Hydrogen production apparatus and method

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for producing hydrogen and a top-down method for producing nanoparticles. Different mechanical mills may be used to grind micron-sized soil or sand particles and to react said particles with water, particularly seawater.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] This application claims priority to European patent application EP 23383307.8 filed on December 15, 2023.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a system and method for producing hydrogen. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method and system for producing hydrogen from soil, particularly sand, and more specifically desert sand. Background Technology

[0003] The increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has led to growing interest in hydrogen gas production. As a versatile energy carrier, hydrogen can help solve various critical energy problems.

[0004] In fact, hydrogen is one of the few materials considered an energy carrier that can be used to power vehicles, such as cars, boats, or even aircraft. While hydrogen can be obtained from natural gas, oil, or coal, a more sustainable method for obtaining hydrogen (and reducing greenhouse gas emissions) relies on the hydrolysis of water. However, the hydrolysis of water is energy-intensive and therefore relies on the use of significant amounts of electricity. For hydrogen to qualify as "green hydrogen" and be truly sustainable, electricity must be supplied from renewable sources such as solar or wind energy. In any case, it is desirable to find methods and systems that can produce hydrogen with reduced energy requirements and / or sustainably.

[0005] Although the need for hydrogen is not specifically tied to a particular geographical region, it would also be beneficial to provide hydrogen production to Third World countries, including those with extreme temperatures.

[0006] Nanoparticles generally have at least one, or optionally all, dimension between 1 nm and 100 nm. Since the ratio of surface area to volume becomes significant at the nanoscale, the properties of nanoparticles can differ from those of larger particles. Nanoparticles are used in a wide range of fields, such as medicine, electronics, materials science, and others.

[0007] One known method for obtaining nanoparticles involves a mechanical mill disclosed in US 11154868 B2 and US 11607693 B2. These documents mention two rotors comprising aerodynamic blades that can be rotated in opposite directions. Micron-sized solid material can be introduced into the mill. By colliding the solid material with itself, the particle size of the solid material is reduced until potentially nanoparticles are obtained.

[0008] Another system for obtaining nanoparticles may rely on a ball mill, where multiple balls are provided within the mill and a solid material, such as powder, is introduced into the mill. By rotating the mill, the balls collide with the solid material to grind it in order to obtain nanoparticles.

[0009] The present disclosure aims to provide a system capable of combining the generation of hydrogen and / or other gases with the harvesting of nanoparticles. The present disclosure further aims to provide a cost-effective method and system for obtaining hydrogen.

[0010] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for producing hydrogen is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing a mechanical mill for reducing particle size and introducing water into the mechanical mill. The method further comprises the steps of introducing soil particles into the mechanical mill, and activating the mechanical mill to convert the soil particles at least partially into nanoparticles and to allow the nanoparticles to react with water to obtain hydrogen.

[0011] According to this embodiment, a method for producing hydrogen is provided that can combine the harvesting of nanomaterials with the production of hydrogen. According to this embodiment, an efficient method for producing hydrogen can also be provided.

[0012] The mechanical mill used throughout this application may be considered any device capable of reducing the size of particles and compounds, particularly nanoparticles, using mechanical friction and collision.

[0013] In one example, the water may be seawater in particular. In another example, the water may be contaminated water, for example, water contaminated with oil or other hydrocarbons. In additional examples, it may be freshwater, tap water, or sewage. Other examples are also possible.

[0014] In some examples, the soil particles may be sand particles, which may be desert sand particles, particularly Sahara Desert sand particles, or may contain them. It has been found that the composition of Sahara Desert sand containing quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum, mica, clay minerals, iron oxide, and other trace minerals is particularly suitable for the method. In other examples, other sand, preferably sand containing a relatively large amount of silicon or silicon dioxide, may be used. In additional examples, the sand may also be mixed with other materials, particularly materials containing compounds capable of oxygen reduction. For example, the sand particles may be mixed with aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or oxides thereof.

[0015] In other examples, other soil particles, particularly metal-rich soil, may be used, and / or other oxidizable materials may be used.

[0016] In some examples, carbon dioxide may be introduced. In certain examples, the carbon dioxide may be captured from the surroundings, i.e., the surrounding air. In additional examples, carbon monoxide or other gases, specifically other gases capable of causing a chemical reduction reaction, may be introduced.

[0017] In some examples, the mechanical mill may be a ball mill. Any known or unconventional mechanical mill may be used, including known or unconventional ball mills. The efficiency and effect of the method will depend on the effect of the mechanical mill in reducing the size of the sand particles.

[0018] In some examples, the mechanical mill may include a core for accelerating water containing sand particles to induce a cavitation effect and for changing the flow direction of the water to induce a water hammer effect to produce nanoparticles of the sand particles. Such a mechanical mill has been found to be very effective and efficient for producing nanoparticles from sand particles, and is therefore also effective for the production of hydrogen.

[0019] In some examples, the core may include a first disk and a second disk facing the first disk in the axial direction, and the first disk and / or the second disk are rotated, and each of the first and second disks includes: a plurality of concentric rings and a plurality of concentric channels alternately fitted with the plurality of concentric rings, and the first disk and the second disk include a plurality of holes extending from the concentric channels and the concentric rings at an angle of 2 to 89 with respect to the axial direction. The concentric ring of the first disk is positioned to face the channel of the second disk, and the concentric ring of the second disk is positioned to face the channel of the first disk.

[0020] In another example, the core comprises a first cylinder having a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface, and a second cylinder having a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface, wherein the second cylinder surrounds the first cylinder radially, and the first and / or second cylinders are rotated. The first cylinder comprises a plurality of first through holes extending from the radially inner surface of the first cylinder to the radially outer surface, and the second cylinder comprises a plurality of second through holes extending from the radially inner surface of the second cylinder to the radially outer surface, wherein the first and second through holes have a smaller cross-section on the radially inner surface than on the radially outer surface of the cylinder.

[0021] In another example, the mechanical mill comprises a core for accelerating the material and colliding particles of the material to produce smaller particles, the core comprises a first disk and a second disk facing the first disk, and the first disk and / or the second disk are rotated. The first disk and the second disk comprise a plurality of concentric rings—each ring comprising a blade base and a plurality of hypersonic blades disposed on the blade base—and a plurality of concentric channels alternately fitted with the plurality of concentric rings. The hypersonic blades comprise a sharp leading edge, a sharp trailing edge, and a suction surface and a pressure surface configured to generate expansion waves, and the hypersonic blades of the plurality of concentric rings of the first disk are disposed within the channels of the second disk, and the hypersonic blades of the plurality of concentric rings of the second disk are disposed within the channels of the first disk. Such a mechanical mill is described in more detail in pending EP application No. 23 382 949.8, filed on September 19, 2023.

[0022] In some examples, the method may further include the step of introducing a hydroxide compound to trigger a reaction between the sand particles and the water. Colliding the oxidizable metal material contained in the sand can activate the material so that the prepared nanoparticles can react with water molecules, particularly without adding bases such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (KOH and NaOH). Alkaline water, i.e., water in which hydroxide ions (OH-) are in excess of hydrogen ions (H+), may also be used (but is not necessary). Other additives may also be added to improve the reaction between the sand particles and the water.

[0023] In some examples, the sand particles and the water are mixed before being introduced into the mechanical mill. The resulting working liquid may be a dispersion or a slurry. In other examples, the sand and water may be introduced into the mechanical mill separately and mixed within the mechanical mill itself.

[0024] Specific embodiments, examples, and elements of the embodiments or examples disclosed in this specification may be combined together in any number and order to form new embodiments and examples that form part of this disclosure. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0025] FIGS. 1a through 1f schematically illustrate a first example of a mechanical mill that can be used in the examples of the present disclosure; FIGS. 2a through 2e schematically illustrate additional examples of mechanical mills that may be used in the examples of the present disclosure; and FIGS. 3a and 3b schematically illustrate additional examples of mechanical mills that can be used in the examples of the present disclosure. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0026] The embodiments of the present disclosure will now be referenced in detail, and one or more examples thereof are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided only for illustrative purposes and not for limitation. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the present disclosure. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used in conjunction with another embodiment to yield another additional embodiment. Accordingly, the present disclosure is intended to encompass such modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0027] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method for producing hydrogen is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing a mechanical mill for reducing particle size, introducing water into the mechanical mill, and introducing soil particles into the mechanical mill. The mechanical mill is then activated to convert the soil particles at least partially into nanoparticles and to allow the nanoparticles to react with water to obtain hydrogen.

[0028] Soil can be considered a mixture of eroded rocks, minerals, partially decomposed organic matter, and other materials. Sand consists of crushed rocks and minerals, primarily rich in silica. Sand is one component of soil.

[0029] In the example, the soil particles may be sand or contain sand. In this specification, sand may be considered a type of soil. In additional examples, other soil materials having a metal-rich content may be used. In some examples, other soil materials may refer to mining materials, such as coal.

[0030] The sand particles may be desert sand, particularly Sahara Desert sand, or may contain it. The composition of Sahara Desert sand mainly includes quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum, mica, clay minerals, iron oxide, and other minerals. When introduced into the mechanical mill to reduce the particle size, the desert sand is converted into nano-sized silicon, iron, aluminum, and titanium, for example, having dimensions of less than 100 nm, which can improve reactivity with water. When water, for example seawater, is introduced into the same mechanical mill, hydrogen gas can be obtained.

[0031] For example, the composition of Sahara Desert sand may be approximately as follows (by weight): quartz: 50%, feldspar: 20%, calcite: 10%; gypsum: 5%; mica: 2%; clay minerals: 5%; iron oxide: 5%; and other trace minerals: 3%. These percentages should be considered only as approximate estimates and may vary in different regions of the Sahara Desert. Below, the role of other trace minerals will be ignored, even though their reactivity may be enhanced when they collide with other particles to reduce their size.

[0032] Quartz is the most abundant mineral in desert sand. It is the crystalline form of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and appears as small, colorless, or translucent particles. Feldspar is another common mineral found in desert sand. It belongs to a group of minerals containing aluminum and silica and appears in various colors such as white, pink, or gray. Calcite is a carbonate mineral composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It can exist in desert sand in the form of small, white, or colorless particles. Gypsum is a hydrated calcium sulfate mineral (CaSO4·2H2O). It can exist in desert sand in the form of white, soft, and fine particles. Mica is a group of minerals characterized by excellent cleavage and the ability to split into thin, flexible sheets. It can be found in desert sand as small, shiny flakes. Various clay minerals, such as kaolinite, illite, or montmorillonite, can also be present in desert sand. These minerals are fine and have a layered structure. Desert sand can contain iron oxide, which gives the sand a reddish or yellowish color in some regions. In addition to the major minerals mentioned above, desert sand may contain trace amounts of various other minerals, including garnet, tourmaline, and zircon.

[0033] This composition corresponds to the approximately following material composition (by weight) of the metals and metalloids present after milling: Silicon (Si): 53% (quartz + other trace materials); Iron (Fe): 5% (iron oxide); Aluminum (Al): 25% (feldspar + clay minerals); and Titanium (Ti) (calcite + gypsum + mica): 17%

[0034] The synthesized silicon nanoparticles can undergo the following reaction: Si + 4H2O → Si(OH)4 + 2H2. Thus, hydrogen gas is released. Next, the silanol functional groups (Si-OH) of the orthosilicic acid (Si(OH)4) can form siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) and release water: 2Si(OH)4 → (OH)3Si-O-Si(OH)3 + H2O. Subsequently, the released water molecules react with the unreacted silicon nanoparticles, continuing the production of hydrogen gas until the silicon nanoparticles are consumed: 4H2O + Si → Si(OH)4 + 2H2.

[0035] Likewise, aluminum, iron, and titanium can also react with water:

[0036]

[0037] In addition to the aforementioned reactions, metals and metal particles present or obtained during the collision process may also undergo the following reactions:

[0038]

[0039] In the example, carbon dioxide can be introduced into the mechanical mill. The introduction of carbon dioxide can further induce a water-gas shift reaction:

[0040]

[0041] This is possible particularly because the temperature within the mechanical mill can be raised by collisions between particles. A temperature can be reached at which the water-gas shift reaction can occur and be sustained.

[0042] Therefore, the introduction of carbon dioxide can promote the generation of hydrogen gas.

[0043] In the case of contaminated (sea)water, for example, water contaminated with hydrocarbons, many additional reactions, including the generation of synthesis gas, may occur. In another example, water containing a dispersion of salt, or alkaline or acidic water may be used.

[0044] If soil particles other than sand are used, the chemical reactions that may occur will vary depending on the composition of the soil.

[0045] Below, several systems including different types of mechanical mills that can be used to perform the previously described process are described.

[0046] FIGS. 1a through 1f schematically illustrate a first example of a mechanical mill that can be used in the examples of the present disclosure. In relation to the function of the example of the mechanical mill in these figures, the use of sand, more specifically desert sand, is referenced. However, it will be clear that other soil particles may be used in other examples. The same applies to FIGS. 2 and FIGS. 3.

[0047] FIG. 1a schematically illustrates a side view and an exploded view of an example of a core (10) for accelerating a material and colliding with itself to produce particles, particularly nanoparticles. Such a core can be used in the method according to the present disclosure.

[0048] The core (10) comprises a first disk (11) comprising a hypersonic blade and a second opposing disk (12) comprising a hypersonic blade. In this example, the core (10) further comprises a first support element (13) for supporting the first disk (11) and a second support element (14) for supporting the second disk (12).

[0049] The core (10) further comprises a housing (15) that surrounds at least the first disk (11) and the second disk (12). The housing (15) may form a chamber in which the first disk (11) and the second disk (12) are placed. The first and second support elements (13, 14) may be configured to be connected to the corresponding parts of the housing (15). In the example of this drawing, the disks are provided as separate parts from the support elements, but in other examples, they may be formed integrally, or any suitable support for the first disk (11) and the second disk (12), as well as any suitable coupling between them, for example, a shaft and / or the housing (15), may be provided.

[0050] The disks (11, 12) and support elements (13, 14) including hypersonic blades may form a rotor. In some examples, the disks (11, 12) and support elements (13, 14) including hypersonic blades may form a stator. At least one of the disks (11, 12) including blades may be rotatable. Both disks may be rotatable, or one of the disks may be rotatable. If both disks are rotatable, they may be rotated in the same direction or in opposite directions.

[0051] The pair of disks (11, 12) including hypersonic blades and the support elements (13, 14) may be connected directly or indirectly to the corresponding shaft. In some examples, the connection between the disks and the corresponding shaft may be via a hydraulic coupling system or a magnetic coupling system. Bearings, such as ceramic bearings, may be provided. A drive may be provided to rotate the shaft and thus rotate the disks and their hypersonic blades. In some examples, one or more electric motors may be provided. The motor may be an AC motor, a brushless DC electric motor, or any suitable motor generally for rotating the shaft. Alternatively, another suitable actuator may be provided to rotate the shaft at high speed. The one or more drives may be positioned outside the core (10), and the coupling may be magnetic in a preferred example to prevent any contamination.

[0052] In the example of FIG. 1a, the first disk (11) and the second disk (12) are arranged in a vertical configuration (rotation around a vertical axis). In another example, the first (11) and second (12) disks may be arranged in a horizontal configuration (rotation around a horizontal axis) or in a different configuration.

[0053] FIG. 1b schematically illustrates a bottom view of the first disk (11) including hypersonic blades. The first disk (11) and also the second disk (12) include a first plurality of concentric rings (16). Each ring (16) includes a blade base and a plurality of hypersonic blades (17) disposed on the blade base, configured to suck in material that is accelerated and collides with itself. The first disk (11) and also the second disk (12) further include a second plurality of concentric channels (18) that alternately fit with the first plurality of concentric rings (16). A central opening (25) that allows material to be sucked into the core (10) when the first disk (11) and / or the second (12) disk is rotated can also be seen in this figure.

[0054] FIG. 1c schematically illustrates a cross-section of an example of the first disk (11) and the second disk (12) facing each other. The cross-section is taken in a plane including the axial and radial directions of the core (11). As can be seen in this figure, the channels (18) are alternately arranged with the blade rings (16) in each disk. Additionally, the channels (18) of one disk at least partially surround the hypersonic blades (17) of the other disk. Each channel (18) includes a channel base (19), and the channel base (19) is offset from the blade base (20) along the axial direction of the core (10). The sidewalls of the blade rings (16) and the sidewalls of the channel rings (18) may be shared, that is, a single wall may form the sidewalls of the blade rings (16) and the blade rings (18). In some examples, the channels (18) may have a U-shape or a cap shape.

[0055] Additionally, as can be seen in this drawing, the hypersonic blade (17) of the first plurality of concentric rings (18) of the first disk (11) is positioned within a channel (18) formed by the second plurality of concentric rings of the second disk (12), so that the channel (18) formed by the second plurality of concentric rings at least partially surrounds the hypersonic blade (17) of the first plurality of concentric rings (16). Likewise, the hypersonic blade (17) of the first plurality of concentric rings (16) of the second disk (12) is positioned within a channel (18) formed by the second plurality of concentric rings of the first disk (11), so that the channel (18) formed by the second plurality of concentric rings at least partially surrounds the hypersonic blade (17) of the first plurality of concentric rings (16).

[0056] The hypersonic blade (17) may be formed integrally with the part of the disk supporting them, or may be attached to the corresponding part of the disk formed separately.

[0057] The (axial) gap between the two disks (11, 12) can be appropriately set. In some examples, such a gap may be, for example, 1 micron to 2 mm, for example, 200 micron to 2 mm. In some examples, a gap of 500 micron may be used.

[0058] Returning to the example of FIG. 1b, the hypersonic blade (17) includes a sharp leading edge (21), a suction surface (22), a pressure surface (23) having a sharp transition point, and a sharp trailing edge (24). This shape helps to suck input material between the first (11) and second disks (12) when at least one of the disks is rotated. The shape and size of the blade (17) within the blade ring (16) may be the same, but in some examples, the shape and / or size of the blade (17) may vary between the blade rings (16). The shape, pitch, chord length, etc. of the blade may be optimized in each ring to suit local conditions, namely that the travel speed of the blade will increase as the distance to the center increases.

[0059] The leading edge (23) of the hypersonic blade (17) of the first disk (11) may point in the same circumferential direction of the first disk (11). The leading edge (23) of the hypersonic blade (17) of the second disk (12) may point in the opposite circumferential direction, that is, in this example, the disks having blades are rotated in opposite directions.

[0060] Additionally, the chord length of the blade of the hypersonic blade (17) of the ring (18) of the first disk (11) (i.e., the length between the leading edge (23) and the trailing edge (24)) may decrease from the innermost radial ring of the first disk (11) to the outermost radial ring. Likewise, the length between the leading edge (23) and the trailing edge (24) of the hypersonic blade (17) of the ring (16) of the second disk (12) may decrease from the innermost radial ring of the second disk (12) to the outermost radial ring.

[0061] The pitch, that is, the circumferential distance between the leading edges of two consecutive blades, may increase in the radial direction of the first disk (11) from the innermost ring to the outermost ring of the first disk (11). The same may be applied to the blades of the second disk.

[0062] In some examples, the first disk (11) and the second disk (12) may comprise a ceramic material and may be manufactured, for example, from a ceramic material. It comprises a blade (17), the blade (17) may comprise a ceramic material and may be manufactured, for example, from a ceramic material. The core (10) may be integrated into a device. According to a further embodiment, a device for generating hydrogen and obtaining nanoparticles. Examples of the device are provided in FIG. 1d and FIG. 1e. FIG. 1d schematically illustrates a perspective view of a device comprising a core according to the examples of FIG. 1a through 1c. FIG. 1e schematically illustrates a front view of the device of FIG. 1d.

[0063] The device (31) described throughout this disclosure includes a core (10) and an inlet (32) for introducing sand (or a mixture of sand particles and water) into the device, particularly into a path of the device where the material can move (see FIG. 1d). The device (31) further includes one or more elements connecting the inlet (32) and the core (10). As can be seen in FIG. 1e, the material source (32) may supply desert sand or a mixture of desert sand and water to be introduced into the device so that the material can reach the core (10).

[0064] The above device (31) may include a hopper (33) when sand particles are supplied separately from the (sea) water. The hopper may hold the sand introduced therein to be collided and then distribute it. The above device (31) may be configured to quantitatively supply the material to be introduced into the core (10). Any suitable quantitative supply system may be used. For example, a roto valve may be used.

[0065] The above device may include a system (39, 40) for setting the atmosphere within the path of the device to which the material will travel. For example, the system may be configured to introduce a fluid into the device to change the atmosphere within the device. In particular, the introduction of carbon dioxide is proposed in this specification.

[0066] In the example of FIG. 1e, an element (40) for delivering fluid and a vacuum pump (39) are depicted. In this example, the element (40) for delivering fluid and the vacuum pump (39) are fluidly connected to the hopper (33).

[0067] The above device (31) may also include one or more actuators for rotating at least one of the first disk (11) and the second disk (12). The actuator may be, for example, a motor.

[0068] The device (31) may include a system for generating negative pressure to remove material impacted from the core (10). In particular, the system may be configured to generate negative pressure at the outlet of the core (10). In addition to helping to remove material impacted from the core (10), such negative pressure may also help to reduce friction with the core (10) and reduce collision between the material and the hypersonic blade (17).

[0069] The above device (31) may include a system (35) for separating nanoparticles from an surrounding medium. An example of such a system may be a cyclone separator. A cyclone separator can remove collided material from a fluid, such as hydrogen gas. This can be achieved through gravity and rotational effects. The system (35), such as a cyclone separator, may be configured to separate materials according to size or density in some examples. The particles obtained may have different sizes, and the system (35) may separate the collided material into two or more groups, for example, according to the size of the material's constituent components. In some examples, the system (35) for separating the collided material from the surrounding medium and the system for generating negative pressure to remove the collided material from the core (10) may be the same.

[0070] The aforementioned collided sand material may contain a portion of nanoparticles (or more generally, particles or materials) that have a desired size and are therefore ready to be collected, and may contain a portion of larger nanoparticles or materials that have not yet reached the desired size. In some examples, the prepared nanoparticles may be removed directly from the device (31). In other examples, the device (31) may include a system (36) configured to collect nanoparticles that have reached the desired size. Such a system (36) may include an element configured to suck the nanoparticles toward the interior of the system (36). The nanoparticles may go to the collection system (46), for example, from a cyclone separator (see arrow (41) in FIG. 1e). The system (36) may include a storage element (37) from which the nanoparticles may be removed. In some examples, the storage element (37) may be detachable from the collection system (36).

[0071] A portion of the collided material that has not reached the desired size may be sent to the core (10) to be collided again (see arrow (38) in FIG. 1e). The device (31) may be configured for this purpose. For example, a turbo blower (42) may help remove the collided material and guide it toward the core (10). The medium surrounding the collided material may also be sent to the core (10) after being separated from the collided material. In some examples, one or more turbo blowers may be connected to the system (35) for separating the collided material from the surrounding medium.

[0072] A plurality of valves (43) can also be seen in FIG. 1e. The valves can control the passage of fluid through the path of the device.

[0073] The device may include more than one core. FIG. 1f schematically illustrates an example of a device (600) including multiple cores, in particular three cores. Thus, three stages may be provided: in the first stage, input material (sand) is introduced into the first core (606). Once collided, it is introduced into the first cyclone separator (610). In the second stage, the collided material from the first stage, separated from the surrounding medium, is introduced into the second core (912). The collided material then passes through the second cyclone separator (616). And in the third stage, this material is introduced into the third core (618). The collided material in the third core (618) is separated from the surrounding medium once again in the third cyclone separator (622). In the example of FIG. 1f, a plurality of actuators (608), such as electric motors, are used to rotate the first and second disks of each core (606, 912, 618).

[0074] The above device (600) may include or be connected to a storage container (602) for storing input material, such as sand or other soil. The input material may be delivered into the first core (606) through a screw metering supply system (604) together with an ambient medium, such as gas.

[0075] The device (600) may further include a fourth cyclone separator (624) and a plurality of ultrasonic generators (626A, 626B) provided together with the fourth cyclone separator (520). When particles output from the third cyclone separator (622) move through the fourth cyclone separator (624), the ultrasound generated by the ultrasonic generators (626A, 626B) helps to pelletize the manufactured particles. The pellets may have dimensions of several microns, for example, in some examples, the length of the pellets may be less than 20 microns. A plurality of pellets may be stored in a cartridge.

[0076] The device (600) may further include a turbo blower (628) to generate negative pressure in the fourth cyclone separator (624) and draw particles from the separator (624) so ​​that if the obtained particle size is larger than the desired particle size, the particles can be sent toward the first core (606). An actuator (630), such as an electric motor, may be provided to operate the turbo blower (628).

[0077] The above device (600) may further include one or more tanks containing, for example, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or other gases. A vacuum pump (636) may be provided to remove air from the entire system.

[0078] The above device (600) may further include a plurality of sensors, such as, for example, a flow sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pressure sensor, and a rotational speed sensor. The operation of the sensors may be controlled using a sensor control system. The control unit may control the operation of the device (600) during the manufacture of particles based on real-time data obtained by the sensors.

[0079] An embodiment of the device of FIG. 1f can be applied to and combined with the devices of FIG. 1d and FIG. 1e, and vice versa. For example, one or more ultrasonic generators may be included in the devices of FIG. 1d and FIG. 1e to pelletize the manufactured particles.

[0080] FIG. 2a schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of another example of a core (210) for accelerating a working fluid containing a solid material, causing the material to collide with itself, achieving a water hammer effect and a cavitation effect, and manufacturing nanoparticles. Such a core can be used in a device for manufacturing nanoparticles and producing hydrogen gas. The cross-section is taken in a plane including the axial and radial directions of the core.

[0081] The core (210) comprises a first disk (211) and a second opposing disk (212) facing the first disk (211) in an axial direction. The device containing the core (210) includes one or more drives (213) for rotating the first disk (211) and / or the second disk (212). In the example of this drawing, a single drive (213) is illustrated, but another drive for rotating the second disk (212) may also be provided.

[0082] The first disk (211) and the second disk (212) each include a plurality of concentric rings (216). The first disk (211) and the second disk (212) further include a plurality of concentric channels (218) that are alternately fitted with the plurality of concentric rings (216). The first disk (211) and the second disk (12) include a plurality of holes (not shown in this drawing, see, for example, FIG. 2b and FIG. 2e) extending from the concentric channels (218) and the concentric rings (216) at an angle of 2 to 89 with respect to the axial direction, specifically at an angle of 10 to 80 with respect to the axial direction, more specifically at an angle of 20 to 70 with respect to the axial direction.

[0083] The concentric ring (216) of the first disk (211) is positioned to face the channel (218) of the second disk (212). The concentric ring (216) of the second disk (212) is positioned to face the channel (218) of the first disk (216).

[0084] An axial gap may be provided between the base of the ring of one disk and the base of the ring of another disk (see Fig. 2b). Such a gap may be, for example, less than 500 microns.

[0085] The core includes one or more inlets into which water containing sand, or sand and water, can be introduced separately.

[0086] The core (210) further comprises a housing (215) surrounding at least the first disk (211) and the second disk (212). The housing (215) may form a chamber in which the first disk (211) and the second disk (212) are placed. Any suitable coupling may be provided between the disks (211, 212) and the shaft (214), and between the disks (211, 212) and the housing (215).

[0087] At least one of the above disks (211, 212) may be rotatable. Both disks may be rotatable, or only one of the disks may be rotatable. If both disks are rotatable, they may be rotated in the same direction or in opposite directions. In the example specifically disclosed, both disks are rotated in opposite directions. The purpose of the rotation of the disk(s) is to create a water hammer effect and generate cavitation, and to collide the work material (water and dispersed or dissolved sand particles). The low-pressure region resulting from the collision, shock wave, and cavitation may crush the sand particles, raise the temperature of the water, and convert the water into gas / steam / vapor.

[0088] The drive may be connected directly or indirectly to the shaft (214). In some examples, the connection to the shaft may be through a non-contact system such as a hydraulic coupling system, a pneumatic system, or a magnetic coupling system. In the example of FIG. 2a, a magnetic coupling (217) is provided between the drive (213) and the shaft (214). A bearing (209), such as a ceramic bearing, may be provided. The drive (213) may be provided to rotate the shaft (214) and thus rotate the disk.

[0089] In some examples, the drive (213) may be an electric motor. The motor may be an AC motor, a brushless DC electric motor, or any suitable motor for generally rotating the shaft (214). Alternatively, other suitable actuators may be provided for rotating the shaft (214) at high speed. In some examples, a gas turbine, an air turbine, or a steam turbine may be used to drive the rotation. One or more of the drives (213) may be positioned outside the core (210), and the coupling with the shaft (214) may be a non-contact coupling, such as magnetic, to prevent or at least reduce any contamination of the drive (213).

[0090] In the example of FIG. 2a, the first disk (211) and the second disk (212) are arranged in a horizontal configuration (rotation around a horizontal axis, with the axial direction parallel to the horizontal direction). In another example, the first (211) and second (212) disks may be arranged in a vertical configuration (rotation around a vertical axis) or in a different configuration.

[0091] In the example of FIG. 2a, the first disk (211) includes a central opening through which material can be introduced, for instance, into the core (210). The second disk (212) does not include such an opening in this example, but may include it in other examples. In FIG. 2a, the core (210) includes two outlets (208) for a working fluid. In particular, the working fluid may be discharged along the radial direction of the core. In other examples, more or fewer outlets may be provided, and the outlets may be provided at any suitable location in the housing of the core.

[0092] FIG. 2b schematically illustrates a cross-section of an example of the first disk (211) and the second disk (212) facing each other. The ring (216) and channel portion (205) of the disks (211, 212) include a hole (207). In this example, the hole (207) is a blind hole. The hole (207) is also inclined with respect to the axial direction. The first disk (211) includes a central opening (225) through which a working fluid is introduced between the first disk (211) and the second disk (212).

[0093] The ring (216) includes a ring base (221) and a side wall. The hole (207) is open at the ring base (221). The channel (218) includes a channel base (219) and a side wall. The channel base (219) of the disk is offset from the ring base (221) of the disk along the axial direction of the disk, and thus the core (210). The side wall of the ring (216) and the side wall of the channel (218) may be shared, that is, a single wall may form the side wall of the ring (216) and the adjacent channel (218).

[0094] The ring base (221) of the first disk (211) is offset from the ring base (221) of the second disk (212) along the axial direction of the disks. The gap (220) between the two disks can be appropriately set for operation. The size of the gap (220) can be set according to, for example, the material to be processed, the size of the material, and the desired material after processing. In some examples, the gap (220) may be 420 to 1000 microns. If the device includes a plurality of cores, the gap (220) between a pair of disks may reach, for example, 4 mm in the case of the first pair of disks through which the material passes.

[0095] FIG. 2c schematically illustrates an enlarged view of the channel portion (205) and channel (218) of the first disk (211). The hole (207) forms an angle (223) with respect to the axial direction. Generally, the hole (207) of the disk forms an angle of 2 to 89 with respect to the axial direction. An angle (223) of 20 to 80, specifically 25 to 75, e.g., about 72, may be particularly suitable for achieving and enhancing water hammer and cavitation effects. The selected angle (223) may vary depending on the size of the material to be introduced into the core of the device, the desired size of the material after processing, as well as the specific material to be processed.

[0096] The hole may substantially have an elliptical cross-section. This cross-section refers to a cross-section perpendicular to the axial direction of the disk. The elliptical cross-section of the hole (207) may be particularly suitable for achieving and enhancing water hammer and cavitation effects. Other shapes of the cross-section of the hole (207) may also be possible. For example, in some examples, the cross-section of the hole (207) may be oval, elliptical, rectangular, or circular.

[0097] In some examples, the blind hole (207) may have a depth of 2 mm to 12 mm. In some examples, the blind hole (207) may be conical or hemispherical. The (smallest) radius of the blind hole (207) may be greater than 2 mm. Regardless of the dimensions of the blind hole, and generally whether it is blind, the dimensions of the hole may vary depending on the size (diameter and thickness) of the disk. Thus, the dimensions of the hole may vary for disks of different sizes.

[0098] In a cross-section, for example, a cross-section perpendicular to the radial direction, the internal dimensions of the hole (207), for example, the width (206) of the hole (207), may be constant over the entire length (see, for example, FIG. 2b and FIG. 2c). The wall defining the hole (207) may be straight. In other examples, the size, for example, the width (206) of the hole (207), may be reduced. For example, the size of the hole (207) of the first (211) and / or the second disk (212) may decrease from the innermost radially inner part of the disk to the outermost radially outer part.

[0099] Generally, the shape and dimensions of the hole (207) can be adapted to the working fluid to be used, particularly to the type and size of the sand particles mixed with the working fluid.

[0100] The shape and internal dimensions of the hole (207), the angle of inclination of the hole (207) with respect to the axial direction, and the pitch between the holes of the same ring (216) or channel portion (205) can be adapted for each ring (216) and channel portion (205). In particular, these parameters can be modified in consideration of the fact that the velocity of the hole increases as the distance to the center of the disk increases. For example, the pitch of the hole (207) of the first (211) and / or the second disk (212) can increase from the innermost radial portion of the disk to the outermost radial portion.

[0101] Additionally, the size of the hole (particularly the cross-section, e.g., the inner radius of the hole) of the first (211) and / or the second disk (211) may decrease from the innermost radially inner part of the disk to the outermost radially outer part.

[0102] FIG. 2d schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of another example of a core (210). In this example, the hole is a through hole that allows the working fluid to flow axially through the first disk (211) and the second disk (212). The working fluid (water) can be introduced into the core (210) through a portion of the housing (215). For example, the housing may have an inlet (226) on the axial side of the housing for introducing the working fluid. The housing may have an outlet (227) on the opposite axial side of the housing for removing the working fluid along with a smaller size of material. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 2d, the inlet (226) and the outlet (227) may also be on the opposite radial side of the core.

[0103] FIG. 2e schematically illustrates a cross-section of another example of a first disk (211) and a second disk (212) facing each other. The ring (216) and channel portion (205) of the disks (211, 212) include a hole (207). In this example, the hole (207) is a through hole. Thus, the hole extends from the axial surface (228) of the disk to the opposite axial surface (229) of the disk. The hole (207) is also inclined with respect to the axial direction.

[0104] Regardless of whether the hole (207) is a blind hole or a through hole, in some examples, the first disk (211) and the second disk (212) may comprise a ceramic material and may be manufactured, for example, from a ceramic material. In some examples, the first and second disks may be coated with a ceramic material. This may help them function as a material capable of exhibiting magnetism. The disks may have a disk body made of steel, such as stainless steel, and a ceramic coating. In other examples, other materials may be used for the disk body and, if a coating is present, for the coating. For example, in some examples, the disks may include a tungsten carbide coating.

[0105] During operation, the core may reach a high temperature, for example, a temperature exceeding 100°C. A cooling system may be provided to cool the core (210). For example, the housing may include a conduit through which a suitable cooling fluid can circulate.

[0106] The above device may be configured to generate hydrogen (H2) within it. In a preferred example, hydrogen gas and nanoparticles may be produced simultaneously. Colliding the sand particles can activate the sand material and its components so that the produced nanoparticles can react with water molecules, particularly without adding bases such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (KOH and NaOH). Alkaline water, i.e., hydrogen ions (H2). + Regarding ) hydroxide ions (OH -Water in which ) is present in excess may also be used. In this specification, the metal material may include both metals (iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), etc.) and metalloids (e.g., silicon (Si)). The oxidizable metal material may further include non-metal elements or compounds. Additives may be added to improve the reaction between the sand components and the water. For example, if materials such as silicon, graphene, or activated carbon are added, this may help improve the reaction between the material and the water. For example, the additive may include nano-sized activated carbon or graphene. In this specification, the oxidizable material may be understood to refer to a material capable of removing and capturing oxygen from water molecules, thereby producing hydrogen in the process. Other additives that may be used are, for example, iron nanoparticles or nickel (Ni).

[0107] The use of nickel can help weaken the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules by bonding with the hydrogen atoms of the water molecules. Therefore, nickel can help promote the reaction between the oxidizable material and the water molecules. Additionally, nickel can help break down water molecules, while the hydrogen atoms remain attached to the nickel. Consequently, hydrogen production can also be enhanced.

[0108] In some examples, nickel may be introduced into the core, for instance, in powder form. In other examples, nickel may be attached to the interior of the device. For instance, a strip containing nickel, such as one made of nickel or coated with nickel, or other suitable element may be attached to the device. A suitable location may be the exit of the core, whereby a working fluid (water) having a material of smaller size that can be oxidized may pass through the core and come into contact with the nickel.

[0109] Therefore, without the need for additional chemical elements or compounds, oxidizable materials can be collided to obtain nanoparticles capable of reacting with water, for example, seawater. Such a reaction can effectively produce hydrogen. For example, if silicon is used, the produced silicon nanoparticles can undergo the following reaction: Si + 4H2O → Si(OH)4 + 2H2. Thus, hydrogen gas is released. Then, the silanol functional groups (Si-OH) of the orthosilicic acid (Si(OH)4) can form siloxane bonds (Si-O-Si) and release water: 2Si(OH)4 → (OH)3Si-O-Si(OH)3 + H2O. Subsequently, the released water molecules react with the unreacted silicon nanoparticles, continuing the production of hydrogen gas until the silicon nanoparticles are consumed: 4H2O + Si → Si(OH)4 + 2H2.

[0110] Other components of sand can also react chemically in the same way according to the aforementioned reactions.

[0111] The above chemical reaction can decrease the pH, and a decrease in pH can increase the kinetics of the reaction. For example, reducing the pH to below 5 can help increase the reactivity of Si nanoparticles as well as the rate of the process. However, this will depend on what additive is added (if added) and in what amount. In some examples, it may also be possible to increase the pH. In some examples, an acidic solution, such as an acidic solution containing orthosilicic acid (Si(OH)4), may be added to accelerate the process for generating hydrogen gas.

[0112] In some examples, hydrogen may be produced in a separator system, for example, in a centrifuge. The hydrogen may be collected from the top of the centrifuge, and the residual liquid may be collected from the bottom of the centrifuge. The residual solid material and working liquid may be sent to the core. In some examples, hydrogen may also be produced in the core and collected therefrom.

[0113] Pressure waves generated within the working fluid due to the water hammer effect can rapidly alter the velocity of the working fluid and generate turbulence. When an oxidizable material, such as Si, is subjected to the pressure waves, the oxidizable material is crushed and effectively mixed with the working fluid, thereby enhancing contact between the oxidizable material and the water. Since the oxidizable material is well dispersed and exposed to water molecules, the reaction for producing hydrogen gas between the oxidizable material and the water can be increased.

[0114] Furthermore, the collapse of bubbles formed within the working fluid generates localized areas of high pressure and high temperature. This high temperature can help trigger and accelerate the reaction between water and the oxidizable material. The bubble collapse also releases a large amount of energy in the form of shock waves. This energy can also help trigger the reaction between the oxidizable material and the water molecules. In some examples, the following reaction may occur due to high temperature and high pressure conditions: 2H2O + SiO2 + 2H2. Additionally, the bubble collapse can help break down the oxidizable material and expose more surfaces that can react with water.

[0115] In addition, bubble collapse can generate strong hydrodynamic shear forces capable of removing the outer layer of the aforementioned oxidizable material. The exposed inner layer reacts more readily with water molecules, which can enhance the production of hydrogen gas.

[0116] In addition, pressure waves and bubble collapse can increase collisions between the oxidizable materials, thereby accelerating their rupture into smaller parts.

[0117] Water hammer and cavitation effects can work synergistically to create optimal conditions for hydrogen production. Water hammer can induce turbulence and the mixing of the oxidizable material with water. This can prepare the water and the oxidizable material to receive shock waves generated by the collapse of bubbles. These shock waves further enhance mixing and reactivity, creating a beneficial environment for the efficient generation of hydrogen gas.

[0118] FIGS. 3A and 3B schematically illustrate another additional example of a core for both the generation of nanoparticles and the generation of hydrogen gas. FIG. 3A schematically illustrates a perspective view of an example of a cylinder of a core for accelerating a mixture of seawater and sand particles, causing the sand to collide with itself, achieving water hammer and cavitation effects, and producing nanoparticles.

[0119] The core comprises a first cylinder (311) and a second cylinder (312) surrounding the first cylinder (311). In this particular example, the core further comprises a third cylinder (313) surrounding the second cylinder (312). The first cylinder (311) has a radially outer surface (315) and a radially inner surface (314). Likewise, the second cylinder (311) has a radially outer surface (317) and a radially inner surface (316), and the third cylinder (313) has a radially outer surface (319) and a radially inner surface (318).

[0120] The first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312) include a plurality of through holes (320) extending from the radially outer surface (315, 317) to the radially inner surface (314, 316). The size of the holes (320) increases from the radially inner surface (314, 316) to the radially outer surface (315, 317) (see FIG. 3b). Likewise, in this example, the third cylinder (313) includes a plurality of through holes (320) extending from the radially outer surface (319) to the radially inner surface (318), and the size of the holes (320) increases from the radially inner surface (318) to the radially outer surface (319).

[0121] The core includes at least one inlet for introducing water and sand (and other materials) into the core. The working fluid and said materials may be introduced axially between the inner surface (314) of the first cylinder (311). The core includes one or more drives for rotating the first cylinder (311) and / or the second cylinder (312).

[0122] Accordingly, at least one of the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312) may be rotated to accelerate the working fluid having a solid material and to cause the liquid and the solid material to move radially outward. The solid material may be crushed by colliding with itself. Cavitation and water hammer effects may occur, which not only help the solid material to be crushed by shock waves and bubble collapse, but also help increase the collision with itself, for example, by increased turbulence.

[0123] As can be seen in FIG. 3a, the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312) (and possibly an additional cylinder (313)) are hollow cylinders separated by a small radial distance. The drawing is not scaled. The cylinders are arranged concentrically. In some examples, the distance between two cylinders may be 10 microns to 1 cm. The distance may be the same between all adjacent cylinders. For example, the distance between the outer surface (315) of the first cylinder (311) and the inner surface (316) of the second cylinder (312) may be the same as the distance between the outer surface (317) of the second cylinder (312) and the inner surface (318) of the third cylinder (313). The distance between the cylinders may be set in various ways, for example, depending on the liquid and solid to be introduced into the core, the density of the working fluid, the amount of solid material, etc.

[0124] FIG. 3b schematically illustrates an enlarged cross-sectional view of an example of three cylinders. The cross-section is taken perpendicular to the axial direction of the cylinders. In some examples, the through hole (320) may be defined by a first curved edge (321) and a second straight edge (322) in a cross-section perpendicular to the axial direction of the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312). The curved edge (321) may be configured to direct the flow of the working fluid radially outward and to "pump" the liquid to direct it radially outward. The curved edge (321) may be concave, that is, curved inward.

[0125] In the example of FIG. 3b, the first cylinder (311) and the third cylinder (313) are configured to rotate clockwise. Accordingly, the curved edge (321) faces clockwise. On the radial inner surfaces (314, 318), the apex of the cylinder portion (323) points clockwise. The second cylinder (312) will be rotated counterclockwise. Accordingly, the curved edge (321) of the cylinder portion (323) of the second cylinder (312) faces counterclockwise. On the radial inner surface (316), the apex of the cylinder portion (323) points counterclockwise. In this cross-sectional view, the cylinder portion (323) may include a first sub-part (324) and a second sub-part (325). The second sub-part (325) includes the curved edge (321) defining the through hole (320), whereas the first sub-part (324) includes the straight edge (322) defining another through hole (320).

[0126] In other examples, the first edge (321) and / or the second edge (322) may have different shapes. For example, the first edge (321) may also be straight, but an inwardly curved edge (321) may not only direct the working fluid radially outward but also help improve the water hammer effect.

[0127] The radius of curvature of the curved edge (321) may increase sequentially from the first cylinder (311) to the second cylinder (312). The radius of curvature may be, for example, 0.1 to 0.5 mm.

[0128] The through hole (320) may substantially have an elliptical cross section. This cross section may be taken perpendicular to the radial direction. On the outer surface (315, 317, 319), in some examples, the major axis of the ellipse may be 3 to 10 mm, and the minor axis of the ellipse may be 1 to 5 mm. The elliptical cross section of the through hole (320) may be particularly suitable for achieving and enhancing water hammer and cavitation effects. Other shapes of the cross section of the through hole (320) may also be possible. For example, in some examples, the cross section of the hole (320) may be oval, rectangular, or circular.

[0129] Generally, the shape and dimensions of the through hole (320) can be adapted to the working fluid to be used, particularly the type and size of the solid material mixed with the working fluid. The shape and internal dimensions of the through hole (320) can be changed in consideration of the fact that the velocity of the hole increases as the distance to the center of the first cylinder (311) increases.

[0130] Additionally, the size of the through holes (particularly in the circumferential direction) of the cylinders (311, 312, 313) may decrease from the innermost radial cylinder (311) to the outermost radial cylinder (13). The through holes may have a radius of, for example, 12 mm to less than 1 mm. Depending on the number of cylinders used, the innermost radial cylinder may have a radius of, for example, 10 to 12 mm, and the outermost radial cylinder may have a radius of, for example, 0.5 mm to 2 mm in some examples.

[0131] In some examples, at least some of the through holes (320) of the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312) may be arranged in rows (326) that overlap radially (see FIG. 3a). The rows extend in the circumferential direction of the cylinders. One or more axial positions of the rows of the first cylinder may coincide with one or more axial positions of the rows of holes of the second cylinder. This facilitates the movement of working fluid toward and through the second cylinder (and additional cylinders). The through holes (320) may also be arranged in columns (327). The columns extend in the axial direction of the cylinders.

[0132] The distance or pitch along the adjacent through holes (320) of the second cylinder (312) may be greater than the distance between the adjacent through holes (320) of the first cylinder (311). This pitch may be measured in the circumferential direction. The pitch between adjacent through holes that increases with respect to the cylinder when moving radially outward can help move the material radially outward. In some examples, the pitch between two adjacent through holes (320) may be 5 to 10 mm.

[0133] The core further comprises a housing that surrounds at least the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312). The housing may form a chamber in which the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312) are placed. Any suitable coupling may be provided between the cylinders (311, 312, 313) and a mechanism for rotating the cylinders, e.g., a shaft, and between the cylinders (311, 312, 313) and the housing.

[0134] As in the example previously illustrated, one or more drives may be provided to rotate a shaft and, thus, rotate the corresponding cylinder(s). In some examples, the device may include one shaft connected to a cylinder(s) to be rotated in one direction, and another shaft connected to a cylinder(s) to be rotated in the opposite direction. Each shaft may be provided at opposite ends of the core of the device.

[0135] At least one of the above cylinders (311, 312, 313) may be rotatable. In particular, all cylinders may be rotatable. Alternating cylinders may be rotated in the same direction. For example, the first (311) and third (313) cylinders may be rotated in the same direction opposite to the rotation direction of the second cylinder (312). In another example, two adjacent cylinders may be rotated in the same direction, for example, at different rotational speeds.

[0136] The above cylinders (311, 312, 313) may be arranged in a horizontal configuration (rotation around a horizontal axis, with the axial direction parallel to the horizontal axis). In another example, the cylinders may be arranged in a vertical configuration (rotation around a vertical axis) or in a different configuration.

[0137] The working fluid may be introduced axially into the core and the first cylinder (311), for example, through a shaft for rotating the first cylinder (311). The housing of the core may include one or more outlets for the working fluid with a smaller size material.

[0138] As with the previous example, the cylinder (311, 312, 313) may include a ceramic material, be manufactured from a ceramic material, or include a ceramic coating.

[0139] During operation, the core may reach a high temperature, for example, a temperature exceeding 100°C. A cooling system may be provided to cool the core. For example, the housing may include a conduit through which a suitable cooling fluid can circulate.

[0140] The core may further include a plurality of crushing balls within the first cylinder (311). When the crushing balls are present, the size of the solid material introduced into the first cylinder (311) may be larger, and the crushing balls may reduce the size until the solid material becomes small enough to enter the through hole of the first cylinder (311).

[0141] The above-mentioned core may be integrated into a device or system similar to that described above. According to a further embodiment, a device for obtaining particles from a material is provided.

[0142] The device may include a core (310) described with reference to FIGS. 3a and 3b, and one or more inlets for introducing (sea) water and (desert) sand into the device separately, either in a already mixed state or before they are mixed. The device may further include a mixing chamber for mixing the sand and water. Mixing may be performed by any suitable mixing element, such as any suitable agitator, optionally a magnetic agitator.

[0143] The device may be configured to supply a quantitative amount of water containing sand to be introduced into the core (310). For example, one or more valves may be used. The device may further include valves in other parts of the device to control the flow of working fluid through the device.

[0144] The above device may include a system for introducing one or more fluids to control, for example, the atmosphere within the path of the device where the material is to move.

[0145] In at least some examples, conditioning of the atmosphere may be provided before water containing the material is first introduced into the core (310).

[0146] As previously described, the device may also include one or more drives for rotating at least one of the first cylinder (311) and the second cylinder (312). The drive may be, for example, a motor.

[0147] The above device (331) may further include a system for generating negative pressure to remove working fluid along with a smaller size material from the core (310). In particular, the system may be configured to generate negative pressure at the outlet of the core (10).

[0148] Smaller materials can be separated from the working fluid after leaving the core (310). The device (331) may include a system (337) for separating solid materials from the working fluid. An example of such a system may be a centrifuge. Other suitable systems may be used. In some examples, the system (337) may be configured to separate materials according to size or density. The system (337) may separate solid materials in the working fluid into two or more groups, for example, according to the size of the material's components.

[0149] In some examples, the system (337) for separating solid material from the working fluid and the system for generating negative pressure to remove the working fluid along with the solid material from the core (310) may be the same.

[0150] After leaving the core (310), the solid material may contain a portion of nanoparticles of a desired size that are thus ready to be collected, and a portion of larger nanoparticles or material that have not yet reached the desired size. In some examples, the prepared nanoparticles may be removed directly from the device (331). In other examples, the device (331) may include a system (338) configured to collect nanoparticles that have reached the desired size. Such a collection system (338) may include an element configured to draw the nanoparticles toward the interior of the system (338).

[0151] The above device may further include a plurality of valves. The valves may regulate the passage of working fluid through the path of the device. The device may further include one or more pumps for moving the working fluid through the device. For example, centrifugal pumps, membrane pumps, and / or Tesla pumps may be used.

[0152] The above device may further include one or more heaters, such as a microwave heater, a plasma heater, or an induction heater. In a preferred example, a high ambient temperature, such as that of a desert, is utilized to increase the temperature inside the core.

[0153] The above device may include or be connected to one or more storage containers that store water and sand together or separately.

[0154] As before, such a device may further include a plurality of sensors, such as, for example, a flow sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pressure sensor, and a rotational speed sensor. A control unit may control the operation of the device during the production of nanoparticles and hydrogen based on real-time data obtained by said sensors. As before, an ultrasonic generator may be used, and the introduction of a gas (e.g., carbon dioxide may be used) may also be used.

[0155] Pressure waves and bubble collapse caused by water hammer and cavitation effects, as well as collisions between solid materials, can help effectively obtain smaller-sized materials, especially nanoparticles.

[0156] In any of the examples described above, the sand particles and the water may be mixed before introducing them into the mechanical mill. In any of the examples described above, the method may include the step of extracting nanoparticles obtained from the mechanical mill.

[0157] The description provided herein discloses teachings including preferred embodiments and uses examples to enable those skilled in the art to practice said teachings, including to manufacture and use any device or system and to perform any integrated method. The patentable scope is defined by the claims and may include other examples that come to mind to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to fall within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that are not different from the literal expression of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements that differ not substantially from the literal expression of the claims. Aspects of the various embodiments described, as well as other known equivalents to each such aspect, may be mixed and matched by those skilled in the art to constitute additional embodiments and techniques within the scope of this disclosure. Where reference numerals in drawings are placed in parentheses in the claims, this is merely an attempt to enhance the clarity of the claims and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the claims.

Claims

Claim 1 A method for producing hydrogen, comprising the steps of: providing a mechanical mill for reducing particle size; introducing water into the mechanical mill; introducing soil particles into the mechanical mill; and activating the mechanical mill to convert the soil particles at least partially into nanoparticles and to allow the nanoparticles to react with water to obtain hydrogen. Claim 2 In claim 1, the method wherein the soil particles are sand particles. Claim 3 In paragraph 2, the sand particles are desert sand particles, particularly Sahara Desert sand particles, or a method comprising the same. Claim 4 A method according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 3, wherein the water is seawater. Claim 5 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising the step of introducing carbon dioxide into the mechanical mill, wherein the carbon dioxide is optionally captured from the surrounding atmosphere. Claim 6 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the mechanical mill is a ball mill. Claim 7 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the mechanical mill comprises a core for producing nanoparticles of the material by accelerating water containing the sand particles to cause a cavitation effect and changing the flow direction of the water to cause a water hammer effect. Claim 8 A method according to claim 7, wherein the core comprises a first disk and a second disk facing the first disk in an axial direction, the first and / or second disks are rotated, and each of the first and second disks comprises: a plurality of concentric rings; a plurality of concentric channels alternately fitted with the plurality of concentric rings; the first disk and the second disk comprise a plurality of holes extending from the concentric channels and the concentric rings at an angle of 2 to 89 with respect to the axial direction; the concentric ring of the first disk is positioned to face the channel of the second disk; and the concentric ring of the second disk is positioned to face the channel of the first disk. Claim 9 In claim 7, the core comprises a first cylinder having a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface, and a second cylinder having a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface, wherein the second cylinder surrounds the first cylinder radially, and the first and / or second cylinders are rotated, and the first cylinder comprises a plurality of first through holes extending from the radially inner surface of the first cylinder to the radially outer surface, and the second cylinder comprises a plurality of second through holes extending from the radially inner surface of the second cylinder to the radially outer surface, and the first and second through holes have a smaller cross-section at the radially inner surface than at the radially outer surface of the cylinder. Claim 10 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the mechanical mill comprises a core for accelerating the material and colliding particles of the material to produce smaller particles, the core comprises a first disk and a second disk facing the first disk, the first disk and / or the second disk are rotated, and the first disk and the second disk comprise: a plurality of concentric rings, each ring comprising a blade base and a plurality of hypersonic blades disposed on the blade base; a plurality of concentric channels alternately fitted with the plurality of concentric rings; the hypersonic blades comprise a sharp leading edge, a sharp trailing edge, and a suction surface and a pressure surface configured to generate an expansion wave; the hypersonic blades of the plurality of concentric rings of the first disk are disposed within the channels of the second disk; and the hypersonic blades of the plurality of concentric rings of the second disk are disposed within the channels of the first disk. Claim 11 A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the first disk or first cylinder is rotated in a first direction and the second disk or second cylinder is rotated in a second direction. Claim 12 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising the step of introducing a hydroxide compound to trigger a reaction between the soil particles and the water. Claim 13 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the soil particles and the water are mixed before being introduced into the mechanical mill. Claim 14 A method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising the step of extracting hydrogen gas from the mechanical mill and the step of extracting other products from the chemical reaction of the nanoparticles and water from the mechanical mill. Claim 15 A method comprising, in any one of claims 1 to 14, a step of extracting nanoparticles obtained from the mechanical mill.

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