Backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines

Abstract

A backpressure reduction system for the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, for a four-stroke internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder (1) with a piston (2) associated with an exhaust duct (3) for evacuating combustion gases, characterized in that the exhaust duct (3) is associated with a gas extraction system (4) configured to generate a vacuum inside the exhaust duct (3).

Description

Backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The invention, as the title of this specification indicates, is a system for reducing backpressure in the exhaust of internal combustion engines. It is an innovation that offers advantages previously unknown within current techniques. TECHNICAL SECTOR The present invention falls within the mechanical sector, in the subclass of machines or engines in general, especially in the section of silencers or exhaust devices for machines or engines in general, silencers or exhaust devices for internal combustion engines, as well as silencers or exhaust devices combined or associated with devices that take advantage of the energy of the exhaust gases. Similarly, it falls under the section on electrical control of exhaust gas treatment equipment, as well as matters not covered in other groups of this subclass. STATE OF THE ART The present invention arises from observing that in four-stroke internal combustion engines a significant part of the energy generated during the operating cycle is used in the expulsion of exhaust gases. Under normal operating conditions, the piston itself must push these gases towards the exhaust system during the corresponding stroke, which generates a resistance or back pressure that implies an additional energy consumption and limits the overall performance of the engine. This situation causes some of the generated power to be used not directly for producing useful motion, but rather to overcome the losses associated with the evacuation of combustion gases. It has also been observed that this backpressure can influence the maximum engine speed, especially in engines designed to operate at high revolutions per minute. Consequently, the present invention proposes a system for reducing backpressure in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, which arises as a response to the need to develop solutions that allow reducing or eliminating the energy losses associated with the expulsion of exhaust gases, in order to improve engine efficiency, optimize the use of the energy generated during combustion and favor the possibility of achieving higher rotational speeds while maintaining more efficient operation. Currently, there is no known system for reducing backpressure in the exhaust of internal combustion engines that has structural and constitutive technical characteristics equal or similar to those described in this descriptive report, as claimed. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is the creation of a backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines that provides a notable innovation within its field of application in the current state of the art, the characterizing details that make it possible being conveniently included in the final claims that accompany the present description. The invention relates to a backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines comprising a four-stroke internal combustion engine provided with at least one cylinder with a piston associated with an exhaust duct intended to evacuate combustion gases, said exhaust duct being associated with a gas extraction system configured to generate a vacuum inside the exhaust duct. This arrangement facilitates the evacuation of gases generated during the combustion process, helping to reduce resistance in the exhaust system and allowing for more efficient engine operation. This constitutes a technical solution aimed at optimizing engine performance by managing the pressure conditions present in the exhaust duct during operation. This innovation addresses the problem of energy losses associated with the evacuation of gases generated during the operation of internal combustion engines, reducing the resistance that occurs during this phase of the work cycle. By managing the pressure conditions in the exhaust system, the exit of combustion gases is facilitated, allowing the engine to operate more efficiently and make better use of the energy generated during the combustion process. This solution is particularly useful for improving the overall performance of motors, promoting more efficient operation and enabling higher rotational speeds under certain operating conditions. Furthermore, it helps optimize the motor's energy efficiency, reduce losses associated with exhaust gas evacuation, and improve system performance in applications requiring more efficient and dynamic operation. The cylinder is intended to be connected to the exhaust duct by means of an exhaust manifold, which is an intermediate element intended to channel the gases from the combustion process to the exhaust duct in an orderly and controlled manner. Furthermore, this manifold can have various configurations adapted to the engine design, facilitating the flow of gases from the cylinder to the exhaust system and contributing to improving the distribution of gas flow within the exhaust system, which can promote a more uniform and stable evacuation of combustion gases. Likewise, the gas extraction system can be arranged in line with the exhaust duct, so that the flow of gases passes directly through the system as it travels along the duct. This arrangement can allow a direct interaction between the gas extraction system and the gas flow from the engine, helping to create low-pressure conditions in the exhaust duct and facilitating the evacuation of gases generated during engine operation. Furthermore, the exhaust system may include an electrically driven extractor, which can be part of a motorized unit that uses electricity to propel the exhaust gases through the exhaust duct. The addition of an electrically driven extractor allows for more precise control of the exhaust system's operation, facilitating its adaptation to different engine operating conditions. Similarly, the gas extraction system may include a mechanically driven extractor, which may be linked to mechanical elements of the engine itself or to auxiliary mechanisms intended to transmit movement to the extraction system. This configuration can allow the use of available mechanical movements during engine operation to power the gas extraction system, which can help integrate its operation within the overall engine dynamics. Additionally, the exhaust gas extraction system can be configured to generate a vacuum between approximately -0.2 and -0.8 bar in the exhaust duct, a range that can be suitable for facilitating the evacuation of combustion gases. Generating a vacuum within this range helps reduce resistance during gas expulsion, facilitating its flow along the exhaust duct. In relation to the above, the system can generate an approximate vacuum of -0.3 bar, a value that can be particularly suitable for certain engine operating configurations. The presence of a vacuum of this magnitude helps to facilitate the evacuation of gases generated during combustion and improves the performance of the exhaust system under certain operating conditions. Furthermore, the exhaust gas extraction system can be positioned along the length of the exhaust duct, occupying different locations depending on the system's design. This longitudinal arrangement facilitates progressive interaction with the exhaust gas flow, contributing to improved gas movement management throughout the system. The exhaust gas extraction system can also be located at one end of the exhaust duct, possibly near the exhaust outlet. This location can facilitate the intake of gases from inside the duct, helping to maintain negative pressure conditions that aid in the evacuation of gases generated during engine operation. On the other hand, the system may include a pressure or vacuum switch designed to activate the exhaust system. This switch may act as a control element involved in starting the system. The presence of this switch allows the exhaust system to begin operating when specific pressure or vacuum conditions are detected within the exhaust system. Furthermore, the pressure or vacuum switch can be associated with the exhaust duct and configured to control the operation of the gas extraction system, establishing a functional relationship between the conditions in the exhaust duct and the activation of the extraction system. In this way, the switch can help regulate the system's operation based on the conditions present in the exhaust duct. Furthermore, the system may include at least one vacuum sensor designed to detect the level of vacuum in the exhaust system. This sensor can provide information regarding the pressure conditions present in the exhaust duct. The inclusion of this sensor can facilitate the monitoring of the exhaust system's operating conditions. Finally, the vacuum sensor can be connected to a control unit configured to manage the operation of the exhaust system. This unit can receive information from the sensor and process it to intervene in the system's control. Using a control unit allows the exhaust system's operation to be coordinated with other engine operating variables, helping to optimize its performance within the overall system. For the use of the backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, a four-stroke internal combustion engine is provided with at least one cylinder with a piston associated with an exhaust duct intended to evacuate combustion gases, said exhaust duct being associated with a gas extraction system configured to generate a vacuum inside the exhaust duct. During engine operation, the gases generated in the cylinder are directed to the exhaust duct, where the gas extraction system creates a vacuum condition that favors the evacuation of the gases and helps to reduce the back pressure in the exhaust system. Additionally, the system may include a pressure or vacuum switch intended to activate the gas extraction system, and this switch may be associated with the exhaust duct to control its operation. Furthermore, at least one vacuum sensor can detect the level of vacuum in the exhaust system and transmit this information to a control unit configured to manage the operation of the exhaust system based on the detected conditions, thus allowing for proper system regulation during engine operation. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES To complete the description being made and in order to help in the better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, this descriptive report is accompanied, as an integral part thereof, by a figure in which, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the following has been represented. Figure 1 illustrates an example of the backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION The exhaust backpressure reduction system for internal combustion engines comprises a four-stroke internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder (1) in which a piston (2) moves. This cylinder (1) is connected to an exhaust duct (3) designed to evacuate the gases generated during combustion. The exhaust duct (3) is connected to a gas extraction system (4) configured to create a vacuum inside the exhaust duct (3), facilitating the evacuation of combustion gases and helping to reduce the backpressure acting on the piston (2) during the exhaust stroke. This directly results in improved overall engine performance and more efficient operation of the mechanical assembly. In a preferred embodiment, the cylinder (1) is connected to the exhaust duct (3) by means of an exhaust manifold that directly channels the gases from the combustion chamber to the exhaust duct (3). This exhaust manifold organizes the flow of gases and improves their distribution, contributing to a more orderly flow to the gas extraction system (4) and optimizing the transition between the cylinder (1) and the exhaust duct (3). Preferably, the gas extraction system (4) comprises an electrically driven extractor incorporating an electric motor designed to drive the movement of the gases along the exhaust duct (3). The electric drive allows precise control of the extractor's operation, providing effective regulation of the vacuum generated inside the exhaust duct (3) and facilitating an immediate system response based on the motor's operating conditions. Generally, the gas extraction system (4) comprises a mechanically driven extractor that is associated with mechanical elements of the engine, transmitting the motion generated by the engine's operation to the gas extraction system (4). This configuration allows the extractor's drive to be integrated within the engine's mechanical dynamics, optimizing the use of available energy during its operation. Alternatively, the gas extraction system (4) is configured to generate a vacuum between approximately 0.2 bar and 0.8 bar in the exhaust duct (3), a pressure range that facilitates the evacuation of gases from the cylinder (1) and reduces the resistance to the movement of the piston (2) during the exhaust phase, thus contributing to improving the energy efficiency of the engine. In this preferred claim, the depression generated by the gas extraction system (4) reaches approximately 0.3 bar, a value that provides an adequate balance between the effective evacuation of gases and the maintenance of stable engine operating conditions, allowing a significant reduction of the back pressure existing in the exhaust duct (3). In another preferred embodiment, the gas extraction system (4) is arranged along the exhaust duct (3), occupying a longitudinal position within said duct that allows it to act upon the gas flow as it travels towards the exhaust system outlet. This arrangement promotes prolonged interaction with the combustion gases, reinforcing the extraction effect and improving the overall efficiency of the system. Preferably, the gas extraction system (4) is located at one end of the exhaust duct (3), specifically in the area near the exhaust system outlet. This configuration allows for a suction effect on the gases circulating through the exhaust duct (3), helping to maintain stable negative pressure conditions within the system. In another preferred embodiment, the system comprises a pressure or vacuum switch (5) intended to activate the gas extraction system (4), constituting a control element that directly intervenes in the system's operation. The pressure or vacuum switch (5) allows the gas extraction system (4) to begin operating when certain pressure or vacuum conditions are reached in the system. Preferably, the pressure or vacuum switch (5) is associated with the exhaust duct (3) and configured to control the operation of the gas extraction system (4), establishing a direct relationship between the pressure conditions present in the exhaust duct (3) and the activation of the gas extraction system (4), thus allowing coordinated operation of the assembly. The system typically includes at least one vacuum sensor designed to detect the level of vacuum in the exhaust duct, providing accurate information about the pressure conditions present in the exhaust duct (3). This sensor allows monitoring of the system's behavior during engine operation. In this preferred claim, the vacuum sensor is connected to a control unit configured to manage the operation of the exhaust system (4). The control unit processes the information provided by the vacuum sensor and regulates the operation of the exhaust system (4), ensuring efficient system control and optimizing the performance of the engine and exhaust system. Having sufficiently described the nature of the present invention, as well as the manner of putting it into practice, it is not considered necessary to make its explanation more extensive so that any expert in the field may understand its scope and the advantages that derive from it, it being noted that, within its essentiality, it may be put into practice in other modes of embodiment that differ in detail from the one indicated as an example, and which will also achieve the protection sought provided that its fundamental principle is not altered, changed or modified.

Claims

1. A backpressure reduction system for the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, for a four-stroke internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder (1) with a piston (2) associated with an exhaust duct (3) for evacuating combustion gases, characterized in that the exhaust duct (3) is associated with a gas extraction system (4) configured to generate a vacuum inside the exhaust duct (3).

2. A backpressure reduction system for the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, according to claim 1, characterized in that the cylinder (1) is connected to the exhaust duct (3) by means of an exhaust manifold.

3. A backpressure reduction system for the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas extraction system (4) comprises an electrically driven extractor. 4.A backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas extraction system (4) comprises a mechanically driven extractor.

5. A backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas extraction system (4) is arranged along the exhaust duct (3).

6. A backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas extraction system (4) is arranged at one end of the exhaust duct (3).

7. A backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a pressure or vacuum switch (5). 8.Backpressure reduction system in the exhaust of internal combustion engines, according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least one vacuum sensor in the exhaust duct.