Enriched oil for livestock and poultry

Abstract

To produce the desired product, considering the importance of the ingredients of livestock and poultry feed, the compounds required for livestock feed, and in order to increase the stability of the compounds used, especially sodium selenite, to environmental conditions of moisture, oxidation, and light, and to reduce the negative interaction of the coated compound with other compounds present in livestock feed, and the possibility of dissolving this compound in oil, nanoliposomes were used to coat sodium selenite, which served three purposes (reducing its particle size, linking this compound with an organic compound, and ultimately increasing the stability of this compound). For this purpose, a thin-layer microencapsulation method using ultrasound, which is a relatively new technology, was used to make the particle size very small so that it could be easily dissolved in the oil and its absorption by livestock increased due to the increase in its surface area. On the other hand, thyme essential oil, which could be extracted with a Clonger or ultrasound device, was used because it was rich in phenolic compounds and beneficial trace elements, and vitamin E was also used to enrich the oil.

Description

Description of the invention Title of the invention (as stated in the declaration) Enriched oil for livestock and poultry Technical background of the relevant invention This invention is in the field of producing functional food for the livestock and poultry industries with a nanotechnology approach. Technical problem and stating the objectives of the invention In recent years, due to the vital roles of minerals in the growth, health and production of poultry, the study of the amount and type of minerals in the diet has attracted the attention of researchers in order to improve performance. On the one hand, feed and veterinary costs are among the most important costs of livestock farming. For example, transferring calves from the liquid to solid feed feeding phase is one of the most important methods in reducing the costs of raising and ensuring the health of calves. Higher consumption of starter diet and the rapid development of rumen taste buds prepare the calf for the transition period and, as a result, reduce labor and feeding costs (Warner, 1991). On the other hand, considering that 75% of the cost of a livestock farm is spent on preparing and purchasing animal feed, understanding food and identifying animal food needs is of particular importance. Most of the feeds used in animal nutrition are poor in some nutrients and create the need for food supplements.Selenium is one of the essential and scarce minerals that is associated with improving immunity and reducing diseases (Ramirezmela and Hernandezmendo, 2010) and plays an important role in the antioxidant system by participating in the structure of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. In addition to the important role of selenium in the antioxidant system of living organisms, selenium is also present in the structure of various selenoproteins such as thioredoxin reductase, selenoprotein P, selenophosphate synthetase, sperm capsule selenoprotein and thyroid hormone deiodinases (Ahmed et al., 2016). Selenium has been proposed as a nutrient for mammals for more than 50 years (Rountree et al., 2004), and deficiency of this mineral leads to white muscle disease in ruminants and reduced growth in poultry (Mohri et al., 2011; Nemati et al., 2020). Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, selenium nanoparticles not only have more effects on the regulation of selenoenzymes, but also have less toxicity compared to other sources.Ruminant nutritionists have long attempted to balance the competition between different microbial populations with the aim of improving the efficiency of energy and protein utilization in the rumen. This has been achieved by optimizing diet settings and using feed additives that alter the rumen environment and enhance or inhibit specific microbial populations (Calsamigia et al., 2007). Shiraz thyme, scientifically known as Zataria multiflora bois, is one of the largest plant families with a global distribution. Shiraz thyme is a branched plant with a woody stem 40-80 cm high that grows wild and as dense bushes on dry slopes (Hadian et al., 2011). Thymol, carvacrol and paracetamol are among the most important active compounds of thyme. This plant also contains tannins and flavonoids. Among these, thymol is a phenolic compound and the most prominent active chemical compound of thyme, which is present in different amounts in different parts of this plant, including leaves, flowers, and roots.This plant has antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antitussive and expectorant effects and is also used to relieve coughs caused by asthma, whooping cough and various types of bronchitis and upper respiratory tract inflammation, especially in children, and has no side effects (Sajed et al., 2013, Boussabadi et al., 2012). Studies have shown that the use of thyme essential oil, due to its thymol content, leads to improved feed intake, digestibility and reduced methane production, without affecting the health of cattle. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin of plant origin and is essential for reproductive, nervous, muscular and immune functions. This vitamin enhances immunity by affecting the development of the immune system through a direct effect on immune cells and an indirect effect on endocrine and metabolic parameters, as well as by increasing macrophage xenobiotics and increasing antibody production (Karasa et al., 1999).Therefore, the purpose of producing the above product is to increase protein in livestock milk, significantly reduce the concentration of harmful serum fats, reduce the decrease in serum thyroxine levels in livestock, improve rumen function. The company's product, due to the presence of thyme essential oil, leads to improved feed consumption, digestibility, and reduced methane production, without affecting livestock health, and ultimately improve the reproductive, nervous, muscular, and immune functions of livestock, and reduce the likelihood of mastitis. A description of the state of the prior art and the history of developments related to the claimed invention. A search of the Intellectual Property Office of Iran did not find a product with this title. On the other hand, no product with this title and containing these ingredients has been produced on all reputable international sites. Of course, on domestic sites, some companies sell special oil for poultry farms, which is completely different from our product because only in those oils some amounts of palm oil have been added to increase the amount of vitamin E in the oil. However, the oil we claim to produce contains nutritious ingredients, such as sodium cyanide, vitamin E, and thyme essential oil. The idea to produce this product was extracted from studying and reviewing various articles, some of which are listed in this section. Mohammad et al. (2021) studied the effect of sodium selenite, selenium yeast, and bacterially enriched protein on egg yolk color, antioxidant profile, and oxidative stability, and stated that the use of these compounds, especially their organic form, reduced egg oxidative stress, improved yolk color, and reduced egg cholesterol levels. The effects of increasing the level of sodium selenite and selenium yeast in the diet on growth performance, meat quality, and muscle antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens were investigated by Zhao et al. (2023), and it was found that the use of these compounds led to qualitative and quantitative improvements in some characteristics of broiler chickens. Hashemi et al. (2018) studied the effect of different selenium sources on blood parameters related to the inflammatory status of newly calving Holstein cows and stated that the use of selenium nanoparticles leads to an improvement in the protein content of the milk produced. The results of the study by Dehghani et al. (2019) showed that using different sources of selenium in livestock diets could possibly improve rumen function, increase the number of protozoa and increase total volatile fatty acids, and in this regard, nano and organic forms perform better than the mineral form. Najafnejad et al. (2016) showed that adding 0.3 ppm selenium to diets containing high levels of unsaturated fat sources significantly reduced the concentration of harmful serum fats and increased its antioxidant activity, which was reflected in the improvement of the productive capacity of cows. On the other hand, the consumption of nanoparticles of these compounds has more than 7 times less toxic effects than in its conventional form. A review study on the effect of consuming thyme plant extract on livestock health published in 2020 found that using thyme in livestock nutrition in the form of powder or essential oil can promote growth, improve reproductive performance, increase feed intake, improve digestion and absorption of nutrients, increase carcass quality, and reduce complications and mortality (Mirsa, 2020). Babakhani and Rostamian studied the effects of adding probiotics and coated thyme essential oil on growth performance and immune responses of broiler chickens using the multi-criteria decision-making management method, and it was determined that adding 100 mg of thyme essential oil to the diet of broiler chickens is recommended to improve immune response and growth performance. In the study of Eshete et al. (2013), it was stated that the use of thyme leads to improved feed intake, digestibility, daily weight gain, and final body weight in sheep. This compound can also improve rumen fermentation by changing the activity and mobility of protozoa and can almost reduce the adverse effects of aflatoxin. In a study conducted by Shah Ravan et al. in 2022 on the effect of different levels of thyme extract on nitrogen retention, gas production, microbial population, protozoa count, and some blood parameters in fattening lambs and goats, it was found that, according to the table below, the level of bad cholesterol in such animals decreases, but the level of good cholesterol increases. A study by Roshni et al. (2006) showed that applying initial heat shock at 5-6 days of age and using vitamin C supplementation or a mixture with vitamin E can improve poultry performance under heat stress conditions. Studies have shown that adding zinc and vitamin E supplements to the diet of Japanese quail mothers can improve hatchability, growth performance, and immunity in chicks (Aghaei et al., 2017). Providing a solution to an existing technical problem along with an accurate, sufficient, and integrated description of the invention Nanoliposomes containing sodium selenite, thyme essential oil, and vitamin E were used in the production of this product. The description of the production of the product is summarized in this section. After entering the factory, the soybean oil seeds were placed in storage silos that were in the shape of a beehive, and after entering the processing stage, its waste materials such as thorns and shavings, stones and other materials were separated by a sieve. After cleaning, the seeds were placed in a cracker and converted into smaller particles and then from there they were placed in a cooking pot, where the temperature and humidity of the pot were adjusted so that the output product had a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius and a humidity of 12%. Then the heated seeds were placed in a Buhler type flicker device to become flakes. After this stage, the flakes were placed in the extractor (solvent extraction stage) (temperature conditions of 55 degrees Celsius for 7 hours) so that the oil in the samples was extracted by adding hexane solvent to them. The output of the extractor is miscible (oil-solvent mixture) and meal. To remove fine particles, the miscible is passed through a filter and the solvent is removed and recovered in a solvent removal device. The meal is also solvent removed in a solvent removal-roasting device. Then, lecithin is produced according to the flowchart below.It should be noted that the amount of water at a temperature of 70 ° C, in the stage of mixing with crude oil, is about 1-3% oil, and the temperature of the oil at this stage was 60-70 ° C. They were stirred well in a tank for 30 minutes, and the resulting mixture was sent to the Alfa Laval separator at a speed of 4000 rpm, where lecithin and oil were separated from each other. And finally, the produced lecithin was dried under vacuum at a temperature of less than 70 ° C. Then, in the laboratory, sodium selenite was mixed in a ratio of one to 6, 7 or 8 parts of the company's produced lecithin and in a water-ethanol solvent (70-30). For better mixing of this substance and lecithin, this mixture was placed in a rotary dryer at a temperature of 50 ° C and under vacuum, so that in addition to better mixing, some of its solvent would also evaporate. The formed thin film was then hydrated with 10 mL of sterile distilled water and glass beads were added to aid in the hydration of the lipid thin film. At this stage, micron-sized multilamellar liposomes were produced.The samples were then homogenized in a homogenizer at a speed of 12,000 rpm at a temperature above the phase transition of the liposomes for 10 minutes. Then, the liposomal mixture was transferred to probe ultrasound in an ice water bath (to prevent excessive energy from being applied to the solution and lipid hydrolysis and oxidation), and 9 cycles of 20 seconds with a 30-second rest between cycles were applied to the samples. At this stage, single-layer nanoliposomes were produced. Then, these samples were dried by freeze-drying for 48 hours. After finding the best sample of the prepared nanoliposomes containing sodium selenite, it was directly added to crude soybean oil, the chemical properties of which, such as acidity, etc., had been previously determined, and stored at room temperature. A schematic diagram of the preparation of nanoliposomes containing sodium selenite is given in the relevant section. It should be noted that the Cotton and Oilseeds Company is the only company that uses this lecithin to produce nanoliposomes, and the rest of the companies and researchers use imported lecithin in powder form to produce nanoliposomes.Finally, in order to nanosize the vitamin E and thyme essential oil particles, they were dissolved in a certain amount of oil and then these oils were exposed to ultrasound and ultra-high-frequency waves. It should be noted that the DLS (particle size dispersion method) method was used to determine the particle size and confirm the nanosize of these particles, and finally these materials were mixed in the desired amount in a stirred tank. Table 1 summarizes some of the technical specifications and features of the company's production sample. Explanation of shapes, maps and diagrams Figure 1- Schematic view of the production of oil enriched with nanoliposomes containing sodium selenite, vitamin E, and thyme essential oil. Figure 2- Effect of sodium selenite concentration on the encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposomes Figure 3- Effect of sodium selenite concentration on nanoliposome particle size Figure 4- SEM image of nanoliposomes containing sodium selenite Table 1- Some specifications of the produced enriched oil Table 2 - Some measured characteristics of broiler chickens at the end of their 42 days of age A clear and precise statement of the advantages of the claimed invention over prior inventions. According to the information provided, oil specifically for poultry farms is produced almost only in Iran, but our product has the following advantages. 1-Increase in protein in animal milk 2- Significant reduction in the concentration of harmful serum fats 3- Less decrease in serum thyroxine levels in livestock 4- Improving rumen function 5- The company's product, due to its thyme essential oil, improves feed consumption, digestibility, and reduces methane production without affecting the health of the cow. 6- Reducing bad cholesterol in livestock blood 7- Improving reproductive, nervous, muscular and immune functions of livestock 8- Reducing the risk of mastitis 9- Reducing the toxicity of sodium selenite Description of at least one implementation method for implementing the invention After preparing sodium selenite, tests were performed on its coating efficiency and particle size, and after preparing the desired product, this product was evaluated in cooperation with one of the country's large poultry farms after use in a chicken farm. Encapsulation efficiency Some factors such as wall materials, the interaction between wall and core materials, and the microencapsulation method affect the encapsulation efficiency (Sawaqbi et al., 2020). As shown in Figure 2, the encapsulation efficiency increased and then decreased with increasing sodium selenite concentration to a concentration of 0.125 mg / mg wall in the produced nanoliposomes. On the other hand, the particle size of the prepared nanoliposomes can be considered one of the reasons for the decrease in encapsulation efficiency. It seems that molecular dimensions play an important role in the loss of sodium selenite because they are directly related to molecular diffusion. In general, active ingredients are better retained in smaller droplets than in larger ones, although larger droplets, despite having a lower surface-to-volume ratio, require a longer time to form a shell around these droplets in the nanoliposome production process, this time delay causing a greater loss of volatiles. The viscosity of the emulsion is also a factor affecting the efficiency of encapsulation.On the one hand, increasing viscosity reduces the movement of volatile substances to the surface of the drying capsules. Also, increasing the viscosity of nanoliposomes reduces the intensity of stirring these substances (Tulve et al., 2021; Karmano et al., 2018). On the other hand, the PDI index of the samples, which was about 0.2 to 0.3, confirmed the preparation of suitable samples. And finally, the size of some of the produced samples was less than 200 nm. After adding sodium selenite, vitamin E, and thyme essential oil to the aforementioned oil, the companies purchasing this oil were asked to add about 3% of our produced oil to the diet of their chickens and compare the result with samples made from crude soybean oil without additives.Of the three companies that received our oil, only one, the Dizbad Broiler Company, which has many poultry farms, stated that the samples fed with our oil had more weight but lower abdominal fat, cholesterol, and microbial load (Table 2). The other two companies only acknowledged the positive effect of consuming this oil on their broilers, based on their field evidence. Explicit mention of the industrial application of the invention Our product can be used in the livestock and poultry feed industries, as well as poultry farms and animal husbandry. Brief description of the invention To produce the desired product, considering the importance of ingredients in livestock and poultry feed, the compounds required for livestock feed, and in order to increase the stability of the compounds used, especially sodium selenite, to environmental conditions of moisture, oxidation, and light, and to reduce the negative interaction of the encapsulated compound with other compounds in livestock feed, and the possibility of dissolving this compound in oil, nanoliposomes were used to coat sodium selenite, which had three goals (reducing its particle size, linking this compound with an organic compound, and ultimately greater stability). For this purpose, the method of microencapsulation with a thin layer and ultrasound, which is a relatively new technology, was used to make the particle size very small so that it could be easily dissolved in oil and its absorption by livestock increased due to the increase in its surface area. On the other hand, thyme essential oil, which could be extracted with a Clevenger or ultrasound device, was used to be rich in phenolic compounds and small amounts of useful substances, and vitamin E was also used to enrich the oil.

Claims

Claim What is claimed: Claim 1) What is claimed Crude oil enriched with liposomes containing sodium selenite, thyme essential oil and vitamin E The inventors' claimed product is crude soybean oil containing sodium selenite nanoliposomes, which are liposomes made of two components: edible lecithin as the wall and sodium selenite as the core, and prepared by rod sonication and thin-layer water coating method. It consists of thyme essential oil and vitamin E. Claim 2) According to claim number 1, due to the presence of thyme essential oil, our produced oil contains more phenolic compounds than the original crude oil.

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