the flame retardant does not contain a source Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 22 / 163 11 / 62 separated from sulfate and is characterized as having a low sulfate content. Sulfates are generally detectable in liquid flame retardant concentrates for two reasons. First, ammonium polyphosphates (commonly used as flame retardants) contain a minimal amount of sulfates (generally up to 2%, see, for example, 11-37-0 Ammonium Polyphosphate Solution, LIQUID PRODUCTS LLC). Second, some flame retardant formulations comprise diammonium sulfate. These two sources of sulfates can result in liquid concentrates with reduced potency and effectiveness, which increases their corrosiveness and toxicity, as more flame retardant component (and more ammonia) is needed to have the same flame retardant effect.

[038] According to the present invention, flame retardant concentrates can be prepared using technical-grade MAP and DAP that include low levels of detectable sulfates. For example, certain compositions of the present invention contain less than about 1% by total weight, less than about 0.5% by total weight, or less than about 0.4% by total weight of sulfate. Frequently, the compositions contain even lower levels of sulfates, such as, for example, less than about 0.3% by total weight, less than about 0.2% by total weight of sulfates, or even lower. In other cases, the concentrates can be prepared using fertilizer-grade MAP and DAP that may contain higher levels of sulfates up to about 5% by total weight, or even more (for example, about 6% by total weight).

[039] As noted, several aspects of the present invention involve liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions containing one or more powdered flame retardants dispersed in an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium typically comprises or consists essentially of water. As used herein, it should be understood that reference to Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 23 / 163 12 / 62 Dispersion of flame retardant(s) in aqueous medium encompasses both the (complete and partial) dissolution of the flame retardant(s) in the aqueous medium and the suspension of the flame retardant(s) throughout the aqueous medium. Advantageously, it has been found that the incorporation of a suspending agent as detailed in this document allows the incorporation of a relatively high proportion of flame retardant per unit volume of aqueous medium. These high-strength concentrates are suitable for forming higher-strength flame retardant solutions or for providing flame retardant solution of the same strength in a reduced volume, thus requiring less storage space and materials. Flame Retardant Components (e.g., Ammonium Phosphates)

[040] Any of the liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions provided in this document may comprise at least one ammonium phosphate. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of monoammonium phosphate (MAP). In other embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diammonium phosphate (DAP). In still other embodiments, the ammonium phosphate comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). In some embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions provided in this document comprise a mixture of ammonium phosphates. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate or mixture of ammonium phosphates has a molar ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N / P ratio) in a range of about 1.1 to about 1.9.In certain embodiments, ammonium phosphate or mixtures of ammonium phosphates have a molar ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N / P ratio) in a range of about 1.35 to about 1.65. In certain embodiments, ammonium phosphate or mixtures of ammonium phosphates have a molar ratio of nitrogen. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 24 / 163 13 / 62 ammoniacal to phosphorus (N / P ratio) in a range of about 1.4 to about 1.6. In certain embodiments, ammonium phosphate or mixtures of ammonium phosphates have a molar ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N / P ratio) in a range of any of about 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 or 1.8 to any of about 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.65, 1.7, 1.8 or 1.9. The concentrate and its solutions generally contain less ammonia compared to previous products, and may result, for example, in lower aquatic toxicity.

[041] In various embodiments, the composition includes a mixture of ammonium phosphates, typically at least two ammonium phosphates. In certain embodiments, the ammonium phosphate mixture comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). In certain embodiments, the MAP contains from about 10% or 11% to about 12% ammonia by weight and from about 40% or 55% to about 61% phosphorus pentoxide by weight. In certain embodiments, the DAP contains from about 16% to about 21% ammonia by weight and from about 40% to about 54% phosphorus pentoxide by weight. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is in the range of about 5% to about 60% MAP to about 40% to about 95% DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate.In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is in the range of about 40% to about 60% MAP to about 40% to about 60% DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is in the range of about 50% to about 60% MAP to about 40% to about 50% DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate.

[042] In other embodiments, the composition comprises from about 19% to about 50% by weight of DAP. The composition may comprise from about 19% to about 47% by weight of DAP. For example, Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 25 / 163 14 / 62 the composition may comprise from about 20% to 30% DAP. In some cases, the composition comprises from about 25% to about 27% by weight of DAP (for example, about 26%).

[043] In other embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1% to about 30% MAP. The composition may comprise from about 10% to about 30% MAP. For example, the composition may comprise from about 20% to about 30% by weight of MAP. In some cases, the composition comprises from about 22% to about 24% by weight of MAP (for example, about 23%).

[044] As noted above, according to the present invention, various embodiments incorporate MAP and DAP within certain preferred ratios to increase the solubility of ammonium phosphates. Therefore, in certain embodiments, the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is from about 40:60 to about 60:40, or from about 45:55 to about 55:45 (for example, about 46:54 or about 47:53).

[045] In certain embodiments, APP contains from about 12% to about 17% ammonia by weight and from about 68% to about 75% phosphorus pentoxide by weight. In addition, in certain embodiments, the weight ratio of APP to MAP and / or DAP is in the range of about 5% to about 60% of APP to about 40% to about 95% of MAP and / or DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of APP to MAP and / or DAP is in the range of about 40% to about 60% of APP to about 40% to about 60% of MAP and / or DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of APP to MAP and / or DAP is in the range of about 50% to about 60% APP to about 40% to about 50% MAP and / or DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate.

[046] In other forms of realization, the composition comprises Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 26 / 163 15 / 62 of approximately 1% to approximately 60% by weight of APP. The composition may comprise from approximately 10% to approximately 50% by weight of APP. For example, the composition may comprise from approximately 10% to 40% of APP. In some cases, the composition comprises from approximately 10% to approximately 30% by weight of APP (for example, approximately 20%).

[047] Furthermore, whether incorporated alone or together with one or more other flame retardants, ammonium polyphosphate can be characterized by its chain length. APP flame retardants suitable for use in powder form typically have a chain length with a value of at least about 100, at least about 500, or at least about 1000. Typically, the chain length for APP powder flame retardants is from about 100 to about 1500, or from about 100 to about 1000. Suspending Agents and Biopolymers

[048] Any of the flame retardant concentrate compositions of the present invention may comprise a suspending agent. Suitable suspending agents for the liquid concentrates described herein include micronized clays. Suitable micronized clays for the present invention include attapulgite clays, kaolinite clays, halloysite clays, bentonite clays, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the micronized clay constitutes at least about 1% of a concentrate formulation. In some embodiments, the micronized clay constitutes about 1% to about 7% by weight of the concentrate. For example, the micronized clay may constitute about 2% to about 5% or about 2% to about 3% by weight of the concentrate. The amount of micronized clay may influence the viscosity of the concentrate form, with higher levels preferred when a thicker (more viscous) concentrate is desired.These concentrates are typically used to form solutions. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 27 / 163 16 / 62 flame retardants containing less than about 2% by weight of micronized clay, or less than about 1% by weight of micronized clay. For example, suitable flame retardant solutions may contain from about 0.25% to about 0.75% by weight (for example, from about 0.25% by weight to about 0.5% by weight, or from about 0.4% by weight to about 0.5% by weight).

[049] Any of the flame retardant concentrate compositions of the present invention may comprise a biopolymer. The biopolymer may constitute from about 1% to about 5%, or from about 1% to about 3%, from about 1% to about 2%, or from about 1% to about 1.5% by weight of the concentrate. Representative examples of biopolymers include xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum, diutan gum, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the biopolymer is xanthan gum. In certain embodiments, the amount of xanthan gum is from about 1% to about 5%, from about 1% to about 3%, from about 1% to about 2%, or from about 1% to about 1.5% by weight of the total concentrate composition.

[050] In some cases, the flame retardant concentrate composition comprises a micronized clay and a biopolymer. A combination of a micronized clay and a biopolymer in the concentrate allows for dual control of the viscosity of the liquid concentrate in both concentrated and diluted forms. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of micronized clay to biopolymer can be from about 1:1 to about 4:1. In certain embodiments, the weight ratio of micronized clay to biopolymer can be from about 1:1 to about 3:1. For example, the weight ratio of micronized clay to biopolymer can be from about 1:1 to about 2:1. Water Content

[051] Any of the liquid flame retardant concentrate compositions provided in this document may comprise Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 28 / 163 17 / 62 still water. In some embodiments, water constitutes less than 50% by volume of the concentrate composition. Preferably, water constitutes about 10 to 50% by weight of the total concentrate composition. More preferably, water constitutes about 30% to about 50% by weight of the total concentrate. Most preferably, water constitutes about 40% to about 50% by weight of the total concentrate composition.

[052] When prepared as a liquid concentrate, as described in this document, the flame retardant component (e.g., the mixture of ammonium phosphates) may constitute less than about 75% by weight of the composition. Preferably, the flame retardant component constitutes from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the composition. Corrosion Inhibitors

[053] Flame retardant concentrate compositions may also comprise a corrosion inhibitor.

[054] In certain embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises a biopolymer. Representative examples of biopolymers include xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum, diutan gum, and mixtures thereof. Such biopolymers are believed to impact both the rheological and corrosion properties of flame retardant solutions. In certain embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor system may comprise a micronized clay complexed with diammonium phosphate (DAP), a molybdate corrosion inhibitor, an azole corrosion inhibitor, a pyrophosphate, or any combination thereof.

[055] In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor comprises a micronized clay complexed with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and / or monoammonium phosphate (MAP). These clays have an affinity for MAP and DAP, so that the phosphates can intercalate into the material network. When the flame retardant concentrate composition comprises Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 29 / 163 18 / 62 a micronized clay complexed with DAP and / or MAP as the corrosion inhibitor, the composition can be understood as containing both “free” DAP and / or MAP (from the dissolved flame retardant) and “complexed” DAP and / or MAP (from the micronized clay). Although the complexed DAP and / or MAP cannot act as a flame retardant in the complexed state, when the concentrate is diluted to prepare a flame retardant solution, as described below, the excess water helps to release and dissolve the complexed DAP and / or MAP, thus converting it to free DAP and / or MAP and increasing the effectiveness of the overall flame retardant solution. Thus, the use of micronized clay complexed with DAP and / or MAP as a corrosion inhibitor can provide the dual benefit of decreasing corrosion and increasing DAP and / or MAP levels above and beyond the solubility limits in concentrated form, thereby increasing the strength of the overall concentrate.In some embodiments, therefore, the ratio of free DAP to complexed DAP is about 90:10. For example, the ratio of free DAP to complexed DAP may be about 95:5. In some embodiments, the ratio of free MAP to complexed MAP is about 90:10. For example, the ratio of free MAP to complexed MAP may be about 95:5. Suitable claims are commercially available from Applied Minerals Inc.

[056] The corrosion inhibitor system may also comprise a molybdate corrosion inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor system comprises anhydrous sodium molybdate, its dihydrate, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the amount of anhydrous sodium molybdate, its dihydrate, and mixtures thereof is from about 0.01% to about 2.0% by weight of the total concentrate concentration. In certain embodiments, the amount of anhydrous sodium molybdate, its dihydrate, and mixtures thereof is from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by weight of the total concentrate concentration. In certain embodiments, the Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 30 / 163 19 / 62 The amount of anhydrous sodium molybdate, its dihydrate and mixtures thereof is any one of about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% to any one of about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0% or 2.0% by weight of the total concentrate composition.

[057] The corrosion inhibitor system may also comprise an azole corrosion inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the azole corrosion inhibitor comprises tolyltriazole and / or benzotriazole. Preferably, the azole corrosion inhibitor comprises tolyltriazole. In certain embodiments, the amount of the azole corrosion inhibitor is from about 0.01% to about 2.0% by weight of the total concentrate concentration. In certain embodiments, the amount of the azole corrosion inhibitor is from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by weight of the total concentrate concentration. In certain embodiments, the amount of azole corrosion inhibitor is any one of about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% or 0.5% to any one of about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0% or 2.0% by weight of the total concentrate composition.

[058] In some embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor may comprise a molybdate corrosion inhibitor and an azole corrosion inhibitor (e.g., sodium molybdate and tolyltriazole). The corrosion inhibitor system may constitute from about 0.02% to about 4% by weight of the total concentrate composition. Frequently, the corrosion inhibitor system constitutes from about 0.02% to about 4% by weight of the total concentrate composition when two or more corrosion inhibitors are used (e.g., sodium molybdate and tolyltriazole).

[059] In certain embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor system may optionally comprise one or more components, such as sodium silicofluoride (SSF), sodium thiosulfate (STS), and dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD). However, in certain embodiments, Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 31 / 163 20 / 62 these corrosion inhibitor components are not required. In certain embodiments, the corrosion inhibitor system does not contain one or more of sodium silicofluoride (SSF), sodium thiosulfate (STS), and dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD). Similarly, in certain embodiments, a solution produced from a flame retardant concentrate composition described herein may or may not contain one or more of sodium silicofluoride (SSF), sodium thiosulfate (STS), and dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD). PIGMENTS / DYES AND OPACIFIERS

[060] In some embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate is prepared as a colorless formulation. However, in other embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate may comprise a pigment or a dye. In certain aspects, the pigment or dye comprises red iron oxide, brown iron oxide, titanium dioxide, or a fugitive pigment or dye. In some embodiments, the pigment or dye may comprise a fugitive color system.

[061] The pigment or dye may be magenta in color. In certain embodiments, the pigment or dye is UV sensitive. In certain embodiments, the pigment or dye is formaldehyde-free. In certain embodiments, the pigment or dye is a fluorescent pigment or dye. In certain embodiments, the pigment or dye has a Lab color space of “L” in a range of about 34 to about 89, “a” in a range of about 18 to about 83, and “b” in a range of about -61 to about 56. The LAB color space model was developed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and is a color description convention. The model has a 3-axis system. OL* represents lightness and is on the vertical axis. The “0” at the bottom of the vertical axis indicates the absence of light. Lightness Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 32 / 163 21 / 62 maximum is at the top “100”. The a* is on the horizontal axis indicating red (-a) to green (a+). The b* is on the horizontal axis indicating blue (-b) to yellow (+b). The center of the axis is neutral. (See, for example, www.colourphil.co.uk / lab_lch_colour_space.shtml.)

[062] In preferred embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate comprises a fugitive color system. Preferably, the liquid concentrate comprising the fugitive color system is stable in storage and results in little or no color loss during long storage. The fugitive color system may comprise a fugitive color pigment. The fugitive color pigment may exhibit diminished hydrophilic or hydrophobic tendencies. In certain cases, the fugitive color pigment is fluorescent. The fugitive color pigments that may be incorporated into the liquid concentrates described herein may be significantly easier to wet, incorporate, disperse, and / or homogenize within the liquid concentrate compared to other color pigments.

[063] In some embodiments, the fugitive color system comprises a fugitive pigment and a water-insoluble opaque material (e.g., an opacifier). The fugitive pigment comprises a dye encapsulated in a polymeric material. One purpose for encapsulating the dye within the polymeric material is that the dye does not stain people, equipment, etc. with which it comes into contact. In certain aspects, the polymeric material may be, for example, petroleum resins (CAS No. 6474216-1), melamine (CAS No. 108-78-1), and the like, as known to one skilled in the art. In certain aspects, the dye is a fluorescent dye. In certain aspects, the dye and the polymer work together to achieve fluorescence, for example, the dye and resin combination comprising the fugitive pigment fluoresces. The fugitive pigment used in the concentrates herein Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 33 / 163 22 / 62 preferentially exhibits reduced hydrophilic or hydrophobic behavior compared to other fugitive pigments. In certain aspects, the fugitive pigment is hydrophilic. In certain aspects, the fugitive pigment is easy to incorporate into an aqueous medium. In certain aspects, the fugitive pigment incorporates more easily into an aqueous medium compared to a control fugitive pigment that does not exhibit hydrophilic behavior and / or is not hydrophilic. For example, a hydrophobic control fugitive pigment containing Solvent Red 1 dye CAS No. 1229-55-6, two hydrocarbon resins CAS No. 64742-16-1 and CAS No. 64742-94-5, and TiO2 opacifier CAS No. 13463-67-7, in the amounts of 80-88% resin, 7-10% dye, and 5-10% TiO2 opacifier.

[064] An opaque material (e.g., an opacifier) ​​is one that is neither transparent nor translucent, and by “water-insoluble” means that the solubility in water is < 5% as determined by ISO 787-3, established in the art, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In certain respects, the water-insoluble opaque material comprises a finely divided iron oxide pigment, zinc ferrite, tricalcium phosphate, barium phosphate, or titanium dioxide. In certain respects, the water-insoluble opaque material comprises a finely divided iron oxide pigment. In certain respects, the opacifier is present in a smaller amount. In certain respects, the opacifier is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 4.0% (e.g., about 0.1% to about 0.8%) by weight of the total composition.In certain aspects, the long-term liquid flame retardant with fugitive color exhibits a hue that is optically visible to the human eye when applied as relatively thin films (1 / 8 inch or 3.18 millimeters thick) to trees, shrubs, grasses, and mixtures thereof, which are found in wilderness areas and other poorly developed rural areas prone to fires.

[065] In certain respects, a fugitive pigment suitable for the Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 34 / 163 23 / 62 concentrates herein, exhibiting hydrophilic behavior and / or a fugitive pigment that is hydrophilic is a fluorescent fugitive pigment. Useful representative fluorescent pigments in this invention are, for example, described in US Patent 5,439,968 “Fluorescent Pigment Concentrates”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all relevant purposes.

[066] In certain aspects, the fugitive pigment or dye is magenta. In certain aspects, the fugitive pigment or dye is fluorescent magenta. In certain aspects, the fluorescent pigment or dye has a Lab color space of “L” in a range of about 34 to about 89, “a” in a range of about 18 to about 83, and “b” in a range of about -61 to about 56. It has been observed that a fluorescent magenta fugitive pigment was an ideal dye based on its visibility within the many colors found in shrubs, woods, trees, grasses, etc. of wild areas. However, a person skilled in the art will recognize that the fugitive pigments of this invention are not limited to magenta or fluorescent magenta.

[067] In certain respects, a fugitive fluorescent pigment is any of the ECO Pigments manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In certain respects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-20, Ultra Violet manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In certain respects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-21, Corona Magenta manufactured by DayGlo Corporation (15% by weight of CI Basic Violet 11, CAS-no. 2390-63-8 and 1-5% by weight of CI Basic Red 1:1, CAS-no. 3068-39-1; melting / freezing point 145°C -150°C; specific gravity 1.2). In certain respects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-15, Blaze Orange manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In certain respects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-14, Fire Orange manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In certain respects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-13, Rocket Red manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 35 / 163 24 / 62 In certain aspects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-11, Aurora Pink manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In certain aspects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is ECO-21, Corona Magenta manufactured by DayGlo Corporation. In certain aspects, the fugitive fluorescent pigment is Magenta 108PB distributed by Royale Pigments & Chemicals (Annex A).

[068] Thus, in some embodiments, the flame retardant concentrate compositions described herein may comprise a dye or pigment. In some embodiments, the dye or pigment comprises red iron oxide, brown iron oxide, or a fugitive pigment or dye. The fugitive pigment or dye may be magenta in color. In certain embodiments, the dye or pigment comprises a fugitive color system. The fugitive color system may preferably comprise a water-insoluble opaque material and a fugitive pigment. The water-insoluble opaque material may comprise ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc ferrite, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the water-insoluble opaque material constitutes from about 0.05 to about 4% by weight of the total composition. The fugitive pigment may comprise a fugitive dye encapsulated within a polymeric material exhibiting hydrophilic behavior.The fugitive pigment may be magenta in color. In embodiments, the fugitive pigment has a Lab color space of “L” in a range of about 34 to about 89, “a” in a range of about 18 to about 83, and “b” in a range of about -61 to about 56. In certain embodiments, the fugitive dye or pigment constitutes about 1% to about 2% by weight of the total composition. Additional Components

[069] In certain embodiments, the flame retardant concentrate composition comprises additional components, for example, benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, sodium benzoate, mercaptobenzothiazole or Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 36 / 163 25 / 62 combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the compositions may comprise further selected components from the group consisting of an iron-containing pigment, a titanium-containing pigment, a fugitive pigment or dye, a surfactant, a foam control additive (e.g., PLURONIC® L-101), biocides, and any combination thereof. Physical Properties of the Liquid Concentrate

[070] In certain embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition described herein may have a density of about 1.1 to about 1.5. In some embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate may exhibit a viscosity of about 100 cP to about 1000 cP (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 1 Pa.s), about 100 cP to about 800 cP (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 0.8 Pa.s) or about 100 cP to about 300 cP (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 0.3 Pa.s) when measured according to the methods described in Specification 5100-304d. In some embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate may have an acidic pH. For example, the liquid flame retardant concentrate may have a pH of about 5 to 6. Preparing a Flame Retardant Concentrate

[071] Methods for preparing a liquid flame retardant concentrate are provided herein. The methods comprise dissolving one or more flame retardants at the concentrations described herein in water. The following discussion focuses on the use of MAP and DAP, but it should be understood that other flame retardants and combinations thereof may also be used in the methods detailed in this document. Other components, such as a suspending agent, biopolymer, corrosion inhibitor, pigment or dye, or any other component as described herein, may be added to the solution once MAP and DAP are Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 37 / 163 26 / 62 dissolved. The other components can be added in any order. Preferably, the methods for preparing the liquid concentrate include adding micronized clay to the MAP and DAP solution. Thus, the method for preparing a liquid concentrate comprising MAP and DAP described herein does not include the addition of diammonium sulfate to the solution. In other embodiments, the methods for preparing the liquid concentrate include adding micronized clay and a biopolymer to the MAP and DAP solution. Without being limited by theory, it has been found that a liquid concentrate can be successfully prepared when the biopolymer (e.g., xanthan gum) is added to the solution after the MAP and DAP have been dissolved. By adhering to this order, the biopolymer is added to a solution with a very high salt content, which prevents it from hydrating prematurely (which would result in a prohibitively viscous concentrate).It is also contemplated that a liquid concentrate can be prepared without a biopolymer. For example, a biopolymer can be added directly to the flame retardant solution prepared from the concentrate, as described below, to control the viscosity of the solution. Flame Retardant Solutions

[072] Flame retardant solutions are provided herein prepared by mixing a flame retardant concentrate composition, as described elsewhere in this document, with water to form an aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, a homogeneous solution is formed. In certain embodiments, the water contains low levels of bacterial contamination that could impact viscosity and / or stability when consuming biopolymers. Thus, in certain embodiments, the water contains a biocide to prevent bacterial contamination. In certain embodiments, the solution comprises insoluble components. In certain embodiments, the solution is prepared by combining at least 5 volumes Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 38 / 163 27 / 62 of water per volume of concentrate. In certain embodiments, the water-to-concentrate ratio is about 5 volumes to about 7 volumes of water to about 1 volume of concentrate.

[073] These dilution levels result in a flame retardant solution with a lower density compared to state-of-the-art flame retardant solutions with equivalent performance characteristics, which in turn can reduce the weight of a fully loaded aircraft or increase the volume an aircraft is capable of carrying. This factor can reduce the risks associated with aerial firefighting. Furthermore, the mixing or dilution ratio of the concentrate can be predetermined by evaluating its performance in retarding the flame spread rate and fuel consumption.

[074] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution exhibits an aluminum corrosion rate equal to or less than 2.0 milliinches (0.0508 mm) or less than 1.0 milliinches (0.0254 mm) per year. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution exhibits a mild steel corrosion rate equal to or less than 5.0 milliinches (0.127 mm) per year. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution exhibits a brass corrosion rate equal to or less than 5.0 milliinches (0.127 mm) per year. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution exhibits two or more of the corrosion rates described above for magnesium, aluminum, mild steel, and / or brass.

[075] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution meets one or more of the criteria required by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including any and all amendments.

[076] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution meets one or more of the criteria required for corrosion and / or Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 39 / 163 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[077] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution meets all the criteria required for corrosion of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[078] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution meets all the criteria required for stability of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[079] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution meets all the criteria required for corrosion and stability of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[080] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution meets all the criteria required by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[081] In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution exhibits a viscosity in the range of about 100 cPs to about 1500 cPs (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 1.5 Pa.s), about 100 cP to about 1000 cPs (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 1 Pa.s), or about 100 cPs to about 800 cPs (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 0.8 Pa.s), or about 100 cPs to about 300 cPs (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 0.3 Pa.s) when measured in accordance with Specification 5100-304d, January 2020, including any and all amendments.

[082] The solutions revealed also exhibit low toxicity. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 40 / 163 29 / 62 aquatic. For example, in certain embodiments, a solution exhibits an aquatic toxicity (LC50) in the range of about 180 milligrams per liter to about 1500 milligrams per liter. In certain embodiments, a solution exhibits an aquatic toxicity (LC50) greater than about 180, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, or 2500 milligrams per liter. In certain embodiments, a solution exhibits an aquatic toxicity (LC50) in the range of any one of about 180, 200, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 2500 milligrams per liter to any one of about 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, or 2700 milligrams per liter (e.g., about 980 milligrams per liter).

[083] In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution has a pH in the range of about pH 4.0 or 5.0 to about pH 8.0. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution has a pH in the range of about pH 6.0 to about pH 8.0. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution has a pH in the range of about pH 6.0 to about pH 7.0. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution has a pH in the range of about pH 6.0 to about pH 6.5. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution has a pH in the range of about pH 6.1 to about pH 6.3. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant solution has an acidic pH.

[084] In certain embodiments, the visibility of the applied solution is improved, allowing firefighting forces to draw an effective chemical barrier against the fire using less total solution.

[085] In certain embodiments, the liquid flame retardant concentrate has a greater strength than comparable liquid flame retardant concentrates. For example, the liquid flame retardant concentrate may comprise a higher proportion of the flame retardant component (e.g., ammonium phosphates) per unit volume. Consequently, less of the concentrate is needed to make a solution. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 41 / 163 30 / 62 of flame retardant with equivalent strength to that prepared by other liquid concentrates. This results in a safer, less toxic, less corrosive, and more economical flame retardant solution and concentrate compared to currently available options. Method for Preparing a Flame Retardant Solution

[086] Methods for preparing a flame retardant solution by mixing a flame retardant concentrate composition described elsewhere herein with water are disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, a flame retardant concentrate is added to water and mixed until a solution is obtained. In certain embodiments, the solution is a homogeneous solution. In certain embodiments, the mixing involves combining at least five volumes of water per volume of concentrate. In still other embodiments, five to seven volumes of water are combined with one volume of concentrate.

[087] In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is prepared immediately before use. Method for Fighting a Fire

[088] Methods are disclosed herein for fighting a fire by applying a flame retardant solution described elsewhere in this document for the purpose of suppressing, containing, controlling, or extinguishing, etc., a fire. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied directly to a burning fuel. In other embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied indirectly, for example, in front of or parallel to a moving fire front. The distance between the advancing fire and the flame retardant firebreak depends on the rate at which the solution can be applied, the rate of spread of the moving fire front, and the presence or absence of a natural firebreak identified by Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 42 / 163 31 / 62 changes in the geometry of the ground being threatened. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from a ground platform, such as a fire truck. In certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from an aerial platform, such as a fixed-wing aircraft or a rotary-wing aircraft. For example, in certain embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from a rotary-wing aircraft, such as a helicopter, using a bucket that is suspended below the helicopter, and in other embodiments, the flame retardant solution is contained within tanks mounted or attached externally to the helicopter. In other embodiments, the flame retardant solution is applied from a mixture of all the vehicles or platforms listed.Obviously, the safety of the solution with respect to aircraft corrosion and fouling of critical components must be greater when the solution is inside or in contact with the aircraft.

[089] Having described the invention in detail, it will be evident that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. Examples

[090] The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention. Example 1: Liquid Flame Retardant Concentrate comprising MAP and DAP

[091] A liquid flame retardant concentrate (LC) containing the following components was prepared. The composition was prepared by first dispersing the MAP and DAP components in water, followed by the addition of the other components. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 43 / 163 32 / 62 Table 1 Raw materials: Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 26.24, Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) 23.27, Water 44.89, Biopolymer 1.35, Micronized clay 2.25, Fugitive magenta pigment 1.58, Opacifier 0.15, Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.17, Molybdate corrosion inhibitor 0.10 Example 2: Preparation of a Diluted Flame Retardant Solution and Properties of the Same

[092] A diluted flame retardant (FS) solution was prepared by combining 5.2 parts water with 1 part liquid concentrate to provide a diluted solution with the following composition: Table 2 Raw materials: Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 5.26g, Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) 4.66g, Water 9.0g, Biopolymer 0.27g, Micronized clay 0.45g, Fugitive magenta pigment 0.32g, Opacifier 0.03g, Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.03g, Molybdate corrosion inhibitor 0.02g. Total: 20.04g*

[093] *The listed water content is water from the concentrate formulation. The remainder of the diluted solution (79.96%) is dilution water. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 44 / 163 33 / 62 Table 3 Property lc DS Density (g / ml) at 21.1 °C 1.332 1.058 Density (g / ml) at 10.0 °C 1.339 1.067 Density (g / ml) at 32.2 °C 1.326 1.058 pH at 21.1 °C 5.85 6.25 Viscosity (cP) under rotational shear ~12s-1 and 21.1 °C, 228 220 Example 3: Additional Liquid Concentrate Formulations

[094] A series of liquid concentrates according to the present invention are described in Table 4. The biopolymer can be selected from xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum and diutan gum. The micronized clay can be selected from attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay or halloysite clay. The opacifier can be selected from ferric oxide, titanium dioxide and zinc ferrite. The molybdate corrosion inhibitor can be selected from sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate and lithium molybdate. Table 4 Raw Material LC 1 LC 2 LC 3 LC 4 LC 5 Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 47.03 35 26 15 19.80 Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) 2.47 15 24 35 29.70 Water 10-50 10-50 10-50 10-50 10-50 Biopolymer 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 1.0-3.0 Micronized clay 1.0-7.0 1.0-7.0 1.0-7.0 1.0-7.0 1.0-7.0 Fugitive magenta pigment 0.01-3.0 0.01-3.0 0.01-3.0 0.01-3.0 0.01-3.0 Opacifier 0.05-4.0 0.05-4.0 0.05-4.0 0.05-4.0 0.05-4.0 Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 Molybdate corrosion inhibitor 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0 0.01-2.0

[095] The physical properties listed in Table 5 can be determined. Table 5 Physical Property ________Density (g / ml) at 21.1 °C, 10.0 °C and 32.2 °C________ _______________________pH at 21.1 °C_______________________ Viscosity (cP) under rotational shear ~12s-1e 21.1 °C. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 45 / 163 34 / 62 Example 4: Corrosion Inhibition

[096] One part of each liquid concentrate prepared according to the present invention will be individually mixed with 3 to 7 parts of water to form dilute solutions. Each liquid concentrate and dilute solution will be subjected to corrosion tests in accordance with the Forest Service Specifications for Flame Retardant Corrosion Testing. The corrosion tests will be performed on mild steel, aluminum, magnesium, and brass.

[097] According to the aforementioned specifications, mild steel, aluminum, magnesium, or brass coupons one inch wide, four inches long, and one-eighth of an inch thick (obtained from a standard source) shall be cleaned, dried, and weighed according to USDA Forest Service Standard Specification Protocols and suspended in a quarter-sized, straight-sided flask filled 50% (partially) or 100% (fully) using a piece of nylon thread. When suspended in a partially filled flask, the coupon will be 50% (two inches or 50.8 mm) immersed in the test solution with the other 50% extending from the solution into the air space above it. When the flask is filled with approximately 800 ml of the concentrate or solution, the coupon will be fully immersed in the concentrate or solution.The vials will be closed with a screw cap, and two or three identical corrosion vials (cells) from each coupon, partially and fully immersed, will be stored at 70°F and 120°F (21°C and 49°C) for ninety days.

[098] At the end of the ninety-day storage period, the vials will be opened and the coupons removed and cleaned in accordance with USDA Forest Service Specifications. After drying, each coupon will be weighed again and any weight loss will be determined by comparing its initial and final weights. The calculated weight loss and the density of the metal coupon will be used to extrapolate to mils (0.001 inches or 0.0254 mm) of aluminum that would be lost during a period of Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 46 / 163 35 / 62 one year under test conditions, assuming that weight loss is experienced uniformly across the entire surface of the coupon. The corrosion rate of partially and fully immersed coupons will be calculated using the total surface area of ​​the coupon.

[099] Ideal corrosion rates (i.e., those that pass regulations) shall not exceed 5.0 mpy for mild steel, 2.0 mpy for aluminum, 4.0 mpy for magnesium, and 5.0 mpy for brass. Example 5: Liquid Concentrates and Diluted Solutions

[0100] The following are examples of compositions of various flame retardant concentrate compositions and various properties determined for these compositions. Several of these concentrate compositions (e.g., J to N) exhibit one or more advantageous properties after dilution, including, for example, viscosity, stability, etc. Table 6 MAP-DAP Ratios 47-53 (A) (Comparative) 89-11 (B) (Comparative) % by weight % by weight Conc Dil Conc Dil MAP 23.81 4.65 27.49 8.32 DAP 26.85 5.25 3.39 1.03 Water 40.52 88.38 59.44 87.73 Biopolymer 2.93 0.57 4.40 1.33 Fugitive color 2.96 0.58 3.12 0.94 Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.28 0.05 0.26 0.08 Molybdate corrosion inhibitor 0.22 0.04 0.20 0.06 Flow conditioner 2.00 0.39 1.25 0.38 Opacifier 0.28 0.05 0.30 0.09 Antifoam 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.05 Micronized clay — — — — Micronized clay — — — — Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 47 / 163 36 / 62 MAP-DAP Ratios 47-53 (A) (Comparative) 89-11 (B) (Comparative) Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Actual mixing ratio used N / AN / A Mixing ratio to achieve 10.6% DAP equivalence 5.37 2.82 %P2O5 in Dil 5.64 5.62 Actual DAP equivalence 10.59 10.59 MAP-DAP Ratios 47-53 (A) (Comparative) 89-11 (B) (Comparative) Total salt in Conc. 50.66 30.88 N / P ratio 1.53 1.11 Specific gravity Conc. SG (g / ml) 1.30 1.22 SG (lbs / gal) 10.85 10.18 Refractive index Dilution N / AN / AN / AN / A Viscosity (cP) Concentrate 80 1700 Diluted N / AN / A NOTES Unstable, concentrate viscosity too low Concentrate too thick Table 7 MAPDAP Ratio 24.09 4.62 45, 56 8.3 6 DAP 27.02 5.24 26.40 5.27 27, 40 5.35 27.16 5.20 5.6 3 1.0 3 Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 48 / 163 37 / 62 MAPDAP Ratios 47-53 (C) 47-53 (D) 47-53 (E) 47-53 (F) 89-11 (G) Water 40.80 88.51 39.85 7.95 41.34 8.07 41.00 7.86 41.06 7.54 Biopolymer 2.93 0.57 2.38 0.47 1.70 0.33 2.42 0.46 2.42 0.44 Fugitive color 2.96 0.57 1.43 0.29 1.63 0.32 1.69 0.32 1.69 0.31 Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.28 0.05 0.19 0.04 0.18 0.04 0.18 0.03 0.18 0.03 Molybdate corrosion inhibitor 0.22 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 Flow conditioner — — — — — — — — — — Opacifier 0.28 0.05 0.13 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 Antifoaming agent 0.15 0.03 — — — — — — — — Micronized clay 1.40 0.27 6.10 1.22 — — — — — — Micronized clay a — — — — 3.2 1 0.63 3.21 0.62 3.2 1 0.5 9 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 19.95 100.00 19.5 2 100.00 19.16 100.00 18.35 Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 49 / 163 38 / 62 MAPDAP Ratios 47-53 (C) 47-53 (D) 47-53 (E) 47-53 (F) 89-11 (G) Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Actual mixing ratio used Undiluted 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.8 Mixing ratio to achieve 10.6% DAP equivalence 5.54 5.53 5.63 5.45 5.83 %P2O5 in Dilute 5.64 5.67 5.75 5.60 5.65 Actual DAP equivalence 10.59 10.64 10.80 10.51 10.65 Total Salt in Concentration 50.98 49.82 51.69 51.25 51.19 N / P 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.11 Specific Gravity Concentration SG (g / ml) 1.33 1.37 1.33 1.30 1.30 SG (lbs / gal) 11.10 11.41 11.10 10.85 10.85 Refractive Index Dilution Viscosity (cP) Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 50 / 163 39 / 62 MAPDAP Ratios 47-53 (C) 47-53 (D) 47-53 (E) 47-53 (F) 89-11 (G) Concentrate 60 170 240 757 4126 Diluted N / A 800 122 767 710 NOTES Unstable, concentrate viscosity too low Kaolinite clay is a white powder, resulting in a lighter colored concentrate Below target viscosity Consider decreasing thickener concentrations Above target viscosity Table 8 MAPDAP Ratios 47-53 (H) 47-53 (I) 47-53 (J) 53-47 (K1) % % % % Conc Dil Conc Dil Conc Dil Conc Dil MAP 24.73 4.24 23.22 4.65 23.27 4.66 26.27 5.31 DAP 24.84 4.26 26.19 5.25 26.24 5.26 23.14 4.68 Water 44.07 7.56 44.89 9.00 44.89 9.00 44.89 9.08 Biopolymer 1.73 0.30 1.45 0.29 1.35 0.27 1.35 0.27 Fugitive color 1.65 0.28 1.57 0.31 1.58 0.32 1.58 0.32 Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.18 0.03 0.18 0.04 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.03 Molybdate corrosion inhibitor 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 Flow conditioner — — — — — — — — Opacifier 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 Antifoaming agent — — — — — — 0.10 0.02 Micronized clay — — — — — — — — Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 51 / 163 40 / 62 MAPDAP Ratios 47-53 (H) 47-53 (I) 47-53 (J) 53-47 (K1) Micronized clay 2.55 0.44 2.25 0.45 2.25 0.45 2.25 0.46 Total 100.00 17.17 100.00 20.05 100.00 20.05 100.00 20.23 Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Actual mixing ratio used 6.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 Mixing ratio to achieve 10.6% DAP equivalence 6.5 5.2 5.2 5.3 %P2O5 in Dilute 4.87 5.65 5.66 5.75 Actual DAP Equivalence 9.15 10.60 10.62 10.79 Total Salt in Concentrate 49.57 49.41 49.51 49.41 N / P 1.50 1.53 1.53 1.47 Specific Gravity Concentrate SG (g / ml) 1.34 1.30 1.30 1.315 SG (lbs / gal) 11.21 10.85 10.85 10.97 Refractive Index Dilute 11.00 10.50 Viscosity (cP) Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 52 / 163 41 / 62 MAPDAP Ratios 47-53 (H) 47-53 (I) 47-53 (J) 53-47 (K1) Concentrate 332 180 202 359 Diluted 217 225 200 253 NOTES The mixing ratio was adjusted until the target diluted viscosity was achieved. See below for corrosion and viscosity / stability test results. Concentrate made by preparing a concentrated MAP / DAP solution and adding powders. K1 and K2 were mixed at 5.2 instead of 5.3 due to the DAP equivalence being 10.63 and 10.59 if the samples were mixed at 5.3. Table 9 MAP-DAP Ratio 32.12 6.32 34.59 6.73 DAP 23.14 4.66 21.25 4.19 19.27 3.78 17.29 3.40 14.82 2.88 Water 44.89 9.05 44.89 8.85 44.89 8.81 44.89 8.84 44.89 8.74 Biopolymer 1.35 0.27 1.35 0.27 1.35 0.26 1.35 0.27 1.35 0.26 Fugitive color 1.58 0.32 1.58 0.31 1.58 0.31 1.58 0.31 1.58 0.31 Azo corrosion inhibitor 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.03 Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 53 / 163 42 / 62 MAP-DAP Ratios 53-47 (K2) 57-43 (L) 61-39 (M) 65-35 (N) 70-30 (O) Molybdate Corrosion Inhibitor 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 Flow Conditioner — — — — — — — — — — Opacifier 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.15 0.03 Antifoaming Agent 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 Micronized clay — — — — — — — — — — Micronized clay 2.25 0.45 2.25 0.44 2.25 0.44 2.25 0.44 2.25 0.44 Total 100.00 20.16 100.00 19.72 100.00 19.63 100.00 19.69 100.00 19.46 Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Parts of water to 1 part of concentrate Actual mixing ratio used 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 Mixing ratio to achieve 10.6% DAP equivalence 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.25 5.2 %P2O5 in Dil 5.73 5.63 5.63 5.68 5.65 Actual DAP Equivalence 10.75 10.58 10.58 10.68 10.63 Total Salt in Concentration 49.41 49.41 49.41 49.41 49.41 N / P 1,47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 Specific pregnancy Conc. SG (g / ml) 1.309 1.274 1.266 1.271 1.253, Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 54 / 163 43 / 62 MAP-DAP Ratios 53-47 (K2) 57-43 (L) 61-39 (M) 65-35 (N) 70-30 (O) SG (lbs / gal) 10.92 10.63 10.56 10.61 10.46 Refractive Index Dil 10.00 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 Viscosity (cP) Concentrate 223 342 405 492 740 Diluted 234 218 146 235 320 NOTES Concentrates were made by adding all powders (including MAP and DAP) to water. After 24 hours, all concentrates showed slight separation (~3%) with a layer of water forming at the bottom of the sample vial. The samples were easily remixed by shaking the flasks and left undisturbed to monitor separation. All concentrates had suspended particles, appearing to be undissolved MAP or DAP. Generally, as the MAP concentration increased in the concentrates, more particles were observed. No particles were observed in the diluted solutions.

[0101] The above results indicate that the use of a micronized clay together with MAP and DAP provided favorable compositions in terms of viscosity, storage stability, etc. The use of a biopolymer such as xanthan gum, including at particular concentrations, also contributed to compositions that exhibited favorable properties. Example 6: Corrosion and Initial Viscosity Test: Composition 47-53 (J)

[0102] A diluted sample was subjected to a viscosity test, and a concentrate and diluted sample were subjected to a corrosion test. All tests were conducted in accordance with USDA Forest Service Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020) after preparation. Table 10 Sample Storage conditions 10 min 24 h 7 days %Δ 7d / 24h 14 days Diluted 70 °F or 21 °C with Al 241 240 240 0 240 without 240 0 240 Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 55 / 163 44 / 62 Sample Storage conditions 10 min 24 h 7 days %Δ 7d / 24h 14 days 90 °F or 32 °C with Al 210 -13 210 without 240 0 242 Table 11 Sample Storage condition %Δ 14d / 24h Diluted 70 °F or 21 °C with Al 0 sem 0 90 °F or 32 °C with Al -13 sem 1 Table 12 Description Sample Identification Initial Corrosion Rate (Milliinches per year) 4130 Mild Steel 2024-T3 Aluminum A231B- Magnesium Brass TA / T 0.4 TA / P 0.2 ET / T 0.5 ET / P 0.3 TA / T 0.9 TA / P 0.5 ET / T 3.9 ET / P 2.9 TA / T 23.0 TA / P 30.6 ET / T 229.0 ET / P 138.6 ETP 0.2 New LC Corrosion Test Source 0 [B] Maximum USFS Requirements 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 New LC Corrosion Test Source 0 B-dil 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.5 1.3 0.7 Maximum USFS Requirements 5.0 2.0 4.0 5.0

[0103] TA / T refers to storage at room temperature (70 °F / 21 °C) (TA) and T indicates total submersion of the coupon in the solution.

[0104] TA / P refers to storage at room temperature (70 °F / 21 °C) (TA) and P indicates total submersion of the coupon in the solution.

[0105] ET / T refers to storage at high temperature (120 °F / 49 °C) (ET) and T indicates total submersion of the coupon in the solution.

[0106] ET / P refers to high temperature storage Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 56 / 163 45 / 62 (120 °F / 49 °C) (ET) and P indicates total submersion of the coupon in the solution.

[0107] The results establish that diluted solutions prepared from MAP + DAP + micronized clay concentrate formulations meet the USFS corrosion standards for mild steel, aluminum, magnesium, and brass under all conditions tested.

[0108] Concentrated formulations of MAP + DAP + micronized clay meet USFS corrosion standards for mild steel, aluminum, and brass under all conditions. Concentrate formulations do not meet magnesium corrosion standards. Example 7: One Year Viscosity Test: Composition 47-53 (J)

[0109] A concentrate sample of composition 47-53 (J) was tested for viscosity after storage for one year. A diluted sample prepared from a concentrate after storage for one year was also tested for viscosity. The concentrated and diluted samples were tested for initial viscosity and the diluted sample was tested for viscosity after 14 days. Table 13 Storage temperature of concentrate (°F) Viscosity (cP) Rotation # at 60 rpm Specific gravity pH RI Diluted 1044 0 RI Conc. Bri x Conc. Diluted Conc. Diluted Conc. 70 °F (21 °C) with 120 steel (0.12 Pa.s) 226 1.337 1.063 5.8 5 6.29 11.0 50.5 90 °F (32 °C) with 150 steel (0.15 Pa.s) 222 1.337 1.063 5.8 5 6.35 11.0 50.5 Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 57 / 163 46 / 62 Table 14 Storage temperature of the concentrate (°F) Storage temperature of the diluted solution 10 min 24 h 7 days %Δ 7d / 24h 14 days %Δ 14d / 24h 70 °F (21 °C) with St 70 °F with Al 70 °F without Al 226 220 217 221 -1 0 219 222 0 1 90 °F with Al 90 °F without Al 216 225 -2 2 219 219 0 0 90 °F (32 °C) with St 70 °F with Al 70 °F without Al 222 215 216 218 0 1 218 218 1 1 90 °F with Al 90 °F without Al 209 221 -3 3 216 219 0 2

[0110] These results indicate that the MAP + DAP + micronized clay concentrate compositions and the diluted solutions prepared from them exhibit adequate storage properties (e.g., viscosity and stability). Forms of Implementation

[0111] Embodiment A is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition, the composition comprising: one or more powdered flame retardants dispersed in an aqueous medium, wherein the one or more flame retardants are selected from the group consisting of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP); and a suspending agent comprising micronized clay.

[0112] Embodiment A1 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment A, wherein one or more flame retardants and MAP and DAP.

[0113] Embodiment A2 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment A, wherein one or more flame retardants are APP.

[0114] Embodiment B is a concentrate composition Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 58 / 163 47 / 62 of liquid flame retardant, the composition comprising: a mixture of ammonium phosphates, the mixture comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP); and a suspending agent comprising micronized clay.

[0115] Embodiment B1 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of claim B, the composition further comprising water.

[0116] Embodiment C is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition, the composition comprising: a mixture of ammonium phosphates, the mixture comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP); a suspending agent; and water, wherein the water constitutes less than 50% by volume of the concentrate composition.

[0117] Embodiment D is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition, the composition comprising water and a flame retardant component comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates, wherein: the mixture of ammonium phosphates comprises monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP); and the flame retardant has a sulfate content of less than 0.2% by total weight.

[0118] Embodiment D1 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D, the composition further comprising a suspending agent.

[0119] Embodiment D2 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the Embodiments C to D1, wherein the suspending agent comprises micronized clay.

[0120] Embodiment D3 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D2, wherein the micronized clay is selected from the group consisting of attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay, halloysite clay and combinations thereof. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 59 / 163 48 / 62

[0121] Embodiment D4 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D3, wherein the suspending agent comprises attapulgite clay.

[0122] Embodiment D5 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the embodiments A to C or D1 to D4, wherein the suspending agent constitutes at least about 1% by weight of the composition.

[0123] Embodiment D6 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D5, wherein the suspending agent constitutes from about 1% to about 7% by weight of the total composition.

[0124] Embodiment D7 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D5, wherein the suspending agent constitutes about 2% to about 3% by weight of the total composition.

[0125] Embodiment D8 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments, the composition further comprising a biopolymer.

[0126] Embodiment D9 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D8, wherein the biopolymer is selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum, diutan gum and combinations thereof.

[0127] Embodiment D10 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D9, wherein the biopolymer comprises xanthan gum.

[0128] Embodiment D11 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of Embodiments D8 to D10, wherein the biopolymer constitutes about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%, or about 1% to about 1.5% by weight of the composition. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 60 / 163 49 / 62

[0129] Embodiment D12 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments, wherein water constitutes from about 10% to about 50%, from about 30% to about 50%, or from about 40% to about 50% by weight of the total composition.

[0130] Embodiment D13 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of Embodiments D8 to D12, wherein the composition comprises a suspending agent and a biopolymer in a weight ratio of suspending agent to biopolymer of at least 1:1.

[0131] Embodiment D14 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D13, wherein the composition comprises about the suspending agent and biopolymer at a weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 4:1, about 1:1 to about 3:1, or about 1:1 to about 2:1.

[0132] Embodiment D15 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the composition further comprises a corrosion inhibitor system.

[0133] Embodiment D16 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D15, wherein the corrosion inhibitor system comprises a micronized clay complexed with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and / or monoammonium phosphate (MAP), a molybdate corrosion inhibitor, an azole corrosion inhibitor, a pyrophosphate, or any combination thereof.

[0134] Embodiment D17 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of Embodiments D15 to D16, wherein the corrosion inhibitor system comprises an inhibitor of Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 61 / 163 50 / 62 Molybdate corrosion comprising sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, lithium molybdate or any combination thereof.

[0135] Embodiment D18 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D17, wherein the molybdate corrosion inhibitor comprises sodium molybdate.

[0136] Embodiment D19 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of Embodiments D15 to D18, wherein the corrosion inhibitor system comprises an azole corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of benzotriazole, tolyltriazole and combinations thereof.

[0137] Embodiment D20 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D19, wherein the azole corrosion inhibitor comprises tolitriazole.

[0138] Embodiment D21 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of Embodiments D15 to D20, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises a molybdate corrosion inhibitor and an azole corrosion inhibitor.

[0139] Embodiment D22 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D21, wherein the molybdate corrosion inhibitor comprises sodium molybdate and the azole corrosion inhibitor comprises tolyltriazole.

[0140] Embodiment D23 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of claims D15 to D22, wherein the corrosion inhibitor system comprises a micronized clay complexed with DAP and / or MAP.

[0141] Embodiment E is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition, the composition comprising: a mixture of ammonium phosphates, wherein the mixture comprises free monoammonium phosphate Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 62 / 163 51 / 62 (MAP) and free diammonium phosphate (free DAP); a corrosion inhibitor system comprising micronized clay complexed with diammonium phosphate (complexed DAP) and / or monoammonium phosphate (complexed MAP); and water.

[0142] Embodiment E1 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment D23 or Embodiment E, wherein the ratio of free DAP to complexed DAP is at least 90:10 and / or the ratio of free MAP to complexed MAP is at least 90:10.

[0143] Embodiment E2 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of Embodiments D15 to E1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor system constitutes from about 0.02% to about 4% by weight of the composition.

[0144] Embodiment E3 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of claim E2, wherein the corrosion inhibitor system constitutes from about 0.02% to about 1% by weight of the composition.

[0145] Embodiment E4 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments further comprising a pigment or dye.

[0146] Embodiment E5 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment E4, wherein the pigment or dye comprises red iron oxide, brown iron oxide, or a fugitive pigment or dye.

[0147] Embodiment E6 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment E5, wherein the fugitive pigment or dye is magenta in color.

[0148] Embodiment E7 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment E4, wherein the pigment or dye comprises a fugitive color system comprising a Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 63 / 163 52 / 62 fugitive pigment and an opaque material insoluble in water.

[0149] Embodiment E8 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment E7, wherein the water-insoluble opaque material comprises ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc ferrite, or any combination thereof.

[0150] Embodiment E9 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment E8, wherein the water-insoluble opaque material comprises ferric oxide.

[0151] Embodiment E10 is the liquid concentrate composition of any of Embodiments E7 to E9, wherein the opaque, water-insoluble material constitutes from about 0.05% to about 4% by weight of the total composition.

[0152] Embodiment E11 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the Embodiment E6 to E10, wherein the fugitive pigment comprises a fugitive dye encapsulated within a polymeric material and exhibits hydrophilic behavior.

[0153] Embodiment E12 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the Embodiment E5 to E11, wherein the fugitive pigment is magenta in color.

[0154] Embodiment E13 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the Embodiment E5 to E12, wherein the fugitive pigment has a Lab color space of “L” in a range of about 34 to about 89, “a” in a range of about 18 to about 83, and “b” in a range of about -61 to about 56.

[0155] Embodiment E14 is the liquid concentrate composition of any of the Embodiments E5 to E13, wherein the fugitive dye or pigment constitutes about 1% to about 2% by weight of the composition. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 64 / 163 53 / 62

[0156] Embodiment E15 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of a surfactant, a foam control additive, a foam former, a biocide and any combination thereof.

[0157] Embodiment E16 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the ammonium phosphate mixture consists essentially of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP).

[0158] Embodiment E17 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the ammonium phosphate mixture comprises: MAP containing from about 10% to about 12% ammoniacal nitrogen by weight and from about 40% to about 61% phosphorus pentoxide by weight; and DAP containing from about 16% to about 21% ammoniacal nitrogen by weight and from about 40% to about 54% phosphorus pentoxide by weight.

[0159] Embodiment E18 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the ammonium phosphate mixture comprises: MAP containing from about 11% to about 12% ammoniacal nitrogen by weight and from about 55% to about 61% phosphorus pentoxide by weight; and DAP containing from about 16% to about 21% ammoniacal nitrogen by weight and from about 40% to about 54% phosphorus pentoxide by weight.

[0160] Embodiment E19 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) is from about 1.1 to about 1.9. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 65 / 163 54 / 62

[0161] Embodiment E20 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) is from about 1.35 to about 1.65.

[0162] Embodiment E21 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the ratio of ammoniacal nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) is in a range from any of about 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, or 1.8 to any of about 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.65, 1.7, 1.8, or 1.9.

[0163] Embodiment E22 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 19% to about 50% DAP.

[0164] Embodiment E23 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 19% to about 47% DAP.

[0165] Embodiment E24 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 20% to about 30% DAP.

[0166] Embodiment E25 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 25% to about 27% by weight of DAP.

[0167] Embodiment E26 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 30% MAP. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 66 / 163 55 / 62

[0168] Embodiment E27 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to about 30% MAP.

[0169] Embodiment E28 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 20% to about 30% MAP.

[0170] Embodiment E29 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 22% to about 24% by weight of MAP.

[0171] Embodiment E30 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises from about 25% to about 27% by weight of DAP and from about 22% to about 24% by weight of MAP.

[0172] Embodiment E31 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is in the range of about 5% to about 60% MAP to about 40% to about 95% DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate.

[0173] Embodiment E32 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is in the range of about 40% to about 60% MAP to about 40% to about 60% DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate.

[0174] Embodiment E33 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the Embodiment Forms Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 67 / 163 56 / 62 previous, where the weight ratio of MAP to DAP is in the range of about 45% to about 50% MAP to about 50% to about 55% DAP of the total ammonium phosphate in the concentrate.

[0175] Embodiment E34 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the flame retardant component constitutes less than about 75% by weight of the composition.

[0176] Embodiment E35 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the flame retardant component constitutes from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the composition.

[0177] Embodiment E36 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the liquid concentrate has a density of about 1.1 to about 1.5.

[0178] Embodiment E37 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the liquid concentrate exhibits a viscosity of about 100 cP to about 300 cP (about 0.1 to about 0.3 Pa.s).

[0179] Embodiment E38 is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the pH of the liquid concentrate is about 5 to 6.

[0180] Embodiment F is a liquid flame retardant concentrate composition comprising a mixture of ammonium phosphates comprising monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate, water and a suspending agent comprising micronized clay wherein: diammonium phosphate constitutes from about 19% to about 48% by weight of the total composition; monoammonium phosphate constitutes from about 2% to about 30% by weight Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 68 / 163 57 / 62 of the total composition; the suspending agent constitutes from about 1% to about 7% by weight of the total composition; and water constitutes from about 10% to about 50% by weight of the total composition.

[0181] Embodiment F1 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment F wherein: diammonium phosphate constitutes about 26% to about 27% by weight of the total composition; monoammonium phosphate constitutes about 23% to about 24% by weight of the total composition; the suspending agent constitutes about 2% to about 3% by weight of the total composition; and water constitutes about 40% to about 50% by weight of the total composition.

[0182] Embodiment F2 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment F or F1, wherein the composition further comprises a biopolymer, a pigment or dye and a corrosion inhibitor system, wherein the biopolymer constitutes from about 1% to about 2% by weight of the total composition.

[0183] Embodiment F3 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment F2 wherein: (a) the pigment or dye comprises a fugitive pigment and an opacifier, and the fugitive pigment constitutes from about 1.0% to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition and the opacifier constitutes from about 0.10% to about 0.20% by weight of the total composition; and (b) the corrosion inhibitor system comprises a molybdate corrosion inhibitor and an azole corrosion inhibitor, and the molybdate corrosion inhibitor constitutes from about 0.05% to about 0.15% by weight of the total composition and the azole corrosion inhibitor constitutes from about 0.10% to about 0.20% by weight of the total composition.

[0184] Embodiment F4 is the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of Embodiment F3, the composition comprising about 26.24% by weight of diammonium phosphate, about Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 69 / 163 58 / 62 23.27% by weight of monoammonium phosphate, approximately 44.89% by weight of water, approximately 1.35% by weight of biopolymer, approximately 2.25% by weight of micronized clay, approximately 1.58% by weight of fugitive pigment, approximately 0.15% by weight of opacifier, approximately 0.17% by weight of azole corrosion inhibitor and approximately 0.10% by weight of molybdate corrosion inhibitor, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0185] Embodiment G is a flame retardant solution prepared by mixing the liquid flame retardant concentrate composition of any of the previous embodiments with water.

[0186] Embodiment G1 is the flame retardant solution of Embodiment G, wherein the liquid concentrate is mixed with water at a ratio of about 3 parts water to 1 part liquid concentrate to about 7 parts water to about 1 part liquid concentrate.

[0187] Embodiment G2 is the flame retardant solution of Embodiment G or G1, wherein the liquid concentrate is mixed with water in a ratio of about 4 parts water to 1 part liquid concentrate to about 6 parts water to 1 part liquid concentrate.

[0188] Embodiment G3 is the flame retardant solution of any of Embodiments G to G2, wherein the flame retardant solution exhibits a viscosity in the range of about 100 cPs to about 1500 cPs (0.1 Pa.s to 1.5 Pa.s), about 100 cPs to about 1000 cPs (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 1 Pa.s), or about 100 cPs to about 800 cPs (about 0.1 to about 0.8 Pa.s).

[0189] Embodiment G4 is the flame retardant solution of any of the Embodiment Forms G to G3, wherein the solution exhibits a magnesium alloy corrosion rate equal to or less than 2.0 milliinches (0.0508 mm) per year. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 70 / 163 59 / 62

[0190] Embodiment Form G5 is the flame retardant solution of any of the Embodiment Forms G through G4, wherein the solution meets all corrosion criteria required by the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[0191] Embodiment Form G6 is the flame retardant solution of any of the Embodiment Forms G through G5, wherein the solution meets all stability criteria required of the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[0192] Embodiment Form G7 is the flame retardant solution of any of the Embodiment Forms G through G6, wherein the solution meets all corrosion and stability criteria required of the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Specification Number 5100304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

[0193] Embodiment G8 is the flame retardant solution of any of Embodiments G to G7, wherein the solution exhibits an aquatic toxicity (LC50) in the range of about 180 milligrams per liter to about 2700 milligrams per liter, or in the range of about 750 milligrams per liter to about 1000 milligrams per liter.

[0194] Embodiment G9 is the flame retardant solution of any of Embodiments G to G8, wherein the solution exhibits an aquatic toxicity (LC50) greater than 180 milligrams per liter.

[0195] Embodiment G10 is the flame retardant solution of any of the Embodiment G to G9, wherein the solution has an acidic pH.

[0196] Embodiment G11 is the flame retardant solution of any of the Embodiment Forms G to G10, wherein the solution has a pH of about 6 to 7. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 71 / 163 60 / 62

[0197] Embodiment H is a method for producing a liquid flame retardant concentrate, the method comprising: adding monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) to an aqueous medium and adding a suspending agent comprising micronized clay to the aqueous medium containing the MAP and DAP.

[0198] Embodiment H1 is the method of Embodiment H, wherein the method further comprises adding a biopolymer comprising xanthan gum to the aqueous medium containing MAP and DAP.

[0199] Embodiment H2 is the method of Embodiment H, wherein the liquid flame retardant concentrate produced is the liquid flame retardant concentrate of any one of Embodiment A to Embodiment F4.

[0200] Embodiment I is a method for producing a flame retardant solution, the method comprising: mixing a composition of liquid flame retardant concentrate and water, the composition comprising water, micronized clay and a mixture of ammonium phosphates, the mixture of ammonium phosphates comprising MAP and DAP; wherein: said mixture involves combining at least five volumes of water per volume of concentrate.

[0201] Embodiment I1 is the method for producing a flame retardant solution of Embodiment I, wherein the ratio of water to liquid concentrate is from about 5:1 to about 7:1.

[0202] Embodiment I2 is the method for producing a flame retardant solution of Embodiment I or Embodiment I1, wherein the flame retardant solution produced is the flame retardant solution of any of the claims in Embodiment G to Embodiment G11.

[0203] The J-Form implementation is a method to combat a Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 72 / 163 61 / 62 fire, the method comprising applying the flame retardant solution of any of the embodiments G to G11 directly to the burning fuel or indirectly to the fuel ahead of a potentially advancing fire front.

[0204] Embodiment J1 is the method for fighting a fire of Embodiment J, in which the flame retardant solution is applied from a ground platform, an aerial platform, or both.

[0205] Embodiment Form J2 is the method for fighting a fire of Embodiment Form J, in which the flame retardant solution is applied from a rotary-wing aircraft.

[0206] Embodiment J3 is the method for fighting a fire of claim J1 or J2, wherein the flame retardant solution is applied from a device consisting of a helicopter bucket, an internal tank or a tank directly attached to the outside of the supply platform.

[0207] When introducing elements of the present invention or preferred embodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the”, “referred to” and “referred to” are intended to mean that there is one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements beyond those listed.

[0208] In view of the above, it will be seen that the various objectives of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results are obtained.

[0209] As various changes could be made to the above compositions and processes without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all material contained in the above description be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Annex A

[0210] Magenta 108 PB by Royale Pigments & Chemicals. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 73 / 163 62 / 62 Table 15 COMPOSITION Chemical name Common name and synonyms CAS No. Isophorone diamine 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl Cyclohexylamine IPD 2855-13-2 Petroleum resins 64742-16-1 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Isophthalic acid 121-91-5 Benzoic acid Benzenecarboxylic acid 65-85-0 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Melamine 108-78-1 Isobutanolamine 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 124-68-5 Calcium carbonate Aragonite Calcium monocarbonate 471-34-1 Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts Ammonium polyphosphate 68333-79-9 Xanthylium, 3,6-bis(ethylamino)-9-[2(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl] -2,7-dimethyl-, chloride CI Basic Red 1:1 3068-39-1 1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)azo]- CI Solvent Red 1 1229-55-6 Table 16 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES pH 6.5-7.5 Melting / Freezing Point 165 °C - 175 °C Apparent Density (g / cm3) 0.25-0.35 Particle Size in Microns D50 3-4 (Wet method - by D90 8-10 Malvern Mastersizer 3000) D100 14-18 Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 74 / 163

Claims

1 / 5 Claims 1. LIQUID FLAME RETARDANT SOLUTION COMPOSITION, characterized by comprising: ammonium phosphate-based flame retardants, the flame retardants comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) in a weight ratio of MAP to DAP of 40:60 to 60:40; a suspending agent comprising micronized clay selected from the group consisting of attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay, halloysite clay, bentonite clay and combinations thereof; a corrosion inhibitor system comprising a molybdate corrosion inhibitor and / or an azole corrosion inhibitor; a biopolymer selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum, diutan gum and mixtures thereof; and water, wherein: the pH of the flame retardant solution is from about 4.0 to about 8.0; and the weight ratio of the suspending agent to the biopolymer is from 1:1 to 4:

1.

2. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the pH of the flame retardant solution is from about 6.0 to about 8.

0.

3. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the pH of the flame retardant solution is from about 6.0 to about 7.

0.

4. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the flame retardants are incorporated as powdered flame retardant(s). Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page 75 / 163 2 / 5 5. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the flame retardants comprise MAP and DAP in a weight ratio of 45:55 to 55:

45.

6. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the molybdate corrosion inhibitor and the azole corrosion inhibitor comprise tolyltriazole and / or benzotriazole.

7. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by comprising less than about 2% by weight of micronized clay.

8. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by comprising less than about 1% by weight of micronized clay.

9. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the micronized clay is selected from the group consisting of attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay and combinations thereof.

10. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized in that the biopolymer is selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, diutan gum and mixtures thereof.

11. COMPOSITION, according to claim 10, characterized in that the weight ratio of micronized clay to biopolymer is from about 1:1 to about 3:

1.

12. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising a pigment or a dye.

13. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising a system of fugitive colors.

14. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by exhibiting an aluminum corrosion rate equal to or less than 2.0 milliinches (0.0508 mm) or less than 1.0 milliinches (0.0254 mm) per year; and / or exhibiting a mild steel corrosion rate equal to or less than 5.0 milliinches (0.127 mm) per year; and / or exhibiting a brass corrosion rate equal to or less than 5.0 milliinches (0.127 mm) per year.

15. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by meeting one or more of the criteria required by U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304d, January 2020, including any and all amendments.

16. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, characterized by: meeting one or more of the required criteria regarding corrosion and / or stability of U.S. Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments; and / or meeting all the required criteria regarding corrosion of U.S. Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments; and / or meeting all the required criteria regarding stability of U.S. Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments; and / or meeting all the required criteria regarding corrosion and stability of U.S. Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments;and / or meet all the criteria required by U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Specification No. 5100304d, dated January 2020, including all amendments.

17. COMPOSITION, according to claim 1, Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 77 / 163 4 / 5 characterized by exhibiting a viscosity in the range of about 100 cP to about 1500 cP (about 0.1 Pa.s to about 1.5 Pa.s), when measured in accordance with Specification 5100-304d, dated January 2020, including any and all amendments.

18. LIQUID FLAME RETARDANT SOLUTION COMPOSITION, characterized by comprising: ammonium phosphate-based flame retardants, the flame retardants comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) in a MAP to DAP weight ratio of 40:60 to 60:40; a suspending agent comprising micronized clay selected from the group consisting of attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay, halloysite clay, bentonite clay and combinations thereof, wherein the suspending agent constitutes from about 0.25% to about 0.75% by weight of the solution; a corrosion inhibitor system comprising a molybdate corrosion inhibitor and an azole corrosion inhibitor; a biopolymer selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, wellan gum, diutan gum and mixtures thereof; and water, wherein: the weight ratio of the suspending agent to biopolymer is from 1:1 to 3:1;and the composition meets all the required corrosion and stability criteria of U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304d, January 2020, including all amendments.

19. LIQUID FLAME RETARDANT SOLUTION COMPOSITION, characterized by comprising: ammonium phosphate-based flame retardants, as per Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, page.78 / 163 5 / 5 flame retardants comprising monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) in a weight ratio of MAP to DAP of 40:60 to 60:40; a suspending agent comprising micronized clay selected from the group consisting of attapulgite clay, kaolinite clay, halloysite clay, bentonite clay and combinations thereof, wherein the suspending agent constitutes from about 0.25% to about 0.75% by weight of the solution; a corrosion inhibitor system comprising a molybdate corrosion inhibitor and an azole corrosion inhibitor; a biopolymer selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, rhamsan gum, welan gum, diutan gum and mixtures thereof; and water, wherein: the weight ratio of the suspending agent to biopolymer is from 1:1 to 3:1; and the composition meets all the criteria required by U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Specification No. 5100-304dDepartment of Agriculture, Forest Service), January 2020, including all amendments. Petition 870260077592, dated 04 / 08 / 2026, p. 79 / 163.