ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ СОСТОЯНИЙ, ВКЛЮЧАЮЩЕЕ IMU-856

Abstract

The present invention relates to the sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) modulator IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use in a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions, such as gastrointestinal diseases like celiac disease (CelD), comprising administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of the SIRT6 modulator as well as the corresponding method of preventing, treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions.

Description

[0001] Treatment of inflammatory conditions comprising IMU-856

[0002] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use in a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions as well as a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions, especially gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac disease (CelD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other diseases that involve a gut barrier defect, by the sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) modulator IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof, comprising administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of the SIRT6 modulator.

[0004] BACKGROUND, INTRODUCTION AND PRIOR ART

[0005] Sirtuins are a family of proteins related to the founding member of the family - the silent information regulator 2 protein (Sir2p) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) regulating chromatin silencing. Mammals contain at least seven sirtuin homologues numbered SIRT1 to SIRT7, characterised by significant sequence homology, particularly within their conserved NAD+-binding domains (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000;273:793). Sirtuins usually possess NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity which removes acetyl groups from Ac-Lys of histones or non-histone protein substrates, while producing nicotinamide and acetyl ester metabolites 2'-O- and 3'-O- acetyl-ADP ribose (AADPR). AADPR may themselves function as second messengers in cells. Other sirtuins, e.g., SIRT6 is efficient at deacetylating several histone H3 acetylation sites (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023; 12:6811 ) and displays a robust NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosyl transferase activity (J. Biol. Chem. 2005;280:21313). Previous reports suggested that some members of the sirtuin family could negatively regulate inflammatory responses.

[0006] W02008 / 138943 describes the prophylactic and therapeutic use of sirtuin modulators, and specifically modulators targeting SIRT6, for the treatment of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa)-mediated pathologies, such as various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders (e.g. CelD).

[0007] More specific, IMU-856 is a small molecule, orally available and selective inhibitor of the deacetylase activity and stabilizer of the sirtuin 6 protein (SIRT6) covered in WO201 9 / 054427 with chemical formula chemical name 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol-1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6- azaspiro[3.3]heptane and with CAS-number 2303528-97-2.

[0008] As an orally available and systemically acting small molecule modulator, IMU-856 targets SIRT6, which serves as a transcriptional regulator of intestinal barrier function and regeneration of bowel epithelium. Based on preclinical data, the compound represents a unique treatment approach, as the mechanism of action targets the restoration of the intestinal barrier function and bowel wall architecture in patients suffering from gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac disease, atypical wheat allergy, gluten intolerance (e.g., non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or IBD-associated diarrhea), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), (especially irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)), microscopic colitis (e.g., collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).

[0009] Targeting SIRT6 with IMU-856 prevents the deacetylation of one of its ligands, acetylated lysine (K) 56 of histone H3 (H3K56), in an in vitro cell free and cellular system and significantly accelerates the recovery of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) across a monolayer of colorectal adenocarcinoma-2 (Caco-2) cells following inflammation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) or interleukin (IL)-6. In one TEER model, tight junction (TJ)-related proteins were investigated, and a normalisation of TJ proteins (claudin (Cldn)-1 and claudin-2) was observed. Furthermore, IMU-856 demonstrated efficacy in different settings of the dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice by reducing disease severity, improving diarrhea symptoms, increasing colon length, and improving colon mucosal histology. IMU-856 mediated inhibition is highly selective for SIRT6 over other members of the human SIRT protein family and does not inhibit enzymatic activity of other histone deacetylases (HDACs).

[0010] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention is directed towards IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions as well as a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions, such as gastrointestinal diseases like celiac disease (CelD), or presenting a clinically isolated syndrome, the method comprising administering to the subject or patient IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof at a therapeutically effective daily dose of about 34 to about 1370 pmol of IMU- 856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof so as to thereby treat or protect the human patient.

[0012] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] IMU-856 was tested in a first-in-human, three-part, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of IMU-856 in healthy subjects and patients with CelD. CelD is a severe autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed people and in which the consumption of gluten damages the small intestine. It affects an estimated 1 in 100 people worldwide, but only about 30% are properly diagnosed. When people with celiac disease eat gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley), their bodies trigger an immune response that attacks the small intestine. These attacks damage the villi, small finger-like projections that line the small intestine and help absorb nutrients. When the villi are damaged, nutrients cannot be properly absorbed by the body. CelD can occur at any age after those affected have started eating gluten. If left untreated, CelD can lead to other serious health problems.

[0014] In Part A, healthy subjects were randomised to single ascending doses of IMU-856 (10 mg to 160 mg) or placebo. In Part B healthy subjects were randomised to multiple once-daily doses of IMU-856 (40, 80, and 160 mg) or placebo for 14 days. Part C randomised patients with celiac disease who were on a gluten-free diet to multiple once-daily doses of IMU-856 (80 mg and 160 mg) or placebo for 28 days; a once-daily gluten challenge (6 g) was introduced on Day 14 and ended on Day 28. 71 healthy subjects were enrolled in Part A and B (N=19 placebo and N=52 IMU-856) and 43 patients with CelD in Part C (N=14 placebo; N=14 for 80 mg, and N=15 for 160 mg). In Parts A and B, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 24 (73%) and 15 (79%) of subjects receiving any dose of IMU-856 compared to 6 (50%) and 5 (71 %) with placebo, respectively. TEAEs were mild in seventy. In Part C, the most common adverse events with any dose of IMU-856 by preferred term were headache (13 [45%]), nausea (9 [31 %]), diarrhoea (8 [28%]), and abdominal distension (7 [24%]). Two serious adverse events occurred with IMU-856 treatment (N=1 Part B and N=1 in Part C), all of which were unrelated to IMU-856. No dose-limiting toxicities, systematic safety laboratory changes or deaths occurred during the study. In Part C, the mean change in villous height from baseline to Day 29 with 80 mg and 160 mg was -20.9±34.8 pm, and -22.5±51.1 pm, respectively, and -60.3±52.2 pm with placebo. Two patients, both treated with IMU-856, showed an improvement in one Q- MARSH category at Day 29, even after gluten challenge. Mean change in plasma citrulline increased with 80 mg and 160 mg from baseline to Day 14 (2.4±6.2 and 6.1 ±5.9 pmol / L, respectively) and from baseline to Day 29 (2.8±7.6 and 2.2±5.3 pmol / L, respectively), but not with placebo (-2.7±5.6 and -4.0±6.5 pmol / L). Mean increase in vitamin B12 levels from baseline to Day 29 with 80 mg and 160 mg were 45.8±94.4 and 74.2±99.9 pmol / L compared to a mean decrease in placebo (- 31 ,0±68.8 pmol / L). Mean increase in zinc levels from baseline to Day 29 with 80 mg and 160 mg were 0.3±1.4 and 0.9±2.1 pmol / L compared to a mean decrease in placebo (-0.9±2.1 pmol / L). Gluten-induced symptoms were also attenuated by IMU- 856. Pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis showed a quick achievement of stable steadystate plasma concentrations within the first week and stable steady-state trough levels over the 14-day treatment period with a low accumulation factor for IMU-856 allowing predictable trough levels during daily dosing. PK parameters in steady-state revealed a tmax (time to reach maximum plasma concentration) of 2 to 3 hours post-dose, a plasma half-life of 17.4 to 21.5 hours and dose proportional increases in Cmax (maximum plasma drug concentration) and AUC (area under the concentration-time curve).

[0015] In light of these findings reported herein, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate, thereof have the potential to be effective in treating CelD with a potentially strong safety and tolerability profile. The obtained results allow the determination of the therapeutically suitable effective daily dose to be from about 34 to about 1370 pmol, preferably about 137 to about 546 pmol, more preferably about 137 to about 273 pmol, of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof. For IMU-856, this translates in an effective daily dose from about 20 mg to about 800 mg, preferably about 80 mg to about 320 mg, more preferably about 60 mg to about 320 mg, even more preferably about 80 mg to about 160 mg, and most preferably about 60 mg to about 240 mg.

[0016] In certain embodiments the present invention relates to a method of treating or ameliorating inflammatory conditions, especially gastrointestinal diseases like CelD, as described in the following items. It will be recognized that features specified in each embodiment may be combined with other specified features to provide further embodiments of the present disclosure:

[0017] 1. A method of preventing, treating or ameliorating a patient afflicted within an flammatory condition am inflammatory condition gut barrier defect, such as gastrointestinal disease, the method comprising administering to the patient IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof at a daily dose of about 34 to about 1370 pmol IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof, so as to thereby treat the human patient.

[0018] 2. The method of item 1 , wherein the patient is afflicted with a gastrointestinal disease selected from celiac disease, atypical wheat allergy, gluten intolerance (e.g., nonceliac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis and wheat allergy), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis or inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea), irritable bowel syndrome (especially irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea), microscopic colitis (e.g., collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis), short bowel syndrome and eosinophilic esophagitis.

[0019] 3. The method according to any one of item 1 to 2, wherein the patient is afflicted with celiac disease.

[0020] 4. The method according to any one of item 1 to 3, wherein the daily dose is of about 137 to about 411 pmol, preferably of about 137 to about 273 pmol IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof.

[0021] 5. The method according to any one of item 1 to 4, wherein IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof is administered orally.

[0022] 6. The method according to any one of item 1 to 5, wherein IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof is administered once or twice daily, preferably once a day.

[0023] 7. The method according to any one of item 1 to 6, wherein the daily dose of about 80 to 240 mg, preferably of about 80 to about 160 mg IMU-856. 8. The method according to any one of item 1 to 7, wherein IMU-856 and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof is administered with at least one additional therapeutic target.

[0024] 9. The method according to any one of item 1 to 8, wherein treating the gastrointestinal disease resulted in a plasma trough level in the patient, which is above 20 ng / mL of IMU-856.

[0025] 10. The method according to any one of item 1 to 9, wherein treating the gastrointestinal disease herein comprises favorably altering the level of one or more biomarkers.

[0026] 11. The method according to any one of item 1 to 10, wherein treating the gastrointestinal disease herein comprises enhancing nutrient absorption.

[0027] 12. A compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol-1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa- 6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof, wherein the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered to said patient in a daily dose of about 34 to about 1370 pmol.

[0028] 13. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to item 12, wherein said inflammatory condition is a gastrointestinal disease.

[0029] 14. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to item 13, wherein the gastrointestinal disease selected from celiac disease, atypical wheat allergy, gluten intolerance (e.g., non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis and wheat allergy), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea), irritable bowel syndrome (especially irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea), microscopic colitis (e.g., collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis), short bowel syndrome and eosinophilic esophagitis.

[0030] 15. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to item 14, wherein said gastrointestinal disease is a celiac disease.

[0031] 16. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 12 to 15, wherein said daily dose is of about 137 to about 411 pmol, preferably of about 137 to about 273 pmol.

[0032] 17. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 12 to 16, wherein said compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof is administered orally.

[0033] 18. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 12 to 17, wherein said compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof is administered once or twice daily, preferably once a day.

[0034] 19. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 12 to 18, wherein the compound of formula (I) is administered in a daily dose of about 80 to 240 mg, preferably of about 80 to about 160 mg. 20. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 12 to 19, wherein said compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof is administered with at least one additional therapeutic target.

[0035] 21. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 13 to 20, wherein treating the gastrointestinal disease resulted in a plasma trough level in the subject or patient, which is above 20 ng / mL of the compound of formula (I).

[0036] 22. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 13 to 21 , wherein treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises favorably altering the level of one or more biomarkers.

[0037] 23. The compound that is 6-(frans-4-(4-(frans-4-(4-methyl-5-(((4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-4 / - / -1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl)cyclohexyl)-1 / - / -pyrazol- 1 -yl)cyclohexyl)-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a medicament for preventing, ameliorating or treating an inflammatory condition in a patient in need thereof according to any of items 13 to 22, wherein treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises enhancing nutrient absorption.

[0038] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating celiac disease.

[0039] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating atypical wheat allergy.

[0040] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating gluten intolerance (e.g., non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy).

[0041] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating IBD-associated diarrhea.

[0042] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating Crohn’s disease.

[0043] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating steroid-dependent Crohn’s disease.

[0044] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating ulcerative colitis.

[0045] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis.

[0046] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (especially irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea).

[0047] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating microscopic colitis (e.g., collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis)

[0048] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating eosinophilic esophagitis.

[0049] In some embodiments the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating short bowel syndrome.

[0050] The present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating celiac disease as well as refers to a method for treating celiac disease, including subjects or patients on gluten-free diet (GFD), including patients that are significantly symptomatic despite reasonable or substantial compliance with a GFD. In accordance with the invention, patients are treated with IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof.

[0051] Celiac disease subjects or patients can be identified, diagnosed or confirmed, for example, by measuring the serum levels of anti-endomysial antibody, anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG), and / or anti-deamidated gliadin peptide (anti- DGP). Celiac patients may also be diagnosed, for example, by small bowel biopsy and / or capsule endoscopy. In addition, patients can be screened for genes encoding the human leukocyte antigens HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, which are statistically associated with celiac disease. Finally, CelD patients may be assessed via the Q- MARSH Histology Score (preferably having ongoing active (OACD) CelD e.g., a Ci- Marsh score of M3a or worse).

[0052] In various embodiments, the celiac disease subject or patient may not be reasonably or substantially compliant with a gluten-free diet, meaning that gluten exposure is not merely of an unintentional nature. In accordance with the invention, the celiac symptoms of these patients can be reduced, ameliorated, or prevented, thereby allowing for some GFD noncompliance. In alternative embodiments, the celiac disease patient is reasonably or substantially compliant with a gluten-free diet, meaning that any significant gluten exposure is inadvertent or infrequent. For example, in some embodiments, prior to treatment with IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof the celiac disease patient has been on a GFD for at least about 1 week, at least about 2 weeks, at least about 3 weeks, at least about

[0053] 4 weeks, at least about 1 month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, or at least about 6 months. In some embodiments, the celiac disease patient has been on a GFD for at least about 1 year, at least about 2 years, at least about 3 years, at least about 4 years, or at least about

[0054] 5 years. Despite being on a GFD for a length of time, and despite reasonable compliance with the GFD, the patient may still experience celiac symptoms as described herein. IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof in conjunction with the GFD can reduce these symptoms, even when these symptoms are significant or substantial, and / or when even non-GI symptoms are experienced or prevalent.

[0055] In various embodiments, the celiac disease is non-responsive to GFD. Subjects or patients with non-responsive celiac disease do not exhibit a histological response to a gluten-free diet. Such patients continue to exhibit small-bowel mucosal villous atrophy during a gluten-free diet which is diagnosed by intestinal biopsy (Pulido et al. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013;27:449 and Spatola et al. Aliment Pharmacol. The 2014;39:407). The most common reason for this lack of recovery despite being on gluten-free diet is continuing gluten ingestion (intentional and unintentional) because gluten is present in many foods and medications or as contaminations. For example, the patient may exhibit a high sensitivity to gluten. Other potential reasons include, for example, the development of other complications such as irritable bowel syndrome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, other food intolerances such as lactose intolerance, microscopic colitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and pancreatic digestive enzyme insufficiency.

[0056] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present invention treats CelD patients who continue to be exposed to gluten, intentionally and / or unintentionally. In some embodiments, the celiac disease patient is non-responsive to a GFD. In some embodiments, the patient is determined to have irritable bowel syndrome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, or other food intolerances such as lactose intolerance, gastroesophageal reflux, microscopic colitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and pancreatic digestive enzyme insufficiency. In further embodiments, the present invention reduces symptoms in celiac disease patients having, for example, extra- intestinal diseases and / or conditions including, but not limited to, dermatitis herpetiformis, diabetes (Type 1 and 2), autoimmune thyroid disease, anemia, dentalenamel hypoplasia / tooth discoloration, osteopenia or osteoporosis, abnormal liver function tests, joint pain and / or join disease, and recurrent miscarriages or fertility problems. These non-GI conditions may be ameliorated, avoided, or managed in part with an IMU-856 regimen as described herein.

[0057] In various embodiments, the present invention relates to IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof for use in a method of treating celiac disease as well as refers to a method for treating celiac disease patients having refractory celiac disease. Refractory celiac disease is defined by persistent or recurrent malabsorptive symptoms and damaged intestinal architecture despite strict adherence to a gluten-free diet for at least six to twelve months in the absence of other causes of non-responsive celiac disease and overt malignancy (see e.g., Spatola et al. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 2014;39:407, Rubio-Tapia et al. Gut 2010;59:547). Some of these patients never respond to a gluten-free diet while others initially respond but have a recurrence of symptoms and intestinal inflammation. Most patients with refractory celiac disease have persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption, and involuntary weight loss in addition to vitamin and mineral deficiencies, anemia, fatigue and malaise. Refractory celiac disease is divided into two types. Type I patients exhibit normal T cell population in the intestinal lining and are conventionally treated with aggressive nutritional support as well as pharmacologic therapies including steroids. In contrast, type II patients show abnormal T-cell population in the intestinal lining. These patients have a poor prognosis as they respond poorly to steroid treatment and have a high chance of developing severe complications such as enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) and ulcerative jejunitis. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the celiac disease is type I refractory celiac disease. In embodiments where the patient has non-responsive or refractory celiac disease, the patient may undergo an adjunct therapy. Exemplary adjunct therapy includes treatment with any of the additional therapeutic agents as described herein. For example, the celiac disease patient may undergo an adjunct therapy involving an antiinflammatory such as steroid treatment (e.g., prednisone, budesonide, prednisolone, etc.) or NSAID treatment. Alternatively, the celiac disease patient may undergo adjunct therapy with immunosuppressants and other biological modifiers such as azathioprine, cyclosporin, infliximab and alemtuzumab treatment. Alternatively, the celiac patient may undergo therapy with an antibiotic to control bacterial overgrowth in the gastrointestinal tract. Alternatively, or in addition, the patient may undergo treatment with a probiotic.

[0058] In various embodiments, the celiac disease patient is experiencing symptoms, despite substantial compliance with GFD or due to non-compliance. While symptoms may be determined by the attending physician through examination / interview of the patient, there are various tools for quantifying or evaluating a patient's symptoms, well-being, and GFD compliance, which may also be employed. These include, but are not limited to, Celiac Disease Patient Reported Outcome (CeD PRO), Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), Celiac Disease Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (CeD GSRS), Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), General Well-Being Questionnaire, Short Form 12 Health Survey Version 2 (SF12V2), Celiac Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (CeD-QoL), Clinician Global Assessment of Disease Activity (CGA), Impact of Celiac Disease Symptoms Questionnaire (ICDSQ) or Celiac Disease Symptom Diary (CDSD), the latter two are preferred. Adherence to gluten-free diet may be assessed by, for example, Celiac Dietary Adherence Test (CDAT) and Gluten- Free Diet Compliance Questionnaire (GFDCQ). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the celiac disease patients are experiencing one or more symptoms as measured by one of the scales described herein.

[0059] In an embodiment, the celiac disease patient is experiencing one or more symptoms as assessed by the CDSD Version 2.1® (ImmunogenX LLC) at the start of treatment with IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof. The CDSD questionnaire was developed to assess symptom severity in clinical trials in subjects with celiac disease. The CDSD includes five symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, tiredness) asking participants about the severity of celiac disease symptoms they experience each day. Subjects rate their symptom severity on a 5- point scale (1 = none, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe, 5 = very severe). In various embodiments, the celiac disease patient is experiencing one or more significant or severe symptomatic days (based on CDSD) at the start of treatment with IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof.

[0060] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof effectively improves the symptoms and sense of well-being of celiac disease patients. Improvements can be assessed using the various scales as described herein or be determined by the attending physician by patient evaluation. For example, improvements in symptoms and sense of well-being may be evaluated by, but not limited to, CeD PRO, GSRS, CeD GSRS, BSFS, General Well-Being Question, SF12V2, CeD-QoL, CGA, ICDSQ and CDSD scores.

[0061] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in a reduction of the CDSD score, that is, administration of IMU-856 results in a reduction in symptoms as measured by a change from baseline in CDSD score. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the CDSD score by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0062] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in a reduction of the CDSD abdominal pain score. In an embodiment, administration of IMU-856 results in a reduction in symptoms as measured by a change from baseline in CDSD abdominal pain score. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the CDSD abdominal pain score by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0063] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in a reduction of the CDSD diarrhea score. In an embodiment, administration of IMU-856 results in a reduction in symptoms as measured by a change from baseline in CDSD diarrhea score. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the CDSD diarrhea score by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0064] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in a reduction of the CDSD bloating score. In an embodiment, administration of IMU-856 results in a reduction in symptoms as measured by a change from baseline in CDSD bloating score. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the CDSD bloating score by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%. In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in a reduction of the CDSD nausea score. In an embodiment, administration of IMU-856 results in a reduction in symptoms as measured by a change from baseline in CDSD nausea score. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the CDSD nausea score by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0065] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in a reduction of the CDSD tiredness score. In an embodiment, administration of IMU-856 results in a reduction in symptoms as measured by a change from baseline in CDSD tiredness score. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the CDSD tiredness score by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0066] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in an improvement of symptoms and well-being in the celiac disease patient as measured by the average on-treatment General Well-Being Question score.

[0067] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in an improvement of symptoms and well-being in the celiac disease patient as measured by the SF12V2 Questionnaire.

[0068] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in an improvement of symptoms and well-being in the celiac disease patient as measured by the Celiac Disease-Quality of Life Questionnaire (CeD-QoL).

[0069] In various embodiments, administration of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof results in an improvement of symptoms and well-being in the celiac disease patient as measured by the Clinician Global Assessment of Disease Activity (CGA).

[0070] IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof can be administered in unit dosage forms (e.g., tablets or capsules). As shown herein, subjects or patients experiencing substantial celiac disease symptoms, as well as patients identified as being non-responsive to GFD or having refractory celiac disease, can show considerable improvement even on low doses of IMU-856. For example, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof can be administered from about 20 mg to about 800 mg, or from about 80 mg to about 320 mg, from about 60 mg to about 240 mg, or from about 60 mg to about 160 mg. Exemplary unit doses include about 20 mg, about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 200 mg, about 240 mg, about 280 mg, about 300 mg, about 320 mg, about 400 mg, about 480 mg, about 500 mg, or about 600 mg. The amount is adjusted to IMU-856 free base in case of a salt and / or solvate. IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof can be administered in unit dosage forms (e.g., tablets or capsules). As shown herein, subjects or patients experiencing substantial celiac disease symptoms, as well as patients identified as being non-responsive to GFD or having refractory celiac disease, can show considerable improvement even on low doses of IMU-856. For example, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof can be administered from about 34 pmol to about 1370 pmol, or from about 137 pmol to about 546 pmol, from about 137 pmol to about 411 pmol, or from about 137 pmol to about 273 pmol. Exemplary unit doses include about 34 pmol, about 68 pmol, about 102 pmol, about 137 pmol, about 171 pmol, about 204 pmol, about 255 pmol, about 273 pmol, about 342 pmol, about 478 pmol, about 513 pmol, about 546 pmol, about 684 pmol, about 819 pmol, about 855 pmol, about 1026 pmol.

[0071] In various embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease resulted in a plasma trough level in the subject or patient, which is above 20 ng / mL of IMU-856 at a steady state. For example, administration of IMU-856 may result in a plasma trough level above 20 ng / mL, above 40 ng / mL, above 60 ng / mL, above 80 ng / mL, above 100 ng / mL, above 120 ng / mL, above 140 ng / mL, above 160 ng / mL, above 180 ng / mL, above 200 ng / mL, above 240 ng / mL, above 280 ng / mL, above 320 ng / mL, above 400 ng / mL, or above 500 ng / mL.

[0072] In various embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease resulted in a plasma trough level in the subject or patient, which is above 20 ng / mL of IMU-856 at a steady state. For example, administration of IMU-856 may result in a plasma trough level range from about 20 ng / mL to 1000 ng / mL, from about 40 ng / mL to 500 ng / mL, from about 60 ng / mL to 320 ng / mL, from about 60 ng / mL to 200 ng / mL, from about 60 ng / mL to 200 ng / mL, from about 160 ng / mL to 320 ng / mL, from about 60 ng / mL to 90 ng / mL, from about 70 ng / mL to 85 ng / mL, from about 140 ng / mL to 200 ng / mL, or from about 150 ng / mL to 190 ng / mL.

[0073] In various embodiments, the steady state is achieved is achieved between about 3 to 14 days, about 5 to 10 days, or about 8 days after periodic or regular administration to a optionally once-a-day dosing of the drug, therapeutic combination or pharmaceutical dosage form.

[0074] In various embodiments, the plasma concentration for the drug, therapeutic combination or pharmaceutical dosage form is: (a) the trough level or trough concentration (Ctrough), or the lowest concentration reached by the drug, therapeutic combination or pharmaceutical dosage form before a second or next dose is administered, or (b) determined from blood samples taken between about 2 hours to 24 hours, or 4 to 12 hours, or 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more hours, after the last dose or administration of the drug, therapeutic combination or pharmaceutical dosage form.

[0075] In various embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises favorably altering the level of the Villous height:Crypt depth ratio. In embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises increasing the Villous height:Crypt depth ratio. For example, the Villous height:Crypt depth ratio is determined via a biopsy. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve the Villous height:Crypt depth ratio by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% compared to untreated patients or compared to before the start of treatment.

[0076] In various embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises favorably altering the level of the Villous height. In embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises increasing the Villous height. For example, the Villous height is determined via a biopsy. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve the Villous height by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% compared to untreated patients or compared to before the start of treatment.

[0077] In various embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises favorably altering the level of one or more biomarkers. In embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises reducing the level of IL-2. For example, the level of biomarker IL-2 is determined from serum obtained from the subject. For example, administration of IMU-856 may reduce the level of IL-2 by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100% compared to untreated patients or compared to before the start of treatment. In embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises enhancing the level of citrulline. For example, the level of biomarker citrulline is determined from plasma obtained from the subject. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve the level of citrulline by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0078] In various embodiments, treating the gastrointestinal disease comprises improving red blood cell function. In embodiments, the improvement red blood cell function is determined via the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). For example, the MCHC is determined from serum obtained from the subject. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve the MCHC by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0079] In one embodiment, treating the gastrointestinal disease herein comprises enhancing nutrient absorption. In embodiments the nutrient is Vitamin B12. For example, the level of Vitamin B12 is determined from serum obtained from the subject. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve level of Vitamin B12 by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%. In embodiments the nutrient is zinc. For example, the level of zinc is determined from serum obtained from the subject. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve level of zinc by at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%. In embodiments the nutrient is ferritin. For example, the level of ferritin is determined from serum obtained from the subject. For example, administration of IMU-856 may improve level of ferritin by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 100%.

[0080] In accordance with certain embodiments of the invention, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof is administered once or more than once daily. For example, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof may be administered once daily, twice daily, or three times daily. In some embodiments, IMU-856 is administered prior to meals, simultaneously with meals, or after meals, to reduce the effects of gluten exposure. In an embodiment, IMU-856 is administered prior to meals, such as about 15 minutes prior to meals. In such embodiments, IMU-856 is administered about 2 hours, about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 55 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 9 minutes, about 8 minutes, about 7 minutes, about 6 minutes, about

[0081] 5 minutes, about 4 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 2 minutes, or about 1 minute prior to meals.

[0082] In another embodiment, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof is administered after meals. In such embodiments, IMU-856 is administered about 2 hours, about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 55 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 9 minutes, about 8 minutes, about 7 minutes, about 6 minutes, about 5 minutes, about 4 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 2 minutes, or about 1 minute after meals.

[0083] In some embodiments, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof may be administered for a prolonged period. Continuous IMU-856 regimens can exhibit improving symptoms over time. For example, IMU-856 may be administered as described herein for at least about 1 week, at least about 2 weeks, at least about 3 weeks, at least about 4 weeks, at least about 5 weeks, at least about 6 weeks, at least about 7 weeks, at least about 8 weeks, at least about 9 weeks, at least about 10 weeks, at least about 11 weeks, at least about 12 weeks, or at least about 26 weeks. For example, IMU-856 may be administered for at least about 8 weeks, at least about 9 weeks, at least about 10 weeks, at least about 11 weeks, or at least about 12 weeks. In some embodiments, the IMU-856 is administered for at least about 1 month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 7 months, at least about 8 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 10 months, at least about 11 months, or at least about 12 months. For example, IMU-856 is administered for at least about

[0084] 6 months. In some embodiments, IMU-856 may be administered for at least about 1 year, at least about 2 years, at least about 3 years, at least about 4 years, or at least about 5 years. For example, IMU-856 may be administered for at least about 1 year.

[0085] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition containing IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof may be administered to a subject by any of a number of routes of administration including, for example, orally (for example, drenches as in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions, tablets, capsules (including sprinkle capsules and gelatin capsules), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue); absorption through the oral mucosa (e.g., sublingually); intravenously; subcutaneously; transdermally (for example as a patch applied to the skin); and topically (for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin). The compound may also be formulated for inhalation. In a preferred embodiment, the route of administration is oral.

[0086] In some embodiments, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof compositions are administered to a subject by contacting the mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, IMU-856 may be formulated for delivery to one or more of the small intestine and large intestine. By targeting release of IMU-856 in the affected region(s) (e.g., duodenum, jejunum and ileum, colon transversum, colon descendens, colon ascendens, colon sigmoidenum and cecum), tight junction integrity at any portion of the Gl tract can be improved.

[0087] In some embodiments, such as for patients having short bowel syndrome, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof compositions are administered to a subject intravenously.

[0088] In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated to have a delayed-release profile, i.e. not immediately release the active ingredient(s) upon ingestion; rather, postponement of the release of the active ingredient(s) until the composition is lower in the gastrointestinal tract; for example, for release in the small intestine (e.g., one or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum) or the large intestine (e.g., one or more of cecum, ascending, transverse, descending or sigmoid portions of the colon).

[0089] In some embodiments, such as for patients having non-responsive or refractory celiac disease or IBS, the patient may receive adjunct therapy, which in some embodiments is synergistic with IMU-856 treatment. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory agent such as steroidal anti-inflammatory agents or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Steroids, particularly the adrenal corticosteroids and their synthetic analogues, are well known in the art. Examples of corticosteroids include, without limitation, hydroxyltriamcinolone, alphamethyl dexamethasone, beta-methyl betamethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, clobetasol valerate, desonide, desoxymethasone, dexamethasone, diflorasone diacetate, diflucortolone valerate, fluadrenolone, fluclorolone acetonide, flumethasone pivalate, fluosinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, flucortine butylester, fluocortolone, fluprednidene (fluprednylidene) acetate, flurandrenolone, halcinonide, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide, cortisone, cortodoxone, flucetonide, fludrocortisone, difluorosone diacetate, fluradrenolone acetonide, medrysone, amcinafel, amcinafide, betamethasone and the balance of its esters, chloroprednisone, clocortelone, clescinolone, dichlorisone, difluprednate, flucloronide, flunisolide, fluoromethalone, fluperolone, fluprednisolone, hydrocortisone, meprednisone, paramethasone, prednisolone, prednisone and budesonide. NSAIDs that may be used in the present invention, include but are not limited to, salicylic acid, acetyl salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, glycol salicylate, salicylmides, benzyl-2,5-diacetoxybenzoic acid, ibuprofen, fulindac, naproxen, ketoprofen, etofenamate, phenylbutazone and indomethacin. In an embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an immunosuppressive agent such as azathioprine, cyclosporin, infliximab and alemtuzumab.

[0090] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an antidiarrheal agent. Antidiarrheal agents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, DPP-IV inhibitors, natural opioids, such as tincture of opium, paregoric, and codeine, synthetic opioids, such as diphenoxylate, difenoxin and loperamide, bismuth subsalicylate, lanreotide, vapreotide and octreotide, motiln antagonists, C0X2 inhibitors like celecoxib, glutamine and traditional antidiarrheal remedies, such as kaolin, pectin, berberine and muscarinic agents.

[0091] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an antibacterial agent such as an antibiotic. Antibiotics suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, cephalosporin antibiotics (cefalexin, cefuroxime, cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefalotin, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefprozil, and ceftobiprole); fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and norfloxacin); tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline); penicillin antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, dicloxacillin, carbenicillin, vancomycin, and meticillin); monobactam antibiotics (aztreonam); and carbapenem antibiotics (ertapenem, doripenem, imipenem / cilastatin, and meropenem).

[0092] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a probiotic. Probiotics suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces boulardii; Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Clostridium butyricum M588', Clostridium difficile VP20621 (non-toxigenic C. difficile strain); combination of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus (Bio-K + CL1285); combination of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus (Actimel); combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum (Florajen3); combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus plantarum, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus.

[0093] In some embodiments, IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof can be administered alone or in combination with additional therapeutic agents for adjunct therapy selected from

[0094] (a) a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably vidofludimus calcium;

[0095] (b) a compound that modifies gluten or neutralizes gluten, e.g. latiglutenase, zamaglutenase, AGY 010 or GliadinX®;

[0096] (c) a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor, e.g. ZED1227 / TAK-227 or GSK3915393;

[0097] (d) a compound suitable for tolerance inducing strategy, e.g. TAK-101 , TPM502 or KAN-101 ;

[0098] (e) a compound targeting IL-15, e.g. ordesekimab, CALY-002, TEV-53408 or EQ102;

[0099] (f) an inhibitor of T-cell activation, e.g. DONQ52;

[0100] (g) a modulator of lymphocyte trafficking, e.g. PTG-100;

[0101] (h) a Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor, e.g. ritlecitinib or tofacitinib;

[0102] (i) a tight junction modulator, e.g. larazotide actetate; and (j) vitamins and dietary supplements.

[0103] DEFINITIONS

[0104] The term "IMU-856" relates to the orally bioavailable SIRT6 modulator 6-[frans-4-[4- [frans-4-[4-methyl-5-[[[4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]methyl]-4H-1 ,2,4-triazol-3- yl]cyclohexyl]-1 / - / -pyrazol-1 -yl]cyclohexyl]-1 -oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane (CAS registry number: 2303528-97-2) with the following chemical formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate, in particular hydrate, thereof.

[0105] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic acids and organic acids. Thus, the compound of the present disclosure contains a basic group and can be used according to the disclosure, for example, as hydrochloride, aspartate, glutamate, L-tatrate, malonate, fumarate, citrate, malate, maleate, lactate, gluconate, benzoate, succinate, acetate, phosphate, sulfate, napsylate, besylate, tosylate or mesylate salt. The respective salts can be obtained by customary methods which are known to the person skilled in the art like, for example, by contacting these with an organic or inorganic acid in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange with other salts. The present disclosure also includes all salts of the compounds of the present disclosure which, owing to low physiological compatibility, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but which can be used, for example, as intermediates for chemical reactions or for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

[0106] “Pharmaceutically acceptable” means suitable for use in a human subject.

[0107] The term "solvate" refers to a crystalline form of a molecule that further comprises molecules of a solvent or solvents incorporated into the crystalline lattice structure. Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure may be present in the form of solvates, such as those which include as solvate water, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as alcohols, in particular ethanol. A stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent is bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces. When the solvent is water, the "solvate" is a "hydrate." It is understood, that a "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" can in addition optionally contain a "solvate".

[0108] The term "polymorph" as used herein refers to a crystalline form of a compound or a salt, or a solvate, in particular hydrate, thereof or a solvate, in particular a hydrate, of a salt thereof, in a particular crystal packing arrangement. All polymorphs have the same elemental composition. The term "crystalline" as used herein, refers to a solid- state form which consists of orderly arrangement of structural units. Different crystalline forms of the same compound, or a salt, or a solvate, in particular a hydrate, thereof or a solvate, in particular a hydrate, of a salt thereof, arise from different packing of the molecules in the solid state, which results in different crystal symmetries and / or unit cell parameter. Different crystalline forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility.

[0109] “A week” preferably refers to a period of time of or about 5, about 6 or about 7 days. It may be about 5-8 days.

[0110] “A month” preferably refers to a period of time of or about 28, about 29, about 30 or about 31 days. It may be about 26-33 days.

[0111] The term “treating” or “treatment” means an alleviation of symptoms associated with a disease, disorder or condition, or halt of further progression or worsening of those symptoms. Depending on the disease and condition of the subject, the term “treatment” as used herein may include one or more of curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment. Treatment can also include administering a pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention in combination with other therapies.

[0112] The term “ameliorating” means slowing, arresting or reducing the development of the disease, or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof. In addition, those term refer to improving at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient and also to beneficially modulating the disease or disorder, either physically (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) or both.

[0113] The term "prevention" means that by taking IMU-856 the development of the disease or at least one of its clinical symptoms does not occur at all or is slowed down.

[0114] The term "prophylaxis " refers to the preventive treatment or measures taken to protect against the onset of a disease or infection. This could include the use of medications or other interventions aimed at reducing the risk of contracting a specific illness.

[0115] “Daily dose” preferably refers to the total dose of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof, preferably orally administered to the subject or patient each day of administration. The daily dose can be reached through a single or several administrations per day, such as for example once a day, twice a day or three times a day. Preferably, it is reached or achieved by single administration per day, preferably consisting of one or more tablets or capsules, preferably tablets or capsules as described herein.

[0116] As used herein, the term "effective amount" includes a dosage sufficient to produce a desired result with respect to the indicated disorder, condition, or mental state. The desired result may comprise a subjective or objective improvement in the recipient of the dosage.

[0117] As used herein, the term "administering" includes activities associated with providing a patient an amount of IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof. Administering includes providing unit dosages of compositions set forth herein to a patient in need thereof. Administering includes providing effective amounts of compounds, e.g. IMU-856 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate thereof, for a specified period of time, e.g. for about 6, 9, 12, 15 or more months, or about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or more years.

[0118] As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to refers to a living mammalian organism. In one embodiment the patient is a human subject.

[0119] As used herein, the term "administered as adjunct therapy" includes sequential or simultaneous administration of two or more structurally different compounds. For example, two or more structurally different pharmaceutically active compounds can be co-administered by administering a pharmaceutical composition adapted for oral administration that contains two or more structurally different active pharmaceutically active compounds. As another example, two or more structurally different compounds can be co-administered by administering one compound and then administering the other compound. In some instances, the co-administered compounds are administered by the same route. In other instances, the co-administered compounds are administered via different routes. For example, one compound can be administered orally, and the other compound can be administered, e.g. sequentially or simultaneously, via intravenous or intraperitoneal injection.

[0120] The term “about” as used herein with respect to numbers, figures, ranges and / or amounts is preferably meant to mean “circa” and / or “approximately”. The meaning of those terms is well known in the art and preferably includes a variance, deviation and / or variability of the respective number, figure, range and / or amount of plus / minus 15% and especially of plus / minus 10%.

[0121] Compositions may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additional ingredient(s) such as alum, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, buffers, coloring agents, flavoring agents, adjuvants, and the like.

[0122] Compositions may be in the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in a conventional manner. For example, tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients including, but not limited to, binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants and wetting agents. Binding agents include, but are not limited to, syrup, acacia, gelatine, sorbitol, tragacanth, mucilage of starch and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Fillers include, but are not limited to, lactose, sugar, microcrystalline cellulose, maize starch, calcium phosphate, and sorbitol. Lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, polyethylene glycol, and silica. Disintegrants include, but are not limited to, potato starch and sodium starch glycollate. Wetting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate). Tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.

[0123] Compositions may also be liquid formulations including, but not limited to, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, and elixirs. The compositions may also be formulated as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use, such liquid preparations may contain additives including, but not limited to, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, nonaqueous vehicles and preservatives. Suspending agent include, but are not limited to, sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose / sugar syrup, gelatine, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel, and hydrogenated edible fats. Emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, and acacia. Nonaqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, edible oils, almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol. Preservatives include, but are not limited to, methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sorbic acid.

[0124] EXAMPLES

[0125] Example 1 A: Content of different doses of IMU-856 As described above, IMU-856, can be dosed as free base or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and / or solvate thereof. The preferred polymorph of IMU-856 (as free base) is described in WO2019 / 054427, i.e., is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks at 2 theta (±0.2°) of 13.2°, 15.8°, 16.5°, 17.8°, 18.1 °, 20.3°, 20.8°, 21.4° and 27.9°. The quantity stated in the embodiments and claims relates to the amount of active moiety, i.e., free base. For optional salt and / or solvate the amount has to be adjusted. In the following table the amount (in mg) of active moiety of the compound is converted into pmol. umo MU-856 mg IMU-856

[0126] (free base)

[0127] 320 546

[0128] 240 411

[0129] 160 273

[0130] 80 137

[0131] 40 68

[0132] 20 34

[0133] Example 2: In vitro intestinal barrier function model

[0134] CaCo2 cell line is derived from human epithelial cells from the colon. They are frequently used to mimic intestinal barrier function to either look at permeability of drugs or to look at is functional resistance. For the present experiment, the CaCo2 cells were used to mimic the loss of its barrier function upon challenging the cells with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and investigate the effect of IMU-856 on this by measuring the electrical transepithelial resistance (TEER). TNBS is a chemical that in in vivo models is often used to induce a disease that shows similarity’s with Crohn’s disease in humans. For this CaCo2 cells, cultivated in a 6-well trans well plate on top of the membrane that has small pores that prevent the cells from going through but allow molecules and nutrients to pass. After 3 weeks, when the TEER is stable, the monolayer is challenged with 0.25% TNBS stimulation for 4 h. Then, cells were washed and fresh medium with vehicle or IMU-856 was given. TEER was measured before and after challenge at different time points. For correct measurement, the shorter electrode is inserted into the transwell chamber (without touching the cells), and the longer electrode is inserted in the outer well.

[0135] The results show a higher TEER and a higher recovery rate for cells treated with IMU- 856 compared to vehicle control. This indicate that treatment with IMU-856 induces a tightening of the barrier and that therefore, IMU-856 can be active in diseases that show a reduced intestinal barrier function like IBD, IBS and CelD.

[0136] Example 3: Therapeutic dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model For this model, which is an often-used in vivo model for IBD, male C57BL / 6 mice were treated with 2.8% DSS in drinking water for 5 days. Treatment with either vehicle (PEG400), 60 mg / kg sulfasalazine (positive control) or 1 mg / kg IMU-856 was given at disease onset (day 4 after start of DSS treatment) per oral gavage once daily for 5 days. Diarrhea score (normal consistency; soft; pasty, unshaped, not sticking to anus; diarrhea, sticking to anus; diarrhea with macroscopic bleeding) was assessed daily. At the end of the study, mice were sacrificed and the colon was collected. Colon histology score consisting of an architecture score (0-3) and an infiltration score (0-3) was assessed based on hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues slices. This model showed that drinking of DSS induced an upregulation of the diarrhea score and this was also reflected in an increased histological score. The positive control showed a reduction in the diarrhea score while no improvement on the histology score was observed. IMU-856 also showed an improvement of the diarrhea score which was similar or even better than the positive control. In addition, IMU-856 was able to also show a reduction in the histology score.

[0137] These results show that IMU-856 has activity in the DSS-colitis model, which indicates its potential activity in human diseases in which a defective intestinal barrier function and intestinal inflammation play an important role such as UC, CD, CelD, IBS or IBS- D.

[0138] Example 4: A three-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase l / lb study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of IMU-856 in healthy volunteers and patients with celiac disease

[0139]

[0140] Results:

[0141] Figure 1 illustrates the flow chart of part C in celiac disease (CelD) designed as proof- of-concept study with a gluten challenge trial. Part C was planned to include a well- controlled celiac disease patient population: The patients were 100% seronegative, indicating absence of ongoing substantial gluten exposure and was performed at sites in Australia and New Zealand. Part C was designed to assess safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of IMU-856 and measured also histologic changes, blood biomarkers, nutrient uptake and disease-related symptoms. Figure 2 shows the patients per treatment group for Part C of the study in CelD patients.

[0142] A favorable pharmacokinetics, confirming data from Parts A+B in healthy human subjects, with fast achievement of steady state and linear pharmacokinetics with doseproportional increase in plasma Cmax and AUC was obtained:

[0143] Figure 3 shows the mean trough levels of IMU-856 from Part C with fast achievement of steady state and then constant exposure within the whole dosing period.

[0144] As illustrated in the following table, the distribution of Q-MARSH Histology Score at baseline shows, that approximately 60% of IMU-856 treated patients are already in FDA-required phase 2 / 3 population category:

[0145] The patient population for the study was clinically defined as well-controlled celiac disease by seronegativity as well as by absence of signs and symptoms indicating ongoing active celiac disease (OACD). Biopsie results were not an inclusion criterium for this study. The IMU-856 treatment arms showed a higher proportion of patients having more severe disease (Q-Marsh scores of M3a or worse), for which the following is known from Stamnaes et al. (medRxiv; doi.org / 10.1101 / 2020.05.04.20090977: A more severe baseline inflammation measured as e.g., lower Villous height:Crypt depth (Vh:Cd) ratio leads to stronger histologic and symptomatic worsening during gluten challenge.

[0146] As illustrated in Figure 4, IMU-856 protects villous height as compared to placebo, reaching statistical significance (Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test comparison between pooled IMU-856 groups and placebo, performed as post-hoc exploratory statistical analysis. Disease Analysis Set: N=35 / 43 included in histology analysis set. 8 patients not included in this analysis due to early termination, all unrelated to IMP) for this objective readout which is known to be relevant to influence future medical complications of celiac disease: The data was assessed by a central pathology laboratory and blinded pathology reader. Figure 5 illustrates, that IMU-856 shows signals of preventing histological damage (Q-MARSH) via the change in Q-MARSH score between Baseline and Day 29.

[0147] Treatment with IMU-856 also improves patients’ symptoms as illustrated in Figure 6: IMU-856 treated patients report fewer symptoms (nausea, abdominal pain or diarrhea) after first day of gluten challenge than placebo patients (at Day 14) as assessed via Celiac Disease Symptom Diary (CDSD). Fewer symptoms includes either less patients with symptoms or less severity of symptoms. IMU-856 treated patients also recover to a higher extent from bloating symptoms and from tiredness symptoms on continued treatment during gluten challenge as illustrated in Figure 7A and Figure 7B, respectively.

[0148] Also, biomarker response upon treatment of CelD with IMU-856 was assessed. IMU- 856 dampens gluten-induced acute immune response, as measured by IL-2 release, in a dose-dependent fashion. A wide inter-individual range of IL-2 response leads to large SD, especially in the placebo group. The inter-individual variance regarding IL- 2 response decreases with increasing dose levels as illustrated in Figure 8 (N=39 / 43 included in IL-2 analysis set. 3 patients not included in this analysis due to early termination and 1 incomplete IL-2 sampling due to site error. Methods used for IL-2 analysis: Milliplex® Human High Sensitivity T Cell Magnetic Bead Panel, 3 plex (Luminex®) and Simoa® CorPlexTM Human IL-2 Kit (Quanterix)). Citrulline is a nonprotein amino acid that is mainly produced by the enterocyte and, hence, the level of citrulline in plasma can represent the synthetic function of the enterocytes (Singh et al., J. Clin. Med. 2019:8;885). Plasma citrulline levels are known to be related to villous atrophy: Citrulline levels increase with gluten-free diet and with improvement of enteropathy (Fragkos et al., United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2018:6;181 ) and IMU-856 increased citrulline levels dose proportionally, whereas being reduced in placebo treated celiac disease patients.

[0149] It was also found that treatment of CelD with IMU-856 enhances nutrient absorption in a dose-dependent manner like Vitamin B12 (Figure 10A) and zinc (Figure 10B): Also, the treatment ameliorates the gluten-induced iron malabsorption, as exemplified with the respective ferritin levels (Figure 10C). Because of improved iron absorption due to treatment with IMU-856, red blood cell function was also improved as evidenced by a higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), which is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Since hemoglobin is the molecule to which oxygen attaches, MCHC is a measure of the average oxygen- carrying capacity of the red blood cells circulating in the body (https: / / www.verywellhealth.com / mean-cell-hemoglobin-concentration-4584155).

[0150] Treatment with a suitable dose of IMU-856 shows an initial signal of protection against acute gluten-induced symptoms on first day of gluten challenge, suggesting that IMU- 856 can be administered prophylactically to humans at risk of gluten intolerance (e.g., if the person is not sure whether the food contains gluten in a restaurant):

[0151] In addition, treatment with IMU-856 shows an initial signal of protection against chronic gluten-induced symptoms:

[0152] Data from four key dimensions of celiac disease pathophysiology and outcomes are summarized as follows:

[0153] Protection of gut architecture and reduction of gluten-induced intestinal damage: Over the course of the trial, the placebo group (N=11 ) experienced a 60.3 pm reduction in villous height in response to four weeks of treatment and two weeks of 6 g / day gluten challenge. In contrast, this reduction was only 20.9 pm and 22.5 pm for the 80 mg (N=11 ) and 160 mg (N=13) IMU-856 groups, respectively (p=0.04). Villi are small finger-like projections found in the lumen of the small intestine, which play a key role in the absorption of digested nutrients. Decrease in villous height is a well- recognized measure of gluten-induced damage in celiac disease and a main reason for signs and symptoms of malabsorption. Similar results were also seen for the villous height to crypt depth ratio, another common measure employed in celiac disease. Of particular interest, during the course of the trial two IMU-856 treated patients demonstrated a 1 -category improvement in Q-Marsh scores despite 15 consecutive days of exposure to gluten challenge. No analogous improvement was seen with placebo treatment.

[0154] Improvement in clinical symptoms of gluten exposure: On the first day of gluten challenge, the placebo group (N=12) experienced a marked average increase in symptoms, as assessed by the Celiac Disease Symptom Diary using a 5-point scale of 0.8 for nausea, 0.8 for abdominal pain, and 0.8 diarrhea. In contrast, among the pooled IMU-856 arms (N=26), these average increases were only 0.4 for nausea, 0.5 for abdominal pain and 0.6 for diarrhea. Continued treatment with IMU-856 during gluten challenge also resulted in improvement in disease-related symptoms, such as bloating and tiredness, as well as in patient-reported ability to perform daily activities.

[0155] Dose-dependent changes in biomarker response: Following the initiation of gluten challenge on day 14, patients treated with IMU-856 exhibited a dose-dependent lessening of acute immune response, as measured by serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) release, compared with placebo. IL-2 is a well-recognized biomarker of acute gluten exposure which has been correlated by independent third parties with timing and seventy of symptoms after gluten exposure. In addition, average levels of citrulline, a biomarker for the proper function of gut wall cells, were increased in both active treatment arms while decreasing levels were observed in placebo-treated patients, reflecting the protective effect of IMU-856 on the gut lining.

[0156] Correction of malabsorption-related parameters: Over the course of the trial, the placebo group (N=11 ) experienced a 31.0 pmol / L reduction in levels of vitamin B12. In contrast, the 80 mg (N=11 ) and 160 mg (N=13) IMU-856 groups experienced a 45.8 pmol / L and 74.2 pmol / L increase in vitamin B12 levels, respectively. Vitamin B12 is a nutrient essential for the formation of red blood cells, and the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, whose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is frequently impaired in patients with celiac disease. A similar responses to treatment was observed for zinc. Mean concentrations of ferritin decreased to a lesser extent from baseline to day 29.

[0157] Example 5: Forced Tapering Study Design (see Figure 12) in steroid-dependent Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) ln summary, this data provides first clinical evidence that IMU-856’s ability, observed in preclinical studies, to re-establish proper gut cell renewal translates into clinical benefits for patients with celiac disease. Most importantly, the observed protection of intestinal villi from gluten-induced destruction independent of targeting celiac diseasespecific disease mechanisms appears to be unique among proposed therapeutic approaches [and may allow the transfer of this concept to other gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease or irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea.] IMU-856 was observed to be safe and well-tolerated in this trial. There were no investigational medicinal product (IMP)-related serious or treatment-emergent adverse events nor was there any dose-dependency in adverse events. Moreover, the rates of treatment-emergent adverse events in non-disease related parameters were comparable between the active treatment groups and placebo.

[0158] Brief Description of the Drawings:

[0159] Figure 1 illustrates the flow chart of part C in celiac disease (CelD).

[0160] Figure 2 shows the patients per treatment group for Part C of the study in CelD patients and reasons for early termination.

[0161] Figure 3 shows the mean trough levels (ng / mL) of IMU-856 from Part C.

[0162] Figure 4 illustrates that IMU-856 protects villous height as compared to placebo by showing the absolute change in villous height (pm) between Baseline and Day 29 (SD: standard deviation).

[0163] Figure 5 shows that IMU-856 shows signals of preventing histological damage (Q- MARSH) via the change in Q-MARSH score between Baseline and Day 29. Deterioration / improvement is defined as at least a decrease / increase of 1 category in Q-MARSH score at Day 29 as compared to Baseline.

[0164] Figure 6 shows that IMU-856 treated patients report fewer symptoms (nausea, abdominal pain or diarrhea) after first day of gluten challenge (SD: standard deviation). Figure 7 shows that IMU-856 treated patients also recover to a higher extent from bloating symptoms (Part A) or tiredness symptoms (Part B) on continued treatment during gluten challenge (Day 13: Last day before gluten challenge. Day 14: First day of gluten challenge. Day 29: First day after completion of gluten challenge; SD: standard deviation).

[0165] Figure 8 illustrates the mean absolute change and maximum change in serum IL-2 (in pg / mL) from pre-gluten to 4 hours post-gluten on first day of gluten challenge (IL: interleukin; SD: standard deviation).

[0166] Figure 9 shows that IMU-856 dampens acute IL-2 immune response on first day of gluten challenge as outlined as mean absolute change and maximum change in serum IL-2 (in pg / mL) from pre-gluten to 4 hours post-gluten on first day of gluten challenge (Number of patients: Placebo: N=13 for mean change Baseline to Day 14, N=11 for mean change Baseline to Day 29; IMU-856 80 mg: N=14 for mean change Baseline to Day 14, N=11 for mean change Baseline to Day 29; IMU-856 160 mg: N=13 for mean change Baseline to Day 14, N=13 for mean change Baseline to Day 29; SD: standard deviation).

[0167] Figure 10 illustrates the mean change from Baseline to Day 29 for vitamin B12 (pmol / L) (Part A), for zinc (pmol / L) (Part B) and for ferritin (pg / L) (Part C).

[0168] Figure 11 shows the mean change from Baseline to Day 29 in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g / L) indicating an improvement in red blood cell function as a consequence of improved iron absorption due to treatment with IMU-856.

[0169] Figure 12 illustrates the forced tapering study design in steroid-dependent Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.

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