Dispensable nanoparticle based composition for disinfection

Abstract

Disclosed herein are rapid and residual disinfectant compositions that include a metal-associated cerium oxide nanoparticles. Also disclosed are methods of making disinfectant compositions. Films comprising the disclosed compositions are also disclosed as well as methods of disinfecting a surface.

Description

BACKGROUNDCOVID-19 has brought worldwide challenges to humans due to theease of transmission of the coronavirus. Transmission is believed to occurprimarily via respiratory droplets produced by an infected person as well as bycontact with a surface where a droplet containing the SARS-CoV-2 virusexists.[1] Early studies have shown that these viruses can live between 2-3days on most common types of surfaces.[2] Most known availabledisinfectants, while able to neutralize many types of viruses, usually require areaction time on the order of 30 seconds to 10 minutes.[3] This can causeissues when trying to disinfect surfaces where disinfecting at those time scalesis not practical. Additionally, current disinfectants require constantreapplication in high contact areas because they do not provide residualprotection against both viruses and bacteria.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG 1 shows RAD compositions at application and post application.Ceria Nanoparticles (CNP) mechanisms of virus deactivation shown in bottomright box.FIG 2A shows x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey scan ofsilver-modified cerium oxide nanoparticles (AgCNPs), FIG 2B shows uniquemultiplet cerium signatures used to quantify Ce3+ / Ce4+ ratio, FIG 2C showssilver peaks detailing silver chemical environment in AgCNPs, FIG 2D is ahrTEM of siver-modified CNP, FIG 2E is x-ray diffraction of pure phase CNPs.FIG 3 are flow charts showing the syntheses for AgCNP1 and 2.FIG 4 is a model of the syntheses for AgCNP1 and 2.FIG 5 shows material characterization of AgCNP1 and 2. FIG 5A is aTEM image of AgCNP1 showing the spherical particles (with the size of 20 nm)enriched with Ag nanoparticle (with the size of 2-5 nm). FIG 5B is a TEMmicrograph of AgCNP2 showing the agglomerated CeO2 particles designedwith various sizes of Ag nanoparticles (5 to 20 nm). Tafel analysis for AgCNP1 and 2 FIG 5C showing unique corrosion potentials for each formulation(465.386 and 217.374 mV, respectively). FIG 5D is a Nyquist represation ofAgCNP1 and 2 from 10 Hz to 100 kHz.FIG 6 shows in situ measurements of AgCNP-Virus interactions viaimpedance spectroscopy. FIG 6A-C show the incubation of AgCNP1 withOC43, enveloped coronavirus; FIG 6D-F are related to AgCNP2 incubationwith non-enveloped rhinovirus measured at regular time intervals of 30 minutes(total 2 and 4 hours for Rhinovirus and OC43 virus incubations, respectively).FIG 7 is the Electrochemical model of in situ AgCNP-virus interactions.FIG 8 is the physical model of virus / nanoparticle interaction:Liposome / Xanthine:Xanthine Oxidase. FIG 8A is the fitted electrochemicalimpedance spectra, FIG 8B shows the equivalent circuit, and FIG 8C is thefitted circuit element values.FIG 9 is a graph showing AgCNP2 dried on a slide efficacy againstRV14.FIG 10 are graphs showing the repeat efficacy of the AgCNPs.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDisclosed herein is a Rapid and Residual Acting Disinfectant (RAD)composition, (e.g. nanoRAD) to curb the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, andother pathogens, via contact with surfaces. The disclosed approach employsa select medium containing fast-response metal-associated cerium oxidenanoparticles where the oxidizing response / mechanism is engineered toperform several 'disinfectant' reactions in parallel. The first is an oxidationreaction involving the virus spike glycoproteins which inhibits virus-host cellinteraction, thus, inactivating infectivity. The second mechanism is membraneperoxidation of the virus envelope to induce lysis; thereby, rendering itineffective. Each mechanism of disinfection can be accomplished via ceriumoxide surface reactions. These mechanisms are self-regenerating since thenanoparticles are not used up in the disinfection process, allowing nanoRADto have residual disinfection capabilities. In a further embodiment, the particlesmay be made more efficacious through incorporation of silver: leading tofurther generation of free radicals in application. Doping of nanoceria withfluorine, or similar chemistry, may be done to decrease the reaction rate of thefirst two mechanisms, to well below 30 seconds. The combination ofdisinfecting mechanisms, working together, will reduce the overall rate eventfurther, allowing for rapid disinfection by multiple concurrent routes, and drydisinfecting potency at concentrations that are safe for contact.DefinitionsUnless specifically stated or obvious from context, as used herein, theterm "about" is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art, forexample within 2 standard deviations of the mean. About can be understoodas within 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%,0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of the stated value. Unless otherwise clear fromcontext, all numerical values provided herein are modified by the term about.The terms "disinfection" or "disinfect" as used herein refers to areduction or elimination of pathogenic microorganisms on surfaces includingbacteria and viruses. The term "residual disinfection" as used herein refers toany sprayed disinfectant capable of disinfecting a surface for at least 24 hoursin dry form. Residual disinfectants that last up to 24 hours disinfect 3logreduction of viral load and 5log reduction of bacterial load in under 10 minutes.Residual disinfectants (sprayed or applied by other means) that persist longerthan a day disinfect at 3log reduction viral load and 3log reduction bacterialload within 2 hours.The term "rapid disinfection" as used herein refers to nearinstantaneous elimination of a pathogenic microorganism on surfaces. Rapiddisinfectants have a dwell time for disinfection of about 1 minute or less whenapplied in wet form.The term "metal-associated cerium oxide nanoparticles", "metalassociated ceria nanoparticles", or "mCNPs" refers to cerium oxidenanoparticles doped with or otherwise bound to a metal such as silver, gold,copper, platinum, nickel, iron, titanium, ruthenium, vanadanium and the like.The term mCNPs includes AgCNPs. In an embodiment, the metal-associatedcerium oxide nanoparticles comprise a particle size of the range of from 1nmto 50 nm or from 5 nm to 100 nm or from 5 nm to 25 nm.The term "nanoRAD" as used herein refers to a disinfectant with ceriumoxide nanoparticles associated with a metal such as silver as the active agentand a an excipient. As taught herein, the disclosed nanoRAD compositionsmay include excipients such as organic acid, surfactant, drying agent and / orpolymer, among others.The term "dispense", as used herein, refers generally to the ejection ofa composition from a container or dispensing system. The dispensing may be,for example, accomplished by using a air exchange pump, opening, or the like.There is no limitation on the amount or manner in which a composition isdispensed. In certain embodiments a composition may be dispensed as a finemist that resembles an aerosolized spray, which may be accomplished byusing, for example, a nozzle or atomizer. In other embodiments thecomposition may be dispensed as a single stream of liquid, as drops, underhigh or low pressure, and so forth. Any form of dispensing that meets the needsof a particular circumstance may be utilized in embodiments of the presentinvention.The term "pump", as used herein, refers to a device that is capable ofdispensing a composition that is located within a container. The pump may bean "air-exchange" pump that functions by injecting air or the like into thecontainer. The injected air then displaces and dispenses some or all of thecomposition within the container. The amount of composition dispenseddepends on the amount of air injected and amount of composition within thecontainer. More specifically, a pump may inject air into a container anddispense the composition out of a nozzle or other opening.The term "predominant 4+ surface charge" refers to the concentrationof cerium ions on the surface and means that the [Ce3+]:[Ce4+] ratio on thesurface of the cerium oxide nanoparticle is less than 50%. In a specificexample, cerium oxide nanoparticles having a predominant 4+ surface chargehave a [Ce3+]:[Ce4+] ratio that is 40% or less.The term "predominant 3+ surface charge" means that the[Ce3+]:[Ce4+] ratio on the surface of the cerium oxide nanoparticle is greaterthan 50%. In a specific example, the [Ce3+]:[Ce4+] ratio is greater than 60%.The term "wet chemical synthesis" refers to a method of making CNPsthat involves dissolving a cerium precursor salt in water followed by addition ofhydrogen peroxide. In a specific example, the CNPs are stabilized over apredetermined time period, typically at least 15-30 days.OverviewCurrent disinfectant sprays only disinfect at the time of application. Afterapplication, the disclosed RAD compositions have the unique ability to createa temporary, continually disinfecting film left behind on the surface to which itwas applied. The persistent, disinfectant activity is due to the regenerative(catalytic) properties of Ceria Nanoparticles (CNP) nano-surface reaction siteswhich allow for continued disinfection of a surface when new viruses orbacteria come into contact with it. For surfaces where a permanent disinfectantfilm is not easily applied, this presents an attractive solution. RAD compositionsare a solution that can curb transmission of COVID 19 and Hospital AcquiredInfections (HAIs) via contact with surfaces in a manner that is not currentlyavailable and is unique as a disinfectant spray and temporary film.With the rise of COVID-19, many businesses and governments havestruggled with how to allow people to be in public or communal spaces in away that mitigates spreading of the coronavirus. In India, a walk-throughsprinkler system has been used to spray disinfectant directly on marketshoppers as they enter the marketplace.[4] Because of the high transmissibilityof the coronavirus, many have scrambled to find a solution to curb transmissioneven when the benefits are not clear.Coronavirus, like many respiratory viruses, is spread throughrespiratory droplets. This means while people are present in an area, sneezing,talking and coughing have the ability to deposit respiratory droplets ontosurfaces. On a normal surface, with the use of commercially availabledisinfectant sprays, these droplets would retain any viruses already embeddedwithin them in a stable form until a disinfectant spray is applied, or after a timeperiod ( potentially as long as 2 to 3 days) has passed. Permanent anti-viralfilms are being researched to help curb the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Permanent films have adhesion requirements specific to the surface it isapplied to prevent delamination. Further, these films largely aim to preventwetting of a surface, as an indirect measure against virus transmission, and donot directly inactivate virus species. RAD compositions would have the abilityto keep surfaces disinfected for longer periods of time than what is currentlyavailable. Permanent disinfectant films can be difficult to retrofit to existingsurfaces and may require replacement / modification of parts or materials toprovide their benefit. RAD compositions, when commercially available, willcombine the benefits of commercially available sprays and films by providingthe acute disinfecting power of a spray that has little persistence with some ofthe benefits of a permanent film.The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has guidelines for surfacedisinfection in childcare facilities through the group National Resource Centerfor Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education.[6] The recommendeddisinfection schedule includes guidance for before use, after use, and daily (atthe end of each day), Table 1. It should be noted that this recommendedschedule was linked from the CDC website on daycare facility guidance forCOVID-19.[7] Chosen for this table were often touched surfaces that couldcontribute to the spread of coronavirus. Many of these are only recommendedto be cleaned at the end of the day. Given the highly contagious nature ofSARS-CoV-2, and the fact that many people are asymptomatic but carriers ofthe virus, these cleaning measures would not be sufficient. They presentopportunities for someone to sneeze, cough, or talk, near a surface and depositrespiratory droplets while never actually physically contacting the surface.However, application of RAD compositions to extend the disinfection time afterapplication would make this disinfection schedule more reliable in preventingvirus transmission via surfaces.Table 1: Routine Schedule for Cleaning, Sanitizing and Disinfecting (adapted from [6])The disclosed RAD compositions, unlike other available surfacedisinfectants, provides a capability that is not currently available by surfacedisinfectants: a temporary, continually disinfecting film. For consumers incharge of places for high risk of transmission of the coronavirus, this featurewill make the RAD compositions an attractive alternative solutionIn one embodiment, provided is a Rapid Acting Disinfectant (RAD)Spray that curbs the transmission of viruses (e.g. SARS-CoV-2) via contactwith contaminated surfaces. The RAD spray employs a select mediumcontaining fast-response doped CNPs where the oxidizing response isengineered to perform several disinfectant mechanisms in parallel (Table 2).FIG 1 shows a concept of operation for how the RAD compositions works toact against respiratory viruses like the coronavirus Reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation, is one of the mechanisms that is used along with other directCNP surface reaction mechanisms (membrane peroxidation and S-proteinoxidation) to improve the rate of disinfection as well as the disinfectingefficiency of each individual CNP.

[14] The combination of disinfectingmechanisms, working together, improves the overall disinfectant rate, allowingfor rapid and potent disinfection by multiple concurrent routes. Afterapplication, the disclosed RAD compositions have the unique ability to createa temporary, continually disinfecting film left behind on the surface to which itwas applied. CNPs have regenerative properties that allow for continueddisinfection of a surface when new viruses from respiratory droplets or physicaltransmission encounter it. For surfaces where a permanent disinfectant film isnot easily applied, this presents an attractive solution to allow for application tomultiple types of surfaces regardless of the surfaces' ability to adhere to a film.In a specific example the RAD composition is a solution that can curbtransmission of COVID 19 and other pathogens via contact with surfaces in amanner that is not currently available and is unique as both a disinfectant sprayand temporary film. These mechanisms are discussed in greater detail herein.Table 2: NanoRAD is a rapid acting, residual disinfectant spray thatcontinues to safely disinfect for days after it has been initially applied andperformed disinfection on a surface.Currently, CNPs have been used experimentally in vitro as broadspectrumantiviral agents. They are used as an alternative approach to preventviral infections due to their unique chemical (e.g. enhanced catalytic activity)properties. It is hypothesized that when NPs become hydrated by bio-fluids(e.g. respiratory droplets), surface redox reactions produce ROS and aconcomitant oxidative stress inducing lipid peroxidation of the viral envelope,affecting stability of the virus causing oxidation of surface receptor proteins,thereby inactivating the virus to infectivity (i.e. by modifying the receptor topreclude host cell-virus interaction)Different types of nanoparticles have been proven as antiviral agentssuch as gold, silver, and ceria. Among these, CNPs have minimal or no toxicitytowards normo-typic cells and modulate redox related cell processes towardscell survival or death, and demonstrate unique catalytic activity towards oxygenmetabolic species, based on synthesis protocol. Ceria can exist in two forms:1) as Ce2O3 with hexagonal

[27] and 2) as CeO2 with a cubic fluorite lattice.This gives nanoceria with properties: oxygen storage and release, catalysis[27, 28] and solar / fuel cells.

[29] In the case of CNPs, creation of an oxygen vacancy leads to localizationof two electrons over 4f states. [27, 30, 31] This results in reduction of twocoordinated cerium cations (from Ce4+ to Ce3+) / oxygen with athermodynamically stable structure. [27, 31] In addition, the surface areaavailable and the orientation of crystallographic planes in nanoceria highlyregulate the catalytic property at nanoscale level. It has been previouslydemonstrated that the (100) family of planes

[32] of nanoceria exhibit thehighest reactivity, among the most atomically dense crystal planes, due to theirrelatively high inter-atomic spacings.

[33] This was previously illustrated bychanging the morphology of nanoceria particles, which can be controlled bychanging the synthetic method of preparation, and determining Madelungenergies at varied crystal planes

[34] .These oxygen vacancies become the sites for the catalytic activity andvaries with particle size.

[35] CNPs have diverse enzyme- mimetic activitydepending on their surface chemistry. The catalase mimetic activity is high dueto the presence of +4 surface oxidation state while superoxide dismutaseactivity increases with more Ce3+. [36, 37] Also, these mixed-valence states inCNPs (Ce3+ to Ce4) have the ability to switch between oxidation states insidethe crystal system. When switching its valence state, CNPs can scavengereactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In abiological system, important biological and environmental reactions take placeby pro-oxidants and antioxidants. The pro-oxidants induce oxidative stress(that can cause virus damage) either by producing hydroxyl radical (OH-),hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the superoxide anion (O2-). Catalytic CNP hasbeen used to reduce reactive oxygen species in various organs of the humanbody under normal and cancerous conditions through redox reactions. [16, 38-40] CNPs are used as an antimicrobial

[41] and antiviral agent.

[42] Nanoceria acts as an antibiotic agent by acting directly on bacterial structureor indirectly through chemical modification. CNPs can interact directly with abacterial cell wall leading to cell wall destabilizing and lysis. Alternatively,particles can function indirectly; reacting with intra-cellular chemical speciesand components. Each mechanism leads to bacterial cell death. The positivecharge on CNPs at physiological pH's leads to antimicrobial activity againstthe bacterial species based on these mechanisms, mediated by initialmembrane adherence. [43, 44] In the case of a virus, the geometry, and thesurface charge of the CNPs play an important role to act as an antiviral agent.The unique biochemical properties and an intercellular cascade of virusmotivatedbiochemical reactions can be modified by attachment of a CNP tothe virus surface prior to cell permeation / virus uptake. Lozovski et aldemonstrated that a narrow, small size CNP distribution has the mostsignificant effect against DNA- and RNA-containing viruses.[42, 45] This wasdue to the local effect of released ions eliciting phosphatase-mimetic activities,as well as interfering with calcium-dependent membrane processes.Additionally, these ionic species were demonstrated to modulate metabolicprocesses, especially at or near mitochondria (e.g. electron transport chainevents).

[46] CNPs easily attach to phosphate groups leading to inorganic,insoluble cerium phosphate.

[47] Further, CNPs have been demonstrated toaccelerated the cleavage of highly resistant phosphodiester bonds in nucleicacids.

[46] When a CNP interacts with cell surface proteins it leads to cellsurface property changes. These can include membrane colloidal property andits fluidity, thus affecting the ability of the virus to enter into living cells. Speciallydesigned nanoceria, with or without Ag dopant, is a candidate forcomprehensive antiviral therapy and deactivation of surface contaminationcreated by emerging COVID-19 and other viruses and pathogens.Description of EmbodimentsThe present disclosure describes cerium oxide nanoparticles dopedwith or otherwise bound to a metal such as silver, gold, copper, platinum,nickel, iron, titanium, ruthenium, vanadanium and the like. Use of metal andmetal oxide nanomaterials have been studied in a variety of anti-bacterial / viralapplications, with a broader basis for pathogen toxicity. Transition metal-basedmaterials have shown exceptional broad-spectrum anti-bacterial activity aswell as anti-viral efficacy.The mCNP may be spherical, rod-shaped, star-shaped, or polygonal. Ina preferred embodiment, the mCNP are spherically-shaped, meaning that theymore or less approximate the shape of a sphere. Preferably, the averagediameter of the spherically-shaped mCNP is about 24 nm or less, about 20 nmto about 24 nm or about 3 nm to about 5 nm. In a certain embodiment, thespherically-shaped cerium oxide nanoparticles have an average diameter of 3nm to 5 nm as measured by transmission electron microscopy. Inembodiments in which the mCNP are not spherically shaped, it is preferredthat the average dimension between two opposing sides of the nanoparticlesis 24 nm or less.The mCNP have a cerium oxide core with an external surface. Thesurface is characterized according to the percentage of Ce(3+) relative toCe(4+) ions thereon. Although the amount is not intended to be limiting, whenused in methods of the invention, some preferred ranges of Ce(3+):Ce(4+)percentages are: about 80%:20% to about 20%:80%, about 75%:25% to about25%:75%, about 60%:40% to about 25%:75%, or about 57%:43% to about27%:73%. In certain embodiments, the percentage of Ce(3+) relative to Ce(4+)is >50% Ce(3+).Silver associated Cerium oxide nanoparticlesThe present disclosure includes the two different types of nanoparticlesAgCNP1 and AgCNP2. In certain embodiments, there is a combination of thetwo since they seem to have slightly different modes of action. Silver modifiedcerium oxide formulations (AgCNPs) are synthesized in two uniqueformulations (AgCNP1, AgCNP2) each utilizing different chemical reactionsspecific to aqueous silver. AgCNP1 is synthesized via a previously developed,two step procedure (FIG 3A, FIG 4) that can be scaled to a large or smallprocess. Briefly, a solution containing AgCNP-like, silver-modified nanoceria,and silver secondary phases are formed via an alkaline-forced hydrolysisreaction. The product materials are washed with dH2O and subsequentlytreated with ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide functions as anetchant as well as a phase transfer complex: mediating thesolubilization / stabilization of dissolved silver ions in the aqueous phase. Inparticular, the reaction results in the formation of Tollen's reagent(Ag[(NH3)2OH]aq). The resulting single particle solution is then washed withdH2O to remove excess base and counter / spectator ions. AgCNP2 utilizes thestability of silver ions towards oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (FIG 3B).Specifically, dissolution of cerium and silver nitrates followed by addition ofhydrogen peroxide leads to the selective oxidation of cerium ions over silverand the evolution of metallic silver phases on the ceria surface. The uniquesynthesis conditions of these particles suggest a potentially disparate particlecharacter. In certain embodiments the synthesis can be scaled to large or smallprocesses.Example of small-scale process of AgCNP2:1. 109 mg of cerium nitrate hexa-hydrate (99.999% purity) is dissolved in47.75 mL dH2O in a 50 ml square glass bottom2. 250 μL of 0.2 M aq. AgNO3 (99% purity) is added to the cerium solutionabove with the solution vortexed for 2 minutes: Machine: Vortexer3. From here, 2 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide (stock) is added quickly tothe above solution followed by immediate vortexing for 2 minutes athighest rotation speed (in vortexer machine)4. Solution is stored in dark condition at room temperature with the bottle(50 mL square bottom glass) cap loose to allow for release of evolvedgases; solutions are left to age in these conditions for up to 3 weeks(monitoring solution color change from yellow to clear) to create 50 mltotal volume of the solution5. Particles are then dialyzed against 2 liters of dH2O over 2 days, (dialysisTubing) with the water changed every 12 hours and stored in the sameconditions as for ageing.The two unique formulations of cerium oxide nanoparticles areproduced with surfaces modified by silver nano-phases. Materialscharacterization shows that the silver components in each formulation areunique from each other and decorate the ceria surface as many smallnanocrystals (AgCNP1) or as a Janus-type two-phase construct (AgCNP2).Preferably, the average diameter of AgCNP1 is about 20 to 24 nm, and theaverage diameter of AgCNP2 is about 3 to 5 nm. Each synthesis furtherpossesses unique mixed valency with AgCNP2 possessing a significantlygreater fraction of Ce3+ states relative to Ce4+ over AgCNP2. The distinctvalence characters, along with incorporation of chemically active silver phases,lead to high catalytic activities for each formulation. AgCNP2 possesses highsuperoxide dismutase activity, while AgCNP1 possesses both catalase andsuperoxide dismutase-like enzyme-mimetic activities, ascribed to the catalaseactivity of ceria and the superoxide dismutase activity from silver phases.Further, electrochemical analysis demonstrates that silver incorporated in eachformulation is substantially more stable to redox-mediated degradation thanpure silver phases: promoting an increased lifetime in catalytic applications.Use of each formulation in effecting anti-viral properties showed a specificactivity for each formulation: with, among the virus species tested, AgCNP1showing substantial activity towards OC43 coronavirus and AgCNP2 activeagainst RV14 rhinovirus. In situ electrochemical impedance spectra collectedfor each virus / particle system over the respective incubation periods mirroredthe unique interactions observed for each pairing. Equivalent circuit fittings foreach, along with developed model / test systems (use of analog virus-likeparticles, model protein, radical oxygen species generating enzyme / substratesystems), showed the modes of action for the pairings in effecting anti-viralresponses. The results of these investigations assign a dominate physicalinteraction-based mechanism for OC43 / AgCNP1 while an oxidative, chemicalinteraction is determined for RV14 / AgCNP2.Although the amount is not intended to be limiting, when used inmethods of the invention, some preferred amounts of silver percentagesassociated with the AgCNPs are about 6% to about 10%, or less.Implementations of CompositionsIn one embodiment, provided is a dispensable composition comprisingmCNPs (e.g. AgCNPs) and an excipient. Examples of excipients includesolvents such as but are not limited to, water or water-based (aqueous)solutions in which water is at least the main component, lower alcohols (C6 orlower), lower diols (C6 or lower), THF, DMSO, DMF, etc. They can be usedalone or as mixtures of various components with water. Examples that do notconstitute limitation of nonaqueous carriers or mixtures thereof are chloroform,methylene chloride, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate,diethyl ether, lower alcohols (C4 or less), lower diols (C4 or less), THF, DMSOand DMF.The dispensable composition may also comprise a fragrance.Examples of fragrance include, but are not limited to, emon oil, orange oil,bergamot oil, ylang ylang oil, patchouli oil, citronella oil, lemongrass oil, boadrose oil, clove oil, eucalyptus oil, cedar oil, lavender oil, Natural fragrancessuch as sandalwood oil, vetiver oil, geranium oil, labdanum oil, peppermint oil,rose oil, jasmine oil, litz accubeba oil; hydrocarbon-based fragrances (eglimonene, α-pinene, camphene, p-cymene, phen Chen, etc.), ether perfumes(for example, 1,8-cineole, rose oxide, cedrol methyl ether (cedlum bar), pcresylmethyl ether, isoamylphenyl ethyl ether, 4-phenyl-2,4,6-trimethyl- 1,3-dioxane, anethole, etc.), S Perfume (for example, ethyl acetate, ethylpropionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl butyrate, butyl acetate,ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl 2-methylpentanoate(manzanate) , Hexyl acetate, allyl hexanoate, tricyclodecenyl propionate(VERTOPRO; fluorocyclene), allyl heptanoate, isobornyl acetate, linalylacetate, citronellyl acetate, 2-ter-butylcyclohexyl acetate (narcidol) Etc.),alcoholic fragrances (eg, linanol, 3-octanol, 2,6-dimethyl-heptanol, 10-undecenol, geraniol, nerol, citronellol, rosinol, mill Senol, tetrahydrolinalol,thymol, terpineol, cedrol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexane-1-methanol, 4-isopropylcyclohexanol, nerolidol, 9-decenol, cis-3-hexenol, trans-2-hexenol,eugenol, etc. ), Aldehyde perfume (for example, citronellal, para aldehyde,benzaldehyde, aldehyde C-6, aldehyde C-7, aldehyde C-8, aldehyde C-9,aldehyde C-10, tripral, p-ethyldimethylhydrocinnamic aldehyde) Syntheticfragrances such as (florazone), 2-tridecenal, aldehyde C11, etc.) or blendedfragrances blended with these.According to a further embodiment, a substrate may be coated with afilm of metal-associated cerium oxide nanoparticles as taught herein. Thesubstrate may take the form of any surface upon which human contact is madeor human expired droplets are commonly disposed such as tissues, tissuepaper, countertops, HVAC filters, air cleaning devices, electric fans,refrigerators, microwave ovens, dish washer / driers, rice cookers, pots, pot lids,IH heaters, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, lighting apparatuses (lamps,apparatus bodies, shades, and the like), sanitary products, toilets, washbowls,mirrors, bathrooms (walls, ceilings, floors, and the like), building materials(interior walls, ceiling materials, floors, exterior walls, and the like), interiorproducts (curtains, carpets, tables, chairs, sofas, shelves, beds, beddings, andthe like), glasses, sashes, hand rails, doors, knobs, clothes, filters used forhome electric appliances or the like, stationery, kitchen utensils, medicalsupplies (white coats, masks, gloves, and the like), medical appliances anddevices, and materials used inside automobiles, vehicles of trains, aircrafts,boats and ships, and the like. Examples of a substrate material include glass,ceramics, plastic, resin such as acryl, paper, f iber, metal, wood, and the like.In another embodiment, one may also produce antiviral foams whichare used for a number of applications. For example, polyurethane foams aremade using a formulation produced by mixing an isocyanate with a polyol (amolecule with three or more hydroxyl groups) a chain extender (a bifunctionalhydroxyl molecule), catalysts to promote reaction, surfactant, heat and / or UVstabilizers along with a foaming agent. The foaming agent could be water as itproduces carbon dioxide gas when it reacts with the isocyanate. One methodof making antiviral foams involves producing metal-associated cerium oxidenanoparticles with a surfactant (using a surfactant compatible with the systemor the same which is used in the system) or one of the urethane-formingconstituents and adding these to the foam formulation. Another alternativeinvolves producing nanoparticles in an aqueous media, such as by mixingthem in water along with the desired surfactant and then adding this aqueousmixture to the foam formulation both as a foaming agent and as an antiviralsource.According to other embodiments, antiviral inks comprising cerium oxidenanoparticles associated with silver or another metal may be formed usingtechniques known in the art of printing inks. Such inks may be printed using avariety of techniques such as inkjet, flexo, gravure and silk-screening. In somecases, such as in inkjet printing, the size of the functionalized particles shouldbe smaller than about 50 nm. Three dimensional antiviral products (maskmaterial and hard objects commonly touched) may be formed by 3-D printing,where the 3-D printing compositions incorporate the antiviral materials taughtherein such as AgCNPs.Spray FormulationThe present disclosure also includes spray formulations of nanoRAD.In typical embodiments, the formulations comprise nanoRAD, a drying agent,an organic acid, surfactants, water, and a polymer binder. In certainembodiments, nanoRAD may comprise one or several mCNPs dependent onthe disinfectant mechanisms needed. The nanoRAD spray creates adisinfecting film when applied to a substrate. In certain embodiments,nanoRAD is in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to 10% by weight. In certainembodiments, a drying agent, such as ethanol or isopropanol, is in an amountranging from about 0 to 40% by weight. In certain embodiments, about 0.5 to2% citric acid, or other organic acids, by weight is provided to the sprayformulation. Other drying agents include an alcohol or a mixture of alcohols,for example, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof;fatty alcohols, including, but not limited to, cetyl alcohol, myristol alcohol,stearyl alcohol, octyl alcohol, decyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol, and mixturesthereof; hexanol, and / or other aliphatic or aromatic alcohol. Organic acids thatmay be used in the disclosed compositions include, but are not limited to, lacticacid, citric acid, salicylic acid, glycolic acid, mandelic acid, benzoic acid andcombinations thereof.The nanoRAD can also be mixed with surfactants, diluents, and polymerbinders which are compatible as selected in accordance with the route ofapplication. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers,foaming agents, or dispersants. In certain embodiments, surfactants are in anamount ranging from about 0.5 to 3% by weight. Suitable surfactants are forexample, lauramine oxide, myristamine oxide, other zwitterionics, tergitol 15-S-15 or other secondary alcohol ethoxylate. In certain embodiments, lauramineoxide is in an amount ranging from about 0.25 to 2% by weight, and tergitol15-S-15 is in an amount ranging from about 0 to 1% by weight. In certainembodiments, the suitable diluent is water and is in an amount ranging fromabout 15 to 45% by weight. Polymer binders are used to produce transparent,flexible, oxygen permeable films which adhere to glass, plastics andmetals. Suitable polymer binders are for example, Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)or PVP-Vinyl Acetate copolymers. In certain embodiments PVP-Vinyl Acetatecopolymers is in an amount ranging from about 1 to 30% by weight. In certainembodiments, Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) is in an amount ranging from about 1to 25% by weight.Other polymers suitable for use with the disclosed compositions includepolyethylene oxide (Polyox) hydrogel polymer, stearyl alcohol, cellulosepolymer, cationic hydroxy ethyl cellulose (e.g., Ucare; JR30), hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose (Klucel), chitosan pyrrolidonecarboxylate (Kytamer), behenyl alcohol, zinc stearate, emulsifying waxes,including but not limited to Incroquat and Polawax, an addition polymer ofacrylic acid, a resin such as Carbopol ETD 2020, guar gum, acacia,acrylates / steareth-20 methacrylate copolymer, agar, algin, alginic acid,ammonium acrylate co-polymers, ammonium alginate, ammonium chloride,ammonium sulfate, amylopectin, attapulgite, bentonite, C9-15 alcohols,calcium acetate, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, calcium chloride,caprylic alcohol, carbomer 910, carbomer 934, carbomer 934P, carbomer 940,carbomer 941, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar, carrageenan, cellulose, cellulose gum, cetearyl alcohol,cetyl alcohol, corn starch, damar, dextrin, dibenzlidine sorbitol, ethylenedihydrogenated tallowamide, ethylene diolamide, ethylene distearamide,gelatin, guar gum, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluronicacid, hydrated silica, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose,hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl stearamide-MIPA, isocetyl alcohol,isostearyl alcohol, karaya gum, kelp, lauryl alcohol, locust bean gum,magnesium aluminium silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate,methoxy PEG-22 / dodecyl glycol copolymer, methylcellulose, microcrystallinecellulose, montmorillonite, myristyl alcohol, oat flour, oleyl alcohol, palm kernelalcohol, pectin, PEG-2M, PEG-5M, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol,potassium alginate, potassium aluminium polyacrylate, potassiumcarrageenan, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potato starch, propyleneglycol alginate, sodium acrylate / vinyl alcohol copolymer, sodiumcarboxymethyl dextran, sodium carrageenan, sodium cellulose sulfate, sodiumchloride, sodium polymethacrylate, sodium silicoaluminate, sodium sulfate,stearalkonium bentotnite, stearalkonium hectorite, stearyl alcohol, tallowalcohol, TEA-hydrochloride, tragacanth gum, tridecyl alcohol, tromethaminemagnesium aluminium silicate, wheat flour, wheat starch, xanthan gum, abietylalcohol, acrylinoleic acid, aluminum behenate, aluminum caprylate, aluminumdilinoleate, aluminum salts, such as distearate, and aluminum isostearates,beeswax, behenamide, butadiene / acrylonitrile copolymer, C29-70 acid,calcium behenate, calcium stearate, candelilla wax, carnauba, ceresin,cholesterol, cholesterol hydroxystearate, coconut alcohol, copal, diglycerylstearate malate, dihydroabietyl alcohol, dimethyl lauramine oleate, dodecanoicacid / cetearyl alcohol / glycol copolymer, erucamide, ethylcellulose, glyceryltriacetyl hydroxystearate, glyceryl tri-acetyl ricinolate, glycol dibehenate, glycoldi-octanoate, glycol distearate, hexanediol distearate, hydrogenated C6-14olefin polymers, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil,hydrogenated lard, hydrogenated menhaden oil, hydrogenated palm kernelglycerides, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated palm oil,hydrogenated polyisobutene, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated tallowamide, hydrogenated tallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable glyceride,hydrogenated vegetable oil, Japan wax, jojoba wax, lanolin alcohol, sheabutter, lauramide, methyl dehydroabietate, methyl hydrogenated rosinate,methyl rosinate, methylstyrene / vinyltoluene copolymer, microcrystalline wax,montan acid wax, montan wax, myristyleicosanol, myristyloctadecanol,octadecene / maleic anhyrdine copolymer, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate,oleamide, oleostearine, ouricury wax, oxidized polyethylene, ozokerite,paraffin, pentaerythrityl hydrogenated rosinate, pentaerythrityl tetraoctanoate,pentaerythrityl rosinate, pentaerythrityl tetraabietate, pentaerythrityltetrabehenate, pentaerythrityl tetraoleate, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate,ophthalmic anhydride / glycerin / glycidyl decanoate copolymer,ophthalmic / trimellitic / glycols copolymer, polybutene, polybutyleneterephthalate, polydipentene, polyethylene, polyisobutene, polyisoprene,polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl laurate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, propyleneglycol dicocoate, propylene glycol diisononanoate, propylene glycol dilaurate,propylene glycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol distearate, propylene glycoldiundecanoate, PVP / eiconsene copolymer, PVP / hexadecene copolymer, ricebran wax, stearlkonium bentonite, stearalkonium hectorite, stearamide,stearamide DEA-distearate, stearamide DIBA-stearate, stearamide MEAstearate,stearone, stearyl erucamide, stearyl stearate, stearyl stearoylstearate, synthetic beeswax, synthetic wax, trihydroxystearin, triisononanoin,triisostearin, tri-isostearyl trilinoleate, trilaurin, trilinoleic acid, trilinolein,trimyristin, triolein, tripalmitin, tristearin, zinc laurate, zinc myristate, zincneodecanoate, zinc rosinate, and mixtures thereof. Gelling agents used invehicles may be natural gelling agents such as natural gums, starches,pectins, agar and gelatin, and may be based on polysaccharides or proteinsExamples include but are not limited to guar gum, xanthum gum, alginic acid(E400), sodium alginate (E401), potassium alginate (E402), ammoniumalginate (E403), calcium alginate (E404,-polysaccharides from brown algae),agar (E406, a polysaccharide obtained from red seaweeds), carrageenan(E407, a polysaccharide obtained from red seaweeds), locust bean gum(E410, a natural gum from the seeds of the Carob tree), pectin (E440, apolysaccharide obtained from apple or citrus-fruit), and gelatin (E441, made bypartial hydrolysis of animal collagen), pentylene glycol 4-t-nutylcyclohexanol(Symsitive 1609).Pump Spray Composition Example:- 0.01 - 5% weight nanoRAD (ACTIVE)- 0 - 40% weight ethanol (sub isopropanol - or other drying agent)- 0.5 - 2% weight citric acid- 0.5 - 3% surfactants- 0.25-2% Lauramine oxide (sub Myristamine oxide - or otherzwitterionic)- 0-1% tergitol 15-S-15 (non-ionic surfactant: secondary alcoholethoxylate)- 15 - 45% water- 1-25% Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (Polymer Binder) or similar polymerIn certain embodiments, the nanoRAD spray formulation uponapplication creates a film that can be rehydrated and shows potential continueddisinfecting behavior upon re-hydration. AgCNPs can pull water from gaseouswater particles for reactivation, and the polymer film created from the sprayformulation is also hydrophilic which assists in achieving a surface water layerfrom gaseous water particles for reactivation of disinfecting behavior.According to other embodiments, provided is a container having a pumpfor dispensing compositions described herein. Pumps may be designed in anymanner that meets the limitations of a composition and container, and thatdispenses the composition in a desired fashion. Furthermore, pumps mayinclude a tube that extends into the container, thereby facilitating the pumps'ability to dispense the liquid. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that a pump,including the optional tube, nozzle, and the like, may be in fluid communicationwith a composition within a container. Pumps may also be designed to be"removably coupled" to a container, meaning that it can be detached andreattached one or more times from the container.Another embodiment pertains to an apparatus comprising a containerportion for holding an amount of a dispensable composition disclosed hereinand a nozzle. In a specific embodiment, the apparatus comprises a containersuitable for housing a composition; and a pump coupled to the container thatincludes a nozzle and that is in fluid communication with the composition, thepump being configured to dispense the composition from the nozzle byinjecting air into the container to displace the composition. In a specificembodiment, the pump further includes a tube that extends into the containerand is in fluid communication with the composition.In another embodiment, the apparatus comprises a fluid-tight containerthat is pressurized with a propellant and a valve that dispenses the dispensablecomposition upon being actuated. The art is well versed in suitable propellantsfor dispersing compositions. Examples of common propellants include but arenot limited to hydrocarbon, ether, compressed gas,chlorofluorocarbon propellant, liquid propellants or mixtures thereof.Some examples of the types of dispensing containers that may be usedin accord with the teachings herein include, but are not limited to, the types ofdevices disclosed in US Pat. No. 3061202; US Pat. No. 3986644; US Pat. No.4669664; US Pat. No. 5358179; US Pat. No. 3995778; US Pat No. 4202470;US Pat No. 3992003; CN Pat No. 1042213; US Pat. Pub. 20180370715; USPat No. 2863699 and US Pat No. 3333743.Biocompatibility and SafetyAware of theconcerns around the toxicology of nanoceria, studies havebeen conducted regarding the reactivity of cerium salts and this work hasspurred an interest in nanotoxicology of cerium oxide

[21] . Another study hasinvestigated changes in surface charge and size of CNPs and the impact oncellular uptake.

[48] In addition, another study was done using fluorescentconjugates of CNPs that analyzed the kinetics and subcellular localization ofnanoceria.

[49] Since bare oxide nanomaterials may not be as biocompatiblein mammals as soft materials, a study focused on PEG functionalization wasdone to determine whether PEGylation would alter the catalytic nature ofCNPs, and it did not.

[50] There are a variety of methods to synthesize nanoceria particles,including wet chemical, solvothermal, microemulsion, precipitation, hydrolysisand hydrothermal.[51, 52] Based on the synthesis methodology employed, thesize of these NPs varies broadly from 3-5 nm to over 100 nm, and the surfacecharge can vary from -57 mV to +45 mV. The synthesis method can also affectthe shape of CNPs. Coatings and surfactants can also be present andcontaminate the preparation, such as hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)

[53] orethylene glycol.

[54] Many studies that report the toxicity of nanoceria look atNPs generated by hydrothermal methods. This type of CNP typically has sharpedges that can be damaging to cells.

[55] However, one of the wet chemicalformulations synthesized CNPs that are more biocompatible and observednearly zero toxicity. This lack of toxicity was observed for human umbilical veinendothelial cells (HUVECs).

[56] While non-toxic neutral pH normo-typic cell, it was still very effective inkilling cancer cells

[57] due to the acidic chemical environment and nanoceria'spH-sensitive redox activity. These CNPs also observed the protective effectthat had been previously reported for CNPs. In a review article, 38 reportsshowed protective effects of CNPs in both cell culture and animal studies.

[51] It should be noted that many cell types and animal models have been exposedto nanoceria and shown beneficial effects. These include RAW 264.7macrophages, BEAS-2B lung cells, H9c2 cardiomyocytes, A549 lung cells, HT22 hippocampal nerve cells, organotypic neurons and many others. Animalmodels include Tubby mutant mice, EAE model, C57BL / 6 mice, DiabeticWistar rats, and ectopic cancer mouse models.EXAMPLESExample 1: Formulation of pure phase & Silver-modified Ceria NPs toinduce ROS in simulated bio-fluids.COVID-19 and other flu-like viruses pose a substantial threat to human healthdue to their high communicability via bio-fluids released from infectedindividuals. Human to human transfection is especially pronounced in firstresponse and medical environments due to contact with contaminatedsurfaces in highly trafficked areas. Current disinfectant measures are eitherunavailable in these environments or show limited efficacy due to mechanistickinetic limitations. It is shown that nanoceria and Ag- nanoceria will exhibitROS induction at high reaction rates due to nanoscale / surface effects inpresence of virus-laden biofluids. The ROS produced cause a substantialoxidative stress leading to membrane peroxidation and lysis as well asoxidation and inactivation of virus cell receptor surface structures leading tovirus inactivation. Literature on nanophase silver and cerium oxide suggest theputative ROS generating reaction scheme under related conditions (Refer toFIG1)2Ag(0) + O2 + H2O -> Ag2O + O2- + 2H+ 2Ce3+ + Ag20 + 2H+ -> 2Ce4+ + 2Ag(0) + H2O | radical initiation (i) O2- + Ag2O + 2H+ -> H2O2 + Ag2O | surface diffusion; superoxide combination (ii) O2- + 2H2O + Ce+ -> H2O2 + Ce4+ | ceria - based SOD - mimetic activity (iii) O2- + Ce3+ + 2H+ -> H2O2 + Ce4+ | ceria SOD - mimetic activity AgO, + H2O2 -> Ag+ + H2O + H+ peroxide - mediated oxidative dissolution 1.1 Synthesis of particles via varied solution-based routes & preliminarycharacterization is performed. Given the strong influence of chemicalenvironment on nanomaterial surface chemistry and the implications of ceriumoxide redox ratio (i.e. relative material composition with respect to Ce3+ andCe4+ fractions) demonstrated in nanomedicine literature to promote uniqueROS generation, several synthesis methods are investigated. Pure phasenanoceria are synthesized via several unique methods previously shown toinduce ROS production. In one example, a hydrogen peroxide-basedoxidation reaction is used to produce a high Ce3+ / Ce4+ ratio nanoceriaformulation. In particular, cerium nitrate hexahydrate is dissolved to 5 mM inwater followed by addition of 3% hydrogen peroxide under agitation. Particlesare left standing over a certain period to allow degradation excess peroxide bythe ceria surface.To produce a more Ce4+-rich formulation, a second synthesis utilizing aforced hydrolysis approach is performed. Specifically, particles are formed inaqueous solution from a cerium nitrate hexahydrate precursor. Hydrogenperoxide limits the formation of metallic and oxide silver phases (i.e. preventsformation of secondary, distinct silver nano-phases). Therefore, severalsyntheses will utilize peroxide as an oxidant in silver-modified nanoceriaformulations. First, a formulation is produced via an in-situ method whereincerium and silver nitrates are dissolved followed by direct hydrogen peroxideoxidation and ageing to allow peroxide degradation via cerium oxide surfacecatalysis. Second, a hybrid forced hydrolysis approach is conducted whereinthe dissolved salts are first oxidized via peroxide and subsequently precipitatedvia addition of 30% ammonium hydroxide. Particles are collected throughcentrifugation at 10,000 rpm and washed three times with de-ionized water.The combination of direct peroxide-mediated oxidation and a forced hydrolysisapproach will mediate changes to cerium redox state ratio. Third, a solution isprepared wherein co-dissolved cerium and silver nitrates undergo ammoniumhydroxide-mediated oxidation / precipitation, followed by washing and resuspensionin de-ionized water. From here, hydrogen peroxide is added, andthe solution left under stirring to promote the dissolution of secondary phasesilver nanomaterials. Particles are subsequently washed to remove ionizedsilver. Oxidation via peroxide or ammonium hydroxide form oxide particles viaunique chemistry and thereby strongly affect the product Ag- nanoceria. Theinfluence of silver fraction (mass percent; 2, 5, 10, 20%) is investigated in eachnanomaterial candidate formulation. Particle size and surface charge areevaluated via dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential measurements.Additionally, silver phase character and Ce3+ / Ce4+ is evaluated qualitatively viamonitoring peaks at ~ 320 and 252 / 298 nm, respectively (FIG4).1.2 Formulations generated in 1.1 are assayed for ROS generationchemical activities. In particular, catalase and superoxide dismutase activitiesare assessed using standard bio-assay kits. Hydroxyl radical generationactivity is assessed via assay as degradation of added methylene blue dye.Assays are performed in model bio-fluid solutions (e.g. NaCl / HCl buffersolution at pH 6 and room temperature). Reactions rates related to eachreaction are collected and compared. The implications of silverrelease / ionization in these reactions is assessed. Ionization reactions aremonitored first by UV-Vis measurements at regular timepoints (i.e. analyzingsilver ion peak evolution) and subsequently via spectro-electrochemistry (i.e.monitoring UV-Vis peak character while simultaneously performingamperometry at open circuit potential and voltammetry / Tafel analysis to detailsilver corrosion processes). Additionally, the influence of chlorideconcentrations on reactions (rates) is assayed via titration and Tafel analysis.Efficacy of the nanomaterial to induce lipid peroxidation is assayed using acommercial Lipid Peroxidation Assay kit (MDA assay). The collective results ofthese studies are used to modify synthesis parameters from 1.1 to generateAg- CNP formulations which elicit high reaction rates for ROS production.Example 2: Characterize nanoparticles and analyze for efficacy andtoxicity.Preliminary work on CNPs have demonstrated what forms of the CNP lead todifferent types of biological behavior. It is shown that CNPs and Ag-CNPs willgenerate ROS which will inactivate the phospholipid bilayer of envelopedviruses - this causes rapid and extensive lysis and inactivation of this class ofviruses such that they cannot infect cells.2.1 Formulations demonstrating high rates of ROS producing reactionsare characterized with respect to size, morphology, and chemical composition.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (hrTEM; to demonstratenanomaterial size, morphology, and grain character), small angle x-raydiffraction (SAXS; to characterize silver and cerium oxide phase crystallinecharacter), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; to analyze / evaluatechemical composition, cerium redox ratio, and silver oxidation / chemicalenvironment as demonstrated in FIG2).2.2 CNP and Ag-CNP , are evaluated for reducing infectivity by plaqueassay or TCID50 assay from solution-suspended virus species. From here,RT-PCR is used to assay viral genomes. Dose- and time-dependence of virusinactivation is established for each formulation.Two approaches are taken to determine the ability of CNP and Ag-CNPto inactivate a range of human pathogenic viruses. First, variousconcentrations of virus are incubated in solution with a set concentration ofeither CNP or Ag-CNP. At various times after mixing, aliquots are removedfrom the sample, diluted and assayed for remaining infectivity. Whether plaqueassays or TCID50 is used depends on the virus. Real time PCR is used todetermine the remaining particles irrespective of infectivity. Samples areanalyzed in triplicate and data is expressed as fold change in infectivitycompared to starting level of virus as shown in our prior publications. [61, 62]Temperature is a major factor in virus stability and is tested along with time ofincubation and concentration of CNP or Ag-CNP.The above assays are carried out first with prototypic lab strains ofCoronavirus, so that rapid progress and show productivity can be made. Todefine the anti-viral specificity of CNP, virus #2 (Zika virus) is tested todetermine whether other enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses withstructures similar to CoV are also sensitive to inactivation. Virus #3 (rhinovirus)tests whether sensitivity extends to a positive sense RNA virus that lacks alipid bilayer. Virus #4 (influenza A virus) tests sensitivity of enveloped negativesense RNA viruses, a result which will have implications for mechanism ofaction. Virus #5 (Vaccinia virus VV) tests inactivation of DNA-containingenveloped viruses. Based on published work

[61] (Bracey et al, 2019) showingVV was much more resistant to chemical treatment than RNA viruses, it isanticipate seeing a gradient of sensitivity - CoV>Influenza>VV. The outcomefrom non-enveloped Rhinovirus will be an important, as this will direct to futurestudies on whether inactivation is lipid-dependent or nucleic acid-dependent.If inactivation of any of the enveloped RNA viruses (e.g., coronavirus,Zika virus, influenza virus) is seen, it shows that the envelope has beendestroyed by the CNP or Ag-CNP. This involved sucrose gradientsedimentation of samples that include CNP alone, virus alone and CNP plusvirus incubated as determined above. After centrifugation, fractions arecollected and analyzed by western blotting for the position of the viralcomponents. Intact virus sediments to near the bottom of the tube, whereasdisrupted virions remain at the top of the gradient. The direct interactions ofCNP with virions is detected by crosslinking experiments and by testinggradient fractions for co-sedimentation of CNP with particles.Example 3: Formulation of optimized Silver-modified Ceria NPs aerosol& support components.An aerosol or pump spray mediated dispersal of disinfectant agents allowsrapid, broad deployment to general surfaces without significant concern formaterial character or topology. Inclusion of Ag-CNPs into aerosol or sprayformulations will function as a portable system for disinfection of generalsurfaces with high rates of disinfection with continuing residual disinfectantactivity upon drying. Further, the storage of such nanomaterials in aerosolmedia will mediate long shelf-lives for nanomaterial active components;thereby preserving activity prior to administration.3.1: Ag-CNPs are dispersed in solvents (e.g. alcohols, ethers) of varyingvolatilities. Depending on the particle preparation method, dispersion is eitheraccomplished by suspending particles in the candidate dispersants followingwashing steps or through dialysis to remove water phase. Colloidal stability isassessed via dynamic light scattering (i.e. measurements of particle solvodynamicradii and aggregation character as change in size relative to hrTEMmeasurements) and zeta potential (solvent coordination at surface effectingstabilization; zeta potentials > 25 mV considered highly stable). Innocuousligand species (e.g. non-reactive small, polar organic species such assaccharides) may be added to impart greater stability by coordinating particlesurfaces. Optimal dispersant (or propellant) is based on greater volatility(thereby mediating effective hydration by virus-containing bio-fluids followingspraying) and nanoparticle colloidal stability.3.2 Ag-CNPs are suspended in dispersant medium and diluted in biofluidmodel solution. ROS generation is monitored via assay over time toapproximate efficacy during vaporization of carrier medium. Rates of reactionare compared relative to activity in pure model medium.Example 4: Optimization of formula for surfaces and film capabilities.Different methods of temporary film forming from formulation solution arepossible. These include weak film formation from formulation suspension, vander Waals adhesion of Ag-CNPs to a surface, and weak electrostaticinteractions of the NPs to the surface. The small crystallite nature of the activecomponent of the formulation will allow for temporary film formation based onone or more of these mechanisms.4.1 Spray formulation efficacy on virus-laden surface & driedformulation efficacy as film upon virus / bio-fluid administration. A virusinoculatedtest surface is sprayed with the test formulation to determine initialefficacy. The efficacy of the spray as a (dried) film is assayed by dispersingparticles on a test surface, followed by inoculation with virus and determinationof virus infectivity post-interaction.Films are incubated for various time and processed as described abovefor infectivity and overall particles. AgCNP2 was applied to a slide and allowedto dry for 1 hour. Rhino14 was delivered to the AgCNP2 treated slide and anuntreated slide. Over the course of two hours, the viral titer on the AgCNP2slide decreased at a significantly higher rate than the untreated slide (FIG 9).A residual efficacy assay of AgCNP1 and 2 against OC43 and RV14respectfully showed that the AgCNP retain their efficacy over multiple hours(FIG 10).Example 5: Optimization of metal mediated nanoceria inactivate humancoronavirus and rhinovirus by surface disruption.In the presented study, two unique formulations (AgCNP1, AgCNP2) of silvermodifiedcerium oxide nanoparticles are produced, characterized, and testedfor anti-viral efficacy (FIG5). Microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy showclear differences in the redox state composition of cerium, the size offormulation particles, and the presentation of silver phases in ceria matrix.Electrochemical and bandgap measurements provide insight into the nature ofsilver and silver / ceria interfaces, along with providing evidence of theirstabilization by the cerium oxide phase. Anti-viral efficacy was determinedacross a set of unique virus types with the AgCNP formulations showingspecificity towards particular viruses in their anti-viral activities. Herein, antiviralefficacies against rhinovirus RV14 and coronavirus OC43 are determinedand compared. For the first time, in situ electrochemical impedancespectroscopy methods were performed and corroborate the specificity ofAgCNP formulation / virus type interactions over incubation periods. From thisdata, along with results from a designed analogous system, general modes ofmechanism action are determined for describing anti-viral activities for bothhigh-efficacy virus / AgCNP formulation pairs.5.1 Materials synthesis & colloidal character:Silver modified cerium oxide formulations (AgCNPs) were synthesizedin two unique formulations (AgCNP1, AgCNP2) each utilizing differentchemical reactions specific to aqueous silver. AgCNP1 was synthesized via apreviously developed, two step procedure (FIG5). Briefly, a solution containingAgCNP-like, silver-modified nanoceria, and silver secondary phases areformed via an alkaline-forced hydrolysis reaction. The product materials arewashed with dH2O and subsequently treated with ammonium hydroxide.Ammonium hydroxide functions as an etchant as well as a phase transfercomplex: mediating the solubilization / stabilization of dissolved silver ions in theaqueous phase. In particular, the reaction results in the formation of Tollen'sreagent (Ag[(NH3)2OH]aq). The resulting single particle solution is then washedwith dH2O to remove excess base and counter / spectator ions. AgCNP2 utilizesthe stability of silver ions towards oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Specifically,dissolution of cerium and silver nitrates followed by addition of hydrogenperoxide leads to the selective oxidation of cerium ions over silver and theevolution of metallic silver phases on the ceria surface. The unique synthesisconditions of these particles suggest a potentially disparate particle character.Colloidal characters of the particles were evaluated for kinetic stability,surface potential, and hydrodynamic diameter. Dynamic light scattering (DLS)measurements of each sample are collected in Table 3 and relate a greaterparticle size (including specific spheres of hydration) for each formulation withAgCNP1 particles being ~3x larger in diameter (Table 3). Further, zetapotential measurements indicate a greater surface potential for AgCNP2 overAgCNP1, each with a positive polarity. These characterizations suggest theobservation that AgCNP2 particles show greater kinetic stability over AgCNP1(AgCNP1: moderate precipitation following particle ageing 1 week in roomcondition; AgCNP2: no observable sedimentation for greater than 5 months).AgCNP1 particles also present as turbid in solution at 1 mg / mL whereasAgCNP2 are completely translucent under similar conditions, suggestinggreater Mie scattering related to larger particle size. Particles from eachsynthesis were observed to demonstrate unique fundamental and functionalmaterial character.Table 3. Physicochemical Properties of AgCNP formulations.5.3 Electrochemical characterizationXPS results suggest a unique silver character for each formulation andtherefor, the stability of silver phases for each formulations were evaluated viacommon electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical measurements (FIG5C, D) were performed to determine the activity of silver phases in AgCNPformulations along with their susceptibility to electron transfer processes. Incorroboration with XPS results, AgCNP1 evidenced a larger Tafel potential(Table 3) than AgCNP2 (465.4 vs. 217.4 mV, respectively) suggesting agreater stability towards electron transfer and a more noble oxidationcharacter. Interestingly, AgCNP1 demonstrated a Tafel current (which wastwice the value observed for AgCNP2 (0.027 and 0.013 μA, respectively).These values are relatively low suggesting an overall stability for silver phasesin each formulation. However, the greater current value for AgCNP1 at higherpotential may be understood from XPS spectra wherein a fraction of samplesilver content was found as an oxide. Penetration of silver into the ceriasurface / sub-surface would increase the Tafel potential (i.e. have a stabilizingeffect on the silver phase) while simultaneously improving registry of thephases at their interphase, improving charge transfer as Tafel current. TEMimages confirm the greater interfacial area for silver-ceria in AgCNP1 overAgCNP2. Significantly greater anodic β values over cathodic were observed inTafel analysis (Table 3) for both samples suggesting electron transfer at Tafelpotentials are kinetically favored by oxidation processes. Whileelectrochemical methods can provide information on fundamental chargetransfer processes, this characterization provides only nominal information atthe atomistic or chemical level.5.5 Selective inactivation of two human respiratory viruses with AgCNP1 andAgCNP2:To determine the extent to which nanoceria and silver-modifiednanoceria can inactivate human coronavirus OC43, reactions were preparedto include 105 infectious units (TCID50) of virus per ml, together with bufferand nanoparticles. Alternatively, buffer alone reactions were included withwater as a vehicle control. The 105 TCID50 / ml input virus was determined astime zero infectivity. After 6 hr incubation, the buffer alone control reactionshad 104 TCID50 / ml remaining infectious virus. The unmodified nanoceria,CNP2 and CNP1, had little effect on virus titer with reactions remaining atabout 5*104 TCID50 / mL. Strikingly, AgCNP1 treatment resulted in completeinactivation of infectious virus, whereas AgCNP2 treatment reduced infectiousvirus titer to ~103 TCID50 / mL. A time course study was conducted withreactions prepared as described above to include buffer alone, AgCNP1, orAgCNP2. Infectious virus was determined after incubation for zero, 2, 4, and 6hr. As early as 4 hr, AgCNP1 treatment reduced OC43 virus titer from an initialvalue of 105 TCID50 / mL to less than 102 TCID50 / mL. Taken together, thesedata suggest AgCNP1 was highly effective at inactivating coronavirus OC43and that AgCNP2 had a modest capacity for inactivation of OC43.To determine the optimal effective AgCNP1 concentration to inactivatecoronavirus OC43, reactions were prepared starting with 105 TCID50 / mL ofOC43, along with buffer and increasing concentrations of AgCNP1. Infectiousvirus was determined after 5 minute and 4 hr incubations. All AgCNP1concentrations had similar virus titers around 104 -105 TCID50 / mL after the 5minute time point. By contrast, a 4 hr treatment with 0.77 mg / mL AgCNP1resulted in no detectable OC43 virus infectivity and 0.2 mg / mL AgCNP1treatment reduced infectivity to ~102 TCID50 / mL. Results of AgCNP1-OC43inactivation were confirmed using an alternative measure of infectivity. A 4 hrincubation of 104 Plaque Forming Units (PFU) / mL of OC43 with buffer alonerecovered all infectivity, compared to incubation with 0.77 mg / mL AgCNP1which resulted in no detectable OC43 plaques in the assay. Taken together,these data show both time- and dose-dependent inactivation of coronavirusOC43 infectivity by AgCNP1.We next sought to determine the extent to which nanoceria and silver25modified nanoceria can inactivate the human respiratory pathogen rhinovirus14 (RV14), a non-enveloped icosahedral RNA virus. RV14 was incubated withbuffer alone or with nanoparticles shown. Buffer alone reactions were preparedwith water as a vehicle control. 6*105 TCID50 / mL input RV14 virus wasdetermined and represented as time zero. After 6 hr incubation, the bufferalone reactions retained the input infectivity of 6*105 TCID50 / mL. Theunmodified nanoceria, CNP2 and CNP1, had little effect on RV14 infectivity.Importantly, AgCNP1 treatment reduced infectious virus titer to 5*102TCID50 / mL, whereas AgCNP2 treatment resulted in complete inactivation ofinfectious virus. In a time course study, incubation of 6*105 TCID50 / mL ofRV14 with buffer alone showed no loss of infectivity over a 6 hr incubation. Bycontrast, there was a very rapid loss of RV14 infectivity to undetectable levelsby 2 hr incubation with AgCNP2. Incubation with AgCNP1 showed slowerinactivation of RV14 compared to AgCNP2, with virus titer being reduced to~102 TCID50 / mL after 6 hrs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that bothAgCNP1 and AgCNP2 can inactivate RV14 infectivity, with AgCNP2 having amore potent anti-RV14 effect.5.6 In situ Bio-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization ofAgCNP disinfectant activity:The substantial disinfectant activities demonstrated by bothformulations to unique subsets of virus species, along with HA assay results,suggest unique modes of action in each test case. In order to probe thecharacter of each, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) wasperformed for two test cases; namely, AgCNP1 / OC43 and AgCNP2 / Rhinovirus(FIG 6). EIS is a non-destructive characterization technique that relies on theapplication of a small amplitude potential at frequencies varied over a fixedrange. Decomposition of measured currents into contributions from uniquefrequency regions allows the determination of characteristic electrochemicalprocesses. EIS is a staple technique in the manufacturing sector and inparticular for the energy and semiconductor industries. Herein, totalimpedance is measured with the data fit to simple circuit diagrams (i.e. with fitcircuit elements representing chemical components / processes). In recentyears, the technique has been applied to the study of changing cell characterupon physical or chemical stimulation. Among these studies, conditionswherein the cell membrane character changes are the most often investigated.A simple interpretation of cell-substrate EIS data is given by the ECIS modelof Giaever and Keese wherein impedance components are de-convoluted asresistance to charge flow between biological particles, as well as from regionsbetween particles and the electrode substrate, and cell membranecapacitance. In studies of cell health, these model components are diagnostic:with each changing upon introduction of toxic agents (e.g. membrane poreformation,retraction of focal regions, membrane oxidation). Further, theseresponses are necessarily frequency dependent with specific frequency bandsidentified for unique biological processes. Three regions in particular arehighlighted and represented as α (< 10 kHz), β (10 kHz < 100 mHz), and γ(GHz). In identifying changes to impedance spectra over time in presence oftest agents (e.g. AgCNPs), specific biochemical processes may be identified.In the presented study, test case impedance spectra were unique fromeach other (FIG 6). For AgCNP1 (FIG 6A-B), spectra collected over the 8 hrdisinfection period used for infectivity assays, described above. The spectrashow a near-consistent impedance character with differences in magnitudeonly being evident at high frequencies (decreasing with time; 100 Hz to 100kHz), in Bode representation. In phase versus log(frequency) representation,there is a clear, time-dependent shift in phase peak to higher frequency. Theseresults being limited to the α-dispersion region: we expect spectra changes tobe associated with ionic diffusion, especially in the cell membrane, as well asphysical interactions with the cell membrane. The peak-like spectrum featurerepresents a superposition of two physical processes with different timeconstantswhich can be ascribed to specific changes at the cell membranethrough fitting and circuit modeling (below). AgCNP2 (FIG 6D-E) shows asimilar initial spectrum character (two component) over the 4 hr incubationperiod. However, with increasing incubation time the spectrum becomes morecomplex: appearing as two observable "peaks" which can be resolved into afour-component function. Differences between these spectra corroborate thedisparate particle-virus interactions and suggest the presence of an additionalphysical element. Given the observed phase shift to higher frequencies, datasuggests a constant phase element component (impedance being dominatedby resistance at increasing frequencies). Fittings of the spectra demonstratethese characters with a common diagram construction for all test cases savefor the variable elements (shown enclosed by dotted lines in FIG 6C,F) whichare particular to specific AgCNP and virus interactions at unique time points(FIG 6C,F). The variable elements being fit as a parallel resistor and capacitorfor AgCNP1:OC43 and as a constant phase element for AgCNP2:RV14, assuggested by the phase v. impedance character of the spectra. In particular,the parallel elements fit to the time-dependent behavior of the AgCNP1:OC43interaction change in value from high resistance and moderate capacitance tosignificantly lower values of each. In particular, the resistance value changesprecipitously with incubation. The results together corroborate the proposedparticle: virus interaction leading to changes in membraneintegrity / permeability; decreasing resistance being related to the permeabilityand capacitance to the lowered membrane density and physical interactionwith the oxide nanoparticle. The constant phase element variable componentof RV14:AgCNP2 is a frequency dependent element that models an imperfectdielectric. In the case of this system, increasing incubation team leads to anincreasingly imperfect character for the model dielectric: leading to evolutionof a resistive character from the initial character similar to that seen for OC43.In order to better interpret and assign the observed in situ character to uniquephysicochemical process, a physical model was produced and unique controlreactions studied.5.7 Developing a physical model of Bio-electrochemical impedancespectroscopy:Analog systems were produced with respect to RV14 and OC43 virussystems to identify the unique anti-viral mechanisms produced during in situEIS measurements. Specifically, we looked to reproduce the character of theviruses at the interface between the virus and the electrolyte. Therefore, twounique systems were produced to model the dense protein structure of theRV14 surface and the enveloped surface of OC43. For measurements relatedto RV14, bovine serum albumin was used while liposomes were used for thelipid membrane of OC43. All measurements were performed in identicalelectrolyte conditions as those for the in situ measurements to control forsolution-based impedance contributions (i.e. 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5).Liposomes are commonly used in virus studies, including as virus-mimeticvectors for drug / gene delivery therapies, as virus-like particles. In the currentstudy, liposomes were synthesized to the approximate dimensions (~120 nm)of the OC43 coronavirus to appropriately model any physical interactionbetween the AgCNP and the liposome. In each test case, the virus-analogmaterial was dispersed in solution and dropcast to the surface of a glassycarbon electrode in a manner similar to the protocol used for the in situ virusmeasurements. In each case the behavior of the analog material seemed toreflect the behavior observed for the related virus, with the correspondingAgCNP formulation dependance. FIG 4 shows the collected EIS spectra forthe virus analog measurements of virus:particle pairs which were effective ininfectivity assays. It is notable that the fitted spectra lead to equivalent circuitssimilar to the in situ data. In particular, the circuit diagrams are identical withthose produced in the in situ study, with only the elements at right of thediagram remaining variable. For the Liposome / AgCNP1 system (FIG 7A,F) weobserve the variable elements are a parallel resistor and capacitor with thischaracter retained over the incubation period. However, we see the values ofthese elements change over the incubation period resulting in a related phaseshift due to change in character from more capacitive to resistive. Related fittedmaterials for the BSA / AgCNP2 system (FIG 7E,G) occur and relate to theRV14 / CNP2 in situ data. However, we see that the spectra in the analogsystem is less defined than that seen in the virus system. The slight variationin character can be ascribed to the small-scale (topological) differences amongthe system. In particular, BSA is a single globular protein while RV14 is anaggregate of proteins, with a rougher surface topology. Differences among thespectra may be ascribed to the varied physicochemical environment, however,spectra suggest that the total interaction between the particle and virus / analogare similar. Given the evolution of additional resistive character in the models,we determined to identify any specific chemical changes occurring. 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Claims

1. A dispensable composition comprising metal-associated cerium oxide nanoparticles (mCNP) and an excipient.

2. The dispensable composition of claim 1, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, ruthenium, vanadanium, copper, titanium, nickel, platinum, titanium, tin and iron.

3. The dispensable composition of claim 2, wherein the metal comprises silver (AgCNPs).

4. The dispensable composition of claim 3, wherein the silver is in an amount of less than 10% by weight.

5. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-4, wherein the excipient is selected from the group consisting of water, chloroform, methylene chloride, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, lower alcohols, lower diols, THF, DMSO, or DMF.

6. The dispensable composition of claim 5, wherein the excipient comprises water.

7. The dispensable composition of claim 1, wherein the mCNPs are further doped with fluorine.

8. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-4, wherein the mCNPs are less than 100nm, less than 50nm, less than 25nm, less than 15nm or less than 10nm in size.

9. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-4, wherein the mCNPs are 20nm in size.

10. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-4, wherein the mCNPs are 5nm in size.

11. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-6, wherein the mCNPs comprise predominantly 3+ surface charge.

12. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-6, wherein the mCNPs comprise a predominantly 4+ surface charge.

13. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-12, wherein the AgCNPs are produced via a method comprising dissolving cerium and silver precursor salts such as cerium and silver nitrates and oxidizing the dissolved cerium and silver precursor salts.

14. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-12, wherein the AgCNPs are produced via a method comprising dissolving cerium and silver precursor salts such as cerium and silver nitrates; oxidizing the dissolved cerium and silver precursor salts via admixture with peroxide; and precipitating nanoparticles by subjecting the admixture with ammonium hydroxide.

15. The dispensable composition of any of claims 1-12, wherein the AgCNPs are produced via a method comprising (i) dissolving cerium and silver precursor salts such as cerium and silver nitrates; (ii) oxidizing and precipitating the dissolved cerium and silver precursor salts via admixture with ammonium hydroxide; (iii) wash and resuspend precipitated nanoparticles in water; (iv) subject the resuspended nanoparticles with hydrogen peroxide; and (v) washing the nanoparticles from step (iv) to remove ionized silver.

16. A formulation for a disinfectant comprising the dispensable composition of any of claims 1-15, a drying agent, an organic acid, surfactants, a polymer binder, and water.

17. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the formulations contains one or multiple of the dispensable compositions of any of claims 1-15.

18. The formulation of claim 17, wherein the formulation contains AgCNPs.

19. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the dispensable composition of any of claims 1-15 is in an amount ranging from about 0.1 -10% by weight.

20. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the drying agent is selected from the group comprising of ethanol and isopropanol.

21. The formulation of claim 20, wherein the drying agent is ethanol.

22. The formulation of claim 21, wherein the ethanol is in an amount ranging from about 0 to 40% by weight.

23. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the organic acid is citric acid.

24. The formulation of claim 23, wherein the citric acid is in an amount ranging from about 0.5 - 2% by weight.

25. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the surfactants are selected from the group comprising of lauramine oxide, myristamine oxide, other zwitterionics, tergitol 15-S-15 or other secondary alcohol ethoxylate.

26. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the surfactants are in an amount ranging from about 0.5 - 3% by weight.

27. The formulation of claim 25, wherein the surfactants are lauramine oxide and tergitol 15-S-15.

28. The formulation of claim 27, wherein the lauramine oxide is in an amount ranging from about 0.25-2% by weight.

29. The formulation of claim 27, wherein the tergitol 15-S-15 is in an amount ranging from about 0 -1% by weight.

30. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the polymer binder is selected from the group comprising of Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and PVP-Vinyl Acetate copolymers.

31. The formulation of claim 30, wherein the polymer binder is Poly(2-ethyl-2- oxazoline).

32. The formulation of claim 31, wherein the Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) is in an amount ranging from about 1-25% by weight.

33. The formulation of claim 30, wherein the PVP-Vinyl Acetate copolymer is in an amount ranging from about 1-30% by weight.

34. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the water is in an amount ranging from about 15 - 45% by weight.

35. An apparatus comprising a container into which the formulation of any of claims 16-34 is disposed and a nozzle for dispensing the dispensable composition.

36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the apparatus further comprises a pump in communication with the dispensable composition.

37. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the container is fluid tight and wherein the dispensable composition further comprises a propellant.

38. A disinfecting film comprising the composition of any of claim 1-15 disposed on a substrate.

39. The disinfecting film of claim 38, wherein the disinfecting film can perform a residual disinfection.

40. The disinfecting film of claim 39, wherein the residual disinfection occurs in 15 to 30 minutes.

41. The disinfecting film of claim 38, wherein the disinfecting film can perform a rapid disinfection.

42. The disinfecting film of claim 41, wherein the rapid disinfection occurs in less than 1 minute.

43. The disinfecting film of claim 36, wherein the disinfecting film is active for 1 to 14 days.

44. The disinfecting film of any of claims 38-43, wherein the disinfecting film is activated upon exposure to water.

45. The disinfecting film of any of claims 38-4, wherein a dried disinfecting film can be reactivated by exposing to water.

46. A method of disinfecting a surface, the method comprises dispensing the dispensable composition of any of claims 1-15 onto the surface.

47. A fabric comprising the composition of any of claims 1-15 disposed on a surface thereof.

48. The fabric of claim 47, wherein the fabric is configured to comprise at least a portion of a garment, mask, glove, or any other PPE.

49. A dispensable composition comprising CNPs and / or AgCNPs and an excipient.