VEHICLE WINDOW WITH A PDLC FILM WITH A DEFINED GRANULOMETRIC DROPLET DISTRIBUTION THAT REDUCES THE CORONA EFFECT

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a vehicle window whose light transmission can be changed by applying an electrical voltage; in particular, it can be switched between a transparent state and a cloudy or opaque state.

[0002] Such panes, also known as PDLC glass (smart glazing) or intelligent glass, contain a PDLC layer (PDLC = polymer dispersed liquid crystal) as an active layer through which the pane switches between a transparent state and a cloudy or opaque state is switchable.

[0003] The PDLC layer comprises a polymer matrix in which liquid crystal droplets are embedded, which is located between two transparent electrically conductive layers (electrodes) and to which an electric field can be applied. Without an electric field, the liquid crystal droplets are not aligned, resulting in the disks becoming cloudy or opaque. When an electric field is applied, the liquid crystal droplets are aligned in the same direction and the PDLC layer becomes transparent. The process is reversible.

[0004] PDLC glass is used, for example, as windows for buildings. In buildings, several thick panes of e.g. 6 mm are usually used. Systems with three panes separated by a cavity are common. In such panes, PDLC layers can be laminated between a classic pane and an additional pane, laminated onto an inner pane or retrofitted onto the inside.

[0005] Panes made of PDLC glass are also interesting for vehicles, for example in a sunroof, as a glass roof, as a rear window or as a rear side window. When cloudy or opaque, the PDLC pane can block direct sunlight and protect privacy.

[0006] However, a disadvantage of vehicle windows or panes containing PDLC layers is that a relatively strong corona effect can develop in the transparent state of the pane when light from a light source, usually the sun, falls through the pane. This creates a concentric ring pattern called a corona around the light source. The central bright area of ​​the corona, also called the aureole, looks like a bluish-white disk that fades to reddish brown toward the edge. At the outer edge of the corona, the viewer sometimes notices the colors of the rainbow, which is also known as the rainbow effect. These effects play a significant role in vehicle windows due to the small viewing distance and the window tinting that is often desired for vehicles. In other applications of panes with PDLC layers, e.g. as windows in buildings, the effects are rather negligible.

[0007] If the viewer is a long distance from the vehicle window, the corona is less visible. However, the corona effect in the transparent state of the vehicle window is pronounced when the viewer is close to the PDLC window. The effect is even stronger when the PDLC pane is tilted. The effect is therefore disturbing for vehicle occupants because they are close to the vehicle window, e.g. a sunroof. When looking through a sunroof or glass roof towards the sun, the viewing angle is tilted, which further exacerbates the situation. The color effects of the Corona are also disturbing for the vehicle occupants.

[0008] Another known technique for providing panes that can be switched between a transparent state and a cloudy or opaque state is SPD technology, in which an SPD layer (SPD = suspended particle device) is included as an active layer in the pane . As a rule, an opaque state is not achieved with SPD layers. The principle is similar to the PDLC layers, except that in the SPD layer, not liquid crystal droplets, but suspension droplets in which light polarizing particles are suspended are embedded in a polymer matrix. Such systems are described, for example, in EP 0551138 A1. Even with panes containing SPD layers, the above-mentioned corona and possibly rainbow effects are observed in the same way in the transparent state.

[0009] WO 2016 / 008375 A1 relates to a switchable glass structure in which a PDLC layer is arranged between a first glass and a second glass, which comprises a polymer layer and liquid crystal microspheres dispersed therein, the first and / or second glass being provided with a radiation protection coating.

[0010] DE 102013214249 A1 describes the production of a film composite, which can be a PDLC film or an SPD film.

[0011] DE 202013006516 U1 relates to a system with a PDLC layer located between two electrodes, which contains a liquid crystal mixture that forms microdroplets dispersed in a polymer matrix, the mass fraction of the liquid crystal mixture being between 40 and 70%, the PDLC layer having a thickness between 5 and 25 µm and the average diameter of the liquid crystal droplets dispersed in the polymer matrix is ​​between 0.25 µm and 2.00 µm.

[0012] The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a vehicle window of the type mentioned with a PDLC layer or an SPD layer which shows a weakened corona effect and possibly also a weakened rainbow effect or in which these effects are largely eliminated.

[0013] According to the invention, this object is achieved by a vehicle window according to claim 1. According to the further independent claims, the invention also relates to a vehicle that includes such a window and the use of the window according to the invention as a vehicle window. Preferred embodiments of the invention are set out in the dependent claims.

[0014] The invention therefore relates to a vehicle window, which comprises in this order: a. a first glass pane (1), b. one or more polymer layers (2), c. a PDLC layer (4), comprising a polymer matrix (9), in which liquid crystal droplets (8) are embedded, with an electrically conductive layer (3, 5) being arranged on both sides of the PDLC layer, or an SPD Layer comprising a polymer matrix in which suspension droplets in which light polarizing particles are suspended are embedded, an electrically conductive layer being arranged on both sides of the SPD layer, i.e. one or more polymer layers (6) and e. a second glass pane (7), characterized in that, in the case of the PDLC layer, the liquid crystal droplets or, in the case of the SPD layer, the suspension droplets have an average Have a size of more than 2 µm. Preferably, in the case of the PDLC layer, the liquid crystal droplets or, in the case of the SPD layer, the suspension droplets have an average size of more than 2 μm with a relative standard deviation of more than 30%.

[0015] The vehicle window according to the invention shows a significantly weaker corona effect compared to vehicle windows containing PDLC layers or SPD layers according to the prior art. The size or diameter of the corona is significantly reduced. The optical quality of the panes is improved. Disturbing effects for the vehicle occupants are thereby avoided or at least reduced.

[0016] In particular, if the liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets in preferred embodiments have an average size of more than 2 μm with a relative standard deviation of more than 30%, the contrast between the colors in the corona and in the rainbow range also decreases significantly and the colors fade (rainbow effect). . This further improves the optical quality of the lenses.

[0017] By adjusting the size of the liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets over a larger range, the size of the corona is reduced. By using liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets with a fairly large standard deviation, i.e. an inhomogeneous particle size distribution, the contrast between the colors in the corona is reduced, so that the colors fade and possibly disappear completely.

[0018] The invention is explained below and with reference to the attached figures. In these shows: 1 shows a schematic representation of a vehicle window according to the invention with a PDLC layer; Fig. 2a - a schematic representation of a vehicle window with a PDLC layer in a cloudy or opaque state ( Fig. 2a ) and in the transparent state ( Fig. 2b ); Fig. 3a-dPhotographs of the sun through vehicle windows not according to the invention ( Fig. 3a-c ) and a vehicle window according to the invention ( Fig. 3d ); 4 shows a schematic representation of the microstructure of a PDLC layer in cross section; 5 shows a schematic representation of the microstructure of another PDLC layer in cross section; Fig. 6a - a schematic representation of the corona and rainbow effects.

[0019] The vehicle windows according to the invention or the PDLC layer or SPD layer can be reversibly switched between a transparent state and a cloudy or opaque state, i.e. the light scattering of the window can be set variably. For this purpose, the vehicle window is connected to a voltage source that can be switched on and off via the electrically conductive layers.

[0020] In the cloudy or opaque state, the light transmission is reduced, so that the vehicle window becomes opaque, i.e. opaque, or cloudy, i.e. less transparent.

[0021] If an electric field is applied by switching on the voltage source, the liquid crystal droplets of the PDLC layer or the suspension droplets of the SPD layer align and the PDLC layer or SPD layer becomes transparent, i.e. transparent. If the voltage source is switched off so that no electric field is present, the liquid crystal droplets of the PDLC layer or the suspension droplets are not aligned in the same way, the light is scattered and the PDLC layer or SPD layer is cloudy or opaque. The process is reversible. The principle is based on the Fig. 2a-b explained further below.

[0022] Window panes that have a PDLC layer (PDLC = polymer dispersed liquid crystal) or an SPD layer (SPD = suspended particle device) and can be reversibly switched between a transparent state and a cloudy or opaque state are known.

[0023] The above-described corona effect in PDLC and SPD layers when viewing a light source such as the sun through the pane arises from scattering of the light by the liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets in the window pane. In Fig. 6 the effect is shown schematically. A similar effect is also known in meteorology when sunlight or moonlight is scattered by water droplets in clouds.

[0024] The vehicle window according to the invention has a PDLC layer or an SPD layer. The PDLC layer comprises or is a polymer matrix in which liquid crystal droplets are embedded, the liquid crystal droplets having an average size of more than 2 μm, the relative standard deviation of the average size preferably being more than 30%. The liquid crystal droplets are liquid droplets of one or more liquid crystal compounds. The SPD layer comprises or is a polymer matrix in which suspension droplets in which light polarizing particles are suspended are embedded, the suspension droplets having an average size of more than 2 μm, the relative standard deviation of the average size preferably being more than 30% amounts. The suspension droplets are droplets of a suspension liquid in which light-polarizing particles are suspended.

[0025] The average size of the liquid crystal droplets or the suspension droplets can be, for example, up to 30 μm, but is preferably not more than 12 μm. In a preferred embodiment, the average size of the liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets is 3 to 10 µm, more preferably 4 to 8 µm. This is an advantage in terms of a further reduced Corona. The relative standard deviation of the average size of the liquid crystal droplets or the suspension droplets is preferably more than 30% and / or not more than 80%.

[0026] The average size here refers to the arithmetic mean. As usual, the relative standard deviation as a measure of the droplet size distribution is the quotient, given in percent, of the standard deviation of the arithmetic mean and the arithmetic mean. The relative standard deviation is also called the coefficient of variation.

[0027] Here, the average size and standard deviation of the liquid crystal droplets in the PDLC layer and the suspension droplets in the SPD layer, respectively, are the average size and standard deviation obtained by measuring the diameters of at least 50 liquid crystal droplets and suspension droplets, respectively, in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image from a cross section of the PDLC layer or the SPD layer and by calculating the arithmetic mean of the diameters measured on the recording and the standard deviation. If the droplets in the recording are not spherical, the major axis diameter (largest diameter) is chosen. It should be noted that the liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets are mesogenic liquids that leak out of the polymer matrix when the cross sections of the PDLC layer or the SPD layer are created, so that the cavities remaining in the polymer matrix are actually measured, those of shape and size of the leaked droplets.

[0028] The liquid crystal droplets of the PDLC layer may contain one or more liquid crystal compounds. Common liquid crystals can be used. There are a number of different systems available commercially. Examples of suitable liquid crystals are described, for example, in EP 0 564 869 A1 and EP 0 598 086 A1. Also suitable is, for example, the product sold by Merck under the name MDA-00-3506, which is a mixture of 4-((4-ethyl-2,6-difluorophenyl)-ethynyl)-4'-propylbiphenyl and 2- Fluoro-4,4'-bis-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)-biphenyl contains. In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal droplets are nematic at ambient temperature (23°C). If necessary, they also have a positive dielectric anisotropy.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the proportion of liquid crystal droplets in the PDLC layer, based on the total mass of liquid crystal droplets and polymer of the polymer matrix, is 40-70% by weight, more preferably 50-70% by weight. In addition to the liquid crystal droplets and the polymer matrix, the PDLC layer can contain other components, e.g. spacers made of a non-conductive material made of glass or plastic. The spacers are preferably transparent.

[0030] The suspension droplets of the SPD layer include droplets of a liquid suspension in which light polarizing particles are suspended. Such systems are described, for example, in EP 0551138 A1.

[0031] The following polymer matrix information applies to both the polymer matrix of the PDLC layer and the polymer matrix of the SPD layer, unless otherwise stated. The polymer matrix is ​​preferably transparent. The polymer matrix is ​​preferably obtained by thermal polymerization or photopolymerization. The polymer matrix can be formed, for example, from a polymer of one or more vinyl or (meth)acrylate monomers and optionally vinyl or (meth)acrylate oligomers, an epoxy resin or a urethane resin. The polymer matrix is ​​preferably a (meth)acrylate polymer matrix. (Meth)acrylate stands for acrylate and / or methacrylate. Examples of vinyl or (meth)acrylate monomers and oligomers thereof are mono(meth)acrylates, di(meth)acrylates, N-substituted acrylamides, N-vinylpyrrolidones, styrene and its derivatives, vinyl chloride, polyester (meth)acrylates, epoxy (meth)acrylates, polyurethane (meth)acrylates and polyether (meth)acrylates.

[0032] Preferably, the polymer matrix is ​​the polymer of at least one monofunctional vinyl compound, preferably an acrylate monomer or a methacrylate monomer, at least one difunctional vinyl compound, preferably a diacrylate monomer or a dimethacrylate monomer, and optionally at least one mono-, di- or polyfunctional vinyl oligomer, preferably an acrylate oligomer or a methacrylate oligomer .

[0033] A suitable monomer mixture for producing the polymer matrix comprises, for example, 30-95% by weight of at least one monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomer, 1-60% by weight of at least one difunctional (meth)acrylate monomer and 1-50% by weight at least one mono-, di- or polyfunctional (meth)acrylate oligomer, based on the total weight of the monomers and oligomers.

[0034] Various techniques have been developed to obtain a PDLC layer with a polymer matrix with liquid crystal droplets embedded therein, depending on the materials used. These techniques include thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS), and polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS). In PIPS, polymerization can be induced thermally or photochemically, for example by UV radiation. PIPS is generally the preferred technique.

[0035] When a polymer precursor material such as the above-mentioned monomers, oligomers or resins is miscible with a liquid crystal compound, polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) can be used. After homogeneous mixing of liquid crystal and polymer precursor material, polymerization is initiated to induce phase separation. During polymerization, the solubility of the liquid crystal in the growing polymer network decreases until growing liquid crystal droplets form in the forming matrix and the polymer begins to gel. Droplet size, the size distribution and the morphology of the droplets are determined during the time between droplet formation and gelation of the polymer. Important factors include the rate of polymerization, the relative concentrations of materials, the temperature, the types of liquid crystal and polymers used, and various other physical parameters such as viscosity, solubility of the liquid crystal in the polymer.

[0036] Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) can be used for liquid crystal materials and thermoplastic materials that are capable of forming a homogeneous solution above the melting temperature of the polymer. The homogeneous solution of the liquid crystal in the thermoplastic melt is cooled below the melting point of the thermoplastic material, causing phase separation of the liquid crystal. The droplet size and distribution of the liquid crystal can be adjusted, for example, by the cooling rate and material parameters.

[0037] In solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS), liquid crystal and a thermoplastic material are dissolved in a solvent. The subsequent evaporation of the solvent leads to phase separation of the liquid crystal, droplet formation and growth, and polymer gelation.

[0038] The PDLC layer can, for example, have a thickness of 5 to 40 µm, preferably 10 to 25 µm. The SPD layer can, for example, have a thickness of 50 to 150 µm, preferably 80 to 110 µm.

[0039] The following information about the electrically conductive layer applies to both the electrically conductive layers arranged on both sides of the PDLC layer and those arranged on both sides of the SPD layer, unless otherwise specified. The electrically conductive layers are preferably transparent. The electrically conductive layers form electrodes which are in contact with the PDLC layer or the SPD layer and are configured in the disk according to the invention so that they can be connected to a voltage source.

[0040] The electrically conductive layer can contain transparent conductive oxides (TCO), i.e. materials that are both highly conductive and transparent in visible light. Examples are tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), tin oxide doped with antimony or fluorine (SnO 2 :F) or aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al), with ITO being preferred. An electrically conductive layer based on ITO can, for example, have a surface resistance of 50 to 200 ohms per square.

[0041] The thickness of the electrically conductive layers based on these transparent conductive oxides (TCO) is preferably in the range from 50 to 100 nm. Known coating techniques are, for example, cathode sputtering supported by a magnetic field, evaporation, sol-gel processes or vapor phase deposition (CVD).

[0042] The electrically conductive layer can also be a metal layer, preferably a thin film or a stack of thin films. Suitable metals are, for example, Ag, Al, Pd, Cu, Pd, Pt In, Mo, Au. These metal coatings are called TCC (transparent conductive coating). Typical thicknesses of the individual layers are in the range from 2 to 50 nm.

[0043] A wide variety of PDLC layers and SPD layers, each having electrically conductive layers on the top and bottom, are commercially available. As a rule, the two electrically conductive layers of the PDLC layer and the SPD layer are applied to a substrate consisting of polymer films. The polymer films can be, for example, polyester films, preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. Such a composite can be used for installation in the vehicle window according to the invention.

[0044] The vehicle window according to the invention is a laminated glass pane in which the PDLC layer or the SPD layer is contained as a functional layer. In addition, the vehicle window comprises a first and a second glass pane, which are laminated into a solid composite by one or more polymer films on both sides of the functional layer.

[0045] The first glass pane and the second glass pane can be made of the same material or of different materials. The panes can be made of inorganic glass and / or organic glass (polymers). In a preferred embodiment, the first glass pane and / or the second glass pane contains glass and / or polymers, preferably flat glass, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, polycarbonate and / or polymethacrylate.

[0046] The first glass pane and the second glass pane can have the same thickness or different thicknesses. Preferably, the first glass pane and the second glass pane independently of one another have a thickness in the range of 0.4 to 4.0 mm, for example 0.4 to 3.85 mm, more preferably 1.6 to 2.5 mm. For mechanical reasons, the outer pane is preferably thicker or the same thickness as the inner pane. The inner window is the glass pane that faces the interior of the vehicle when installed in the vehicle, while the outer window faces outwards.

[0047] There are one or more polymer layers between the first glass pane and the PDLC layer or SPD layer and between the second glass pane and the PDLC layer or SPD layer. The following information refers independently to each of these one or more polymer layers unless otherwise stated. As a rule, appropriate commercially available polymer films are used as the starting material for forming the polymer layers. Preferably, at least one of the one or more polymer layers contains a thermoplastic polymer. The one or more polymer layers are preferably transparent, colorless or tinted.

[0048] The one or more polymer layers can be used as a laminating layer, for example polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate resin, casting resin, acrylate, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and / or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene and / or a mixture and / or contain a copolymer thereof.

[0049] Preferably, at least one of the one or more polymer layers contains polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, and / or mixtures thereof and / or copolymers thereof as a laminating layer, with polyvinyl butyral being preferred.

[0050] In addition to the above-mentioned polymeric laminating layers, the one or more polymer layers can optionally contain additional polymer layers with a different function, for example as a protective layer for the PDLC layer or SPD layer with the electrically conductive layers arranged above and below. The protective layer can be, for example, a polyester layer, preferably a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer. Further examples of polymer layers for specific functions are tinted PVB films, acoustic films and IR-reflecting PET films or the layers formed from them. If further polymer layers are included in addition to the laminating layer or layers, the polymer layers that are arranged closest to the first and second glass panes are generally polymeric laminating layers.

[0051] The one or more polymer layers each have, for example, a thickness of 0.04 to 1.5 mm, preferably 0.1 to 1.5 mm, more preferably 0.3 to 0.9 mm, typically 0.38 mm, 0. 76mm or 0.85mm. The thickness of the layers may vary depending on the intended use. In some embodiments, for example, PET layers with a thickness of 0.05 mm and / or acoustic films with a thickness of 0.85 mm can be used. The polymer layers used as laminating layers preferably have a thickness of 0.1 to 1.5 mm, more preferably 0.3 to 0.9 mm.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the vehicle window comprises, in this order, the first glass pane, at least one laminating layer as the first polymer layer, e.g. a PVB layer, at least one protective layer as the second polymer layer, the PDLC layer with the two electrically conductive layers on the bottom and top or the SPD layer with the two electrically conductive layers on the bottom and top, at least one protective layer as the second polymer layer, at least one laminating layer as the first polymer layer, e.g. a PVB layer, and the second glass pane.

[0053] In one embodiment, the vehicle window can be tinted and / or comprise at least one coated glass as the first and / or second glass pane. This allows the optical properties of the vehicle window to be modified. A tinted vehicle window can be obtained by using tinted glass panes and / or tinted polymer layers. In the vehicle window according to the invention, at least one glass pane is then selected from the first and second glass panes, a tinted glass pane and / or at least one polymer layer selected from the one or more polymer layers between the first glass pane and the PDLC layer or SPD layer and the one or the multiple polymer layers between the second glass pane and the PDLC layer or SPD layer a tinted polymer layer. For tinted polymer layers, for example, tinted PVB films and / or IR-reflecting PET films can be used. An example of coated glass is low-e glass (low-emissivity glass), or glass with an IR-reflective coating. Low-E glasses are commercially available and are coated with one or more layers of metal.

[0054] The metal coating is very thin, for example it has a thickness of around 100 nm. When using a coated glass pane as the first and / or second glass pane, the coating is preferably on the inside of the glass pane relative to the vehicle window.

[0055] It is understood that in the case of a tinted vehicle window, the window is tinted in the transparent state of the PDLC layer or SPD layer.

[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the PDLC layer or the SPD layer is laterally sealed with an adhesive sealant and / or a thermoplastic strip. It is advantageous that the adhesive sealant and / or the thermoplastic strip protects the PDLC layer or the SPD layer from corrosion. It is understood that lateral refers to the side surfaces of the PDLC or SPD layer as opposed to the top and bottom of the PDLC or SPD layer.

[0057] The adhesive sealant can be, for example, a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) adhesive sealant and / or in the form of a picture frame. With picture frame technology, the PDLC layer or the SPD layer does not extend to the edge of the vehicle window, i.e. it is smaller in area than the first and second glass panes and the polymer layers. The remaining edge is sealed all around by the adhesive sealant, which has the same thickness as the PDLC layer or SPD layer and thus also acts as a spacer. In this way, the PDLC layer or SPD layer is laterally framed by the adhesive sealant.

[0058] The thermoplastic strip is a tape without adhesive that is attached in a U-shape all around the side surfaces of the PDLC layer or SPD layer, so that the legs of the U are on the top and bottom of the PDLC layer or SPD layer lie.

[0059] The vehicle window according to the invention is suitable for all vehicles, e.g. motor vehicles, trains, ships or aircraft, with motor vehicles being particularly preferred. Examples of suitable motor vehicles are buses, tractors, trucks and passenger cars, with passenger cars being particularly preferred.

[0060] The invention also relates to a vehicle comprising at least one vehicle window according to the invention, the vehicle preferably being a motor vehicle. Suitable and preferred vehicles are mentioned above. The invention further relates to the use of a pane according to the invention as a vehicle window, preferably in a sunroof, as a glass roof, as a rear window, as a skyline in the B field of a windshield or as a front or rear side window, preferably in a motor vehicle. It can also be used as a windshield.

[0061] The vehicle window according to the invention is suitable for reducing the corona effect and possibly the rainbow effect in the transparent state of the vehicle window, which can arise when an observer looks through the window in the direction of a light source such as the sun.

[0062] The invention is further explained below using non-limiting exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 and the Fig. 2a-b are schematic drawings, which also applies to the reproduction of the liquid crystal droplets; the size and size distribution of the droplets are not shown.

[0063] Fig. 1 shows schematically a vehicle window according to the invention with a first glass pane 1, one or more polymer layers 2 and two electrically conductive layers 3 and 5, which are arranged on the two sides of the PDLC layer 4. The PDLC layer 4 comprises a polymer matrix 9 in which liquid crystal droplets 8 are embedded. One or more polymer layers 6 are arranged between the electrically conductive layer 5 and the second glass pane 7. In the embodiment according to the invention, the liquid crystal droplets 8 of the PDLC layer 4 have an average size of more than 2 μm, preferably with a relative standard deviation of more than 30%. The one or more polymer layers 2 and 6 can each consist of at least one PVB film as a laminating layer, which faces the first or second glass pane 1, 7, and at least one polyester film as a protective layer, which faces the respective electrically conductive layer 3, 5 , consist. In particular, on the inside of the first glass layer 1 and in the polymer layers 2, there can be further functional layers, for example IR-reflecting layers. The electrically conductive layers 3, 5 can be transparent ITO coatings. A vehicle window according to the invention with an SPD layer has the same basic structure, except that the PDLC layer 4 contains suspension droplets embedded in the polymer matrix through an SPD layer, in which light polarizing particles are suspended.

[0064] Figs. 2a and 2b show how PDLC technology works on a vehicle window Fig. 1. The pane is connected to a voltage source V via the two electrically conductive layers 3 and 5. Using a switch S / S', the circuit can be closed (ON mode, S') and opened (OFF mode, S). In ON mode, an electric field is applied, the liquid crystals 8 align in an orderly manner and incident light 10 is hardly scattered, resulting in a transparent PDLC layer and transparent pane ( Fig. 2b ). When the electrical current is switched off, the liquid crystals 8 are randomly aligned so that incident light 10 is scattered 10' and the PDLC layer and the disk become opaque ( Fig. 2a ). The technology is basically the same for SPD layers, with the suspension droplets being uniformly or randomly oriented.

[0065] The Fig. 1 , 2a and 2b are also purely schematic with regard to the light refraction shown. The theory of the different refraction of light is as follows. The liquid crystal droplets or the suspension droplets are characterized by two different refractive indices ne (in ON mode, S') and n' (in OFF mode, S). Light is refracted when the refractive index of the surrounding polymer matrix np differs from the refractive index of the liquid crystal droplet or the suspension droplet in OFF mode n'. Light is not refracted if the refractive indices ne and np match. In OFF mode, the droplets are randomly oriented, the refractive index n' is different from the refractive index np, the light is scattered and the disk appears cloudy or opaque. The liquid crystal molecules adapt to the edge of the liquid crystal droplets. In the ON mode, the droplets orient themselves uniformly along the direction of the applied field, with the refractive index ne being chosen so that it approximately corresponds to the refractive index np, thereby ensuring high transmission of the light and thus transmission.

[0066] Fig. 6a-b form a schematic representation of a Corona Y with a rainbow, i.e. the corona and rainbow effect, and how they come about. The consequences of solar radiation 11 through a vehicle window with PDLC layer 12 are shown. The light is scattered in the vehicle window so that the viewer not only sees the sun in the direct area X, but also a corona Y including the colored rainbow area Z. Examples

[0067] Four PDLC films A, B, C and D were used for the production of vehicle windows. The vehicle windows produced were then examined for the corona effect.

[0068] The table below shows values ​​for average liquid crystal droplet size, standard deviation, relative standard deviation (standard deviation / average size in percent) and maximum droplet size of PDLC films A, B, C and D, which were determined from SEM images as described above . Fig. 4 shows schematically (not to scale) the microstructure of the PDLC layer 4, containing liquid crystal droplets 8 and polymer matrix 9, of the PDLC film A. Fig. 5 shows schematically (not to scale) the microstructure of the PDLC layer 4, containing liquid crystal droplets 8 and polymer matrix 9, of the PDLC film D. Table PDLC film A B C D Average size of liquid crystal droplets [µm] 1,30 1,92 1,93 5,38 Standard deviation [µm] 0,24 0,41 0,59 1,97 Relative standard deviation [%] 18 21 31 37 Maximum droplet size [µm] 1,89 3,03 3,60 13,26

[0069] Vehicle windows were produced with PDLC films A, B, C and D. For this purpose, arrangements were formed which consisted of a first glass pane, a PVB film, the PDLC film, a PVB film and a second glass pane in this order. These assemblies were laminated into a laminated glass in the usual manner under elevated temperature and pressure. The vehicle windows with the PDLC films A, B, C are comparison windows. The vehicle window with the PDLC film D is according to the invention.

[0070] The vehicle windows were tested for the corona effect. For this purpose, the vehicle windows were connected to a voltage source via the electrically conductive layers (electrodes). All vehicle windows showed good electro-optical properties with satisfactory opacity in OFF mode (voltage source off) and transparency in ON mode (voltage source on), whereby the voltage required for the transparent state was relatively low.

[0071] To test the corona effect, a strong light source was positioned on one side of the vehicle window in a transparent state. A photograph of the light source through the disk was then taken from the other side of the disk. The recordings are in the Fig. 3a-d reproduced.

[0072] Fig. 3a shows the image for the vehicle window with the PDLC film A. The image shows a very wide, clearly blue ring around the light source.

[0073] Fig. 3b shows the image for the vehicle window with the PDLC film B. The image shows a wide, blue ring around the light source. At the edge of the ring the color fades and changes to reddish-brown (rainbow effect).

[0074] Fig. 3c shows the image for the vehicle window with the PDLC film C. The image shows a wide, bluish ring around the light source. Compared to recording the Fig. 3b The width of the corona is roughly comparable, but the colors are less intense.

[0075] Fig. 3d shows the recording for the vehicle window according to the invention with the PDLC film D. The recording shows a small white ring around the light source. In comparison to the recordings of the Fig. 3a-c is at Fig. 3d the width of the corona is significantly smaller. In addition, the contrast between the colors is little or practically non-existent, resulting in a white ring.

[0076] Overall, it can be noted that in the vehicle window according to the invention the corona effect and additionally the rainbow effect are significantly less pronounced compared to the comparison windows. This improves the optical quality of the lens. Reference symbol list

[0077] 1first glass pane 2one or more polymer layers 3electrically conductive layer 4PDLC layer or SPD layer 5electrically conductive layer 6one or more polymer layers 7second glass pane 8liquid crystal droplets 9polymer matrix 10incident light 10'scattered light 11solar radiation 12vehicle window with PDLC layer Sswitch (circuit open) S'switch (circuit closed) Xdirect area YCorona ZRainbow area VVoltage source

Claims

1. Vehicle window pane, comprising, in this order: a. a first glass pane (1), b. one or a plurality of polymer layers (2), c. a PDLC layer (4), comprising a polymer matrix (9) in which liquid crystal droplets (8) are embedded, wherein an electrically conductive layer (3, 5) is arranged in each case on both sides of the PDLC layer, or an SPD layer, comprising a polymer matrix in which suspension droplets are embedded, in which light-polarizing particles are suspended, wherein an electrically conductive layer is arranged in each case on both sides of the SPD layer, d. one or a plurality of polymer layers (6), and e. a second glass pane (7), characterized in that in the case of the PDLC layer, the liquid crystal droplets or in the case of the SPD layer, the suspension droplets have an average size of more than 2 µm, wherein the average particle size is determined by measuring the diameter of at least 50 liquid crystal droplets or suspension droplets in a scanning electron microscope photo of a cross-section of the PDLC layer or the SPD layer and by calculation of the arithmetic mean of the diameters measured on the photo.

2. Vehicle window pane according to claim 1, wherein the relative standard deviation of the average size of the liquid crystal droplets or of the suspension droplets is more than 30%.

3. Vehicle window pane according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the average size of the liquid crystal droplets or of the suspension droplets is not more than 12 µm, wherein the average size of the liquid crystal droplets or of the suspension droplets is preferably 3 to 10 µm.

4. Vehicle window pane according to one of claims 1 through 3, wherein the relative standard deviation of the average size of the liquid crystal droplets or of the suspension droplets is not more than 80%.

5. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the liquid crystal droplets are nematic at ambient temperature and have positive dielectric anisotropy.

6. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the proportion of liquid crystal droplets in the PDLC layer, based on the total mass of liquid crystal droplets and polymer of the polymer matrix, is 40-70 wt.-%.

7. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer matrix is formed from a polymer of one or a plurality of vinyl or (meth)acrylate monomers and, optionally, vinyl or (meth)acrylate oligomers, an epoxy resin, or a urethane resin.

8. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer matrix is formed from at least one monofunctional vinyl compound, preferably a (meth)acrylate monomer, at least one difunctional vinyl compound, preferably a di(meth)acrylate monomer, and, optionally, at least one mono-, di-, or polyfunctional vinyl oligomer, preferably a (meth)acrylate oligomer.

9. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the one or a plurality of polymer layers (2, 6) contains polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurethane, and / or mixtures thereof and / or copolymers thereof, polyvinyl butyral being preferred.

10. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the vehicle window pane comprises, in this order, the first glass pane (1), at least one laminating layer as a first polymer layer (2), at least one protective layer as a second polymer layer (2), the PDLC layer (4) with the two electrically conductive layers (3, 5) or the SPD layer with the two electrically conductive layers, at least one protective layer as a second polymer layer (6), at least one laminating layer as a first polymer layer (6), and the second glass pane (7).

11. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the PDLC layer or the SPD layer is laterally sealed with an adhesive sealing compound and / or a thermoplastic strip.

12. Vehicle window pane according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the vehicle window pane is a motor vehicle window pane.

13. Vehicle, including at least one vehicle window pane according to one of claims 1 through 12, wherein the vehicle is preferably a motor vehicle.

14. Use of a pane according to one of claims 1 through 12 as a vehicle window pane, preferably in a sunroof, as a glass roof, as a rear window, as a roof edge in the B field of a windshield, or as a rear or front side window, preferably in a motor vehicle.

15. Use according to claim 14 for reducing the corona effect and, possibly, for reducing the rainbow effect in the transparent state of the pane.