Differential braking using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles

Abstract

This invention is a differential brake using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles that uses the magnetic resistance property of diamagnetic materials against the passage of flux through them, when they are exposed to an induced magnetic field; by resisting the passage of flux through them and as a result opposing the movement, it generates braking force. In this inventive method, electric current and a coil are used to create temporary magnets. These coils, which act as brake pads, are connected to a storage source with a variable charge and resistance to create a magnetic field of controllable intensity. These coils are bound to each other in a circular shape by several holders. In the center of these coils is a metal cylinder with a central shaft. Two diamagnetic discs, which have bearings in their centers and act as brake discs, are bound to the central shaft of this cylinder. The set of coils and discs is placed inside a differential shell. These discs, which are themselves movable, are connected to the moving part of the vehicle or device. By passing current through the coils and creating a magnetic field in them, the flux of this magnetic field collides with the diamagnetic discs, and the discs, due to the magnetoresistance property of diamagnetic materials, resist the passage of the flux and, as a result, the movement. This method can be used as a brake for the freewheeling axles of vehicles and any type of moving device.

Description

Description of the invention Title of the invention (as stated in the declaration) Differential braking using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles. Technical background of the relevant invention This invention is related to the magnetic field and specifically operates by magnetoresistance. Technical problem and statement of invention objectives With the advancement of technology in the field of vehicles and various types of moving devices, the need for societies to quickly move people and goods to distant and near places and therefore the increase in the speed of movement in public and private vehicles, the need for a speed reduction method (brakes) that can meet this essential need in the transportation and vehicle industry is strongly felt. The various methods that exist for braking in vehicles and all different moving devices are all frictional and cause air pollution by releasing brake gas. In addition, they have numerous problems, including high heat, low braking force and improper balance during braking and having consumable parts due to friction and reduced air pressure in heavy vehicles due to repeated braking and leakage in the hydraulic and pneumatic methods. In addition, all moving devices and vehicles that have a freewheeling axle only use the braking system of the moving part or their wheels, which are all frictional and have their own disadvantages.In this invention, I decided to invent a differential brake using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles to prevent the emission of brake gas and any type of greenhouse gas pollution and heat generation during braking, and not to use consumable parts such as brake pads and discs. Also, by inventing this non-frictional braking method, I prevented wheel locking and wear (slipping), and avoided common problems such as disc and pad failure, and increased the force and complete balance of the wheels during braking. The main goal of this invention is to create a braking method for freewheeling axles that is separate from the frictional braking method in the wheels, is differentially located in the center of the axle, and operates using the magnetic resistance method. By adding the braking force of this method to the frictional braking force of the wheels, the total force increases, and in the event of an accident and a defect in the frictional braking, this braking method operates separately and independently.One of the special applications of this braking method is for the load part of trailers, i.e. trailers, which are installed on their idler axles. In addition to increasing the total braking force, it prevents the phenomenon of misalignment between the trailer and the towing vehicle during braking and, so to speak, prevents the trailer from shearing. A description of the state of the prior art and the history of developments related to the claimed invention. 1 Magnetic resistance brake for vehicles: Declaration number 140050140003006916 Registration number 109549 This invention is a magnetic resistance brake for vehicles. It uses the magnetic resistance of diamagnetic materials to the passage of flux through them, when exposed to a magnetic field; it generates braking force by resisting the passage of flux through them and thus opposing movement. Traditional pneumatic and hydraulic braking methods have low efficiency due to friction and many problems. In this inventive method, electric current and a coil are used to create temporary magnetism. This coil, which acts as a brake pad, is connected to a storage source with a charge and variable resistance to create a magnetic field with controllable intensity. This coil is clamped against a diamagnetic disk, which acts as a brake disk. As current passes through the coil and creates a magnetic field in it, the flux of this magnetic field collides with the diamagnetic disk, and the disk, due to the magnetic resistance property of diamagnetic materials, resists the passage of the flux and, as a result, the movement.This process can be used as a brake for vehicles and any type of moving device. It should be noted that this invention belongs to me. 2. Electromagnetic hybrid self-powered brake: Declaration number 139250140003011227 Registration number 83000: Eddy current braking is a suitable alternative to conventional friction brakes. Its advantages include lower wear, less sensitivity to temperature changes, faster controllability, and better integration with anti-lock and dynamic stability controls. Eddy current braking relies on the creation of eddy currents caused by the movement of a conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The field source can be an electric coil system or a permanent magnet, the latter of which, in addition to eliminating the electrical supply, also simplifies the brake structure. Despite this advantage, there are two major challenges in using permanent magnets: controlling the magnetic flux amplitude and protecting the permanent magnet from excessive heat. To achieve a self-powered brake while maintaining brake controllability, the idea of ​​a hybrid eddy current-regenerative brake or hybrid electromagnetic brake is proposed. This structure is realized by adding a generator to an eddy current brake. The two main brake components are located on the same axle and have the same design geometric considerations. In exchange for generating electrical power, the generator creates a braking torque on the axle, which is desirable for the braking system.This section can be considered a regenerative brake. First, the principles required for the design and analysis of a hybrid electromagnetic brake are discussed based on the concepts of electrical machine design. The effect of various electrical, magnetic, and geometric parameters on the performance of the electromagnetic brake is also examined. Finally, the proposed electromagnetic brake is designed and implemented based on sensitivity analysis and considering the limitations of materials and manufacturing technology. The results of the practical implementation experiment are consistent with the claims and simulation results and confirm them. The unique features of the self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake are: The self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake has the ability to be self-powered and does not require an external electrical source. The ability to be electrically controlled by the self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake is another major advantage of the introduced structure. Unlike previous hybrid brakes, where at least one of the braking components was mechanical and contact-based, the electromagnetic hybrid self-powered brake is completely contactless and does not require mechanical actuators.The self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake is more effective than an eddy current brake in braking action alone because the generating part itself acts as a regenerative brake and applies additional braking torque to the axle. The self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake can be designed and manufactured in axial flux, radial flux and even linear flux, depending on the type of application. The self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake, relying on its unique characteristics, is an efficient and new option for the following applications: Transportation systems: electric and hybrid vehicles, subways and electric trains. Considering its capabilities and the possibility of using it in a wheel, the most efficient and suitable application of the self-powered hybrid electromagnetic brake is. As a controllable mechanical load for testing electric machines. 3. Electromagnetic brake for cup brakes in heavy vehicles: Declaration number 13915014000310483 Registration number 81444: In this project, I have been able to eliminate the weaknesses of the aforementioned system and design a new braking system using electromagnetic technology, using air brake system technology, and conventional braking systems common in cars. Weaknesses of the air brake system: 1- Tearing of the brake system's source and connecting tubes and lack of brakes 2- Needing a large and compressed air source 3- Always needing compressed air 4- Failure of the brake to operate when the pressure in the source drops and during long braking times, etc. Positive points of the design: 1- No source 2- Cylinder cannot be torn 3- Stronger brakes with much less force 4- Easy operation of the brake system with magnetic force even during long braking 5- Elimination of additional pipes and systems 6- Greater safety 7- Simple construction 8- Less volume, etc. In this design, using a cylinder and pistons that have a magnetic field, magnetic force is applied to the piston and, by moving the lever connected to it, it applies movement to the cam located between the two pads, which attaches the pads to the wheel cup and the braking action is performed.In this design, it is possible to make this system by placing an electromotor that creates a magnetic force for one or both pistons or by placing a fixed magnetic piston and use the safety braking system for heavy vehicles. And of course, it is possible to simplify the brake system by adding a spring to the cylinder, and of course, reduce the cost of construction and complexity of the design. 4. Reluctance brake, braking system and vehicle UNEXAMINDED application CN113232630A Reluctance braking, braking system and vehicle: This invention relates to a magnetic reluctance brake, or reluctance, which aims to solve the problem of traditional brake wear due to friction. A reluctance brake system for a vehicle is provided, which includes; a brake disc made of conductive metal materials, and a brake box having a permanent magnet, a return spring, and an oil cylinder in which the piston of the oil cylinder is fixedly connected to the permanent magnet. There is a gap between the two magnetic poles of the permanent magnet, and the brake disc is placed in this gap between the two poles of the permanent magnet. When the brake is pressed, the permanent magnet is placed on the radial outer side of the brake disc by the oil cylinder, and the disc is reluctant to move based on the magnetic damping effect. When the permanent magnet is returned to the initial brake position by the return spring, the reluctance force is eliminated. The operation of the reluctance brake in this invention; There is no friction, or direct contact, and it lacks the wear problems caused by traditional friction-based braking. In my invented method, I have completely eliminated oil, the cylinder and piston mechanism (hydraulic), and the pneumatic system, and have not used permanent magnets, and I have presented this method for rotating shafts. Providing a solution to an existing technical problem along with an accurate, sufficient, and integrated description of the invention This invention is a differential brake using magnetic resistance for idler axles that produces a deceleration force, or braking, in the following way. Diamagnetic materials are those materials that acquire magnetic properties when placed in a magnetic field. However, their magnetization is applied in the opposite direction of the magnetic field. In diamagnetic materials, there are no atomic dipoles due to the coupling between electrons. For this reason, when an external magnetic field is applied, dipoles are induced in diamagnetic materials according to Lenz's law in such a way that they oppose the external field. In view of the above, this inventive method operates on the basis of magnetic resistance. Thus, two moving discs that act as brake discs are placed against several temporary magnetic poles. By establishing current in the coils and creating a magnetic field, the diamagnetic discs resist the passage of flux through them. This resistance of the moving diamagnetic discs to the passage of flux through them is manifested in the form of opposition to movement. It should be noted that by inducing a magnetic field into the moving diamagnetic disks, eddy currents are created inside these disks that are in the opposite direction of the induced current.Therefore, in the discs, resistance to rotation occurs, and the mechanical force required to overcome this resistance is actually the braking force. In this inventive method, with this mechanism, a deceleration force or braking force is produced; at the beginning of this method, which uses a temporary magnetic pole or coil, there is a charged storage source that varies depending on the type of vehicle or device in which this process is used and also the braking force required. For example, in a car, the battery has a voltage of 12 or 24 volts direct current (dc). And depending on the use in the vehicle or device, it has different current and voltage Figure (1). Next, two wires are connected to a rheostat or variable resistor from both ends of the storage source so that using this variable resistor, the amount of current passing through the wires and the intensity of the magnetic field created in the coil and, as a result, the braking power can be changed and adjusted Figure (2). For example, in cars and other vehicles, this variable resistor is connected to the pedal or brake lever. The current flowing through this variable resistor is directed to one or more coils with the same wire diameter and number of turns.These coils are bound to each other in a circle by one or more holders from the outside and inside. The diameter of this circle is determined by the diameter and size of the coils and their number and the diameter of the diamagnetic disk Figure (3). In the center of the circle of bound coils, a cylindrical metal holder is placed, which has a central shaft. This metal holder plays two important roles in the differential brake assembly. First, by being placed in the center of the coils and being bound to their internal holder, it increases the strength of the coils, and second, with its central shaft, it provides support for the diamagnetic disks Figure (4). Two diamagnetic disks assembled with bearings are installed on the central shaft, protruding from both sides of this cylindrical holder, facing the coils Figure (5). Each of these disks is connected to the moving part of the device or vehicle by a piece connected to them Figure (6).Next, the assembled discs are placed on the cylindrical shaft holding the center of the coils together with the coils inside the differential shell, Figure (7). This differential shell has an empty space for the assembled assembly, which after placing this assembly inside this space, the other half of the shell is closed and integrated, Figure (8). In fact, this differential metal shell has two upper and lower halves, where the assembled assembly of the coils is placed, half in the upper part and half in the lower part. The coil holder, which is bound to the outer circle, is screwed to the differential shell, Figure (9). As a result of the current passing through the coils, a magnetic field is created and the flux of this field collides with the diamagnetic disk, which is used as a brake disk, at an angle of 90 degrees. And considering the property of magnetoresistance; The diamagnetic disk resists this passing flux, and this resistance appears in the form of a magnetic torque opposite to the induced field and opposition to motion (a slowing force).The force required to overcome this opposition is called braking force. Finally, by connecting the moving part of the device or vehicle to the discs, its braking force can be used. Figure (10)(11). Explanation of shapes, maps and diagrams Figure (1): Two 12v batteries with a capacity of 90A charged in series with a total voltage of 24v. Figure (2): Rheostat or variable resistor with a current capacity of 50 A. Figure (3): Coils tied in the holder. Figure (4): Placing the cylindrical holder in the center of the coils. Figure (5): Placing two diamagnetic disks on the central shaft of the cylindrical holder opposite the coils. Figure (6): Connecting diamagnetic disks to the moving part of a device or vehicle. Figure (7): Differential shell and the location of the assembled assembly inside it. Figure (8): Differential shell and its upper half closed. Figure (9): Placing the coils in the differential shell and connecting the discs to the moving part of the device or vehicle. Figure (10): Differential braking using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles without the upper half of the differential shell. Figure (11): Differential braking using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles. A clear and precise statement of the advantages of the claimed invention over prior inventions. 1. No emissions of greenhouse gases or any type of greenhouse gas pollution. 2. No heat generation during braking. 3. Lack of consumable parts, including brake pads, discs, and wheel hubs. 4. No wear of the vehicle's wheels (axles) (locking of the wheels) on the surface, due to being frictionless. 5. Absence of common defects in hydraulic and pneumatic brakes, including reduced air or oil pressure and failure of brake pads or discs. 6. Significant increase in braking force (speed reducer). 7. Complete balancing of the wheels during braking due to the frictionless nature of this method and the ease of transmitting electrical current to the coils in a completely balanced and uniform manner. 8. This braking method operates separately and independently from the friction brakes on the vehicle wheels. 9. Fixing the problem of misalignment in the braking system of trailers. Description of at least one implementation method for implementing the invention This implementation method uses eight temporary magnet poles, or coils, which I will explain below. At the beginning of this method, there are two charged car batteries with a voltage of 12v and a capacity of 90A ampere-hours, which are connected in series and have a voltage of 24v, Figure (1). Two wires from this battery are connected to a variable resistor with a capacity of 50A, Figure (2). Next, two wires from this variable resistor are connected to eight coils with a rectangular cross-section, which are tied in a circle and at a distance of 67.75mm from each other, with the following specifications: Figure (3) N=5600 The number of turns in each coil is 140 rows and each row has 40 turns of wire wrapped around the core. Lacquered copper wire with a diameter of 0.5mm Rectangular ferrite core with a length of 70mm, a width of 10mm, and a height of 20mm Current I=4 A Length of each pole with coil: 70mm Height of each pole with coil: 60mm Width of each pole with coil: 50mm Circumference of each pole facing the disk: 220mm Magnetic field intensity: =4π×:B=µ. Magnetic force: A.turn F=NI=5600×4=22400, equivalent to 7000g for each pole, in other words, each pole can lift a 7kg iron weight from the surface of the earth. These eight coils are perfectly matched and are spaced 67.75mm apart by two 3mm thick metal holders on the outer radius and two 3mm thick metal holders on the inner radius (Figure 3). A cylindrical metal holder 154mm in diameter and 60mm long, with a central shaft, is located at the center of the inner circle of the coils. (Figure 4) Shaft diameter: 30mm Shaft length: 90mm Two aluminum disks with a diameter of 30 cm, a thickness of 1 cm, and a weight of 1.250 kg, which have a hole with a diameter of 5 cm in their center, are assembled with two bearings and mounted on a shaft extending from the cylindrical holder at the center of the coils in such a way that each aluminum disk is 0.01 mm away from the coils, Figure (5). Circumference of the disk: 0.942ml=2πr=2×3.14×0.15= Disk area: =0.07065 Each of these two discs is connected to a piece for connection to the moving part of the device by six screws. Figure (6) The set of coils and discs is placed inside a differential shell and the external coil holder is screwed to the shell Figure (7)(8). Differential shell specifications: This shell has two upper and lower parts, which has a compartment in its center to accommodate the assembled set of coils and disks. In the upper part of the shell, this compartment has a frame so that in case of problems with the coils, they can be easily accessed. This frame has five holes, one in the center for passing the wire from the variable resistor to the coils and four holes for air inlet and outlet to cool the coils. Differential shell central chamber length: 45cm Total shell length: 105cm Empty space height: 40cm Next, each of these two disks is connected to a direct current electric motor with a power of 500w, voltage of 12v and speed of 3000 rpm by a pole with a diameter of 3cm, a length of 50cm and a weight of 3.1kg. These two electric motors get their required current from a 12v 90A battery. A switch is installed in the path of the wire connection from the battery to each of the electric motors to cut and connect the current. Figure No. (9)(10) By applying current through the switch, the motors start to rotate and the aluminum disks rotate at a speed of 3000 rpm. As soon as the rotation speed reaches maximum, the switch is turned off and immediately, by changing the variable resistance by the volume built into it, a current of 4A is transferred to each of the poles and a magnetic field with the mentioned specifications is created in each of the poles. By inducing a magnetic field by these eight poles, the aluminum disks show resistance to the flux passing through them; this resistance is manifested in the disks in the form of opposition to rotation. This opposition to rotation continues until the disk stops completely, or in other words, as long as the magnetic field exists. Now let's calculate the braking force in this implementation method: At the beginning and before the current is applied to the poles and the magnetic field is absent, we connect the current to the electromotors with the switch. When the electromotors start working, the disk rotates and reaches a speed of 3000 rpm. After reaching this speed, we turn off the switch and wait for the disk to stop; in this case, it takes 246 (s) for the disks to stop moving. Then, by reconnecting the current to the electromotors and rotating the disk at the desired speed, we connect the current to the poles at the same time as we disconnect the current to the electromotors; in this case, it takes 2.3 (s) for each of the disks to stop moving. According to the times obtained: t=246(s) Stopping the disk in the no-brake mode t=2.3 (s) Stopping the disk in field induction mode (braking) I=rotational inertia of the disk: Torque: =I×α=I× Ʈ I×F×r= × F× r= F= From the above equation, we calculate the force that causes the combined disk and pole to stop moving in a given time. According to the above relationship, in the first case and for stopping the disk without braking, we have: Disc weight: m =1.250kg Weight of the pole: m=3.1kg Total weight: m = 1.25 + 3.1 = 4.35 kg Disk radius: r =0.15m Angular velocity: =2πf ω Disk rotation: =50 f=3000 Disk stop time: t=246 (s) Power without braking: = 0.416 N Force in field-induced braking mode: Disk stopping time: t=2.3 (s) =44.54 N Net braking force for each disc: N 0.416=44.124 =44.54 - - = In fact, when the field is induced, resistance to the flow of flux is created in the disks, which opposition to the flow of flux appears in the form of opposition to rotation. Therefore, the force required to overcome this opposition to rotation is called the braking force. Figure (11) Explicit mention of the industrial application of the invention This invention can be used as a brake on the idler axles of vehicles and any type of moving device. Brief description of the invention This invention is a differential brake using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles, which uses the magnetic resistance of diamagnetic materials to the passage of flux through them, when exposed to an induced magnetic field; it generates braking force by resisting the passage of flux through them and thus opposing movement. In this inventive method, electric current and coils are used to create temporary magnetism. These coils, which act as brake pads, are connected to a storage source with variable charge and resistance to create a magnetic field with controllable intensity. These coils are bound to each other in a circular shape by several holders. In the center of these coils is a metal cylinder with a central shaft. Two diamagnetic discs, which have bearings in their centers and act as brake discs, are bound to the central shaft of this cylinder. The set of coils and discs is placed inside a differential shell. These discs, which are self-propelled, are attached to the moving part of the vehicle or machine.By passing current through the coils and creating a magnetic field in them, the flux of this magnetic field collides with the diamagnetic disks, and the disks, due to the magnetoresistance property of the diamagnetic materials, resist the passage of the flux and, as a result, the movement. This method can be used as a brake for the freewheeling axles of vehicles and any type of moving device.

Claims

Claim What is claimed: Claim 1) Differential braking using magnetic resistance for freewheeling axles, which generates braking force by using the magnetic resistance property of diamagnetic materials as the moving part, or brake disc, against the passage of magnetic flux through them when exposed to an induced magnetic field; by creating eddy currents opposite to the direction of the induced field and thus creating opposition to movement in the moving diamagnetic brake disc. Claim 2) According to claim 1, at the beginning of this invention, which uses a temporary magnetic pole, or coil, there is a charge storage source that varies depending on the type of vehicle or device in which this invention is used. Claim 3) According to claim 1, two wires are connected to a rheostat or variable resistor from both ends of the storage source so that, using this variable resistor, the amount of current flowing through the wires, and consequently the braking power, can be changed and adjusted by decreasing or increasing the intensity of the magnetic field. Claim 4) According to claim 1, the current passing through this variable resistor is directed to several coils that are bound to each other in a circular shape by several holders from the outside and inside. Figure (3) Claim 5) According to claim 1, a cylindrical metal holder is placed in the center of the coils to strengthen the coils and provide support for the diamagnetic disks and is connected to the internal coil holder. This metal cylinder has a central shaft to provide support. Figure (4) Claim 6) According to claim 1, two diamagnetic discs with bearings in their centers are installed as brake discs, which are the moving parts of this method, facing the coils and on the central shaft of the metal cylinder. Figure (5) Claim 7) According to claim 1, the set of coils and the metal cylinder and the diamagnetic disks are installed inside a differential shell and the coil holder is fastened to the differential shell from the outside. Figure No. (7)(8) Claim 8) According to claim 1, the diamagnetic disks are attached to the moving part of the vehicle or device. Figure No. (6)(9) Claim 9) According to claim 1, when current passes through the coils, a magnetic field is created and the flux of this field collides with the diamagnetic disk used as a brake disk at an angle of 90 degrees. The movable brake disk, which is diamagnetic, shows resistance to the passage of flux through itself, which resistance appears in the form of a torque inverse to the induced field, and opposition to movement in the disk. Figure (10)(11)

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