Use of the sodium salt of alpha-hydroxy-cis-delta9-octadecenoic acid for the preparation of medicine for the treatment or prevention of cancer, and pharmaceutical and / or nutracêutic composition of the same

Abstract

Alpha-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids for use as medicines. The present invention refers to pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of Formula I, their salts and derivatives, where (a) and (b) can take any value between 0 and 14, (X) can be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with an atomic / molecular weight between 4 and 200 Da and (R) can be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with an atomic / molecular weight between 1 and 200 Da, for use as medicines.

Description

USE OF THE SODIUM SALT OF α-HYDROXY-CIS-Δ9-OCTADECENOIC ACID FOR THE PREPARATION OF MEDICINE FOR THE TREATMENT OR PREVENTION OF CANCER, AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL AND / OR NUTRACEUTICAL COMPOSITION THEREOF FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids of Formula I, their salts or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives (see the invention description), to be used as medicaments, preferably in the prevention and / or treatment of diseases where the underlying etiology is based on changes (of any cause) in cell membrane lipids such as, for example, changes in the level, composition or structure of these lipids. It also relates to use for pathologies in which regulation of the lipid composition and structure of the membrane causes a reversal of the pathological state. In addition, in the present invention, the use of the Compounds of Formula I, where (X) is replaced by OH, NH2 or CH3 and (R) is replaced by H, for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and obesity and for the treatment of lung, brain or prostate cancer in humans is excluded. Thus, the present invention, due to its broad spectrum of application, can be included in the general field of medicine and pharmacy. STATE OF THE ART Cell membranes are structures that define the entity of cells and the organelles they contain. Most biological processes occur at or near these membranes. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 27 / 98 / 71 and its constituent lipids not only have a structural role, but also regulate the activity of important processes. Furthermore, the regulation of membrane lipid composition also influences the location or function of important proteins involved in the control of cellular physiology, such as G-protein and PKC (Escribá et al., 1995; 1997; Yang et al., 2005; Martínez et al., 2005). These and other studies demonstrate the importance of lipids in controlling important cellular functions. In fact, many human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular pathologies, neurodegenerative processes, obesity, metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases, have been linked to changes in the levels or composition of lipids present in biological membranes.Further evidence is provided by the beneficial effects of fatty acid treatments beyond those of the present invention that regulate the composition and structure of membrane lipids, where they are employed to reverse such diseases (Escribá, 2006). Lipids ingested in the diet regulate the lipid composition of cell membranes (Alemany et al., 2007). Also, various physiological and pathological situations can alter the lipids present in cell membranes (Buda et al., 1994; Escribá, 2006). Changes in membrane lipid composition affect cell signaling, potentially contributing to increased disease development or reversing disease progression (Escribá, 2006). Saturated fatty acids ingested in food have some negative effects on membrane composition and structure that can contribute... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 28 / 98 / 71, increases the risk of various pathologies such as cancer, metabolic disorders (diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, etc.), obesity, vascular and heart diseases, inflammation, neurodegenerative processes, etc. This theory would also explain the changes caused by other fats such as denatured rapeseed oil, which once caused a toxic syndrome with devastating consequences leading to permanent disability and death in many cases. In contrast, those lipids that have beneficial health effects are beneficial to all cells and therefore can act on multiple pathological processes, which implies that the fatty acids of the present invention have a broad therapeutic spectrum. Additionally, therapies involving the regulation of membrane lipid structure and / or function can be applied to pathologies in which these lipids do not show significant changes, but as a result of interventions made on them (through pharmaceutical or nutraceutical means) cellular function is modulated, reversing the pathological process. Several studies conducted in recent years have indicated that membrane lipids play a much more important role than has been previously appreciated (Escribá et al., 2008). An example of this importance is shown in fish that live in rivers where the temperature varies, whose lipids undergo significant changes (in membrane composition and lipid types) when the temperature drops from 20 °C (summer) to Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 29 / 98 / 71 °C (winter) (Buda et al. 1994). These studies demonstrate that changes in membrane lipids provide an increase in a series of coordinated changes in cellular functions to maintain correct cellular physiology. In the case of fish living in water with variable temperatures, the regulation of membrane lipids allows the maintenance of functions in very diverse cell types. Therefore, it can be said that membrane lipids can determine poor or good functioning of multiple cell signaling mechanisms. Given that a diseased organism is diseased because its cells are diseased, changes in membrane lipids can increase the likelihood of disease. Similarly, topical cosmetic, nutraceutical, or therapeutic interventions targeting membrane lipid regulation levels can prevent or reverse (cure) pathological processes. Additionally, many studies have indicated that the consumption of saturated and trans-monounsaturated fats is related to deteriorating health. Vascular and other diseases and tumors have been directly linked to these types of lipids (Stender and Dyerberg, 2004). The deterioration of an organism is manifested in the appearance of these and other types of diseases. In this sense, the consumption of specific types of lipids has a clearly positive or negative effect.On the one hand, as described above, saturated or transunsaturated fatty acids have negative effects on many physiological parameters, being implicated in lipid changes that contribute to numerous pathologies such as, for example, metabolic pathologies (hypercholesterolemia, etc.). Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 30 / 98 / 71 hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, etc.), cancer, cardiovascular pathologies, inflammation, etc. In contrast, cis-monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been linked to the prevention of or recovery from these diseases. All these results clearly indicate that lipid changes can cause detrimental changes to cell physiology and that regulating the composition and structure of membrane lipids can reverse these negative changes through coordinated regulation of certain cellular functions. Thus, changes in the composition and structure of membranes are related to the etiology of many pathologies and, in many cases, the manifestation of a specific disease is due to the combination of these changes with other changes that affect specific proteins that interact with the membrane or are included in the signal sequence of other proteins that interact with them. Therefore, interventions in the structure and function of biological membranes through molecules covered by the present invention can effectively modify certain cellular functions with the end result of reversing specific pathological processes.Given the known relationship between changes, both structural and functional, in lipids present in the cell membrane and the development of various diseases of different types, but unitarily related by this etiology, the present invention is focused on pharmaceutically acceptable α-derivatives of cismonounsaturated fatty acids, their salts and derivatives, which are used in the treatment and / or prevention of these diseases. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 31 / 98 / 71 Surprisingly, the present invention shows that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids can be successfully used to regulate cell signaling, preventing the onset of or promoting growth for recovery from major diseases. Patents WO2005041691 and WO2003030891 fundamentally refer to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (such as hypertension) and obesity, and to the treatment of lung, brain or prostate cancer through the use of compounds of the formula COOH-CHR-(CH2) m-CH=CH-(CH2) nCH3, with cis or trans configurations, where the R group can be replaced by H, OH, NH2 or CH3 or other groups with a molecular weight of less than 200 Da and where the carboxyl group has a hydrogen atom (H). However, patent documents WO2005041691 and WO2003030891 do not refer to the use of these same compounds in cancer prevention and / or in the prevention and / or treatment of skin pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, nerve fiber lesions, pain, inflammatory processes, infectious pathologies, or metabolic pathologies such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome.Furthermore, these patents do not refer to the use of compounds of this formula, but where the R position (X in the present invention) can be replaced by different radicals such as F, F3C, HS or O-CH3 in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular pathologies, skin pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes and infectious pathologies. Also, these patents... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 32 / 98 / 71, also does not disclose the use of compounds of this formula, but where the R position (X in the present invention) can be replaced by different groups such as, for example: OH, NH2, CH3, F, F3C, HS, O-CH3, PO4 (CH2-CH3)2 or CH3COO and the H position of the carboxyl group (R in the present invention) can be replaced by different groups such as, for example: sodium (Na), methyl ester (OMe), ethyl ester (EE) or ammonium (NH3) in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular pathologies, skin pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes and infectious pathologies.Also, these patents do not disclose the use of compounds of this formula, but where the R position (X in the present invention) can be replaced by different groups such as, for example: PO4(CH2-CH3)2 and CH3COO and the H position of the carboxyl group (R in the present invention) is maintained as H, in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular pathologies, skin pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes and infectious pathologies.Finally, none of the documents found in the prior art reveal the use of compounds of this formula, but where the R position (X in the present invention) can be replaced by different groups such as, for example: OH, NH2, CH3, F, F3C, HS, O-CH3, PO4(CH2-CH3)2 or CH3COO and the H position of the carboxyl group (R in the present invention) can be replaced by different groups such as, for example: H, sodium (Na), methyl ester (OMe), ethyl ester (EE) or ammonium (NH3) in the induction of neuroregeneration, prevention and / or treatment of nerve fiber lesions and / or prevention and / or treatment of pain. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 33 / 98 / 71 Therefore, the higher effectiveness of cis-configured isomers is demonstrated in the present invention, and new groups have been selected, providing increased effectiveness to the Compounds that have been successfully used in the prevention and / or treatment of diseases where the common etiology is based on structural and / or functional changes in lipids found in the cell membrane, such as: cancer, vascular pathologies, skin pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, nerve fiber lesions, pain, inflammatory processes, HIV, and malaria. In addition, as previously mentioned, the present invention demonstrates new uses for the Compounds disclosed in patents WO2005041691 and WO2003030891, which are: the prevention and treatment of various types of cancer, skin pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes, infectious pathologies, nerve fiber lesions, and pain.Also, new derivatives and combinations of the molecules of the present invention with other active ingredients and excipients have been discovered, in both cases with higher pharmaceutical effectiveness, for the treatment of some pathologies. None of the documents found in the prior art refer to the specific use of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and their salts in combination treatments with other active ingredients and excipients for the purposes claimed in the present invention. In addition, the particular importance of selecting compounds with the shared structural characteristics of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (covalent bonding in the Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 34 / 98 / 71. The cis position and specific substitutions at the α-carbon and proton of the carboxyl group and related structures (pharmaceutically acceptable) are demonstrated in the present invention so that these can be effectively applied in the treatment of diseases where the etiology is related to structural and / or functional changes in membrane lipids. Thus, the present invention shows comparative examples where it is demonstrated that other compounds, similar to those used in the present invention, but without sharing these structural characteristics, are not as effective as the α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and salts thereof or pharmaceutically acceptable forms to be used as medicaments, preferably in the treatment and / or prevention of diseases united by the etiology thereof which is related to structural or functional changes in membrane lipids. The use of Compounds of Formula I, where (X) is replaced by OH, NH2 or CH3 and (R) is replaced by H, for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and obesity and for the treatment of lung, brain or prostate cancer in humans, is excluded. The diseases or pathologies that are linked by their common etiology, and prevented or treated through the use of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids of the invention, are, for example: Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 35 / 98 / 71 Cancer (see Table 2): prostate cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, cervical cancer, colon cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer. Vascular pathologies: arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathies, angiogenesis, cardiac hyperplasia, and hypertension. Skin conditions: cellulite, vitiligo, and psoriasis. Metabolic pathologies: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. • Neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Inflammatory processes that result in pain, cardiovascular diseases, systemic diseases, aging, respiratory diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Infectious diseases: AIDS and malaria. Nerve fiber lesions: pathologies related to neuronal damage, abnormal voluntary motor function with or without corticospinal tract dysfunction or extrapyramidal motor paralysis, spasticity resulting from spinal cord injury with or without a central sensitization component, etc. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 36 / 98 / 71 The compounds of the invention are therefore effective in inducing neuroregeneration. • Pain caused by damage to the central nervous system: processes requiring analgesia, neuropathic pain, changes in nociception, etc. The α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids used in the present invention for this purpose (hereinafter referred to as fatty acids of the invention) belong to structural group 1 shown in Table 1 and to the Compounds in Table 5 and are characterized by having the general Formula (I): cys-COOR-XCH- (CH2) a-CH=CH- (CH2)b-CH3 Formula I where (a) and (b) can take any value between 0 and 14, (X) attached to the α-carbon atom which can be replaced by any atom or group of atoms with an atomic / molecular weight between 4 and 200 Da and (R) can be replaced by any atom or group of atoms with an atomic / molecular weight between 1 and 200 Da, both (X) and (R) selected, for example, from: alcohols, organic acids, alkyl groups, amino groups, halogens, alkyl halogens, alkyloxy groups and mercapto groups. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the radical (X) can be replaced by a group selected from: OH, NH2, CH3, F, F3C, HS, O-CH3, PO4 (CH2-CH3) 2 and CH3COO. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 37 / 98 / 71 In another particular embodiment of the invention, the radical (R) can be replaced by: H, sodium (Na), a methyl ester (OMe), an ethyl ester (EE), ammonium (NH3) or any other radical that makes a salt or pharmaceutically acceptable form of the Compounds of Formula I. For the effective functioning of this structure, the covalent bond (=) in the cis configuration and these substitutions on the α-carbon are essential. Tests conducted with molecules analogous to those described in Formula I, but lacking the substitutions on the α-carbon atom (X is a hydrogen atom), which have a trans covalent bond or lack of covalent bonding (saturated fatty acids), showed lower prevention or curative activity with respect to that shown by the fatty acids of the invention. Different salts of the molecules of the invention have been studied (Table 5). Their effectiveness is, in some cases, significantly better than that of free fatty acids. This effect may be due to improvements in the absorption of the compounds or in their distribution. Thus, the substitution of the hydrogen of the carboxyl group (R) has been demonstrated in the present invention to provide an increase in certain salts or derivatives that have shown better pharmacological activity than free fatty acids by themselves. For example, the sodium salt, in which R is replaced by Na, induces greater reductions in tumor volumes than the form in which R is replaced by H, so the sodium salt would be one of the preferred choices for the Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 38 / 98 / 71 preparation of a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of cancer. Certain peripheral signaling proteins involved in propagating messages into cells can be attached to regions where surface buffering is loose (Figure 1). Fatty acids that are unsaturated in the cis configuration and with α-carbon substitutions other than H substitutions are located in the membrane (both in their free form and as part of larger structures such as phospholipids), causing discontinuities in the buffering of polar heads of phospholipids found on the cell barrier surface where G-protein, PKC, and Ras-like proteins can bind. In contrast, saturated or trans-monounsaturated fatty acids prevent these proteins from binding to membranes, interfering with cell signaling.This does not imply that saturated fatty acids should be removed from the diet, but rather that the consumption levels of these lipids, present in standard diets in countries with high average levels of development, are greater than those required by cells to perform their function properly. In fact, the various lipid microdomains (e.g., lipid rafts) that appear in membranes are spatiotemporal platforms where proteins with affinity for these domains (based on protein-lipid interactions) can harvest and have productive interactions enabling the propagation of cellular signals. Any change in the density or structure of these domains has consequences for cell signaling, so these interventions... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 39 / 98 / 71: Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals that lead to the regulation of membrane lipids may be more or less effective than those that target proteins or nucleic acids directly. The broad spectrum of therapeutic applications offered by the fatty acids of the invention is demonstrated by several phenomena. Firstly, the ingestion of lipids with negative effects (saturated and trans-monounsaturated fats) or positive effects (cis-monounsaturated fats) affects all cells of the organism similarly, so that the effects of both negative and positive lipids are shown in various ways: induction or reduction in obesity, hypertension, cancer, etc. When a particular type of lipid is ingested, it is distributed throughout the organism and promotes growth and regulation of lipid species in the cell membranes of all organs. Changes in lipid levels as a consequence of specific pathological or physiological processes (such as acclimatization to cold water in poikilothermic fish) affect virtually all cells of the organism (Buda et al., 1994).Finally, fatty acids can be stored or degraded to produce energy. In fact, these molecules are exceptional cellular fuels, so the direct use of unmodified fatty acids has a modest impact on health. However, blocking their degradation by adding modifications to the α-carbon atom allows these molecules to persist for a long time, both in the cytoplasm and in membranes, thus enabling their therapeutic action. In this sense, it has been shown that plasma levels of α-derived cis fatty acids... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 40 / 98 / 71: Monounsaturated fatty acids are maintained at high levels one hour after injection (50 to 60% of initial levels), considering that natural fatty acids practically disappear after this period (levels of 2 to 4%). Therefore, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids used in the present invention cause a wide range of positive effects without observable side effects.To demonstrate that only fatty acids that are unsaturated in the cis conformation and with a substitution at the α-carbon with an atom other than H, and not other similar structures, possess therapeutic properties at various levels, different types of fatty acids (see Table 1) belonging to different structural groups (1 to 4) were tested in the present invention: α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (fatty acids of the invention) (1), fatty acids with a covalent bond in the cis configuration but without modifications at the α-carbon other than H (2), fatty acids with the α-carbon substituted by radicals other than H but without a covalent bond in the cis configuration (3), fatty acids without a covalent bond in the cis configuration and without substitutions at the α-carbon other than H (4). The mechanism of action of these molecules (based on the regulation of the composition and structure of biological membranes) differs from that of most drugs used to treat human pathologies (based on interaction with proteins, in most cases, or nucleic acids). Therefore, it can be used in combination therapies in which one of the compounds of the present invention is used in addition to at least one other molecule. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 41 / 98 / 71 (active ingredient and / or excipient), and combination therapy can be much more effective than monotherapy with only one of the Compounds. In the present invention it is demonstrated, for example, that OHOD combined with any of the studied anti-tumor drugs (temozolomide, erlotinib, gemcitabine, cisplatin) has a higher therapeutic effect than any of the Compounds used separately. The broad spectrum of therapeutic applications offered by the fatty acids of the invention allows the general assumption that lipids with a cis-monounsaturated structure confer specific structural properties that enable adequate activity of the processes conducted in and by these membranes. In other words, the fatty acids of the invention can be effectively used for the prevention and / or treatment of any disease where the etiology is related to changes in the levels, composition, structure, or any other type of change in biological membrane lipids, as well as to altered regulation of cell signaling as a result of these changes in the lipids present in biological membranes. Therefore, the present invention relates to a Compound of Formula I: cis-COOR-XCH-(CH2) a-CH=CH-(CH2) b-CHs, the salts thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein (a) and (b) may take any value between 0 and 14, (X) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 4 and 200 Da and (R) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a weight Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 42 / 98 / 71 molecular / atomic between 1 and 200 Da, both (X) and (R) being selected from: alcohols, organic acids, alkyl groups, amino groups, halogens, alkyl halogens, alkyloxy groups and mercapto groups, to be used independently or in combination with other Compounds, as medicaments in humans and animals; excluding Compounds of Formula I where (R) is H and (X) is replaced by OH, NH2 or CH3 for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and obesity, and for the treatment of lung, brain and prostate cancer. In a preferred embodiment, (X) is replaced by a selected group of: OH, NH2 and CH3, and (R) is replaced by H, in Formula I, providing an increase in the Compounds for use in cancer prevention and / or in the prevention and / or treatment of skin pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes, infectious pathologies or metabolic pathologies such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome. In another preferred embodiment, (X) is replaced by a selected group of: F, F3C, HS and O-CH3 and (R) is replaced by H in Formula I, providing an increase in the Compounds for use in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular pathologies, cutaneous pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes and infectious pathologies. In another preferred embodiment, (X) is replaced by a selected group of: OH, NH2, CH3, F, F3C, HS, O-CH3, PO4 (CH2 Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 43 / 98 / 71 CH3H and CH3COO and (R) can be replaced by sodium (Na), methyl ester (OMe), ethyl ester (EE) or ammonia (NH3) in Formula I, providing increased Compounds for use in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular pathologies, cutaneous pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes and infectious pathologies. In another preferred embodiment, (X) is replaced by a selected group of: PO4 (CH2-CH3) 2 and CH3COO and (R) is replaced by H in Formula I, providing an increase in the Compounds for use in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular pathologies, cutaneous pathologies, metabolic pathologies, neurodegenerative pathologies, inflammatory processes and infectious pathologies. In another preferred embodiment, (X) is replaced by a group selected from: OH, NH2, CH3, F, F3C, HS, O-CH3, PO4(CH2CH3)2 and CH3COO and (R) is replaced by a group selected from: H, sodium (Na), methyl ester (OMe), ethyl ester (EE) or ammonia (NH3) in Formula I for use in inducing neuroregeneration, preventing and / or treating spinal cord injuries and / or preventing and / or treating pain. In another preferred embodiment, the Compounds of Formula I are: OHHD, OHOD, MOD, AOD, FOD, TFMOD, MOOD, SHOD, MOD11, OHOD11, OHEE, OHDE, Na-OHOD, OMe-OHOD, EE-OHOD, NH3-OHOD, ACOD, Na-ACOD, OMe-ACOD, EE-ACOD, Na-MOOD, OMe-MOOD, EE-MOOD, DEPOD, Na-DEPOD, OMe-DEPOD and EE-DEPOD. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 44 / 98 / 71 As previously described, the Compounds can be used in combination with other active ingredients or excipients to enhance pharmaceutical and / or nutraceutical compositions useful in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer, vascular diseases, skin diseases, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory processes or infectious diseases and / or for the induction of neuroregeneration, prevention and / or treatment of spinal cord injuries and / or prevention and / or treatment of pain. Thus, the fatty acids of the invention can be administered independently or formulated in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions where they are combined with excipients such as, for example: binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners, flavorings, colorants, carriers, etc., and combinations thereof. Also, the fatty acids of the invention can form part of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions in combination with other active ingredients. For the purposes of the present invention, the term nutraceutical is defined as a compound that is ingested periodically during meals or as a dietary supplement and that serves to prevent or reverse diseases, in this case diseases where the etiology is linked to changes in cell membrane lipids. The administration of the fatty acids of the invention can be carried out by any route such as, for example, enteral (through the digestive tract), oral (pills, capsules, powders, emulsions, tablets or syrups), rectal (suppositories or Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 45 / 98 / 71 enemas), topical (creams or patches), inhalation, parenteral injection, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection or subcutaneous injection, in the form indicated above or in any pharmaceutically acceptable form such as, for example: methyls, ethyls, phosphates, other ester-type radicals, ethers, alkyls, etc. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical and / or nutraceutical composition comprising a Compound of Formula I, wherein (a) and (b) may take any value between 0 and 14, (X) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 4 and 200 Da and (R) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 1 and 200 Da and at least one second Compound with therapeutic activity or excipient. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, this excipient formulated in combination with the Compounds of the invention is albumin, for example: ovalbumin, lactalbumin, native or recombinant human albumin, bovine, murine or rabbit albumin, more preferably human serum albumin or bovine serum albumin. Thus, the composition comprising a fatty acid of the invention and albumin is effective in the prevention and treatment of the indications listed above, preferably in the induction of neuroregeneration, prevention and / or treatment of spinal cord injuries and / or prevention and / or treatment of pain. In a preferred embodiment, the Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 46 / 98 / 71, composition includes OHOD or any of its derivatives such as, for example, Na-OHOD, and albumin. The composition comprising a fatty acid of the invention and another active ingredient is effective in the prevention and treatment of the indications listed above, preferably in the prevention and / or treatment of cancer when the active ingredient is an anti-cancer compound. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises OHOD and / or Na-OHOD and an anti-cancer compound selected, for example, from: temozolomide, erlotinib, gemcitabine, and cisplatin. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a cosmetic, non-therapeutic method for improving skin appearance comprising administering to the skin an effective amount of at least one Compound of Formula I and / or pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof, wherein (a) and (b) may take any value between 0 and 14, (X) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 4 and 200 Da and (R) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 1 and 200 Da, selected from: alcohols, organic acids, alkyl groups, amino groups, halogens, alkyl halogens, alkyloxy groups and mercapto groups. Finally, the present invention relates to a method for the prevention and / or therapeutic treatment of diseases in humans and animals, where the common etiology is related to changes. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 47 / 98 / 71 structural and / or functional in cell membrane lipids, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one Compound of Formula I, independently or in combination with other Compounds, of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof, wherein (a) and (b) may take any value between 0 and 14, (X) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 4 and 200 Da and (R) may be substituted by any atom or group of atoms with a molecular / atomic weight between 1 and 200 Da, both (X) and (R) being selected from: alcohols, organic acids, alkyl groups, amino groups, halogens, alkyl halogens, alkyloxy groups and mercapto groups;excluding the administration of Compounds of Formula I where (R) is H and (X) is replaced by OH, NH2 or CH3 for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and obesity, and for the treatment of lung, brain and prostate cancer. For the purposes of the present invention, the term therapeutically effective amount is understood to be the amount that reverses or prevents the disease without showing adverse side effects, or in the case where such effects are caused, they are acceptable according to the criteria defined by pharmaceutical regulatory agencies (basically where the benefit outweighs the harm caused; e.g., episodes of nausea being acceptable in a patient with cancer with a serious prognosis). Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 48 / 98 / 71 DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1. Aggregation of cell signaling proteins to cell membranes. Peripheral signaling proteins (A, B, and C) are aggregated to membranes through one or more mechanisms such as specific interaction with membrane lipids, electrostatic interactions, and / or insertion of hydrophobic regions into areas of high non-lamellar propensity, mediated by cis-monounsaturated lipids. Therefore, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids can regulate the interaction of certain membrane and cell signaling proteins. Figure 2. Preventive effect of various fatty acids against tumor development. The horizontal geometric axis shows the type of fatty acid used for cancer development prevention, and the vertical geometric axis shows the tumor volume. Animals received treatment before tumor cell injection, and the treatment was subsequently maintained. Control group animals were not treated, and their tumor volume was taken as the reference value (100%). The fatty acids of the invention (OHHD, OHOD, MOD, AOD, FOD, TFMOD, MOOD, SHOD, MOD11, OHOD11, OHEE, and OHDE) had a more significant effect (p<0.05 in all cases) than cis-monounsaturated fatty acids without α-position derivation (EE, DE, HOD, ODO), than saturated fatty acids of identical length (HD, OD, EO), and the α-derivatives of fatty acids that were not cis-monounsaturated (OHS, tOHOD) (see Table 1). Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 49 / 98 / 71 Figure 3. A. Cancer cells (A549) were treated with various concentrations of OHOD and MOD11 to determine if the effect was concentration-dependent. The horizontal geometric axis shows the μM concentration of fatty acids used, and the vertical geometric axis shows the viability of untreated A549 cells (% control). These cells were treated with different concentrations (0 to 400 μM) of OHOD and MOD11, and the number of cells was determined by flow cytometry. Both compounds reduced tumor cell growth, showing IC50 values ​​(concentration that reduces the number of viable cells to 50%) in the range of 50 to 100 μM after 48 hours of incubation. Doses of 200 to 400 μM resulted in the complete elimination of tumor cells in all cases. B. Cancer cells (A549) were treated with the compounds indicated on the horizontal axis for 48 hours at 150 μM. Then, the cells were counted and the number of cells and the percentage of untreated cells (control) represented on the vertical geometric axis. In these cultures, incubation with 150 μM of fatty acids of the invention caused an inhibition of tumor cell growth (p<0.05 in all cases), indicating that these are effective molecules for cancer treatment. Figure 4. Cancer cells (A549) were incubated in the absence (left) and presence (right) of OHOD (100 μM, 48 h). They were then fixed, incubated in the presence of an antibody against cadherin, and shapes were observed by confocal microscopy. Treatments with 50 μM OHOD (48 h) induced a Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 50 / 98 / 71, shows a 73.6 ± 5.4% increase in the levels of this protein. In treatments with the fatty acids of the invention, a significant increase in cadherin levels was observed. Figure 5. Invasive capacity of lung cancer cells (A549) in culture, in the absence (control, C) or presence of OHOD (2-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid) at 50 μM (M50) and 100 μM (M100) and at different time points. Lung cancer cells cultured in the presence of OHOD had a lower invasive capacity than those shown by untreated cells (C) (p<0.05). These results indicate that the fatty acids of the invention can be used to prevent or treat the development of tumor metastasis. The figure to the right of these results shows the number of invasive cells on the vertical geometric axis and the time in hours on the horizontal geometric axis. Figure 6. Effect of different OHOD salts on human lung cancer in an animal cancer model. A. The volume of tumors in athymic mice infected with SF767 human brain cancer cells (expressed as a percentage compared to control) that received different treatments is shown. The animals received a vehicle (water: Control), 600 mg / kg of OHOD in the form of free fatty acid (OHOD), 600 mg / kg of sodium salt of OHOD (NaOHOD), or 600 mg / kg of ammonium salt of OHOD (NH3OHOD) daily for 50 days. All treatments provided Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 51 / 98 / 71 showed significant reductions in tumor size in treated animals (*** p<0.001) and treatment with Na-OHOD was significantly more potent than treatment with the free fatty acid, OHOD (# p<0.05). B. The effect of different doses of sodium salt of OHOD (Na-OHOD) is shown on tumor volumes in mice infected with SF767 cells and treated with vehicle (control, 0 mg / kg), 100 mg / kg (100), 200 mg / kg (200), 400 mg / kg (400) and 600 mg / kg (600) for 50 days. * p<0.05; ***p<0.001. Figure 7. Effect of sodium salt of OHOD (Na-OHOD) on various types of human tumors in animal models. A. Effect of Na-OHOD (600 mg / kg daily for 50 days) on tumor volume in immunocompromised (athymic) mice and immunocompromised mice infected with human leukemia cells (Jurkat cells). B. Effect of Na-OHOD (600 mg / kg daily for 50 days) on tumor volume in athymic mice inoculated with human prostate cancer cells (PC3 cells). C. Effect of Na-OHOD (600 mg / kg daily for 50 days) on tumor volume in athymic mice inoculated with human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 cells). D. Same with colon cancer cells (HT29 cells). All treatments were continued for 50 days and the Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 52 / 98 / 71 control animals were treated with vehicle (water). ** p<0.01; ***p<0.001. This figure demonstrates that the Na-OHOD form (sodium salt of OHOD) shows higher effectiveness than the corresponding free fatty acid in the treatment of various types of human cancers xenotransplanted in immunocompromised mice: leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer. Figure 8. Effect of Na-OHOD (sodium salt of OHOD) and combinations with different drugs: temozolomide (TMZ), erlotinib, gemcitabine and cisplatin (cis-Pt) in various types of human cancers in models. A. Effect of treatments with vehicle (Control), temozolomide (TMZ, 80 mg / kg), Na-OHOD (OHOD, 600 mg / kg) and TMZ plus Na-OHOD (simultaneously at the same doses) for 60 days in immunocompromised mice infected with human brain cancer (SF767). B. Likewise, with Na-OHOD (OHOD, 600 mg / kg), erlotinib (Erlotinib, 40 mg / kg), cisplatin (cis-Pt, 100 mg / kg), NaOHOD plus erlotinib (OHO Er) or Na-OHOD plus cisplatin (OHO Pt) in athymic mice infected with human lung cancer cells (A549). C. Same with Na-OHOD (OHOD, 600 mg / kg), Gemcitabine (Gemcitab, 40 mg / kg) or Na-OHOD plus Gemcitabine (OHO Gem) Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 53 / 98 / 71 using the same doses in athymic mice infected with human pancreatic cancer cells (BXPC3). The combination of Na-OHOD with any of these drugs was shown to provide increased reductions in the volume of labeled tumors and significantly smaller tumors than those treated with Na-OHOD alone or with any of the anti-tumor drugs indicated above. Furthermore, the residual tumor observed in most animals treated with Na-OHOD and in virtually all those treated with both molecules simultaneously consisted of dead cells without the capacity to regenerate the tumor. Thus, it can be considered that these combined therapies were effective in treating human tumors implanted in animals. Figure 9. Effect of various molecules on the proliferation of A10 aortic cells after 48-hour incubations at a concentration of 200 μM. The fatty acids used are shown on the horizontal geometric axis and the number of cells (% control) is shown on the vertical geometric axis. All cells were grown under identical conditions of temperature, pH, and culture medium, except for one of the flasks from which the serum was removed (no serum). The fatty acids of the invention induced a halt in cell proliferation similar to that caused by removal of fetal bovine serum (which contains many cell growth factors) at a concentration of 200 μM (p<0.05 in all cases). This result indicates that these molecules stopped the proliferation of cardiovascular cells without having a Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 54 / 98 / 71 toxic effect (the number of cells is the same or higher than in the sample without serum). Figure 10. Effect of various fatty acids on the prevention and treatment of hypertension development in SHR rats. The fatty acids used are shown on the horizontal geometric axis and blood pressure (Hg) is shown on the vertical geometric axis. Animals treated with the fatty acids of the invention were observed not to have developed hypertension (p<0.05 in all cases), whereas untreated animals or animals treated with fatty acids that did not have the structure shown in Formula I developed hypertension. Figure 11. Effect of OHOD on noradrenaline (NA)-induced contractile response in SHR rat aortas. The logarithm of NA is shown on the horizontal geometric axis and the concentration (g) is shown on the vertical geometric axis. Aortas were treated with OHOD (filled circles) or vehicle (empty circles) for 60 minutes in an organ bath at 37 °C in Ringer's medium with oxygen. The figure shows that the noradrenaline (NA)-induced contractile response was much higher in the aortas of rats pre-treated with this fatty acid (p<0.05). This result clearly indicates that the flexibility of vascular tissue increases significantly (p<0.05) in the presence of fatty acids of the invention. Figure 12. Effect of the fatty acids of the invention (shown on the horizontal geometric axis) on melanin production in Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 55 / 98 / 71 mouse melanocytes (B16 cells, lighter left bar) and adipocyte proliferation (3T3-L1 cells, darker right bar). The results are the average of three independent experiments. In this sense, concentrations of 100 μM of these Compounds for 48 hours caused reductions in the melanin content of B16 cells (p<0.05 in all cases). Also, molecules possessing the Formula I structure inhibited the growth of 3T3-L1 cells (adipose cells or adipocytes, p<0.05 in all cases), considering that molecules without the Formula I structure did not have significant effects on adipocyte proliferation. Figure 13. The four bars, from left to right respectively, show the effect of treatments with vehicle (control, first bar), OHOD at 200 mg / kg (second bar), OHOD at 400 mg / kg (third bar) and OHOD at 600 mg / kg (fourth bar) on cholesterol levels (group of four bars to the left), triglycerides (group of four bars in the middle) and glucose (group of four bars to the right). The treatments were oral in all cases and were maintained for 30 days. The values ​​indicated are the average obtained in 6 animals per group. In the OHOD treatment, significant reductions in cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels were observed (p<0.05 in all cases). Figure 14. Effect of treatment with vehicle (control) or with the fatty acids of the invention (600 mg / kg) on ​​cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. The values ​​shown are the average of the values ​​obtained in 6 animals. Each group of three Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 56 / 98 / 71 bars represent treatment with a different fatty acid, with the left bar corresponding to cholesterol, the middle bar to triglycerides, and the right bar to glucose. Fatty acids with the Formula I structure were observed to cause significant reductions in all three parameters (p<0.05), whereas analogous molecules that do not have the Formula I structure had no effect on the effective treatment of metabolic pathologies such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Figure 15. Cognitive index in mice with Alzheimer's disease. For this study, six-month-old mice were used with a series of mutations identical to those that cause Alzheimer's disease in humans and that exhibited neurological and cognitive symptoms of this disease (Jackson Laboratories, Charles River). The bars correspond to cognitive index values, determined as the average of the results obtained in Miller's radial arm maze test. In Miller's test, the time to find the platform before learning divided by the time to find the platform after learning was measured and expressed as 100%. In this test, the time taken by animals treated with vehicle (water, control) was considered to be 100%. Higher values ​​for this parameter correspond to less time to find the platform after learning, caused by an improvement in the animals' memory.In the radial arm maze, the average number of attempts to find the platform in the maze with the stimulus (food) before training is divided by the number of attempts. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 57 / 98 / 71 after training was performed. This average coefficient in control animals was considered to be 100%, and an increase in this parameter is due to a smaller number of trials, relative to the animal's memory capacity. The fatty acids used are shown on the horizontal geometric axis. Each group of animals (n=8) was treated with vehicle (control) or the fatty acids of the invention (100 mg / kg). After the study, it was observed that the fatty acids of the invention were highly effective in preventing the development of the neurodegenerative process (Alzheimer's) based on the improvement of cognitive parameters (p<0.05 in all cases). Figure 16. A. Change in motor recovery from 4 to 28 days after spinal cord injury (X-axis) as a voluntary movement function on the rotarod (Y-axis) after spinal cord injury by contusion (Cont), expressed as the percentage of time spent on the apparatus compared to the control of each group obtained before the contusion (100%). Results for groups treated with 10 μl of saline alone (Sal), oleic acid-albumin (Alb-OA 4 mM), and OHOD-albumin (Alb-2OHOD 4 mM) are shown. B. Human glioma cells (U118) are central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes that have lost their own differentiation (Control). In the presence of Na-OHOD (200 μM), glioma cells differentiate and develop towards the glial phenotype, emitting typical astrocyte projections. This differentiation activity may be involved in processes Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 58 / 98 / 71, neuroregenerative processes necessary for the recovery of motor activity. These results show the effectiveness of OHOD and derivatives (e.g., Na-OHOD) for the neuroregenerative treatment necessary to treat nerve fiber injuries. Figure 17. Effect of 10 μl of sodium saline, Oleic Acid-Albumin (Alb-OA-4mM) and 2-Hydroxyoleic Acid Albumin (Alb-2OHOA-4mM) on the temporary sum of the anterior tibial plantar reflex (TA) present below a moderate-level T8 contusion expressed as a percentage of the initial response. The geometric-X axis of the graph represents the number of stimuli and the geometric-Y axis represents the increase in the integrity of the anterior tibial reflex (as % of the initial response). Rats treated with Albumin-OHOD (4 mM, 10 μl intrathecally) showed greater inhibition of the temporal summation of the plantar withdrawal reflex of the anterior tibial nerve 28 days after nerve fiber injury compared to rats treated with saline or with Albumin / oleic acid. These results suggest that Albumin-OHOD complexes are highly effective in the treatment of chronic and acute pain. Figure 18. Levels of interleukin 6 IL-6 (left bar) and transcription factor TNF-α (right bar) in human monocytes in the absence (control) or presence of a pro-inflammatory treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells treated with LPS were cultured in the absence (Control+LPS) or presence of various fatty acids shown. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 59 / 98 / 71 on the horizontal geometric axis. In a cellular inflammation model (U937 monocytes in culture stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS), the fatty acids of the invention (250 μM, 72 h) significantly inhibited the expression of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α, p<0.05). Figure 19. A. Effect of various fatty acids on the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity (Cayman COX-1 inhibitor screening system). The horizontal geometric axis shows the type of fatty acid used and the vertical geometric axis shows the COX-1 activity (% control). Cell cultures (differentiated monocytes U937) were treated with the fatty acids of the invention (250 μM, 6 hours). The vertical geometric axis shows the COX-1 activity after treatment. The fatty acids of the invention (OHHD, OHOD, MOD, AOD, FOD, TFMOD, MOOD, SHOD, MOD11, OHOD11, OHEE and OHDE) were observed to have a more significant effect (p<0.05 in all cases) than cis-monounsaturated fatty acids without α-position derivation (EE, DE, HOD, ODO), than saturated fatty acids of identical length (HD, OD, EO), and α-derivatives of fatty acids that were not cis-monounsaturated (OHS, tOHOD). B. Effect of various fatty acids on the inhibition (protein concentration) of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2 immunotransfer). The horizontal geometric axis shows the type of fatty acid used and the vertical geometric axis shows the cellular concentration of COX-2 (% of Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 60 / 98 / 71 control). Cell cultures (differentiated monocytes U937) were treated with the fatty acids of the invention (250 μM, 6 hours). The fatty acids of the invention (OHHD, OHOD, MOD, AOD, FOD, TFMOD, MOOD, SHOD, MOD11, OHOD11, OHEE and OHDE) were observed to have a more significant effect (p<0.05 in all cases) than cis-monounsaturated fatty acids without α-position derivation (EE, DE, HOD, ODO), than saturated fatty acids of identical length (HD, OD, EO), and the α-derivatives of fatty acids that were not cis-monounsaturated (OHS, tOHOD). Figure 20. Hexagonal-lamellar phase transition temperature in diladoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) model membranes measured by differential scanning colorimetry. The fatty acids used are shown on the horizontal geometric axis and the temperature is shown on the vertical geometric axis. The higher the change in this transition temperature, the greater the ability to regulate membrane structure, such as that which surrounds human cells or the AIDS virus. The fatty acids of the invention (fatty acid:DEPE ratio 1:20, mol:mol) induced significant reductions (p<0.05 in all cases) in the hexagonal-lamellar transition temperature. Figure 21. A. Representative example of the effect of fatty acids of the invention on the membranous raft. Sphingomyelin / Phosphatidylcholine / Cholesterol model membranes (membranous raft model) in the absence (left) or presence (right) of Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 61 / 98 / 71 OHOD. The presence of this fatty acid induced a reduction in the surface area occupied by the membranous raft and its average size. B. The graph shows the quantification of the effect of various fatty acids on the total surface area of ​​the membranous raft (or ordered lamellar regions of the membrane, Lo, left column) compared to Ld regions (disordered lamellar regions of the membrane; a value of 100% was assigned to control membranes) and the average size (mean diameter) of the membranous raft (right column), in Sphingomyelin / Phosphatidylcholine / Cholesterol membranes. The fatty acids of the invention regulate the structure of the lipid rafts by interfering with the cell-virus interaction necessary to cause and amplify virus infection. Figure 22. DHFR (Dihydrofolate Reductase) levels in A549 cells after treatment with various fatty acids (horizontal geometric axis) at a concentration of 100 μM for 48 hours. The fatty acids of the invention induced a very marked reduction of this enzyme, thus possessing significant activity in the prevention and / or treatment of malaria and other infectious processes. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 62 / 98 / 71 Table 1 Fatty Acid Series Abbreviation Structural Group (a), (b) (X) α-Hydroxy-cis-Δ9hexadecenoic 16:1 OHHD 1 4, 7 OH α-Hydroxy-cis-Δ9octadecenoic 18:1 OHOD 1 6, 7 OH α-Methyl-cis-Δ9octadecenoic 18:1 MOD 1 6, 7 CH3 α-Amino-cis-Δ9octadecenoic 18:1 AOD 1 6, 7 NH2 α-Fluoro-cis-Δ9octadecenoic 18:1 FOD 1 6, 7 F α-Trifluoromethyl-cis-α9-octadecenoic 18:1 TFMOD 1 6, 7 F3C α-Methoxy-cis-Δ9octadecenoic 18:1 MOOD 1 6, 7 O- CH3 α-Mercapto-cis-Δ9octadecenoic 18:1 SHOD 1 6, 7 HS α-Methyl-cis-Δ11octadecenoic 18:1 MOD11 1 4, 9 CH3 α-Hydroxy-cis-Δ11octadecenoic 18:1 OHOD11 1 4.9 OH α-Hydroxy-cis-Δ11eicosenoic 20:1 OHEE 1 6.9 OH α-Hydroxy-cis-Δ13docosenoic 22:1 OHDE 1 6.11 OH Cis-Eicosenoic 20:1 EE 2 6, 9 - Cis-Docosenoic 22:1 DE 2 6,11 - α-Hydroxy-octadecanoic 18:0 OHS 3 - OH Trans-Hexadecenoic 16:1 HD 2 4, 7 - Trans-Octadecenoic 18:1 OD 4 6, 7 - Eicosanoic 20:0 EO 4 - - Hexadecanoic 16:0 HDO 4 - - Octadecanoic 18:0 ODO 4 - - α-Hydroxy-transoctadecenoic 18:1 tHOD 3 6, 7 OH (1) α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (fatty acids of the invention). (2) fatty acids with a covalent bond in the cis configuration, but without modifications at the α carbon. (3) fatty acids with a modified α carbon, but without a covalent bond in the cis configuration. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, p. 63 / 98 / 71 (4) fatty acids without a covalent bond in the cis configuration and without modifications at the α carbon. EXAMPLES Example 1. Use of the fatty acids of the invention and their salts for the prevention and / or treatment of cancer. To determine whether the fatty acids of the invention have applications in preventing the development of tumor processes, an animal cancer model was used. This model consisted of immunocompromised animals ([Crl:Nu(Ico)-Fox1] athymic mice) into which non-microcytic human lung cancer cells were injected (5x10⁶A549 cells per animal). The control group (infected with cancer cells but not treated) began to develop tumors that were visible after a few days. Tumor sizes were first measured 10 days after tumor implantation and measurements continued for up to 31 days after implantation using digital forceps. Tumor volume was calculated using the following equation: v = w² x l / 2 where v is the tumor volume, w is the width, and l is the length. Preventive treatments against cancer development were applied. To conduct these treatments, 400 mg / kg were administered daily for 2 weeks before the injection of tumor cells. This treatment was continued for one month after the implantation of tumor cells, and the tumor volume in the animals was measured. Each experimental group Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 64 / 98 / 71, was composed of 8 animals. Oral administration of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids prevented the development of cancer (A549 cells as in human lung adenocarcinoma) (Figure 2). However, the administration of saturated or trans-monounsaturated fatty acids (both natural and α-derivatives) did not prevent the appearance of cancer in laboratory animals. Therefore, it was concluded that the introduction of a covalent bond in the cis configuration in the fatty acid structure is a critical factor in the prevention and treatment of cancer development by fatty acids. Also, the presence of a modification at the α-carbon significantly and markedly increased the effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of cancer development by monounsaturated fatty acids (Figure 2).In this sense, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (OHHD, OHOD, MOD, AOD, FOD, TFMOD, MOOD, SHOD, MOD11, OHEE and OHDE) had a more marked effect than cis-monounsaturated fatty acids without derivatives in the α position (EE, DE, HOD, ODO), saturated fatty acids of identical length (HD, OD, EO), or α-derivatives of fatty acids that were not cis-monounsaturated (OHS, tOHOD) (see Table 1). Also, a series of α-derivatives of cis monounsaturated fatty acids were used to investigate their effectiveness in cancer treatment. Two types of experiments were performed. First, the dependence of the antitumor effect on concentration was investigated. To carry out these experiments, human lung cancer cells (A549) were cultured in RPMI medium, supplemented with 10% albumin. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 65 / 98 / 71 fetal bovine cells, 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 2 mM glutamine, 1 g / l bicarbonate, 1 g / l glucose, 100 units / ml penicillin, 0.1 mg / ml streptomycin, 0.25 μg / ml Amphotericin B, at 37 °C and in the presence of 5% CO2. In a first experimental series, these cells were treated with various concentrations (0 to 400 μM) of OHOD and MOD11 and the number of cells was determined by flow cytometry (Figure 3A). Both compounds reduced tumor cell growth, showing IC50 values ​​(concentration that reduces the number of viable cells by 50%) in the range of 50 to 100 μM after 48 hours of incubation. Doses of 200 to 400 μM resulted in the complete elimination of tumor cells. In a second series, the antitumor effectiveness in A549 lung cancer cells was investigated at a single concentration (150 μM) and a time of 48 hours (Figure 3B).In these cultures, incubation with 150 μM of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids caused an inhibition of tumor cell growth, indicating that these are effective molecules for cancer treatment. Molecules with derivatives at the α-carbon (regardless of the type of modification) and with a covalent bond in the cis configuration, according to the formula indicated above (but not in the trans configuration), showed anti-tumor effectiveness. In contrast, molecules lacking a modification at the α-carbon (EE, DE, HD, OD, EO, HDO, ODO) did not show anti-tumor effectiveness. Similarly, molecules with a covalent bond in the trans configuration (tOHOD) or without a covalent bond (OHS, EO, HDO, ODO, OHS) lacked anti-tumor effectiveness. Obviously, among the previous molecules, some lacked both modifications at the α-carbon and α-carbon. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 66 / 98 / 71 covalent bond in the cis configuration (EO, HDO, ODO) and had no therapeutic effect. These results demonstrated that only those fatty acids with structures corresponding to Formula I are therapeutically effective. In a second experimental series, designed to discover if these molecules are effective in treating different types of tumors, the effect of OHOD at various concentrations on human cells of different cancer types was studied. These experiments were performed as described before, except that the M220 and HT-29 cell lines were cultured in DMEM medium and the MDA-MB-231 line was incubated in Leibowitz L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine albumin. It was found that these molecules possess a broad spectrum of action, so they can be used for the treatment of various types of cancer (lung, glioma, prostate, breast, pancreas, leukemia, uterus, colon, etc., Table 2). Given that these molecules did not induce serious side effects, they can be administered orally and can be taken in large quantities, and can be used as nutraceuticals as well as pharmaceutical preparations.Where the nature of the tumor process requires it, the application may be topical (use on the skin of active products for the treatment of melanoma and other skin abnormalities of a cancerous nature), which may be considered as cosmetic treatments when attempts are made to correct aesthetic defects. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 67 / 98 / 71 Table 2 Cell Line iCancer Type 1 Mechanism of Action 1 2 Anti-tumor Effect PC3 Prostate PA +++ LNcaP Prostate A +++ MDA-MB-231 Breast A ++ M220 Pancreas A ++ L-1210 Lymphocytes-Leukemia A +++ Jurkat Lymphocytes-Leukemia A +++ HL-60 Leukemia-Miel PDA +++ HeLa Cervix A +++ HT-29 Colon A ++ C-6 Glio-Brain PD +++ SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma P + A549 Lung PD +++ T98G Glioma D +++ A172 Glioma D ++ A118 Glioma D +++ SF-767 Glioma D ++ U87-MG Glioma D +++ SF-268 Glioma nd +++ MCF7 Breast nd +++ NCI-H460 Lung (NMSC) nd +++ IMR90 Normal Fibroblasts nd - 1P [anti-proliferative] D [differentiation] A [apoptosis] nd [not determined] 2+ [growth inhibition], ++ [complete growth arrest], +++ [complete removal of tumor cells] Furthermore, α-derivatives of cismonounsaturated fatty acids are capable of inducing cadherin expression. Cadherin is a cell adhesion protein. Cells expressing cadherin are often not displaced from their tissue location as they adhere to surrounding cells. Thymoral cells that lose the ability to Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 68 / 98 / 71. Cells synthesizing this protein can migrate from the tissue in which they were generated to other tissues of the body where they can develop a new tumor focus through the process known as metastasis. In treatments with α-derivatives of cis monounsaturated fatty acids, a significant increase in cadherin levels was observed (Figure 4). The invasive capacity of cancer cells was also investigated in a culture plate invasion model. In this model, cells are allowed to grow until they invade the entire substrate of the culture plate. Then, an area of ​​the culture plate is scraped and the number of cells invading this region at various times, in the presence and absence of the anti-metastasis compound, is counted. As Figure 5 shows, lung cancer cells cultured in the presence of OHOD had a lower invasive capacity than untreated cells.These results indicate that α-derivatives of cis monounsaturated fatty acids can be used to prevent or treat the development of tumor metastasis. In addition, α-derivatives of cis monounsaturated fatty acids inhibited the proliferation of vascular cells (see below), which prevents the formation of blood vessels necessary for tumor development. Therefore, these molecules can be used as anti-angiogenic tumor agents. An important characteristic of the molecules covered in the present invention is that they can form various types of salts. Figure 6A and Table 5 show the therapeutic effects of Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 69 / 98 / 71, refers to various α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and their salts. In this sense, perhaps due to the better absorption or distribution of these molecules, some of these compounds have significantly greater effects than those shown by the free fatty acid forms, suggesting that such forms would be preferable when preparing a drug or designing a therapy for the treatment of this disease. The specificity of this effect is determined by the dose-effect relationship that these molecules have on the volume of human tumors implanted in animals (Figure 6B). Given that the Na-OHOD form (sodium salts of OHOD) is more effective than the corresponding free fatty acid, the antitumor action was studied in an immunocompromised mouse following xenotransplantation of several types of human cancers: leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer (Figure 7). Given that α-derivatives of cismonounsaturated fatty acids have a very different mechanism of action compared to other currently used anti-tumor drugs, combining these fatty acids with any anti-tumor drug may provide increased effectiveness and may even be successful in treating animals infected with human cancers. Figure 8 shows the effect of Na-OHOD alone and in combination with temozolomide, erlotinib, gemcitabine, and cisplatin for the treatment of human glioma (brain cancer), human lung cancer, and human pancreatic cancer in immunocompromised mouse models. On the one hand, Na-OHOD has been observed to be Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 70 / 98 / 71, more effective than other drugs used in humans for cancer treatment. On the other hand, the combination of Na-OHOD with any of these drugs provided marked and significantly smaller reductions than those produced by Na-OHOD alone or by any of the aforementioned anti-tumor drugs alone. Furthermore, the residual tumor observed in most animals treated with Na-OHOD and in virtually all those treated with both molecules simultaneously consisted of dead cells without the ability to regenerate the tumor. Thus, it can be considered that these combined therapies were effective in the treatment of human tumors implanted in animals. All this information indicates that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids can be used in (a) the prevention and (b) treatment of cancer due to their direct effect on tumor cells. In addition, they are broad-spectrum agents as they inhibit the growth of a wide range of tumor cells of very different types. Because they are non-toxic, they can be used in high-risk populations such as smokers, people exposed to biological or radiological risks that can cause cancer development, carriers of genetic or somatic abnormalities associated with the development of various types of tumors, etc. They can also be used in the prevention and treatment of metastasis and angiogenesis processes in patients in whom some type of tumor may have developed. These molecules can be administered orally and show no apparent toxic effects, so they can be used as medicines or as functional foods. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, page 71 / 98 / 71 addition, the use of these in skin tumors can be topical. Example 2. Use of fatty acids from the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of vascular cell proliferation and other pathologies of the heart and blood vessels. The proliferation of vascular cells underlies certain pathologies such as arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hyperplasia, hypertension, and other vascular and cardiac pathologies, as well as tumor angiogenesis. To determine the effectiveness of α-derivatives of cismonounsaturated fatty acids against the proliferation of vascular cells, the effect of various fatty acids on the multiplication of A10 cells, which are normal vascular cells originating in the aorta, was studied. The α-derivatives of cismonounsaturated fatty acids showed a high potency to inhibit the hyperproliferation of A10 vascular cells. This effect is not toxic, as the number of cells did not decrease after the addition of the compounds, but the proliferation of these cells in the presence of fetal serum, which contains molecules that induce cell multiplication, was prevented. To culture the A10 cells, RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum was used, using other additives and conditions previously indicated.The fatty acids listed in Table 1 were added to the culture medium using two growth controls. The first of these lacked one fatty acid, while the second lacked fatty acids and fetal bovine serum (no serum). Finally, the cells were counted by flow cytometry. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 72 / 98 / 71 Alpha-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids at a concentration of 200 μM induced a halt in cell proliferation similar to that caused by the removal of fetal bovine serum (which contains many cellular growth factors) (Figure 9). These data indicate that alpha-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids are molecules that can be used for the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, tumor-dependent angiogenesis, cardiac hyperplasia, hypertension, and other related pathologies through medications or functional foods. In contrast, fatty acids lacking covalent bonds or where the covalent bond has a trans configuration were not effective in reducing the proliferation of A10 aortic cells. Similarly, fatty acids without α-carbon modifications did not have significant effects on A10 cell proliferation. In contrast, fatty acids with the covalent bond in the cis configuration and a modification at the α-carbon produced an effect, regardless of the radical introduced at this carbon. Tumor angiogenesis is mediated by the proliferation of vascular cells around cancer cells. Therefore, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids are potent antiangiogenic factors that can be used to prevent blood vessel proliferation by providing nutrients to newly formed tumors. In another series of experiments, the effectiveness of various fatty acids in preventing the onset of hypertension was... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 73 / 98 / 71 investigated. Hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and other fatty acids (Figure 10). SHR rats are normotensive during the first months of life until they reach maturity and acquire a hypertensive condition (between 3 and 4 months of age). To determine if the derivatives used were able to prevent the development of hypertension, 10-week-old SHR rats were treated with various fatty acids. The animals are still normotensive at this age, having a blood pressure between 130 and 140 mmHg, which was measured at the beginning of treatment. The animals were divided into experimental groups of 8 animals in such a way that the average blood pressure was similar in all groups (average values ​​between 128 and 132 mmHg for all groups at the beginning of the experiment).The study on the prevention of hypertension development was conducted by administering a dose of 200 mg / kg per day to animals for 10 weeks and measuring their blood pressure at the end of treatment. In Figure 10, animals treated with α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids were observed not to have developed hypertension, whereas untreated animals or animals treated with fatty acids that do not have the structure shown in Formula I developed hypertension. This result is clearly different from the effect of hypertension treatment because prevention interrupts hypertension in animals at some point in their lives. Therefore, preventing the development of hypertension avoids all the problems associated with this condition such as cardiac hypertrophy, risk of cardiovascular accident, ischemia, etc. In fact, in treated animals... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 74 / 98 / 71, with α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, significant reductions in heart weight were observed compared to hypertensive animals (reductions of between 2% and 7% in the heart weight of SHR rats for the Compounds covered in the present invention). Hypertensive animals perform excessive cardiac effort to compensate for the resistance of the vascular system to blood flow, thus exhibiting cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, the Compounds of the present invention can be used for the treatment of various pathologies related to cardiac hypertrophy processes. In another experiment, a series of cis monounsaturated fatty acids was used (Table 5), again showing that Na-OHOD was more effective than OHOD, indicating that replacing hydrogen (H) in the R position with sodium (Na) increases the therapeutic power of the fatty acid in the treatment of hypertension. All these results demonstrate that the structure indicated in Formula I is the most appropriate for both the prevention and treatment of pathologies related to cell proliferation in blood vessels and the heart. These treatments can be administered as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or topical-aesthetic preparations. Atherosclerosis, or arteriosclerosis, is a pathology characterized by the loss of contractility of blood vessels. This loss is associated with several factors, including the formation of deposits in the vascular lumen. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 75 / 98 / 71, providing increased proliferation of vascular cells, reduced blood flow, and vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses to neurotransmitters (such as norepinephrine) and hormones. In studies on isolated rat aorta in organ baths, it was shown that the contractile power of the aortic muscle in response to norepinephrine increased very markedly after pretreatment with OHOD acid. In addition, all Compounds with the structure of Formula I had similar effects on vascular muscle. These results clearly indicate the ability of these Compounds in the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis and related pathologies. Figure 11 shows the effect of in vitro pretreatment (organ bath) with OHOD on the contractile capacity of SHR rat aortas. The figure shows that the ability to contract induced by noradrenaline (NA) was much higher in the aortas of rats pre-treated with this fatty acid.This result clearly indicates that the flexibility of vascular tissue increased significantly (p<0.05) in the presence of this compound, demonstrating the usefulness of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular heart diseases. In addition, the improvement in the contractile response of the aorta indicates that these compounds can also be used for the maintenance of vascular tissue in healthy individuals and in the treatment of damaged vessels in patients with vascular heart diseases. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 76 / 98 / 71 Example 3. Use of the fatty acids of the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of skin pathologies and related diseases. Abnormalities in melanin production lead to increased abnormalities in skin pigmentation and may be pathological in nature. To study the potential application of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of melanopathies, melanin production in mouse melanocytes (B16 cells) was measured. Cells were disrupted with NaOH, and the melanin concentration was determined by absorption spectroscopy at 490 nm, using the method previously described by Curto et al. (1999). Concentrations of 100 μM of these compounds for 48 hours caused reductions in the melanin content of B16 cells (Figure 12). These results indicate that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids with the structure of Formula I can be used for the treatment of dermatological problems related to pigmentation pathologies.Similar to what occurred with treatments for other pathologies, fatty acids that do not have the Formula I structure lack significant effects on the regulation of melanin content (Figure 12). On the other hand, Figure 12 also shows the effect of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (100 μM, 48 hours) on adipocyte proliferation (3T3-L1 cells). Molecules possessing the Formula I structure inhibited the growth of 3T3-L1 cells, whereas molecules lacking the Formula I structure had no effect. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 77 / 98 / 71 significant in adipocyte proliferation (Figure 12). These types of adipose cells can grow abnormally or multiply abnormally in subcutaneous areas (adipocyte hypertrophy or hyperplasia). Abnormal growth can lead to increased pathological processes of various types such as obesity and cellulite. The results shown here indicate that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids can be used for the prevention and treatment of pathologies such as obesity, cellulite, psoriasis, skin blemishes, and similar conditions. Given the special typology of the skin and the layers beneath it, the treatment of some of these pathologies can be performed topically, so these molecules can be used as cosmetics. These pathologies can also be treated through pharmacological and nutraceutical preparations. Example 4. Use of fatty acids from the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of metabolic disorders (metabolic pathologies: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes) and obesity. Metabolic diseases comprise a set of pathologies characterized by the accumulation or deficiency of certain molecules (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, etc.) in serum or tissues. These changes reflect dysfunctions that are usually associated with errors in the activity of certain enzymes or in the control of these proteins. Among the most important metabolic disorders are hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels) and hypertriglyceridemia (high triglyceride levels). Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 78 / 98 / 71 of triglycerides) and diabetes (elevated glucose levels). These pathologies have high incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates, so treatment is a primary necessity. In this sense, treatment with OHOD resulted in a significant reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels (Figure 13) in Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g females). For these experiments, the indicated fatty acid dose (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg / kg) was administered daily orally. At the end of the treatment (30 days), blood samples were collected from treated and control animals (n=6), and cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels were determined using colorimetric standards. The observed effects were dose-dependent, indicating that the effect was specific. In a further experiment, the effect of several molecules at a single dose (600 mg / kg) was investigated. In these studies, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids showed a significant effect in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose. In contrast, molecules that do not have the structure indicated in Formula I did not exhibit therapeutic effects (Figure 13). In this sense, modification at the α-carbon and the covalent bond in the cis configuration are crucial elements to produce the therapeutic effect indicated above. Analogous molecules that do not have the structure of Formula I were not effective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and diabetes (Figure 14). Finally, the effect of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of obesity was investigated. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 79 / 98 / 71. Therefore, a cafeteria-diet induced rat obesity model, where high-calorie food increases the animals' weight very markedly, was used. There were several experimental groups (see Table 3), each consisting of 6 female Wistar Kyoto rats weighing 250-300 g. All animals received a standard diet for 2 weeks. In addition, 2 of the groups received an oral preventive pretreatment of vehicle and the other groups received 300 mg / kg of fatty acids indicated below. Then, one of the control groups was maintained on a standard diet (lean control) and the other was fed a cafeteria diet (obese control). The treated animal groups were fed the cafeteria diet. Preventive pretreatment was maintained for all groups.After two weeks on these diets, the lean control group increased their body weight by an average of 16±16 g, while the obese control group increased their body weight by an average of 43±17 g (statistically significant difference, p<0.01). Rats treated with α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids showed weight increases similar to those of the lean control group and significantly less than those of the obese control group (p<0.05) consuming the same diet. Therefore, animals pre-treated with these fatty acids showed markedly and statistically less significant weight gain compared to animals receiving an identical cafeteria diet. In this context, the use of certain fatty acid derivatives (salts) covered in this invention resulted in a higher therapeutic effect in some cases, with reductions in cholesterol (CHO) levels and... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 80 / 98 / 71 triglycerides (TG) that were higher than those observed after treatments with free fatty acids (Table 5). The weight of treated animals was statistically lower than the weight of obese control rats and statistically indistinguishable from lean control rats. These results, along with the prevention of weight gain (Table 3) and the inhibition of adipocyte development (Figure 12), indicate that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids are active molecules for the treatment and prevention of obesity development. It should be noted that in this experimental series with animals (Table 5) there was no pre-treatment, which indicates that Na-OHOD was more effective for the treatment of obesity than OHOD. Also, both the salts and other pharmaceutically acceptable forms for the treatment of these and other metabolic disorders showed high therapeutic activity, so any of them can be used or chosen from those forms that show the best pharmacological safety. TABLE 3 Initial weight Final weight DIET RECEIVED AND PREVENTIVE TREATMENT Standard + vehicle treatment 264±21 280±16 (lean control) Cafeteria + vehicle treatment 265±14 308±17 (obese control) Cafeteria + OHHD treatment 259±21 275±19* Cafeteria + OHOD treatment 269±11 284±13* Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 81 / 98 / 71 Cafeteria + MOD treatment 255±12 268±12* Cafeteria + AOD treatment 249±14 272±15* Cafeteria + FOD treatment 261±13 279±13* Cafeteria + TFMOD treatment 262±12 278±14* Cafeteria + MOOD treatment 251±21 263±22* Cafeteria + SHOD treatment 254±16 269±16* Cafeteria + MOD11 treatment 257±16 274±18* Cafeteria + OHOD11 treatment 256±10 269±12* Cafeteria + OHEE treatment 252±9 264±11* Cafeteria + OHDE treatment 260±12 273±15* Cafeteria + treatment EE 258±14 301±17i Cafeteria + treatment DE 253±11 305±12i Cafeteria + treatment HDO 255±15 299±15i Cafeteria + treatment ODO 259±19 301±18i Cafeteria + treatment EO 262±12 298±12i Cafeteria + treatment HD 260±16 309±15i Cafeteria + treatment OD 259±14 311±17i Cafeteria + treatment OHS 251±10 314±11i Cafeteria + treatment tOHOD 258±17 312±19i * Significantly lower than obese controls (p<0.05) Statistically indistinguishable from the obese control group (p<0.05) The combination of several of these pathologies leads to an increase in a process called metabolic syndrome. The results shown in this section clearly indicate that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids are very active molecules for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and syndrome. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 82 / 98 / 71, concerning metabolic disorders, obesity, and other metabolic disorders through pharmaceutical or nutraceutical preparations. Example 5. Use of fatty acids from the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative processes contribute to a range of diseases with various manifestations, but the common characteristic is the degeneration of cells in the central and / or peripheral nervous system. Some of these neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia, imply a significant decline in the patient's cognitive ability. Others contribute to motor changes, such as Parkinson's disease and various types of sclerosis. Finally, certain neurodegenerative pathologies can result in processes that cause blindness, hearing problems, disorientation, changes in function, etc. An example of a well-characterized neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer's disease, in which the formation of senile plaques has been observed. These plaques are formed by remnants of membrane proteins (e.g., β-amyloid peptide) that are incorrectly processed and accumulate outside the cells, and neurofilament tangles that appear inside the cells. This process has been associated with changes in cholesterol metabolism and the consequent alteration of cholesterol levels in membranes (Raid et al., 2007). In fact, the development of this disease is related to other pathologies in which changes in lipid metabolism, and Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 83 / 98 / 71, more specifically regarding cholesterol, has been described as such, such as those of the cardiovascular type. Multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative processes are related to demyelination, the end result of which is the loss of lipids in the neuronal axon sheath, with consequent changes in the process of electrical signal propagation. Myelin is a lipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons and is formed by a succession of spiral folds of the plasma membrane of glial cells (Schwann cells). For these reasons, it is clear that lipids play a very important role in the development of neurodegenerative pathologies. Given that lipids with the Formula I structure are capable of reducing cholesterol levels (Figures 13 and 14), it is a priori likely that they could be effective for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids have been shown in a study to be highly effective in preventing neurodegeneration in an animal model (Figure 15). The transgenic mice used in this study, which overexpress ApoB-100, are characterized by an early onset of a syndrome similar to Alzheimer's disease, with significant cognitive impairment and cyto-histological aspects similar to those found in neurodegenerative processes in humans. In these animals, treatments with α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids provided marked and significant improvements in parameters. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 84 / 98 / 71. Cognitive abilities in animals. For this study, mice (n=8) were treated for 6 months with 100 mg / kg of fatty acid administered orally 5 times a week (Monday to Friday). The control group consisted of mice (n=8) treated with vehicle (water) in a similar manner to the test group. To determine the cognitive ability of the animals, a radial maze and the Miller test were used, and the cognitive ability of control animals (untreated) was defined as 100% (Wise et al., 2007; Patil et al., 2006). The cognitive ability of animals treated with various types of fatty acids was expressed as a percentage improvement measured in the performance of these tests. The results indicated that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's, various types of sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, etc., through pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations. Example 6. Use of fatty acids from the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of spinal cord injuries and pain. The central nervous system, after adipose tissue, contains the highest amount of lipids in the body. From this it can be deduced that lipids are very important for neurons and glial cells. In this context, the fatty acids covered in the present invention can prevent and treat functional symptoms such as, for example, loss of motor function, neuropathic pain, or spasticity induced by a spinal cord injury. To prolong the release of OHOD and similar fatty acids after a single injection of the Compound, they were combined with... Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 85 / 98 / 71 bovine serum albumin (albumin-fatty acid complexes or A to FA, where FA may be OHOD) and recovery of motor activity was observed (Figure 16). As Figure 16A shows, the albumin-OHOD complex at a dose of 4 mM in 10 µl given intrathecally generally enhances the recovery of voluntary motor function from 4 to 28 days after spinal cord injury in rats compared to animals treated with saline or albumin-oleic acid complex. These results demonstrated that the albumin-OHOD complex was effective in neuroregeneration and neurotrophy during the chronic phase of spinal cord injury. This effect may be due to the induction of neural projection emergence necessary to re-establish connections lost by nerve fiber injury. The effect of OHOD (sodium salt) on the differentiation and emission of projections in U118 cells is shown in Figure 16B, which demonstrates the neuroregeneration and neurotrophy capacity of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. In vivo studies have also demonstrated that administration of an A-GA complex can inhibit changes in sensitivity and sensorimotor function, so it may have application in the treatment of changes in nociception and pain. Specifically, rats treated with albumin-OHOD (4 mM, 10 µl intrathecally) showed a greater inhibition of the temporal summation of the plantar withdrawal reflex of the anterior tibial nerve 28 days after spinal cord injury compared to rats treated with saline or albumin-oleic acid (Figure 17). These Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 86 / 98 / 71 results suggest that albumin-OHOD complexes may be highly effective in the treatment of chronic pain. Therefore, the tests performed indicate that the molecules included in the present invention can be used for the prevention of the onset of motor paralysis and in the treatment of neuropathic pain and spasticity resulting from spinal cord injuries. In light of the above findings, drugs based on an A to AG complex may allow for the treatment of spinal cord injuries, especially traumatic injuries. In one particular embodiment, the albumin is selected from native or recombinant albumin of human, bovine, murine, and rabbit origin, or ovalbumin and lactalbumin; more preferably, the albumin used is human serum albumin or bovine serum albumin, as used in the examples in this document. All these albumins have similar structures and functions. For example, a comparison of a bovine albumin sequence and a human albumin sequence showed a 76% amino acid sequence match. The match increased to 88% when conservative changes were taken into account. For these assays, the albumin-fatty acid complex (A a AG) was prepared in a 2% (w / v) albumin solution and oleic acid or OHOD was added to a final concentration of Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 87 / 98 / 71 mM. A 50% albumin-fatty acid (1:1) solution was prepared, with a concentration of 78 mM, dissolved in saline. This effect on motor recovery after spinal cord injury could be explained by a neurotrophic effect on the lipid membrane of undamaged neurons (e.g., Kim et al., J. Gen. Physiol. 2000; 115(3): 287-304), specifically at the base of neurites, resulting in dendritic growth, upregulation of GAP-43, and microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2, Tabernero, Lavado et al., 2001; Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2004). The albumin receptor, megalin, has been identified on the membrane of oligodendrocytes, specifically in the spinal cord (Wicher et al., J. Neurol. Res. 2006; 83(5): 864-73). The effect on central sensitivity and noxious stimuli after spinal cord injury can be explained by the regulation of astrogliosis through the lipid membrane by inhibition of gap junctions by oleic acid (Lavado et al., J. Neurochem. 1997; 69(2): 71 to 8) or by a reduction in the reactive morphology of astrocytes by albumin (Manning and Sntheimer, Glia 1997; 20(2): 163 to 72). Example 7. Use of the fatty acids of the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of inflammatory processes. Cellular and tissue inflammatory processes are characterized by the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4, -6, -8, -10, TNF-α, etc.) released by cells of the immune system (lymphocytes, neutrophils, etc.). Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 88 / 98 / 71 monocytes, macrophages, etc.) after stimulation caused by a pathogen (infection) or antigenic aggression. Inflammatory processes cause a wide variety of diseases, including cardiovascular, systemic, musculoskeletal, aging, and respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various types of inflammation. This uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is fundamentally due to the pathological activation of the NFkB transcription factor (Barnes et al., 1997). In a cellular inflammation model (U937 monocytes in culture stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS), α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (250 μM, 72 h) significantly inhibited the expression of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). In contrast, compounds lacking the Formula I structure did not inhibit the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines (Figure 18). In a further study on the release of various pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) and TNF-α in U937 monocytes stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a marked reduction in the levels of these molecules was observed after treatments with OHHD at a concentration of 250 μM and 72 h of incubation (Table 4). The effect of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (250 μM, 6 h) on the activity and expression of COX-1 and COX-2 cyclooxygenases was investigated in the same system. These fatty acids significantly inhibited COX-1 activity (Figure 19A) and the Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 89 / 98 / 71 expression of COX-2 (Figure 19B). In contrast, compounds that do not have the structure of Formula I did not inhibit the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines (Figure 19). These results indicate that α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids may be effective in treating the autoimmune inflammatory disease known as rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the levels of which increase markedly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 function by these fatty acids indicates that these compounds are useful in treating pain and inflammation. These fatty acids may be considered a new generation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Thus, the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 function indicates that these fatty acids may also be used for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases and reduce the risk of ischemic events such as heart attacks.Therefore, due to the significant inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, they can be used for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and related processes such as pain and rheumatoid arthritis, both at a systemic and topical level, and through pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and topical-cosmetic preparations. Table 4. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release by OHHD.________________________________________________________ Cytokine Control (pg / ml) LPS (pg / ml) LPS + (pg / ml) OHHD IL-1b 12±2 132±2 41±5 IL-6 24±3 1072±4 68±8 Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 90 / 98 / 71 IL-8 345±7 967±8 529±7 IL-10 32±1 315±9 53±3 TNF-a 15±6 1504±7 65±9 p<0.001. Mean ± standard error of 6 experiments performed in triplicate. Example 8. Use of fatty acids from the invention for the prevention and / or treatment of infectious diseases. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency picornavirus (HIV). This virus has a lipid coat, so the integrity of the viral coat is essential for membrane fusion with human cells. α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids modify the structure of model membranes, similar to those in the AIDS virus (Figure 20), so they can be used for the treatment of this disease. Agglutination between the HIV virus and host cells is also mediated by the CD4 receptor. This eukaryotic cell protein is located in specific regions of the cell membrane known as membrane rafts. α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids disrupt the structure of lipid rafts, thus interfering with the virus-cell interaction necessary to cause and amplify infection (Figure 21). Therefore, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids may be used for the prevention and treatment of AIDS. Malaria, like AIDS, is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan known as Plasmodium. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 91 / 98 / 71 falciparum. This organism has very rapid cell division, so it constantly needs to synthesize DNA. For DNA synthesis, high levels of tetrahydrofolate are required, which acts as a co-enzyme for some enzymes that produce nucleotides for DNA synthesis. The enzyme that makes tetrahydrofolate is Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR). Therefore, DHFR inhibitors such as methotrexate are currently being used to treat malaria (Nduati et al. 2008). α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids induce a very marked reduction in this enzyme, resulting in a significant drop in DHFR levels (Figure 22), so they may have important activity against the development of malaria. Compared to drugs such as methotrexate, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids have two advantages. Firstly, their toxicity is lower.Secondly, reducing enzyme expression is a much more effective mechanism than inhibiting it (which results in high enzyme levels that can be activated at the end of treatment). Therefore, α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids may be effective drugs for the treatment of malaria. Also, agents that inhibit the production of tetrahydrofolate are effective antibacterial agents. This fact, along with the evidence presented in this example regarding the effectiveness of α-derivatives of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids against the development of various types of infectious processes, indicates that these molecules may be effective agents for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 92 / 98 / 71 Example 9. Use of the fatty acids of the invention and various salts for the prevention and / or treatment of various pathologies. Certain atoms in defined locations within a pharmacologically active molecule can alter its absorption, distribution in the body, or interaction with cellular macromolecules. This can lead to both positive and negative changes in the therapeutic effectiveness of an active ingredient. Table 5 shows the potential therapeutic effectiveness of various α-derivative salts of cismonounsaturated fatty acids for the treatment of cancer, metabolic disorders (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia), obesity, and hypertension. In this regard, it was possible to demonstrate that the sodium salt of OHOD (Na-OHOD) is more effective than the free fatty acid in reversing several pathologies. The same was observed with Na-DEPOD compared to DEPOD. Therefore, in the formulation of medications with α-derivatives of cismonounsaturated fatty acids, it would be better to use the sodium derivatives of these substances. Table 5 Therapeutic effects of various cis-monounsaturated fatty acid derivatives and their salts in various pathologies. IC50 % control Body weight PA A5 4 9 SF767 CHO TG (g) (control=311 g) (control 214 mmHg) OHOD 62 71 55 38 292 146 Na-OHOD 47 52 51 32 281 128 OMe-OHOD 94 107 71 64 299 155 EE-OHOD 79 68 62 47 295 161 NH3-OHOD 81 85 59 62 290 149 ACOD 153 179 59 53 301 157 Na-ACOD 124 132 49 35 298 166 OMe-ACOD 246 214 86 74 296 152 EE-ACOD 185 176 72 56 294 158 MOOD 61 73 65 64 279 142 Na-MOOD 77 91 63 68 272 131 OMe-MOOD 149 128 77 69 296 143 Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pp. 93 / 98 / 71 EE-MOOD 168 195 64 66 297 154 DEPOD 57 99 58 43 301 147 Na-DEPOD 32 104 45 37 298 159 OMe-DEPOD 66 43 63 45 293 175 EE-DEPOD 77 82 69 49 295 168 OHOD: α-Hydroxy-cis-A9-octadecenoic acid; ACOD: α-Acetyl-cis-D9-octadecenoic acid; MOOD: α-Methoxy-cis-A9-octadecenoic acid; DEPOD: α-diethyl-phosphatidyl-cis-A9-octadecenoic acid. The atom or molecule that replaces R in Formula I is sodium (with prefix Na), methyl ester (OMe), ethyl ester (EE), ammonia (NH3), or hydrogen (without prefix). The parameter measured to determine antitumor potency was the IC50 (concentration that reduces the number of cells by half) in human tumor cells A549 and SF767. Values ​​are expressed in micromolar concentration (μM). The second column shows cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TG) levels as a percentage compared to untreated controls (100%). Rats received a daily dose of 600 mg / kg of substances indicated in the table (for further treatment details, see the text). The third column shows the body weight (g) of rats receiving a cafeteria diet for 2 weeks.Control rats, which received 311 g at the end of treatment (average of 6 animals), received vehicle (water), considering that treated animals received 300 mg / kg daily of the substances indicated in the table. BP: blood pressure (mmHg). Blood pressure was measured in hypertensive rats after an 8-day treatment with each of the compounds indicated above (400 mg / kg). As indicated in the table header, the average BP of untreated rats was 214 mmHg. In all experimental series with animals shown in this table, treatments were always oral. Petition 870210067760, dated 07 / 26 / 2021, pages 94 / 98 / 71 REFERENCES 1. Alemanys R, Perona JS, Sánchez-Domínguez JM, Montero E, Canizares J, Brezan R, Escribá PV and Ruiz-Gutiérrez V (2007). G protein-coupled receptor systems and their lipid environment in health disorders during aging. BBA Biomembr. 1768:964-975. 2. Barnes PJ, Karin M (1997). Nuclear factor-kappaB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory doenças. N Engl J Med 336:1066 a 71. 3. Buda C, Dey I, Balogh N, Horvath LI, Maderspach K, Juhasz M, Yeo YK, Farkas T (1994). Structural order of membranes and composition of fosfolipids in fish brain células during thermal acclimatization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 91:8234 a 8238. 4. Curto EV, Kwong C, Hersmerdorfer H, Glatt H, Santis C, Virador V, Hearing VJ, Jr., Dooley TP (1999). 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Martinez JO, Casas JF, Alemanys R, Prades J, Nagy T, Baamonde C, Kasprzyk P, Terés S, Saus C, Escribá PV. (2005). Membrane structure modulation, protein kinase C alpha activation, and anticancer activity of minerval. Mol Pharmacol 67: 531 to 40. 10. Nduati et al. (2008). Effect of folate derivatives on the activity of antifolate drugs used against malaria and cancer. Parasitol Res 102: 1227 to 1234. 11. Patil CS, Singh VP, Kulkarni SK (2006). Modulatory efeito of Sildefanil in diabetes and electroconvulsive shockinduced cognitive dysfunction in rats. Pharmacological Reports 58: 373 a 380. 12. Raid PC, Urano Y, Kodama T, Hamakubo T (2007). Alzheimer’s doença: cholesterol, membrane rafts, isoprenoids and statins. J Cell Mol Med 11:383 a 392. Petição 870210067760, de 26 / 07 / 2021, pág. 96 / 98 / 71 13. Stender S, Dyerberg J (2004). Influence of trans ácidos graxos on health. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 48:61 a 66. 14. Wise LE, Iredale PA, Stokes RJ, Litchman AH (2007). Combination of Rimonabant and Donepezil prolongs spatial memory duration. Neuropsychopharmacology 32: 1805 a 1812. 15. Yang, Q, Alemanys, R, Casas, J, Kitajka, K, Lanier, SM, Escribá PV (2005). Influence of the membrane lipid 10 structure on signal processing via G protein-coupled receptors. Mol Pharmacol 68:210 a 7.

Claims

1. Use of the compound cis-COONa-OHCH-(CH2) 6-CH=CH-(CH2) 7-CH3 (sodium salt of α-hydroxy-cis-Δ9-octadecenoic acid) characterized by being for the preparation of a medicine for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

2. Use of the compound according to claim 1 characterized in the cancer being lung cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer or pancreatic cancer.

3. Use of the compound according to claim 1 characterized by being for the preparation of a medicament in which said compound is used independently or in combination with at least one second compound with therapeutic activity or excipient, for the prevention and / or treatment of cancer.

4. Use of the compound according to claim 3 characterized in that said compound is used in combination with at least one second compound with therapeutic activity selected from: temozolomide, erlotinib, gemcitabine and cisplatin.

5. Pharmaceutical and / or nutraceutical composition characterized by comprising cis-COONa-OHCH-(CH2) 6-CH=CH-(CH2) 7-CH3 and at least one second compound with therapeutic activity selected from: temozolomide, erlotinib, gemcitabine and cisplatin.

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