Herbal combination against red mange in poultry based on thyme, coriander and green tea leaf extracts

Abstract

In the technical field: This invention describes the formulation of a herbal product for combating poultry red mange, which acts as a pesticide in the veterinary and poultry fields. \nSection A: Human Needs\nSubsection: Agriculture\nThe poultry red mange, Dermisus gallinae, is one of the most serious threats to the poultry industry. This parasite has a global distribution and can infect most species of birds. In addition to affecting bird welfare, growth and production factors, conversion rate and losses, this mite can cause allergic reactions in workers and personnel working in poultry farms.\nThe present invention is a balanced combination of thyme plant extract (leaves and stems), coriander (leaves and stems) and green tea leaves. Dilution 1:10 (hydroalcoholic extract: distilled water). The alcoholic extract of thyme and coriander and tea extract causes the complete elimination of adult mites. The mites are eliminated in a 15-day period with 4 sprays. By reducing the number of mites and eliminating them, production traits such as production percentage, chicken weight, and egg weight increase by 5%, 4%, and 6%, respectively.

Description

Description of the invention Title of the invention (as stated in the declaration) Herbal combination against red mange in poultry based on thyme, coriander and green tea leaf extracts Technical background of the relevant invention This invention describes the formulation of a herbal product to combat poultry red scabies, which acts as a pesticide in the field of veterinary medicine and poultry farming. Section A: Human Needs Sub-sector: Agriculture Technical problem and stating the objectives of the invention The red mite, Thermanis gallinae, is one of the most serious threats to the poultry industry, especially to commercial layers and breeders in many parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, Japan and China. This parasite has a global distribution and can infect most bird species. In addition to affecting bird welfare, growth and production factors, conversion rates and mortality, this mite can cause allergic reactions in workers and personnel working in poultry farms. The common name for the mite, Thermanis gallinae, is the poultry mite or the Poultry Red Mite (PRM), which is one of the most common external parasites of poultry. This mite feeds on the blood of the host, especially the blood of poultry, but it also has the ability to feed on the blood of other animals and humans. The economic losses of control and also the reduction in production due to infection with Thermanis gallinae have been estimated at 131 million euros per year in the European Union egg production industry, and this figure is also very high and significant in other parts of the world. The prevalence of scabies in different parts of the world has been reported to be between 60 and 85 percent.In our country, there are still no accurate statistics on the prevalence of the parasite Thermiscus gallinae, but it is safe to say that more than 90 percent of the country's egg-laying farms are infected with this parasite and suffer annual economic losses due to reduced production and the high costs of combating this parasite. The problems associated with using different methods to control poultry red mange are as follows: The use of high temperatures is applicable between two production cycles and in the absence of birds. The need for high costs, the possibility of damage to poultry house equipment in high temperatures, and the lack of uniform delivery of the desired temperature to all parts of the house, especially the cracks and seams where mites hide, are among the most important disadvantages of this method. Using lighting in farm conditions is practically impossible. When using minerals, care must be taken that high humidity reduces their effectiveness, which is problematic due to the high humidity in poultry houses. It is also impossible to use the powdered form of these materials as dust in production halls, which causes respiratory problems and a lot of stress. Chemical methods are not capable of destroying parasite eggs and after a while the parasite population increases again. In addition, the presence of residues of these toxins or their metabolites in eggs, meat and consequently, the risk to human health is an issue that must be considered very seriously. There are also numerous reports of the development of resistance against various chemical toxins and these toxins lose their effectiveness after a while due to the development of resistance and become practically ineffective. In order to combat scabies, natural enemies are used. It should be noted that the behavior of these scabies, like the scabies Thermiscus gallinae, should be such that they hide in the seams and cracks of the poultry house during the day and be active at night, otherwise they will be hunted and eaten by the chickens. The use of fungi also creates the limitation that under farm conditions, the reproduction of fungi in the environment is slow and they cannot prevent the rapid reproduction and increase of mites and be effective. Biological insecticides, another class of scab control agents, are also highly toxic to vertebrates. The herbal blend with the Mytofeed Plus brand keeps mites away from the chickens' bodies, and due to the ingredients in it, mites are kept away from the bird's body. Therefore, after using this product, management measures such as cleaning cages, opening and cleaning feeders and places where mites gather must be carried out with complete care and regularly. They also recommend using approved external anti-parasite compounds! The purpose of producing this product is to achieve an effective anti-mite spray combination using thyme, coriander and tea plant extracts for the first time. A herbal combination that can overcome the problems and limitations of previous methods and inventions and eliminate poultry red mange, can be used even in the presence of poultry, and does not entail the problems and limitations of chemical anti-mange combinations. A description of the state of the prior art and the history of developments related to the claimed invention. Until now, there has been no suitable and definitive solution to combat external parasites. Regular hygiene and cleaning of poultry units and equipment are among the conditions for preventing and combating any disease. Different control methods for mange thermacissus have been proposed: 1- High temperature: This is one of the physical methods of control. In this method, an attempt is made to eliminate scabies by increasing the temperature (above 45 degrees Celsius). This method can be used between two production cycles and in the absence of birds. The most important disadvantages of this method are the high cost, the possibility of damage to the poultry house equipment in high temperatures, and the lack of uniform heat reaching all parts of the house, especially the cracks and seams where scabies hide. 2- Lighting: Lighting and darkness in succession, for example, 1 / 4 of the lighting time and 3 / 4 of the darkness time, so that the feeding cycle of the mites is not disrupted, but this method is also practically impossible to do in farm conditions. 3- Minerals: Another physical method of combating this mite is the use of silica, diatomaceous earth, and kaolin, either in powder or liquid form. The use of silica disrupts the movement of the mite. These materials also absorb the lipids on the surface of the mite and damage its protective cuticle, and then disrupt the water balance and dehydrate the mite, causing its death. However, the effectiveness of this method depends on the quality of the silica and the environmental conditions, so that high humidity reduces its effect, which is problematic due to the high humidity in poultry houses. It is also impossible to use the powdered form of these materials as dust in production houses, which causes respiratory problems and a lot of stress. 4- Chemical method: Another traditional method of combating therapsidous scabies is the use of various types of chemical pesticides. In the poultry industry, agricultural pesticides such as the permethrin group are sometimes used to spray nests or living creatures. Poisons from the carbamate, organophosphate, amitraz and pyrethroid families are widely used. These pesticides do not have the ability to destroy the parasite eggs and after a while the parasite population increases again. In addition, the presence of residues of these pesticides or their metabolites in eggs, meat and consequently the risk to human health is an issue that must be considered very seriously. There are also numerous reports of resistance to various chemical pesticides, and these pesticides lose their effectiveness after a while due to the development of resistance and become practically ineffective. Unfortunately, according to reports, a high percentage of resistance to these pesticides has been observed in recent years. For example, a new synthetic pesticide called Phoxim, which at one point claimed to be up to 70% effective against scabies, failed to prove to be a suitable solution.The toxin phoxim was widely commercialized in 2010, and the first report of resistance to it was reported in 2011 (9). 5- Vaccine: Much research has been done on finding a suitable vaccine and creating immunity in the body of poultry. For example, attempts have been made to immunize birds against somatic antigens of Therapeus gallinae or homologous proteins shared by other species of mange, but the results have been very variable. So that the death of mange in laboratory conditions when the mange was fed the blood of chickens immunized with anti-mange antibodies has varied from 7.5% to 50.6%. Similarly, no significant mortality was observed in mange that was immunized with mange proteins from the blood of chickens and research in this field is still ongoing (10). 6- Natural enemies: Natural enemies are mites or fungi that use the red poultry mite as a prey. Some mites that use the gallinaceous Thermiscus as a prey and food source include: Androlaelaps casalis, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Hypoasois miles, Stratoiolaelaps scimitus... The use of these predatory mites also has its own difficulties. The behavior of these mites, like the Thermiscus gallinae, must be such that they hide in the seams and cracks of the poultry house during the day and be active at night, otherwise they will be hunted and eaten by the chickens. Laboratory studies have also been conducted on certain species of fungi that have shown that the scabies mite is killed by high concentrations of conidia in the laboratory. These fungi are capable of infecting and killing scabies. The spores of the fungus multiply on the scabies cuticle, penetrate it, and spread throughout the scabies body, killing it. The main point about this method is that the field results have not been as successful as the laboratory results. The results show that this method has only been relatively effective at high doses and that it is practically ineffective at low doses. Also, fungi need specific environmental conditions to be able to perform properly, including high humidity and water. In farm conditions, the reproduction of fungi in the environment is slow and they cannot prevent the rapid reproduction and increase of mites and be effective. 7- Biological insecticides: These are substances produced based on natural products and metabolites of bacteria. For example, Thuringiensin, produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, has been used for insect control since ancient times, but this substance is also highly toxic to vertebrates (11). 8- Herbal products: Plant extracts are a suitable alternative method for combating ectoparasites, especially poultry red mange, and plant products are safer compared to chemical pesticides and insecticides. Research has shown that there are more than 811 species of ectoparasites and mange that are resistant to chemical insecticides. The occurrence of simultaneous resistance to more than one chemical insecticide is also increasing. Given that the use of antiparasite products and chemical pesticides in veterinary medicine and medicine is increasingly causing problems, there is always a need for an alternative and efficient method. So that today, problems such as resistance to chemicals, the presence of residues in meat and eggs produced, the persistence of poison or its metabolites in the environment, and the high risk and danger for non-target populations, especially humans, have drawn attention to plant products. Plant products are of great interest due to their natural antiparasitic properties, rapid biodegradation in the environment, and non-toxicity or very low toxicity for humans and animals. Plants with medicinal uses contain biologically active chemicals.The complex chemical complexes of active ingredients in plants have greatly reduced the risk of developing resistance to them. The active ingredient in medicinal plants can attack parasites in various ways. There has also been much talk about the additive or synergistic effect of extracts when using two or more plant extracts simultaneously. In Iran, the Mytofeed Plus brand has been produced with a combination of edible powder of eucalyptus + thyme + chamomile + garlic to repel and eliminate mites. But as the company itself claims, this combination keeps mites away from the body of chickens and due to the ingredients in it, mites are kept away from the bird's body, so after using this product, management measures such as cleaning cages, opening and cleaning feeders and places where mites accumulate must be carried out with complete care and regularly, and they also recommend the use of permitted external anti-parasitic compounds! By searching the intellectual property system, the following inventions are examined for comparison: 1. Ajwan herbal pesticide against poultry ectoparasites (poultry red mite), application number: 139950140003009893, owner Farzad Jahangiri: Ajwan herbal pesticide against poultry ectoparasites (poultry red mite) is composed of ajwan extract and essential oil. Thymol as the main active ingredient of this compound and thymol, gammaterpinene and kavacrol, as synergists, significantly increase the pesticidal effect of this compound. To obtain ajwan essential oil, ajwan seeds are ground with a grinder and mixed with water into a soxhlet machine. After a certain time, the essential oil is obtained, which can be mixed with a certain amount of water in a mixer to form an emulsion in the compound. To obtain the alcoholic extract of this plant, we mix the ground powder of agarwood seeds with alcohol (ethanol) and put this mixture into a Soxhlet apparatus. After some time has passed and the liquid inside the Soxhlet has settled, we expose it to the open air so that the ethanol in the mixture evaporates as much as possible. 2. Herbal medicine for scabies, application number: 139550140003005059, owners: Amir Rastegari Kiryani, Shafiqa Shojaei: Scabies is a relatively common infectious and contagious skin disease, caused by arthropods from the scabies mite group. This disease is very annoying and its symptoms include severe itching of the whole body and infection of the skin following itching. Currently, there is no definitive and specific treatment for this skin disease, and the chemical drugs (gammabenzene, crotamiton, etc.) that are prescribed for it only have a symptomatic treatment aspect and, in addition, have destructive effects such as the occurrence of allergic sensitivities, inflammation, etc. on some people (children and pregnant women). The herbal composition is a combination of herbal ingredients that are effective on the disease agent (by inhibiting) that reduces the symptoms and severity of the disease and has been able to completely cure this disease. It also eliminates complications (darkening of the skin) that occur after the disease has healed. Other features of this combination, in addition to its therapeutic aspect, include its low cost and availability for patients. Components of the invention: 1. Neem seed extract (Neem is a plant from the A. indica species, scientifically known as Azadirachta Indica), which has a killing effect on the scabies agent, as well as antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of limonoid compounds. 2. Licorice root extract (licorice is from the plant species G.glabra with the scientific name glycyrrhiza glabra) brightens the skin after treatment recovery. 3. Zinc sulfate powder is a tissue and skin repair agent; as a result, it accelerates the patient's recovery. 3. Effective herbal bio-insecticide against red poultry mite, Application No.: 139450140003004141, Owners: Mohaddeseh Abu Hosseini Tabari and Mohammad Reza Yousefi: The present invention is based on the biologically active compound carvacrol, which is derived from plants. The present invention has the potential to be used in the poultry industry due to its safety, naturalness, and absence of side effects. This product can be sprayed in the presence of the flock in parent and laying hen farms, and by eliminating the blood-sucking poultry mite, it increases production in the breeding farm and increases economic efficiency. On a macro level, controlling this harmful mite leads to increased economic efficiency in the country's poultry farming industry. Components and elements constituting the invention: 1. Carvacrol at 1% weight by volume 2. Ethanol at a rate of 5% weight by volume 3. Castor oil oxalate at a rate of 0.5% weight by volume 4. BHA (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole) at 0.5% w / v 5. Distilled deionized water until desired volume is reached 4. Herbal solution against the skin disease of mange in livestock, poultry and humans, Application number: 139650140003008803, Owner: Seyed Mohammad Hossein Iraninejad: Herbal composition against mange in livestock is a completely herbal composition based on the active ingredients of geranium essential oil and limonene, which effectively eliminates mange. Mange or scabies is a skin disease with annoying itching that can infect both humans and livestock. This disease is caused by mites, and each of them has its own specific host. Currently, the treatment of this disease is carried out with the help of chemical drugs in the form of lotions and ointments. The present invention, in addition to eliminating the causative agent of the disease, has anti-inflammatory properties and also helps to improve the skin. The composition of this spray is Geraniol, Limonene, castor oil, PEG-castor oil, distilled water. First, half of the volume of distilled water is poured into the Erlenmeyer flask and placed on a magnetic stirrer, and its temperature reaches approximately 30 degrees. Then 1% emulsifier is added, and then limonene and geraniol are each added to the liquid at a rate of 1%. Then water is added to the present solution until the volume of the solution reaches that. The solution is in the form of an emulsion and is used as a spray. 5. Herbal medicine against mange, Application number: 139950140003005903, Owner: Arian Esfandiari: A medicine has been presented for the treatment of animals infected with mange. This medicine contains herbal products that, in addition to eliminating mange, have restorative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-itching properties for the animal's skin. So that the topical use of this medicine in the form of an ointment, without any side effects for the animal, is an alternative to synthetic insecticides and pesticides and can be an effective step towards the health of other living beings in addition to preserving the environment. To prepare this ointment, first dissolve 1 gram of Borax in 35 grams of water and heat to 70 degrees Celsius. Then combine 45 grams of liquid paraffin with 1 gram of carvacrol and 1 gram of geranium and stir well until they become one phase. Then add 17 grams of white beeswax to the liquid paraffin mixture after melting, and finally add the water phase to the oil phase and immediately start mixing in one direction with a glass stirrer and continue until the product cools. In the claimed invention, a combination of three indigenous plants with synergistic effects has been used to combat poultry red mange (Dermanis gallinae) and so far no article or report has mentioned the use of green tea plant extract and it is being used for the first time. In the cases registered above, a plant (Zinnia) and carvacrol (an active plant substance that can be obtained in pure and industrial form) have been used, as well as to treat the effects of mange. Providing a solution to an existing technical problem along with an accurate, sufficient, and integrated description of the invention Poultry red mite is the most common and important blood-sucking ectoparasite in mother laying flocks in many countries, including Iran (1, 2). The density of this mite can reach 50,000 mites per bird in a cage system and in severe cases up to 500,000 mites per bird (8). Infection with this mite causes stress, disruption of the bird's sleep pattern, increased aggressive behavior, crowding, cannibalism, increased feed conversion ratio, blood spots on eggs, reduced egg quality, and reduced egg production. A laying hen can lose 3% of her blood volume each night due to infection with this mite. Many studies and methods have been conducted in the field of mange control. Frequent and excessive use of chemical anti-mite compounds, the resistance of the red fat population to them, and the presence of residues of these products in animal food and the environment are among the existing concerns. For this reason, efforts were made to produce a natural, new and safe anti-mite compound of plant origin. In the claimed invention, a combination of three indigenous plants with synergistic effects has been used to eliminate red mange in poultry (Dermanisus gallinae). The present invention is a balanced combination of thyme plant extract (leaves and stems), coriander (leaves and stems), and green tea leaves (thyme and coriander extract, 5%, tea extract 50%, distilled water 45%). This combination is applicable to all types of laying, broiler and mother poultry, but its farm studies have been conducted in laying poultry. Regarding the mechanism of action of herbal compounds, it indicates the neurotoxic activity of different types of active compounds and their synergistic effects. Thymol and carvacrol are among the main compounds found in thyme, whose anti-mite effects have been proven, and carvacrol in particular has been mentioned as a strong anti-mite. The most important effective ingredients in coriander are linalool, limonene, and alpha-pinene, whose diverse biological activities, such as insecticidal activity, have been proven. Green tea contains polyphenolic compounds including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC), which are commonly known as catechins. After producing hydroalcoholic extracts from each of the samples, their effectiveness in eliminating red mites, the effective dose and amount of each were examined in in vitro tests. After confirming and characterizing the acaricidal properties, the best ones were selected and also examined in combination. Extraction: After preparation and approval, plant samples were used for hydroalcoholic extraction (extraction with specific solvents and at different times). Given that the extract is hydroalcoholic, distilled water should be used. Using different extraction methods (depending on the type of solvent and extraction time) may affect the results. Extraction of the obtained samples was carried out using a Soxhlet apparatus for each plant in a hydroalcoholic manner. For the test, the standardized method of Kim et al. (2004) was used with some changes due to laboratory conditions. The tested treatments are: To measure the acaricidal activity, different dilutions of the obtained extracts were prepared. 50 adult red mites were placed in Petri dishes with a diameter of 10 cm. After preparing different dilutions, the extracts of each plant were sprayed on the mites in each container. By closing them in each container, 24 hours after spraying, the losses were examined using a stereomicroscope. If the limbs of the mites did not move when pressed with a needle, they were considered dead. Each treatment was performed with 6 repetitions. The results of the experiments showed that a 1:10 dilution (hydroalcoholic extract: distilled water) of alcoholic extracts of thyme and coriander and tea extract completely eliminated adult mites (Table 2). In the next step, the effectiveness of the solution with the combined formula obtained from the above experiment was confirmed in vitro, and the resulting compound was shown to be more effective. The results obtained from the above experiments were examined to determine their effectiveness in farm conditions and in the presence of birds. A number of 100 laying hens infected with mites were selected and kept in an isolated cage in a room simulating the rearing conditions. A number of hens were also considered as a control group in a different space in which no measures were taken regarding mange treatment. Mite traps were installed in different parts of the hen house before using the herbal extracts. After a day and a night, they were collected and placed in a plastic bag and kept at a temperature of -18 degrees Celsius for 48 hours to kill them. The number of trapped mites was counted, and thus, the average mange infection in the poultry farm was calculated. The presence of mites in the rearing area was confirmed by installing a tick trap and the number of mites in each trap was counted.After a week and the birds' adaptation and the mites' nesting in the new location according to the proposed protocol, the environment was sprayed in the presence of chickens as a spray one hour after the onset of darkness, because mites hide in the seams in the light and come out of their hiding places in the dark. All surfaces, including cages, floor bedding, walls, and poultry in the cages, were completely sprayed with plant extracts. After spraying, the prepared traps were installed again in the same previous locations and collected daily and the number of mites trapped in them was counted. After spraying, the chickens were kept for 15 days to examine the safety of the product. The experiment was conducted for 35 days. The effectiveness of the extract used was determined based on the number of mites in the tested and control groups. The results showed that mites were eliminated after a 15-day period with four sprays. Data recording of daily chicken production showed that with the reduction in the number of mites and their elimination, production traits such as production percentage, chicken weight, and egg weight also increased by 5%, 4%, and 6%, respectively (Tables 3 and 4). It is also possible to use this invention in the form of essential oil, but due to the high cost and the studies conducted, the extract can be used at a lower cost and with appropriate efficiency. In this design, the essential oil was also used initially, but due to the high costs, the extract was also used successfully. The present invention has not been used in feed, but if it is poured onto the feed, there will be no restrictions. The priority and delay of adding the extract of the ingredients has no effect and there are no restrictions in this regard. The product can be consumed in liquid and spray form. Explanation of shapes, maps and diagrams Table No. 1 - Ingredients Table 2- Killing effects of prepared extracts on poultry red scabies in vitro at different times Table 3- Evaluation of anti-mange effects and efficacy of the claimed herbal compound Table 4 - Studying the effect of foliar spraying on poultry performance A clear and precise statement of the advantages of the claimed invention over prior inventions. 100% natural and free of toxic residues Rapid control of poultry red mites and prevention of rapid population growth No withdrawal period for eggs and meat Preventing the transmission of diseases transmitted by poultry red ticks Can be used in the presence of poultry Ease of use and prevention of stress caused by removing birds Description of at least one implementation method for implementing the invention The guidelines for using the invention in infected poultry farms are as follows: This product can be used as a spray in poultry farms infected with poultry red scabies. The product will be used four times over a 15-day period on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 by measuring the poultry farm space in the presence of chickens. The production process of this invention in the industrial phase is as follows: Thyme (leaves and stems), coriander (leaves and stems), and green tea leaves Hydroalcoholic extraction of plant samples using a Soxhlet apparatus Mixing the obtained extracts and preparing an anti-mite solution (thyme and coriander extract, 5%, tea extract, 50%, distilled water, 45%) Explicit mention of the industrial application of the invention Chicken and egg production industry – Livestock and poultry industries – Pesticide production industries for livestock and poultry industries Brief description of the invention Invention of a herbal combination against poultry red mange based on thyme, coriander and green tea leaf extracts In the technical field: This invention describes the formulation of a herbal product to combat poultry red scabies, which acts as a pesticide in the field of veterinary medicine and poultry farming. Section A: Human Needs Sub-sector: Agriculture The red poultry mite, Therapeutis gallinae, is one of the most serious threats to the poultry industry. This parasite has a global distribution and can infect most bird species. In addition to affecting bird welfare, growth and production factors, conversion rates and mortality, this mite can cause allergic reactions in workers and personnel working in poultry farms. The present invention is a balanced combination of thyme extract (leaves and stems), coriander (leaves and stems) and green tea leaf. Dilution 1:10 (hydroalcoholic extract: distilled water). The alcoholic extract of thyme and coriander and tea extract completely destroys adult mites. The mites are destroyed in a period of 15 days with 4 sprays. By reducing the number of mites and their destruction, production traits such as production percentage, chicken weight, and egg weight also increase by 5%, 4%, and 6%, respectively.

Claims

Claims What is claimed:

1. Herbal solution against red mange in poultry, which consists of the active ingredients thymol and carvacrol found in thyme, linanol, limonene and alpha-pinene found in coriander, and polyphenolic compounds found in green tea (catechins), and is responsible for eliminating red mange even in the presence of poultry using synergistic effects.

2. According to claim 1, the inventive herbal solution is obtained using hydroalcoholic extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus and consists of the following components: Thyme plant extract (leaves and stems) and coriander extract (leaves and stems) in a total amount of 5% Green tea leaves in an amount of 50% Distilled water in an amount of 45% 3. According to claim 1, spraying different dilutions of herbal solution on petri dishes containing scabies showed complete destruction of scabies at a dilution of 1:10 (hydroalcoholic extract: distilled water). (Table 2) 4. According to claim 1, spraying all surfaces including cages, floor litter, walls and poultry inside the cages in the presence of chickens one hour after the onset of darkness shows the elimination of mites after a 15-day period with four sprays. (Table 3) 5. According to claims 1 and 3, by reducing the number of mites and eliminating them, the percentage of production, weight of chickens, and weight of eggs also increase by 5%, 4%, and 6%, respectively (Table 4).