USE OF A ROCKET PLANT PART EXTRACT TO STIMULATE THE DEFENSES OF PLANT AND TREE AND ASSOCIATED COMPOSITION AND PROCESS

Abstract

The use of an extract of at least one part of rocket plants, preferably chosen from the rocket plant group of the genera eruca (eruca sativa; eruca vesicaria, ⋯), diplotaxis (diplotaxis erucoides, diplotaxis tenuifolia, diplotaxis muralis ⋯), bunias (bunias erucago, bunias orientalis, ⋯), erucastrum (erucastrum nasturtiifolium, erucastrum incanum⋯) and cakile, stimulates the defenses of plants or trees and reduces the effects of bacteria and fungi on plants and trees. In particular the effects of: - the bacterium xylella fastidiosa on a myrtle-leaved milkwort, a vine, an olive tree, a citrus tree, an oleander, an almond tree, a coffee tree, a peach tree and a stone fruit tree, an oak, a lavender, a rosemary, or a broom, - the bacterium xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni on prunus spp., and preferably of the following group of fruit trees: apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, p.Salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental prunus, including p. Davidiana and p. Laurocerasus, - of the phytoplasma bacterium of pear blight or candidatus phytoplasma pyri on pear, and - of the candidateus phytoplasma solani bacterium on grapevine, lavender, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco.

Description

TECHNICAL AREA

[0001] The present invention relates to a use of an extract obtained by aqueous extraction of at least one part of a rocket plant to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees. The present invention aims to reduce the effects of an attack by an element pathogen on a plant or tree, to, at least, allow the plant or tree to continue to grow correctly despite this infection, by overcoming the disease, that is to say by allowing the plant or tree to tree to grow despite the pathogen, reducing or eliminating the impact of the pathogen. Arugula plant extract can also, in certain uses, allow the plant to eradicate certain pathogens. This use can be curative or preventive.

[0002] It concerns, in particular, the treatment: plants and trees infected with the bacteria Xyllela fastidiosa, in particular the following plants and trees: Myrtle-leaved polygalus, Vine, Olive, Citrus, Oleander, Almond, Coffee, Peach, stone fruit trees, Oak, Lavender, Rosemary and Broom. of plants of the Actinidia genus infected by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae, of a tree infected by the bacterium Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis, in particular the walnut, or by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni, in particular Prunus spp., and in particular fruit trees such as apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, P. salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental Prunus, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, from pear trees infected by the bacterium Phytoplasma pear dieback or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, from an attack by the bacterium Candidatus Phytoplasma solani of the vine, lavender, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco, from vines attacked by downy mildew (Plasmapora viticola), but also from potatoes and tomatoes (infected with Phytophthora infestans), citrus fruits (infected with phytophthora citrophtora), pear and apple trees (infected with Phytophthora cactorum), or even artichokes (infected by Bremia lactucae) or rose bushes and vines attacked by powdery mildew, fungi respectively named Podosphaera pannosa and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator, but also tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, peach, pear, privet, carnation infected with powdery mildew.

[0003] In terms of crop protection, the future no longer lies in synthetic pesticides. They will gradually have to give way to more natural products, capable of overcoming pathogenic agents while avoiding the well-known perverse effects of toxicity and damage to the environment. They are the source of significant ecological and health bills that society is less and less prepared to pay.

[0004] Social and regulatory pressure to reduce the use of chemical pesticides continues to grow. Many farmers are looking for less polluting products that can be sustainably integrated into new agricultural systems, simple to apply, and which convey a positive image for their production. Consumers, for their part, want healthy food, without the harmful effects of pesticides which have been increasingly discovered in recent years.

[0005] Several factors explain the disparity that still persists between the rejection of chemical pesticides and the accessibility to more environmentally friendly products. More specifically but not exhaustively, the following reasons are most often mentioned: The more difficult commercial production of biopesticides, The formulation of biopesticides (limited stability), The effectiveness of biopesticides (rarely equivalent to that of synthetic chemical molecules), The financing of research on biopesticides, and The cost of approvals which are very expensive.

[0006] Below, we detail the known effects of using rocket plants in the fight against pathogens. In the field of plant protection against pathogens, the literature reports several actions concerning arugula (Eruca sativa): Solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from leaves, seeds, flowers and roots of arugula ( Eruca sativa) makes it possible to observe antimicrobial activity in vitro (Solana et al. 2014; koubaa et al., 2015). This antimicrobial activity has been studied on both gram + and gram - bacteria. The results show a gradient of in vitro effectiveness, and significant differences depending on the solvents used.

[0007] It has also been demonstrated that compounds derived from glucosinolates (GLS), produced during hydrolysis catalyzed by the enzyme myrosinase (MYR), have antimicrobial actions: GLS, in the presence of the enzyme MYR, are hydrolyzed with formation of β-D-glucose, sulfate ions, and certain compounds such as isothyocyanates, nitriles, or thyocyanates.

[0008] Isothyocyanates have demonstrated, in vitro, cytotoxic properties towards nematodes (Lazzeri et al., 1993) as well as antifungal effects in soil (Manici et al., 1997).

[0009] To specifically obtain isothyocyanates, the extraction is complex and solvent-based.

[0010] One of the solutions provided in the literature is then the direct use of seed powder containing at least one glucosinolate and at least one enzyme (glucosidic or thioglucosidase enzyme), which can be used as a soil improver, fighting against soil parasites. . To optimize the GLS and enzyme content, the seeds are deoiled at room temperature, to protect the GLS / enzyme complex. The seed powder thus obtained can be propagated in the soil. Upon contact with water, the hydrolysis of the compounds is then initiated, as well as the cytotoxic action against parasites. In this context, Eruca sativa seed powder has been cited as one of the examples that can present these characteristics (Lazzeri et al., 2004).

[0011] Biofumigation, on the other hand, is an organic method aimed at reducing the number of pathogens, pests and weed seeds in the soil. It is based on the use of plants rich in glucosinolates, which mainly belong to the cruciferous family. During the decomposition of these plants, glucosinolates are transformed into isothi- and thiocynates under the action of the enzyme myrosinase. Isothi- and thiocynates are volatile and toxic to certain soil organisms. In this context, it is also known in the literature that burying whole Eruca sativa plants in the soil, in combination with synthetic nematicides, would control the invasion of nematodes (Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita) (Riga et al., 2006). Eruca sativa would serve, in this specific case, as nematode traps and a reservoir of citotoxic compounds. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The present invention aims to remedy all or part of these drawbacks.

[0013] For this purpose, according to a first aspect, the present invention aims at a use of an extract obtained by aqueous extraction of at least a part of Arugula plants, preferably chosen from the group of Arugula plants of the genus Eruca (Eruca sativa ; Eruca vesicaria, ...), Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis ...), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, ...), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum...) and Cakile , to stimulate, by application, the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects: of the bacteria Xyllela fastidiosa on a myrtle-leaved Polygale, a vine, an olive tree, a citrus fruit, an oleander, an almond tree, a coffee tree, a peach tree and a stone fruit tree, an oak, a lavender, a rosemary , or broom, of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae on the plant of the genus Actinidia, of the bacterium Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis on the walnut, of the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni on Prunus spp., and preferably from the following group of fruit trees: apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, P. salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental Prunus, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, from the bacterium Phytoplasma pear dieback or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on the pear tree, from the bacterium Candidatus Phytoplasma solani on the vine, lavender, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco, the fungus Plasmapora viticola on the vine, or Phytophtora infestans on potatoes and tomatoes, or phytophthora citrophtora on citrus fruits, or Phytophthora cactorum on pear and apple trees, or Bremia lactucae on artichoke type mushrooms powdery mildew such as Podosphaera pannosa on rose bushes, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator on vines, but also powdery mildews on tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, peach, pears, privets , the carnation.

[0014] We recall here that arugula ( "Eruca sativa ") is an annual plant of the Brassicaceae (or cruciferous) family, with white or yellowish flowers veined with brown or purple, whose leaves, generally elongated and jagged, have a spicy peppery flavor. Depending on the region, it is called rucola, arugula, rouquette or riquette. Riquette is a wild form of arugula with small, very tasty leaves. Other similar plants, from the genus Diplotaxis, are called rocket. When it is necessary to differentiate them, Diplotaxis are called “wild rocket” and Eruca “domestic rocket”. The present invention is not restrictive to this type of rocket, and extends beyond of Eruca sativa. The description of arugula can also vary depending on the origin and regions. It should be noted that the common name of arugula also includes Rucola and Arugula.

[0015] Preferably, the rocket used for the present invention is of the type Eruca (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria, etc), Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis, etc), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, etc), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum, etc) or Cakile (Cakile maritima, etc). Within the scope of the present invention, Roquette includes all of these types, which can be mixed. The arugula mentioned below belongs to the Capparales species and the Brassicaceae family.

[0016] It is also noted that the active principle (or active compound, or active ingredient, or active substance) is all the ingredients of the products which stimulate the defenses of the plants and trees mentioned above infected by one of the pathogens mentioned above.

[0017] Such a composition may consist of a total crude extract obtained by grinding and extraction of the arugula plant, in a fraction enriched in active compound(s) of such a total extract, or in one or more compound(s) active(s) in mixture. Such a composition advantageously makes it possible, in an effective quantity in a composition, to combat the symptoms of infection of a plant or tree mentioned above by a bacteria or a fungus mentioned above.

[0018] We note that reducing the effects of pathogens on plants or trees involves, in certain cases, the total or partial reduction of symptoms, or even the eradication of the pathogen. Indeed, plants and trees have, when their defense system is functional (in particular thanks to the stimulation obtained by the implementation of the invention), the capacity to defeat a parasite. The use of the rocket plant extract which is the subject of the present invention aims to stimulate what plants already know how to do, but which they do not do in cases of "sensitivity", because they do not recognize their attacker. The decline in pathology thus appears in certain examples of the description.

[0019] In embodiments, application to the plant or tree is by foliar spraying, ground watering, drip irrigation, use in hydroponics, seed treatment and / or seed coating.

[0020] In embodiments, the application to the plant or tree is done with a dilution in water of the composition between 2 g / L and 150 g / L expressed in grams of plants on which the extraction per liter of product.

[0021] In embodiments, the application to the plant or tree is done with a dilution in water of the composition between 5 g / L and 70 g / L expressed in grams of plants on which the extraction per liter of product.

[0022] In embodiments, said extract of at least part of Arugula plants is a liquid extract of Arugula of the Eruca genus obtained from a ground material of said Arugula plants, and: said extract of at least a part of Arugula plants comprises at least Arugula leaves, preferably essentially leaves, and the process for obtaining said liquid extract comprises the following steps: a) a grinding step in an aqueous medium said Arugula plants of the Eruca genus; b) filtration of the ground material obtained; and c) recovery of the liquid extract of Arugula of the Eruca genus obtained after filtration.

[0023] The term “essentially comprising” is understood here as comprising at least (for example) 75 to 80% of arugula leaf by weight, for example dry, relative to the total weight of arugula, before mixing with the aqueous solvent.

[0024] In embodiments, said extract of at least part of Arugula plants is a liquid extract of Arugula of the genus Eruca sativa

[0025] According to a second aspect, the present invention aims at a method for stimulating the defenses of plants or trees and reducing the effects: of the bacteria Xyllela fastidiosa on a myrtle-leaved Polygale, a vine, an olive tree, a citrus fruit, an oleander, an almond tree, a coffee tree, a peach tree and a stone fruit tree, an oak, a lavender, a rosemary , or broom, of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae on the plant of the genus Actinidia, of the bacterium Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis on the walnut, of the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni on Prunus spp., and in particular fruit trees such as apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, P. salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental Prunus, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, from the bacterium Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on pear trees, from the bacteria Candidatus Phytoplasma solani on vines, lavender, potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and tobacco , the fungus Plasmapora viticola on the vine, or Phytophtora infestans on potatoes and tomatoes, or phytophthora citrophtora on citrus fruits, or Phytophthora cactorum on pear and apple trees, or Bremia lactucae on artichoke, Podosphaera pannosa mushrooms on the rose bush, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator on the vine, but also powdery mildews on tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, peach, pears, privet, carnations; process which comprises the application to said plant or said tree of an extract obtained by aqueous extraction of at least a part of Arugula plants, for example of the Eruca genus (Eruca sativa; Eruca vesicaria, etc.), Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis ...), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, ...), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum...) or Cakile.

[0026] In embodiments, application to the plant or tree is accomplished by foliar spray, soil drench, soil irrigation, drip irrigation, hydroponics, seed treatment, and / or seed coating.

[0027] In embodiments, the composition applied to said plant or said tree is a composition comprising a liquid extract of Arugula of the Eruca genus obtained from a ground material of said Arugula plants and: said extract of at least a part of Arugula plants comprises at least Arugula leaves, preferably essentially leaves, and the process for obtaining said liquid extract comprises the following steps: a) a step of grinding in an aqueous medium said Arugula plants of the Eruca genus; b) filtration of the ground material obtained; and c) recovering the liquid extract of Arugula of the Eruca genus obtained after filtration.

[0028] In embodiments, said extract of at least part of Arugula plants is a liquid extract of Arugula of the genus Eruca sativa.

[0029] According to a third aspect, a composition is disclosed, which comprises an extract of at least a part of Arugula plants, for example of the genus Eruca (Eruca sativa; Eruca vesicaria, etc.), Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis ...), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, ...), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum...) or Cakile, to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects: of the bacteria Xyllela fastidiosa on the myrtle-leaved Polygale, the vine, the olive tree, the citrus fruits, the oleander, the almond tree, the coffee tree, the peach and stone fruit trees, the oak, the lavender, rosemary, or broom, from the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae on the plant of the genus Actinidia, from the bacteria Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis on the walnut, from the bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni on Prunus spp., and in particular fruit trees such as apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, P. salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental Prunus, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, from the bacterium Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on pear trees, from the bacteria Candidatus Phytoplasma solani on vines, lavender, potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and tobacco , the fungus Plasmapora viticola on the vine, or Phytophtora infestans on potatoes and tomatoes, or phytophthora citrophtora on citrus fruits, or Phytophthora cactorum on pear and apple trees, or even Bremia lactucae on artichoke powdery mildew type mushrooms such as Podosphaera pannosa on the rose bush, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator on the vine, but also powdery mildews on tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, strawberries, raspberries, currants, peach, pears, privets, the carnation.

[0030] In embodiments, at least one active ingredient is obtained from leaves of rocket plants.

[0031] In embodiments, at least one active ingredient is obtained from seeds of rocket plants.

[0032] In embodiments, at least one active ingredient is obtained from the stems of rocket plants.

[0033] In embodiments, at least one active ingredient is obtained from the roots of rocket plants.

[0034] In embodiments, at least one active ingredient is obtained from flowers of arugula plants.

[0035] In embodiments, at least one active ingredient is obtained by grinding at least a portion of rocket plants.

[0036] In embodiments, the composition is formulated as a powder, soluble powder, wettable powder, granules, dispersible granules, or wettable or slow release granules, to be diluted in water at the time of use.

[0037] In embodiments, the composition is formulated as a liquid, soluble liquid concentrate, emulsifiable concentrate, suspension concentrate, or ready for use.

[0038] According to a fourth aspect, a process for producing a composition which is the subject of the invention is disclosed, which comprises a step of grinding at least a part of plants of the rocket type to provide a ground material and a step of filtering to extract solid parts of said ground material and obtain a liquid.

[0039] The particular advantages, aims and characteristics of this composition and these processes being similar to those of the composition which is the subject of the present invention, are disclosed by document FR3003131A1 and they are not recalled here. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0040] Other advantages, aims and characteristics of the present invention will emerge from the description which follows, given for explanatory and in no way limiting purposes, with reference to the appended drawings, in which: There figure 1 represents, in the form of a flowchart, steps of an embodiment of a process for producing and using a ground material, which is a preferential example of a product which is the subject of the invention, The figure 2 represents an insertion point where the leaves of the olive trees are counted to assess the development of the last branch of the current year, The Figure 3 is a diagram showing the recovery of vegetation (number of young leaves / twig) for treated olive trees and "control" olive trees, The Figure 4 shows the results of potential inhibition of the product which is the subject of the invention on certain fungal species when the product was included in the culture medium, The figure 5 shows the results of potential inhibition of the product which is the subject of the invention on certain fungal species when the product was applied to the surface of the culture medium, The Figure 6 compares the chlorophyll content of the leaves (“Spad Index”) of treated olive trees and “control” olive trees, The Figure 7 compares the stomatal conductance (water potential) of the leaves of treated olive trees and "control" olive trees, The figure 8 shows the resumption of vegetation (number of new young leaves / twig) for the treated olive trees and the “control” olive trees, on the different notation dates, The Figure 9 shows the recovery of vegetation (length of young branches) for the treated olive trees and the “control” olive trees, at the different notation dates, The Figure 10 compares the chlorophyll content of the leaves (Spad Index) of treated olive trees and "control" olive trees, at the different rating dates, The Figure 11 compares the stomatal conductance (water potential) of the leaves of treated olive trees and "control" olive trees, at the different recording dates, The Figure 12 represents chromatograms obtained during the analyzes of an analytical standard solution and three sample replicates, for the demonstration of the absence of Erucine in the product which is the subject of the invention, The Figure 13 represents the results of a test campaign in the form of a percentage of Xyllela fastidiosa disease (DAMDIS) representing the average severity / gravity of the disease per plot of olive trees, The Figure 14 represents an evaluation of the number of new shoots / olive branches, The Figure 15 represents an evaluation of the vigor of the olive crop during a trial campaign, The Figure 16 represents an evaluation of the length of new olive shoots during a test campaign, The Figure 17 represents an evaluation of the NVDI character of olive trees during a test campaign, The Figure 18 represents an evaluation of the stomatal conductance of olive trees during a test campaign, The Figure 19 represents an evaluation of the fresh weight of olive / plot during a test campaign, The Figure 20 represents an evaluation of the fresh weight of olives for 100 fruits during a test campaign, The Figure 21 represents an evaluation of the oil concentration during a test campaign, The Figure 22 represents a calendar of walnut treatments, The Figure 23 represents a development of physiological growth parameters in treated lavender plants, in comparison with the untreated "controls" and Figure 24 represents photographs showing a progression of disease caused by Stolbur phytoplasma (Candidatus phytoplasma solani) in control plants and plants treated with the product which is the subject of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0041] The product tested in the present invention, subsequently called “PP1” does not correspond to what the literature describes: 1 / PP1 (leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, roots) is extracted, according to a preferential extraction method, with water, according to the process described below ( Figure 1 ). When used in the fields, the product is further diluted in the spray tanks to be sprayed at foliar level (or other use described in the description of uses) 2 / The product PP1, obtained under these operating conditions extraction has no direct antimicrobial activity (no antibacterial or antifungal activity). This demonstration is carried out during three separate in vitro experiments: 2.a / During a specific experiment carried out by the company BIOPRESERV (Grasse, France) on the ready-to-use PP1 product. Under laboratory analysis conditions, after three and seven days of contact, the PP1 sample did not show a toxic effect on the microbial strains studied (Example 1) EXAMPLE 1 - Absence of antibacterial and antifungal effects

[0042] In order to test the antimicrobial effect of PP1, the evaluation of the effect of PP1 was made on the growth of six microbial strains: Bacteria: Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas fluorescens Molds: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aureobasidium melanogenum (former A. pullulans).

[0043] The sample analyzed is the PP1 product ready for use, at the dose of use. Experimental conditions:

[0044] The protocol followed is based on the European Pharmacopoeia - 9th edition § 5.1.3. Effectiveness of antimicrobial preservation.

[0045] The sample is filtered to 0.22 µm and kept cool before use.

[0046] The strains studied are detailed in the inocula composition table below: microorganisms references Bacteria Burkholderia cepacia DSM 7288 Pseudomonas cichorii DSM 50259 Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 Yeasts / molds Alternaria alternata DSM 620 10 Aspergilus brasiliensis DSM 1988 Aureobasidium melanogenum DSM 2404

[0047] For each strain, an inoculum at 10 4< -10 6< CFU / ml is placed in contact with the product for three and seven days at 22°C ± 2°C. Physiological water (NaCl 9 g / l) is subjected to the same treatment as a control.

[0048] In order to quantify the contamination at each measurement time, a count is carried out by spreading on the surface or in mass of decimal dilutions from 0.1 ml of sample on the following media: TSA Agar (Tryptic Soy Agar, registered trademark) for bacterial enumeration (incubation: 2-5 days at 30°C ± 2°C) Sabouraud Agar (registered trademark) for mold enumeration (incubation: 3-7 days at 23 °C ± 2°C).

[0049] Results are expressed as “colony forming unit” per milliliter (CFU / ml).

[0050] This analysis method makes it possible to detect contamination from 10 CFU / ml (detection limit). Contamination below 10 CFU / ml (<10) cannot be detected. Results :

[0051] The results are given in the following table, summarizing the number of viable microorganisms (CFU / ml) at the different contact times. Microorganism Strain Product t = 0 t = 3 d t = 7 d Bacteria Burkholderia cepacia NaCl 9 / l 1,6 x 10 6< 3,1 x 10 6< 9,7 x 10 5< PP1 1,1 x 10 6< 6,0 x 10 7< 5,0 x 10 7< Pseudomonas cichorii NaCl 9 / l 6,0 x 10 5< 1,1 x 10 5< 1,5 x 10 5< PP1 4,2 x 10 5< 5,7 x 10 6< 1,1 x 10 7< Pseudomonas NaCl 9 / l 1,6 x 10 6< 2,1 x 10 6< 2,5 x 10 6< fluorescence PP1 9,4 x 10 5< 2,7 x 10 7< 3,2 x 10 7< Mold Alternaria alternata NaCl 9 / l 1,5 x 10 4< 1,0 x 10 3< 2,2 x 10 2< PP1 5,0 x 10 4< 6,0 x 10 2< 2,0 x 10 3< Aureobasidium melanogenum NaCl 9 / l 9,5 x 10 4< 2,1 x 10 4< 6,5 x 10 4< PP1 6,6 x 10 4< 8,8 x 10 4< 5,4 x 10 5< Aspergillus brasiliensis NaCl 9 / l 8,6 x 10 4< 1,2 x 10 4< 3,3 x 10 4< PP1 7,6 x 10 4< 2,1 x 10 4< 8,6 x 10 4< CONCLUSION :

[0052] Regarding bacteria, the same behavior is observed for the three strains (B. cepacia, P. cichorii, P. fluorescens). There is a maintenance of populations in physiological water and an increase in contact with sample PP1.

[0053] Regarding mold, For A. alternata, we observe a decrease in populations over time in physiological water and in sample PP1. For A. melanogenum, we observe a maintenance of the population in the physiological water and an increase in the PP1 sample. For A. brasiliensis, we observe a slight decrease in the population in the physiological water and a maintenance in the PP1 sample.

[0054] However, it should be mentioned that the results for molds need to be qualified due to the formation of filaments which make the count less precise than for bacteria.

[0055] Under laboratory analysis conditions, after three and seven days of contact, the PP1 sample did not show any toxic effect on the strains studied. 2.b / During the test on Walnut and Xanthomonas arboricola pv juglandis presented in this patent. The product PP1 does not show any bactericidal activity on the Xanthomonas bacteria in vitro, although it acts effectively in the fight against this parasite on walnut trees in the open field (Example 8). 2.c / On Xyllela fastidiosa, the direct application of the product PP1 on the bacteria in vitro does not have an antibacterial effect (Example 3 and 4) whereas the effectiveness against this bacteria is demonstrated in tests carried out in open fields in southern Italy.

[0056] In addition, in these same tests, the PP1 product is also tested in vitro on other main fungal species associated with “CoDIRO” disease: Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella, Pleurostomophora, Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeriaceae. The PP1 product does not appear to directly inhibit fungal growth in vitro, and each microorganism grows. However, in open fields, none of these microorganisms are found on the drupes of treated trees, whereas they are found on control trees. No pathogenic fungus was isolated on olives (700) from trees treated with the product of the present invention (examples 3 and 4).

[0057] Likewise, 3 / the major isothyocianate of the Eruca sativa plant was measured by a company specializing in plant extraction (AKINAO, registered trademark, Perpignan, France), and is not detectable in the ready-to-use product. use of PP1 (Example 2).

[0058] One of the main characteristics of the Brassicaceae family, of which arugula is a member, is the production of specific secondary metabolites, called glucosinolates (anionic thioglucosides) (Fahey et al. 2001; Bones and Rossiter 2006). Glucosinolates are an important group of non-volatile sulfur-containing secondary metabolites.

[0059] However, glucosinolates by themselves have little biological activity, but they are hydrolyzed by thioglucosidase enzymes, called myrosinases, to form a variety of hydrolysis products, including isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles, and thiocyanates (Bones and Rossiter 1996). These hydrolysis products are responsible for the toxicity of glucosinolates to herbivores, taste and odor, their anticancer activity, and almost all other biological activities of glucosinolates (Halkier and Gershenzon 2006). Spontaneous hydrolysis of glucosinolates is avoided in the plant because glucosinolates and myrosinase are separated into different tissues or cellular compartments. The glucosinolate / myrosinase defense system is distributed throughout all plant organs, including leaves, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds (Textor and Gershenzon 2009). When plant tissue damage occurs, glucosinolates are rapidly hydrolyzed by the inherent myrosinase enzyme (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, thioglucosidase), producing the hydrolysis metabolites, depending on pH and other conditions (Bones and Rossiter 2006; 1996; Fenwick et al 1983). The system in which glucosinolate and myrosinase come into contact in the event of tissue destruction is called the “glucosinolate-myrosinase system” (Bones and Rossiter 2006; 1996).

[0060] Thus, the glucosinolate-myrosinase complex is a chemical defense system evolved evolutionarily against herbivores and found in members of the Brassicaceae family (of which Arugula (Eruca sativa) is a part). This complex is considered a constitutive and inducible defense system. It is very dynamic, interacts with insect pests and constitutes a well-established integrated pest management mechanism (Bones and Rossiter 2006; 1996; Rask et al. 2000; Wittstock et al. 2004; Müller and Sieling 2006). The defense complex is inactive among plant defenses, while both molecules are stored in their respective compartments in plant leaves until the leaf is torn by an herbivore (Tong-Xian Liu and Le Kang 2011). .

[0061] Isothiocyanates (ITCs) produced after the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by myrosinases play a crucial ecological role in protecting plants against various pests, including insects and microbial systems.

[0062] Various studies have shown that ITCs exhibit biocidal activities against various bacterial pathogens. There is no general rule regarding the effectiveness of ITCs against various types of bacteria. Aromatic and / or hydroxy ITCs appear to systematically exhibit greater antimicrobial activity than aliphatics (Dudour et al. 2015). However, this effect is strongly dose-related (Aires et al. 2009).

[0063] Because of these characteristics, glucosinolates and their degradation products have been studied for their potential use as agricultural pesticides in a technique known as biofumigation. In biofumigation, a glucosinolate-rich crop is mulched into the field, releasing toxic glucosinolate by-products, to reduce the incidence of pests, weeds and diseases in subsequent arable and horticultural crops (Ngala and al. 2015; Lord et al. 2011).

[0064] However, obtaining this complex in a plant extract product is very complex. Glucosinolate hydrolytic products are important volatile metabolites that are difficult to extract. Different conditions, such as extraction method, solvent, and drying methods, are responsible for successful extractions. Thus, a precise and efficient extraction method is paramount to extract these valuable compounds, which can then be used for different biological activities such as anticancer, antimutagenic, bioherbicide, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, and antitumor activities (Arora et al. 2014).

[0065] In our case, in the production process of PP1, the leaves, stems, seeds, roots or flowers are crushed and highly diluted in water which makes the formation of the glucosinolate-myrosinase complex very difficult, since the probability that the Myrosinase enzyme comes into contact with its substrate glucosinolate is very weak and thus avoids the formation of toxic products. EXAMPLE 2 - Demonstration of the absence of Erucine in the PP1 extract

[0066] In arugula (Eruca sativa Mill and Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.), glucoerucin is a glucosinolate found in high concentration, which can be hydrolyzed into Erucine.

[0067] As noted previously, isothiocyanates (ITCs) are the reaction products of plant glucosinolates with myrosinase, an enzyme released by the disintegration of plant tissues. This myrosinase-glucosinolate system is present in plants of the Brassicaceae family, such as arugula. ITCs are volatile substances that exert an inhibitory effect on many pathogenic microorganisms at low concentrations, making them promising antimicrobial candidates (Dufour et al. 2015). Natural isothiocyanates, closely related to sulforaphane (SF), have already been shown to have a bactericidal effect (erucin, berteroin, hirsutin, phenethyl isothiocyanate) and alyssine) (Wittstock and Gershenzon 2002; Fahey et al. 2013). For example, Ganin (2013) found that sulforaphane and erucin, two natural isothiocyanates highly abundant in broccoli, arugula, and other cruciferous vegetables, strongly inhibited quorum sensing and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

[0068] In accordance with the protocol followed, the PP1 extraction procedure is based on the grinding and aqueous extraction of leaves, stems, flowers, seeds or roots of arugula, and the result of this extraction is highly diluted in water when using. This technique makes the formation of the glucosinolate / glucoerucin / myrosinase complex very difficult.

[0069] To confirm this assertion, we chose to detect Erucine, a major isothiocyanate in rocket leaves (eruca sativa), in the product tested in the invention, extracted here from Eruca sativa: The dosages were entrusted to a laboratory specializing in plant extraction: AKINAO, Perpignan, France. AKINAO has developed a method for analyzing Erucine in a PP1 sample, at the dilution of use. Material and method : Analytical and reagent standards:

[0070] The references of the analytical standards and reagents are indicated in the table below: Standard Analytical Reagents CAS number purity Reference Batch number Erucine 4430-36-8 Analytical standard TRC-M330763 LGC 5-YMK-41-1

[0071] The main equipment used in this study is shown in the table below: Equipment Identification code Gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer: GC oven (Thermo Fisher Scientific®), Al 3000 automatic injector (Thermo Fisher Scientific®), DSQII mass spectrometry detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific®) - Library: The NIST / EPA / NIH Mass Spectral Library Version 2.2 from June 10, 2014 BIO2MAR-2 DB-5MS 30m ∗< 0.25mm ∗< 0.25µm (PN: 122-5532 / SN:USR124665H) Column P Execution :

[0072] An erucin extraction method was developed and validated in terms of yield using the metered addition method. Erucin was extracted by liquid / liquid extraction with an organic solvent. A second solid phase extraction (SPME) was carried out to validate the results.

[0073] The extracts were analyzed by GC-MS (registered trademark). The development of the analytical method was carried out using an analytical standard solution of erucin. Detection and quantification were carried out on specific ions of erucin in order to increase the sensitivity of the analysis by external calibration. Results :

[0074] There Figure 12 represents the chromatograms obtained during the analyzes of an analytical standard solution and the three sample replicates: Chromatogram in SIM mode of the erucin standard (1µg / mL) of the three sample replicates.

[0075] The linearity range is from 0.1 to 50 µg / mL of sample. The detection limit of erucin under these conditions is estimated at 0.2 µg / mL.

[0076] Erucin was not detected in the sample.

[0077] The invention relates to the use of an extract obtained by aqueous extraction of at least a part of Arugula plants, preferably chosen from the group of Arugula plants of the Eruca genus (Eruca sativa; Eruca vesicaria, etc.) , Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis ...), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, ...), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum...) and Cakile, to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects: of the bacteria Xyllela fastidiosa on a myrtle-leaved Polygale, a vine, an olive tree, a citrus fruit, an oleander, an almond tree, a coffee tree, a peach tree and a stone fruit tree, an oak, a lavender, a rosemary , or broom, of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae on the plant of the genus Actinidia, of the bacterium Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis on the walnut, of the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Prunus on Prunus spp., and preferably from the following group of fruit trees: apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, P. salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental Prunus, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, from the bacterium Phytoplasma pear dieback or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on the pear tree, from the bacterium Candidatus Phytoplasma solani on the vine, lavender, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco, the fungus Plasmapora viticola on vines, or Phytophtora infestans on potatoes and tomatoes, or phytophthora citrophtora on citrus fruits, or Phytophthora cactorum on pear and apple trees, or Bremia lactucae on artichokes or mushrooms of powdery mildew type such as Podosphaera pannosa on rose bushes, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator on vines, but also powdery mildews on tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, peach trees, pear trees, privet, carnation.

[0078] For the sake of clarity and conciseness, the examples in the following description do not cover all of the combinations of pathogens and plants or trees indicated above, but demonstrate the effectiveness of the present invention in all of these combinations. .

[0079] In the absence of antibacterial and antifungal effects, PP1 acts by stimulating plant defenses, and allowing treated plants to defend themselves against pathogens. PP1 can be defined as an elicitor, given that molecules possessing the property of inducing within the plant a cascade of defense reactions against pathogens are called elicitors.

[0080] The demonstration of the eliciting activity of defense mechanisms is also demonstrated at several levels: 4.1 / PP1 does not exhibit any direct antibacterial or antifungal activity as described above. 4.2 / The demonstration of the production of defense molecules, such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, or even peroxidases, was carried out after treatment with PP1, under infection conditions on walnut treated with PP1 and infected with Xanthomonas arboricaola pv juglandis, and on vines treated with PP1, and infected with Candidatus phytoplasma solani (demonstration of effectiveness and stimulation of defense) (Example 8 and 11)

[0081] Indeed, in the absence of direct antibacterial and antifungal activity, PP1 has the particularity of stimulating plant defenses, and allowing them to react effectively, even in the case of invasive, difficult pathogens. to fight.

[0082] The effectiveness of PP1 has in fact been demonstrated in the following cases, alongside stimulation of plant defenses: effectiveness of PP1 against Xanthomonas campestris pv juglandis: An in vitro test shows that PP1 has no antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas. A high production of salicylic acid and peroxidase is observed in treated and infected plants. effectiveness of PP1 against Candidatus phytoplasma solani (Phytoplasma stolbur) of the vine (Vitis vinifera). Jasmonic acid was detected in PP1-treated and infected trees. In the case of attack by the quarantine organism Xyllela fastidiosa in olive trees, it was demonstrated that PP1 had no effect on the growth of the bacteria in vitro. But as for the other models, PP1 shows significant effectiveness against xylella fastidiosa of the olive tree (Example 3 to 5), allowing them to recover vigor, and start producing new shoots and fruits again (Example 3 to 5), In order to understand how PP1 functions on diseased olive trees, it is very important to decipher how the symptoms observed in infected olive trees are produced by Xyllela fastidiosa infection. After infection by a xylem-specific pathogen, plants deploy various defense responses, which include compounds involved in the creation of physical barriers (such as the formation of thylloses, for example) or even compounds integrating metabolic pathways linked to defense (such as phenolic compounds, PR proteins, phytoalexins and peroxidases for example). These compounds aim to stop the spread of pathogens and thus inhibit their replication (Rapicavoli et al. 2018).

[0083] In some very specific cases, Xylem cells undergo programmed cell death and, consequently, are not capable of triggering defense responses on their own (Yadeta and Bart 2013; Hilaire et al. 2001; Berne and Javornik 2016). ; Rep et al. 2002). Vascular pathogens are then likely recognized by receptors in the living parenchyma cells surrounding the xylem (Yadeta and Bart 2013; Berne and Javornik 2016).

[0084] In the specific case of Xyllela fastidiosa, bacteria colonize the xylem vessels of host plants and cause the production of prolific xylem occlusions, which reduce hydraulic conductivity in the plant (Sun et al. 2013; Choat et al. 2009). . Wilting of plant parts as a result of xylem dysfunction is the most apparent symptom of this type of disease. Daugherty (2010) clearly demonstrated in his studies that Xyllela induces water stress in alfalfa. Many factors can contribute to xylem occlusion, such as high and low molecular weight polysaccharides secreted by the bacteria during xylem colonization, or the presence of pathogenic biomass (bacterial cells) (Yadeta and Bart 2013).

[0085] However, plant defense responses can also contribute to xylem occlusion, such as the formation of thylloses by parenchymal cells and the secretion of gums and gels (Fradin and Thomma 2006; Klosterman et al. 2009; Beattie 2011). . Embolism (the formation of air bubbles) in the xylem vessels is also another factor that can reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem (Pérez-Donoso et al. 2007).

[0086] However, this effective stress response can backfire on the plant itself. Various studies, especially in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), have shown that the extensive formation of vascular occlusions in the plant does not prevent the systemic spread of the pathogen, but can significantly reduce the water conduction of the plant and thus contribute to the development of disease symptoms (Sun et al. 2013).

[0087] Through studies carried out on other crops attacked by Xyllela fastidiosa, such as vines, it is suggested that the multiplication of the bacteria is the only factor responsible for blocking the movement of water in the xylem of the plant. However, studies carried out by Pérez-Donoso (2007) show (using magnetic resonance imaging) that vascular obstructions resulting from active responses of the vine to the presence of Xylella, induce a decrease in xylem conductivity and probably other aspects of the disease. These symptoms of suffocation would be linked to the plant's defense rather than to the direct action of the bacteria.

[0088] However, the results obtained with PP1 show that olive trees infected and treated with PP1 manage to overcome these occlusions in the vessels caused by the formation of thylloses, gums, gels, and the suffocation syndrome is then made reversible (Examples from 3 to 5). Infected trees resumed growth following treatment with PP1. This allows us to propose two hypotheses which may not be exclusive but rather complementary: 1. PP1 makes it possible to set up mechanisms for the degradation of thylloses, gums, or gels obstructing the vessels in the olive tree by specific enzymes or processes (in association with metabolic mechanisms linked to defense, such as phenolic compounds, PR proteins, phytoalexins, etc.). 2. PP1 allows the active development, in response to infection, of new xylem vessels that will conduct sap.

[0089] 4.3 / Although not having antimicrobial activity, PP1 has significant effectiveness against various pathogens in open fields, which are difficult to overcome (Example 3 to 15).

[0090] As illustrated in figure 1 , in one embodiment, the method of manufacturing and using the composition disclosed here comprises a step 105 of extracting an arugula plant extract. For example, this extraction is carried out according to the following procedure: During a grinding step 110, the leaves, roots, stems, seeds and / or flowers of arugula are finely ground with running water, for fifteen minutes, in a suitable blender, in order to obtain a homogeneous ground material; During a filtration step 115, the ground material is filtered to separate the leaf debris and obtain a green liquid without residue (the filtrate), which constitutes the product which is the subject of the present invention.

[0091] In a variant, at least one of the active ingredients of the ground material is obtained by oil extraction.

[0092] In a variant, at least one of the active ingredients of the ground material is obtained by solvent extraction by mechanical extraction or by microwave, or by extraction of cakes or pastes.

[0093] In a variant, at least one of the active ingredients is obtained by mechanical extraction or microwave extraction.

[0094] Alternatively, the extraction step 105 comprises a step of compressing the leaves, roots, stems, seeds or flowers of arugula and collecting the extracted liquid, by simple gravity or by centrifugation. Alternatively, a simple centrifugation is implemented during the extraction step 105, to extract the liquid from the rocket parts used.

[0095] As explained in the description which follows, the inventor has discovered that the use of this product obtained by aqueous extraction has a significant effect on the trees and plants mentioned above infected by the pathogens mentioned above.

[0096] It is noted that the liquid product obtained at the end of step 105 can be formulated to make its use easier. For example, it can be used in the form of powder, soluble powder, wettable powder, granules, dispersible granules, or wettable or slowly diffusing granules, to be diluted in water at the time of use, liquid, concentrated soluble liquid, emulsifiable concentrate, concentrated suspension, or ready to use, depending on the formulation chosen and the intended use. The formulations are produced from the product of the extraction step 105 according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0097] Active fractions can potentially be purified, by any means, to facilitate formulation. Different extraction steps can be added to improve its quality.

[0098] The product which is the subject of the invention can be diluted in water, depending on the required dose, at the time of its use.

[0099] With regard to the use, during step 120, and the formulation of the product, the finished product can be applied in any form whatsoever (liquid formulation, powder, soluble powder, granules, dispersible granules, granules at slow dispersion, and all formulations) depending on the uses and the formulation envisaged. The product can be used by foliar spraying, soil watering, soil irrigation, drip irrigation, hydroponic crops, or even in seed treatment and / or seed coating, etc.

[0100] The product can be used at a rate of between one day and one hundred and twenty days, or continuously, or according to key stages of plant development, or in accordance with good agricultural practices and the treatment schedule planned for each plant species. The product can be mixed with other products (plant protection products, growing media and fertilizing materials, fertilizers, fertilizers, biocides, or any other product intended for agriculture).

[0101] The application doses and application rates are adapted to the uses and plant models.

[0102] The application doses are, for example, between 0.001 g / L and 500 g / L of extracted plants, preferably between 2 g / L and 150 g / L of extracted plants and, more preferably, between 5 g / L L and 70 g / L of extracted plants, expressed in grams of plants on which the extraction was carried out per liter of product.

[0103] The doses per liter or per hectare can be adapted to the types of infected plants, the level of infection and the level of symptoms caused by the bacteria. The doses and rates of treatment with the product of the present invention will also be adapted to the strategy of preventive or curative action against these bacteria.

[0104] Concerning the rocket plants from which the extracts used in the present invention are taken, they are preferably freshly picked. Alternatively, the rocket plants or the parts of interest are suitably dried, in a manner known to those skilled in the art.

[0105] Grinding can be carried out with two grinders (power of 1000W and 700W), which are used with different blade speeds. The first ground material obtained in 10 minutes of grinding is then poured into the second grinder having a faster blade speed. The crushed material is homogeneous, with no visible residue of parts of leaves, stems, or flowers. The quantity of water added during grinding is 200 mL of water at room temperature per 100 g of leaves, stem, root, flower or seed.

[0106] Two successive filtrations are carried out, with a nylon filtration fabric (Dutcher, registered trademark) 1000 µm then 500 µm. Filtration is carried out at room temperature, without pressure.

[0107] To recover the filtrate which is active, depending on the quantity to be sprayed, the dilution is adapted (dose per hectare). Depending on usage, between 5 g of plants extracted per liter of spray mixture and 20g of plants extracted per liter of spray mixture, as described in the examples.

[0108] The inventor noted that the filtrate obtained can be stored for at least six days in a container at room temperature, without losing its activity of stimulating the defenses of plants and trees.

[0109] The extract of at least a part of Arugula plants can thus be a liquid extract of Arugula of the Eruca genus obtained from a ground mixture of said Arugula plants, and: said extract of at least part of Arugula plants comprises at least Arugula leaves, preferably essentially leaves, and in that the process for obtaining said liquid extract comprises the following steps: a) a grinding step in an aqueous medium of said Arugula plants of the Eruca genus; b) filtration of the ground material obtained; and c) recovering the liquid extract of Arugula of the Eruca genus obtained after filtration.

[0110] Concerning the formulation in the form of powder, granules, dispersible granules, or slow diffusion granules, a drying temperature is used, and, in embodiments, coatings of the particles with other natural molecules (preferably very hydrophilic ) which allow very good dissolution in water. The formulations are classic formulations in agriculture, particularly for phytosanitary products, intended to be transported and stored in powder form, etc. and to be, just before application, diluted in water.

[0111] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of a plant extract obtained from at least one part of the rocket plant to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of the bacteria X. fastidiosa on one of the following trees: Myrtle-leaved polygalus, Vine, Olive, Citrus, Oleander, Almond, Coffee, Peach, Oak, Lavender, Rosemary and Broom stone fruit trees.

[0112] Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium that causes serious diseases on many economically important crops, such as Pierce's disease on grapes, variegated chlorosis on citrus fruits, or leaf scorch on the almond tree, etc.

[0113] X. fastidiosa is the only species in the genus Xylella. This bacterium includes six subspecies and several strains (genetic lineages), which vary in host range, virulence and symptom expression.

[0114] X. fastidiosa exclusively colonizes the xylem vessels (conductive tissue) of infected plants. This bacteria is transmitted from diseased plants to healthy plants by insects (biting, sucking) which feed on the raw sap of the xylem.

[0115] Colonization of X. fastidiosa in xylem vessels blocks the transport of water and nutrients from the root to the stem and leaves, resulting in the death of infected plants.

[0116] Geographic infection affects most countries in the world.

[0117] In the absence of phytosanitary solutions, X. fastidiosa causes irreparable damage to a large number of economically important crops around the world. The economic loss due to X. fastidiosa on crops is estimated at several billion dollars each year. EXAMPLE 3 - The elements showing the effectiveness of the product tested in the invention against Xyllela fastidiosa on olive plants are given below. In order to make the description easier to read and shorter, only the elements relating to the olive tree are given below.

[0118] On the figures 3 And 6 has 11 , the vertical bars represent, from left to right, the data in the tables, browsed from top to bottom. Thus, for each date, the seven leftmost vertical bars concern the treated trees and the seven rightmost bars, the “control” trees.

[0119] The results obtained with the said product during a first test on olive trees infected with X. fastidiosa, in a declared quarantine zone (official decision of the Italian authorities). The experiment consisted of six treatments with the product on the following dates: September 3 September 16 September 26 October 5 October 31 and November 12.

[0120] Data collection in the area was carried out on the following dates: October 5 October 27 November 30 December 18 and January 20.

[0121] In this plot, the olive trees showed severe symptoms of the disease caused by Xyllela fastidiosa, and the branches were subjected to heavy pruning. For this reason, the weight of the harvest is not measured in this experiment, because this large size prevented the olive trees from producing olives.

[0122] During the above-mentioned studies, the readings taken were as follows. 1. The percentage of necrotic leaf surfaces or brown surfaces (estimate) in treated plants and control plants, by adopting an empirical evaluation scale which makes it possible to evaluate an infection index. New leaves can be measured after one month from the start of treatment. 2. The level of olive dieback linked to X. fastidious in treated plants and “control” plants. 3. The level of vegetation recovery (number of new young leaves) for treated olive trees and “control” olive trees. 4. The product is tested in “ in vitro » with the bacteria X. fastidiosa (in an accredited laboratory) and other main fungal species associated with CoDIRO disease (complex of rapid drying of the olive tree caused by X. fastidiosa ): Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella, Pleurostomophora, Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeriaceae. 5. The chlorophyll content of the leaves (Spad Index) of treated plants and “control” plants. 6. Stomatal conductance (water potential) in treated plants and “control” plants.

[0123] The results obtained are discussed, point by point, below. Activities / results: 1. Percentage of necrotic leaf surfaces or brown surfaces (estimate), by adopting an empirical evaluation scale which makes it possible to evaluate an infection index. Results :

[0124] During all monitoring, symptoms associated with X. fastidious (necrotic leaves) were not observed on trees treated with the product. Growth of all treated trees was good and symptom-free until January 20 (last noted). 2. The level of olive dieback linked to X. fastidious Results :

[0125] During the first four monitoring periods, symptoms associated with dieback were not observed on trees treated with the product of the present invention. During the last monitoring on January 20, only one olive tree showed symptoms of dieback. On the other hand, on all untreated “control” plants, symptoms appeared and progressed.

[0126] ELISA results performed on symptomatic leaves were positive demonstrating the presence of X. fastidiosa.In addition, the results were also positive on all samples from all trees treated or not. 3. The level of vegetation recovery (number of new young leaves) Results :

[0127] As presented on the Figure 3 , all trees show a good response to treatments with the product. The development of the last branches of the current year is evaluated by counting the leaves from the point of insertion ( figure 2 ).

[0128] Indeed, the untreated controlled olive trees produced a reduced number of new leaves, less than twenty per branch, while the treated olive trees produced a much greater number than twenty, in some cases the number was twenty-seven. In graphs, numbers refer to the average values ​​of twelve data points, three for each cardinal point. Treatments October 5 October 27 November 30 December 18 January 20 TRT1 9 17 19 19 19 TRT2 12 16 16 16 16 TRT3 11 14 17 18 18 TRT4 15 18 19 20 21 TRT5 14 22 24 24 24 TRT6 11 25 27 27 27 TRT7 16 22 25 26 26 CTR1 5 13 17 18 18 CTR2 7 13 14 15 15 CTR3 6 12 15 15 15 CTR4 5 9 11 11 12 CTR5 4 14 15 16 16 CTR6 3 12 17 18 18 CTR7 5 13 14 14 15 4. The product is tested in “ in vitro » with the bacteria X. fastidiosa (in an accredited laboratory) and other main fungal species associated with CoDIRO disease: Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella, Pleurostomophora, Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeriaceae. Results :

[0129] Two different types of tests were carried out, as indicated: Spraying: the product was sprayed onto Petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium. When the product is completely absorbed by the medium, the fungal species have been transferred. Every seven days, for twenty-one days, fungal growth of each species was observed. There Figure 4 represents the last observation. The columns of boxes successively represent, from left to right, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, 1 ppm, 100 ppm, 10 ppm, 1 ppm. On the left, from top to bottom, are the boxes of Botryosphaeriaceae, C. gloeasporioides, R. necatrix, V. dahliae, Pl. richardsiae. On the right are the Pm boxes from top to bottom. scolyti, Pm. italicum, Pm. minimum, Pm. parasiticum, Phaeomoniella spp.

[0130] Inclusion: the product was included in the PDA medium before solidification. Three different concentrations were used: 100, 10, and 1 ppm. When the Petri dishes were completely solidified, the fungal species were transferred. Every seven days, for twenty-one days, fungal growth of each species was observed. There figure 5 represents the last observation.

[0131] We observe on the top row of the figure 5 , from left to right, Phaeomoniella spp, Pl. richardsiae, Pm. parasiticum and Pm. minimum. We observe on the bottom row of the figure 5 , from left to right, Pm. italicum, Pm. scolyti, V. dahliae and R. necatrix. Results :

[0132] As the product is a non-autoclaved natural extract, when it was sprayed on the surface of the culture medium or when it was included in this medium, many saprophytic bacteria slowed down and hindered the growth of the pathogenic fungi tested (see figures 4 and 5 ). The same problem was detected when testing with X. fastidiosa. Indeed, fastidious is a bacteria with very slow growth, so its development is easily slowed down by faster-growing saprophytic bacteria. Despite these observations, the product does not appear to directly inhibit fungal growth, and each microorganism tested appears to be able to grow, in both situations (Vaporization and inclusion of the product). 5. Chlorophyll content of leaves (Spad Index) Results :

[0133] This parameter was detected by the Minolta Chlorophyll Meter SPAD - 50 (registered trademarks). It is a measuring device, in vivo, of the total quantity of chlorophyll contained in the tissues of the plant and which thus indirectly measures the nutritional status of the plant. As shown in the Figure 6, the result of the photosynthetic quality of leaves treated with the product is better than that of leaves of untreated plants. It can be said that plants treated with the product are more capable of transporting nutrients and water than untreated plants. Treatments October 5 October 27 November 30 December 18 January 20 TRT1 70,5 81,4 70,5 67,2 66,6 TRT2 75,1 81,6 75,1 70,2 68,1 TRT3 75,3 85,8 75,3 65,4 69,8 TRT4 80,2 98,7 80,2 62,3 66,1 TRT5 78,7 88,2 78,7 66,4 67,0 TRT6 91,3 104,5 91,3 69,5 64,9 TRT7 88,7 95,5 88,7 63,9 65,1 CTR1 67,1 76,4 67,1 58,4 49,9 CTR2 58,4 67,5 58,4 54,0 57,2 CTR3 47,8 58,9 47,8 50,2 51,8 CTR4 63,2 68,9 63,2 55,2 51,9 CTR5 71,0 78,9 71,0 49,5 51,6 CTR6 64,9 81,3 64,9 55,4 54,5 CTR7 69,9 79,3 69,9 59,1 55,9 6. Stomatal conductance (water potential) Results :

[0134] On the Figure 7 The values ​​of stomatal conductance are reported. They are directly related to the water transport potential of the plant (i.e. its capacity to move sap from the roots to the leaves). Higher values ​​of stomatal conductance indicate the excellent capacity of the vessels to transport raw sap to the leaves. As shown on the Figure 7 , the values ​​are always (during monitoring) higher for olive trees treated with the product tested in the invention than for untreated olive trees. The differences diminish during winter periods, which is related to the metabolism of the tree during this period. Treatments October 5 October 27 November 30 December 18 January 20 TRT1 98,3 135,1 96,3 65,9 64,2 TRT2 89,3 97,8 92,2 72,8 73,9 TRT3 85,5 122,6 101,9 88,2 79,5 TRT4 108,2 108,6 97,2 69,9 74,3 TRT5 91,3 92,5 90,4 71,5 67,9 TRT6 87,6 98,6 88,1 65,3 68,5 TRT7 97,2 92,4 86,5 69,9 66,3 CTR1 53,8 63,5 56,9 55,2 54,4 CTR2 58,4 56,5 62,7 60,1 61,3 CTR3 64,1 68,7 64,7 60,6 59,4 CTR4 52,1 62,9 78,5 58,9 55,4 CTR5 46,7 76,3 66,3 57,7 58,6 CTR6 56,9 76,1 80,5 57,6 58,9 CTR7 51,2 66,2 78,4 69,0 58,9 CONCLUSION

[0135] Based on the results obtained, it can be established that the treatment with said product was able to limit the symptoms of X. fastidiosa, on all treated plants, although ELISA analyzes carried out on samples collected on October 5 and January 20 were still positive for the presence of the bacteria.

[0136] This means that the product, under these experimental conditions, is not capable of completely eradicating the bacteria from the plants but that it allows the olive trees, after only six treatments, to recover normal growth capacity (increase in number of leaves, increased photosynthesis, increased stomatal conductance). The product significantly limits the effects of bacteria X. fastidiosa. In addition, the treatments began at the end of summer (this is the worst time to start a trial), and continued throughout the fall (when the plants are not easily receptive).

[0137] In order to confirm the effects of the product on olive trees, another test was carried out. EXAMPLE 4 - The results obtained are presented below during this second test against Xyllela fastidiosa of the olive tree, with the product tested in the present invention. The olive grove used for the test is located in an infected area where the presence of X. fastidiosa was referenced in October 2013.

[0138] The test consisted of seven treatments, with the product of the present invention, carried out on the following dates: May 19 May 26 June 10 July 22 August 10 September 7 and October 7

[0139] Data collection in the area was carried out on the following dates: May 13, June 15, October 6 and November 24. 1. The percentage of necrotic leaf surfaces or brown surfaces (estimate) in treated plants and "control" plants, by adopting an empirical evaluation scale which makes it possible to evaluate an infection index. New leaves could be measured after one month from the start of treatment. 2. The level of olive dieback linked to X. fastidious in treated plants and control plants. 3. The level of vegetation recovery (number of new young leaves) for treated olive trees, and “control” olive trees 4. The weight of the harvest (if it exists). It is undoubtedly likely that the olive trees used for the test were not capable of producing olives, because they were subjected to heavy pruning. 5. The product is tested in “ in vitro » with the bacteria X. fastidiosa(in an accredited laboratory) and other main fungal species associated with CoDIRO disease: Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella, Pleurostomophora, Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeriaceae. 6. The chlorophyll content of the leaves (Spad Index) of treated plants and “control” plants. 7. Stomatal conductance (water potential) in control plants and treated plants. 8. An ELISA test detecting the presence of bacteria fastidious on olive samples taken during each collection phase including before treatments (5 tests).

[0140] The results obtained are discussed point by point below. Activities / results: 1. The percentage of necrotic leaf surfaces or brown surfaces (estimate) Results :

[0141] All plants were pruned on May 13 to remove all symptomatic parts. On May 19, a first reading was carried out to note the levels of chlorophyll and stomatal conductance, as well as to confirm the presence of the bacteria fastidiosa. Subsequently, and during all monitoring, the symptoms of X. fastidious associated with necrotic leaves have never been observed on plants treated with the product of the present invention. Growth of all plants treated with the product was good and symptom-free until November 24, while untreated "control" plants showed symptoms of decline such as apical leaf necrosis and yellowing. 2. The level of olive dieback linked to X. fastidious Results :

[0142] During the test, symptoms associated with dieback were not observed on trees treated with the product of the present invention, and the treated trees showed normal development throughout the period. Untreated “control” plants quickly showed symptoms of dieback.

[0143] During the last monitoring on November 24, only one treated olive tree showed symptoms of dieback. In this case, these symptoms were associated with the presence of fungal pathogens like Phaeoacremonium spp. and Botryosphaeriaceae spp., Phaeocaremonium spp. These isolates are vascular pathogens of olive wood, responsible for browning of wood and weakening and dieback of branches and stems. Botryosphaeriaceae isolates are pathogens responsible for dieback in woody plants including olive trees. Samples collected from untreated "control" plants showing symptoms of decline characteristic of X. fastidiosa are also infected with the same fungi mentioned above. The presence of vascular fungi and wood fungi correlates with the age of the plant. These fungi are common on olive trees and are the cause of a slow decline of the infected tree. Some fungi can be more aggressive and cause rapid dieback of part or the entire plant. Generally, a good agricultural practice such as pruning is appropriate to reduce the effects of these pathogens and their aggressiveness.

[0144] ELISA results performed on symptomatic leaves were positive for bacteria fastidiosa. In addition, the results were also positive on all examples of leaves collected from treated or untreated plants. 3. The level of vegetation recovery (number of new young leaves). Results :

[0145] On the Figure 8 / Table 1, all treated plants show a good response to treatments with the product of the present invention. The evaluation of the development of the last branches of the current year is carried out by counting the leaves from the point of insertion and the length of the same branch until the next collection (November 24).

[0146] Latest assessment: Untreated olive trees produced a reduced number of new leaves, less than 21 per branch (East, tree control T7, November 24) while olive trees treated with the product produced a number of new leaves greater than 25, in some cases, the number of leaves was 41 (West, tree control T5, November 24).

[0147] Furthermore, the difference in length of the same branches was significant ( Figure 9 / Table 2). Indeed, the greatest length reached in the control trees was 63 cm (South, control tree T7, November 24), while the greatest branch length on the treated trees was 111 cm (West, control tree T5 , November 24). The numbers indicated in the Figure 9 / Table 2 represent the average values ​​of twelve data points, three for each cardinal point. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher test at P<0.01. 4. The weight of the harvest (if it exists) Results :

[0148] Since the extensive pruning carried out on the trees before the treatments, olive production has been very meager. The production figure for each tree varied between 11.5 kg and 25.8 kg,

[0149] But the different level of initial pruning between trees does not seriously demonstrate a significant difference in the total harvest for each tree. 5. Mycological analyses:

[0150] One hundred olives from each treated and untreated tree were used for mycological analyses. No pathogenic fungi were isolated on olives (700) from trees treated with the product of the present invention. Only saprobic fungi such as Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., (total 17 isolates), etc. were detected.

[0151] On the other hand, on olives (700) from untreated “control” olive trees, the fungi isolated are: 442 isolates of Collototrichum spp. (antrachnose), 136 isolates of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. (drupe rot), 42 isolates of Alternaria / Stemphyllium (Sooty mold), 55 isolates of Fusarium spp. (saprobes or drupe rot), 25 isolates of Penicillium spp. , Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizoctonia spp. etc. 5. The product is tested in “ in vitro » with the bacteria X. fastidiosa (in an accredited laboratory) and other main fungal species associated with CoDIRO disease: Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella, Pleurostomophora, Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeriaceae.

[0152] Two different types of tests were carried out as indicated: Spraying: the product was sprayed onto Petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium. When the product is completely absorbed by the medium, the fungal species have been transferred. Every seven days, for twenty-one days, fungal growth of each species was observed.

[0153] Inclusion: the product was included in the PDA medium before solidification. Three different concentrations were used: 100, 10, and 1 ppm. When the Petri dishes were completely solidified, the fungal species were transferred. Every seven days, for twenty-one days, fungal growth of each species was observed. Results :

[0154] As the product is a non-autoclaved natural extract, when it was sprayed on the surface of the culture medium or when it was included in the medium, many saprophytic bacteria grew and slowed the growth of the pathogenic fungi tested. The same problem was detected when X. fastidious was used. The product does not appear to prevent fungal growth directly.

[0155] This result is the same as that of the 1st test. 6. Chlorophyll content of leaves (Spad Index). Results :

[0156] This parameter was detected by the Minolta Chlorophyll Meter SPAD - 50 device. It is a measuring device, in vivo, of the total quantity of chlorophyll contained in the tissues of the plant and which thus indirectly measures the nutritional status of the plant. As shown in the Figure 10 / Table 3, It is possible to observe that the result of the photosynthetic quality of the leaves treated with the product is better than that of the leaves of untreated plants. It can be stated that plants treated with the product have a greater capacity to transport nutrients and water than untreated plants.

[0157] Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher test at P<0.01.

[0158] The results are significantly better after several treatments (last monitoring). 7. Stomatal conductance (water potential) Results :

[0159] On the Figure 11 / table 4, the values ​​of stomatal conductance are reported. They are directly related to the water potential of the plant (i.e. its capacity to move raw sap from the root to the leaves). Higher values ​​of stomatal conductance indicate the excellent capacity of the vessels to transport raw sap to the leaves. The values ​​are always (for all monitoring) higher for olive trees treated with the product of the invention than for untreated olive trees. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher test at P<0.01. The results are better after several treatments (last monitoring).

[0160] Figure 8 / Table 1. Resumption of vegetation (number of new young leaves) for each treated plant, including control plants (*the values ​​indicated represent the average of 12 data, 3 for each cardinal point). NUMBER OF LEAVES Treatments May 13 June 15 October 6 November 24 TRT_1 3,00 26,50 33,25 36,75 TRT_2 3,25 14,75 24,50 28,25 TRT_3 3,00 14,50 23,00 25,75 TRT_4 2,75 18,00 25,50 29,75 TRT_5 2,75 19,25 30,75 35,00 TRT_6 3,00 17,00 24,25 28,25 TRT_7 2,75 17,50 25,50 29,50 CTR_1 3,00 7,75 12,25 13,00 CTR_2 3,50 8,75 15,50 15,75 CTR_3 3,25 9,50 16,25 17,25 CTR_4 2,75 9,00 15,50 16,00 CTR_5 3,00 10,00 15,25 15,50 CTR_6 3,25 10,75 17,00 17,25 CTR_7 3,25 11,25 17,25 19,25

[0161] Figure 9 / Table 2. Resumption of vegetation (length of new branches) for each treated plant, including control plants (*the values ​​indicated represent the average of 12 data, 3 for each cardinal point). The same letters indicate that there is no significant difference between the values. Treatment May 13 June 15 October 6 November 24 TRT_1 3,25 A* 66,25 B 88,75 B 93,75 B TRT_2 3,50 A 53,75 B 78,18 B 84,00 B TRT_3 3,00 A 56,00 B 78,25 B 83,00 B TRT_4 3,25 A 62,50 B 86,75 B 92,00 B TRT_5 2,75 A 65,75 B 93,25 B 99,00 B TRT_6 3,00 A 59,00 B 79,75 B 84,25 B TRT_7 2,25 A 60,00 B 83,25 B 89,00 B CTR_1 3,25 A 12,08 A 52,13 A 54,25 A CTR_2 3,50 A 18,15 A 51,03 A 52,00 A CTR_3 3,00 A 16,50 A 44,35 A 46,75 A CTR_4 3,25 A 16,85 A 50,40 A 52,25 A CTR_5 2,75 A 14,65 A 49,85 A 51,13 A CTR_6 3,00 A 14,33 A 38,30 A 39,58 A CTR_7 2,25 A 12,38 A 36,25 A 39,25 A

[0162] Figure 10 / Table 3. Chlorophyll content (Spad index) (*the values ​​indicated represent the average of 12 data points, 3 for each cardinal point). The same letters indicate that there is no significant difference between the values). CHLOROPHYLL INDEX Treatments May 13 June 15 October 6 November 24 TRT_1 70,80 A* 76.73 AB 88.45 AB 87,90 B TRT_2 72,73 A 73.88 AB 104.48 AB 91,08 B TRT_3 68,45 A 76.83 AB 96.03 AB 92,95 B TRT_4 62,65 A 90,13 B 113.48 AB 89,75 B TRT_5 69,00 A 78.40 AB 102.85 AB 90,03 B TRT_6 72,33 A 75.73 AB 111.18 AB 90,00 B TRT_7 73,55 A 70,13 A 117,08 B 93,93 B CTR_1 60,58 A 65,88 A 78,50 A 69,08 A CTR_2 62,15 A 63,03 A 98.70 AB 71,60 A CTR_3 58,23 A 66,60 A 83.23 AB 69,25 A CTR_4 55,65 A 79,55 B 97.75 AB 72,23 A CTR_5 61,98 A 74.23 AB 94.85 AB 71,15 A CTR_6 65,58 A 65,50 A 103.18 AB 69,48 A CTR_7 63,33 A 63,10 A 103.18 AB 72,40 A

[0163] Figure 11 / Table 4. Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance. (*the values ​​indicated represent the average of 12 data points, 3 for each cardinal point). Treatments May 13 June 15 October 6 November 24 TRT_1 52,13 89,38 100,63 116,30 TRT_2 63,63 151,43 139,68 146,45 TRT_3 43,98 97,93 143,13 144,13 TRT_4 45,15 137,60 142,85 139,88 TRT_5 40,95 129,00 149,65 157,68 TRT_6 52,90 133,48 147,05 133,93 TRT_7 45,75 127,83 141,75 144,93 CTR_1 59,55 92,60 91,23 87,00 CTR_2 58,75 118,45 110,10 CTR_3 55,25 88,75 118,50 96,78 CTR_4 53,73 117,05 125,23 110,90 CTR_5 46,65 126,10 126,23 118,65 CTR_6 47,88 133,48 128,30 102,70 CTR_7 55,65 112,85 126,53 121,08 CONCLUSIONS

[0164] Based on the results obtained, treatment with the product disclosed here made it possible to limit the symptoms of bacteria X. fastidious in all treated trees, although ELISA analyzes carried out on samples collected on November 24 were still positive to demonstrate the presence of X. fastidiosa. This means that under experimental conditions, the product is not capable of completely eradicating the bacteria from plants. However, the product allows trees to very significantly limit the pathogenic effects of the X bacteria. fastidious, and avoid symptoms.

[0165] In addition, based on the results obtained by the fungal analyses, the product was able to completely protect the olives from fungal pathogens such as Colletotrichum, Botryosphaeriaeae, Alternaria / Stemphylium, and Fusarium spp, responsible for severe diseases on the olive tree, and generally associated with damage caused by X. fastidiosa.

[0166] The use of the product on olive trees shows that it is also a good protector for other olive diseases.

[0167] The plants treated with the product developed well, because the crown of the olive trees was rich, the color of the leaves superb, the length of the young branches significant, the quality of the olives excellent, the condition of the trees was perfect, they appeared healthy.

[0168] This product is of great interest in the emergency phytosanitary context, when it is necessary to save time on the disease caused by the bacteria X. fastidiosa, and to find a solution to protect trees from this very serious disease. A protocol is being studied to also be used as a preventive treatment over several years, and to contain the epidemic caused by Xf, to preserve and conserve the heritage of olive trees, in the south of Italy, and in the other parts of the world. EXAMPLE 5 - In order to verify the effectiveness of the product against Xyllela, the product was tested again, by a BPE approved organization, on olive trees in a quarantine zone, in the south of Italy. In this test, the product name is PP1.

[0169] We note that the trial must be carried out over three years, in order to have sufficient perspective on the effectiveness of the product in the fight against Xyllela fastidiosa (recovery of tree vigor, increase in olive production), but also in its ability to limit the spread of the bacteria, and contain the epidemic. Summary

[0170] The trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental biostimulant against the pathogenic bacteria Xylella fastidiosa. The experimental product was tested at three different concentrations (0.5N, 1N and 2N) and compared to standard Ossiclor (registered trademark) 35 WG (copper oxychloride 35%, WG), copper-based specialty, only references used against bacterial diseases, without much effectiveness in the case of Xyllela. The list of treatments is presented in the following table: Treatment number Kind Treatment Name Concentration Description Application code App description Cadence 1 CHK Untreated - Untreated - - - 2 FUNG PP1 0,5 N Stimulation of defenses ABCDEFGHIJK From leaf buds to harvest maturity 15 days 3 FUNG PP1 1 N Stimulation of defenses ABCDEFGHIJK 15 days 4 FUNG PP1 2 N Stimulation of defenses ABCDEFGHIJK 15 days 5 FUNG Ossiclor 35 WG 35% (2.86 Kg / ha) Curative / Preventative AG A: after pruning B: after flowering C: end of August beginning of September Introduction

[0171] The trial was carried out near Ugento in the province of Lecce in the Puglia region (southern Italy), on a farm representative of this region in terms of varieties, olive cultivation techniques for production of oil. The presence of olive trees showing symptoms due to Xylella fastidiosa has previously been confirmed.

[0172] Olive trees belonging to the Olea europea genotype of the Carolea variety were selected to carry out this test, in an olive grove transplanted in January 1993.

[0173] The trial was a randomized complete block (RCB) with four replications. The plot area was 96 m 2 < (6 x 16 m) with four plants per plot.

[0174] The weather conditions recorded during the trial period became drier and warmer than average seasonal values, particularly in the early periods of the trial implementation from June to the end of August. , which negatively conditioned the vegetative luxuriance of olive trees in general, as well as the progression of the disease.

[0175] From the protocol, a total of 11 foliar applications were carried out, with the exception of the copper-based treatment for which only three applications were planned (in accordance with the instructions for use), following local practices. The first application (application A) took place on June 1, 2017 at stage BBCH 70 (first visible fruit), while the last application (application K) was carried out on October 26, 2017 at stage BBCH 81 (beginning of fruit ripening). All experimental applications were run with an interval of 13 - 15 days between them.

[0176] All modalities were applied using a backpack sprayer operating at a pressure of 4 BAR, adopting a water volume of 80 liters per treatment. Assessment :

[0177] Eight evaluations were carried out during the trial: just before application A (0 DA-A (for “Day After A”), 0 DA-D, 0 DA-E, 0 DA -G, 0 DA-I, 7 DA-J, 0 DA-K and 11 DA-K. The evaluations involved the following parameters: Percentage of disease (DAMDIS): average severity of disease per plot, Number of new shoots per branch, Vigor of the crop, expressed on a scale of 0 to 10, where “10” = maximum vigor of the crop and “0 » = dead plant, Average length of new shoots, NDVI Index (0 - 1): Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) quantifies vegetation by measuring the difference between near infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs), Leaf transpiration, expressed as stomatal conductance (mmol / m2 x dry) measured using a porometer (average value obtained from four measurements per tree), At harvest (11 DA-K), yield evaluation (kg / plot), weight of 100 olives ( g) and oil content (%), Crop selectivity assessments were carried out (0 DA-B; 0 DA-C; 0 DA-D; 0 DA-F; 0 DA-G; 0 DA-I . 0 DA-H) during cultivation in order to detect all symptoms of phytotoxicity (PHYGEN) due to the application of the experimental product such as chlorosis, yellowing, through comparisons with untreated plots. The results were expressed as a percentage, where “0” means no symptoms, while “100” means maximum damage to the crop. Statistical analyzes

[0178] Data were analyzed using ANOVAs in the research database software Agriculture Research Manager (ARM) version 2017.4. When this implied statistically significant differences, the analyzes were followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls test, at 95%. When two averages share the same letter notation, they are not significantly different.

[0179] Results: percentage of disease (DAMDIS): average severity / severity of disease per plot ( Figure 13 ). We observe, in Figure 13 : As of June 1, 2017 (0 DA-A, at BBCH stage 70), before the first application of the products (application A), the disease pressure was characterized on the trial (DAMDIS), these vary from 10.8 % to 18.8% (see Figure 13 ).

[0180] As of August 24, 2017 (0 DA-G, at BBCH 76 stadium), the DAMDIS values ​​have not changed compared to the previous evaluation, they vary from 10.8% to 18.8% (see figure13 ). The distribution of the disease is homogeneous between the modalities, which confirms the validity of the trial. 1. Number of new shoots per branch

[0181] As of September 22, 2017 (0 DA-I, BBCH stage 78), regarding the average number of new shoots per twig collected, the untreated control yielded 0.0 shoots / twig (see Figure 14 ). The results recorded for the other treatments changed little during the trial. Treatment 4 (PP1 2N) obtained the highest result with 2.13 new shoots / twig, followed by treatment 3 (PP1 1N) and treatment 2 (PP1 0.5N) with 1.23 and 1.15 new shoots. shoots / twig respectively. Finally, treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG) recorded the lowest number of new shoots / twig, equal to 0.28.

[0182] As of October 26, 2017 (0 DA-K, BBCH 81 stadium), the results recorded are identical to the previous evaluation of September 22, 2017.

[0183] It should be noted that climatic conditions have generally affected tree growth (severe drought) in the region. Furthermore, in the case of attack by Xyllela fastidiosa, trees generally tend to wither and die within a period of 3 to 5 years. The plants in the control method do not produce any new shoots ( Figure 14 ).

[0184] The fact that trees treated with the product disclosed herein allows the trees to produce new shoots on each branch reflects the fact that the stimulation of metabolism is operating.

[0185] We see on the plants treated with the copper reference (antibacterial action) that it does not allow the trees to generate as many new shoots, which shows its limit of action against the bacteria ( figure 14). Figure 14 : Evaluation of the number of new shoots / twigs. 2. Vigor of the culture: Figure 15: Assessment of culture vigor

[0186] As of July 14, 2017 (0 DA-D, BBCH 73 stadium) / July 28, 2017 (ODA-E, BBCH 74 stadium) / August 10, 2017 (0 DA-F, BBCH 75 stadium) / August 24, 2017 (0 DA-G , BBCH stage 78), no statistical difference was demonstrated between the treatments ( Figure 15 ).

[0187] As of September 22, 2017 (0 DA-I, stage BBCH 78), the best performance was obtained by treatment 4 (PP1 2N, see Figure 15 ) which retained the maximum vigor value of 10.0. Treatment 3 (PP1 1N) showed a slightly lower value of 9.5, followed in turn by treatment 2 (PP1 0.5N) with 9.0. The lowest crop vigor among the treatments was obtained by commercial copper-based treatment (Ossiclor 35 WG) with 8.8, which is not statistically different from the control with 8.3.

[0188] As of October 26, 2017 (0 DA-K, stage BBCH 81), the best performance was obtained by treatment 4 (PP1 2N, see Figure 15 ) which retained the maximum vigor 1 value of 10.0. Treatment 3 (PP1 1N) showed a slightly lower value of 9.5, followed in turn by treatment 2 (PP1 0.5N) with 9.0. The lowest crop vigor among the treatments was obtained by commercial copper treatment (Ossiclor 35 WG) with 8.8, and the untreated control with 7.5.

[0189] The latest ratings therefore show the first positive effects of PP1 on tree vigor, significantly, while the disease continues to progress in the control trees. 3. Average length of new shoots: Figure 16: Evaluation of the length of new shoots

[0190] As of September 22, 2017 (0 DA-I, BBCH stage 78), the highest average shoot length was obtained by treatment 4 (2N), (6.18 cm, see Figure 16 ), followed by treatment. 3 and 2 (1N and 0.5 N) which measure respectively 2.69 cm and 2.10 cm on average, while treatment 5 (Copper reference) again records the lowest result, with only 0.65 cm.

[0191] As of October 26, 2017 (0 DA-K, stage BBCH 81), the highest average shoot length was obtained by treatment 4 (2N), (8.72 cm, see Figure 16 ), followed by treatment. 3 and 2 (1N and 0.5 N) which have respectively 5.38 cm and 3.43 cm on average, while treatment 5 (Copper reference) again records the lowest result, with only 1.22 cm.

[0192] As indicated in point 2 above, not only do the treatments with the product allow significantly greater production of new shoots compared to the control, but the treatments also allow significantly greater growth of the new shoots. 4. NVDI: Figure 17: Evaluation of NVDI character

[0193] As of September 22, 2017 (0 DA-I, BBCH stage 78), treatments 4 and 3 (PP1 N and 2N) obtained the best performance, with an average NDVI of 0.77 and 0.76, followed by treatment 2 ( PP1 0.5 N) which obtained an average NDVI equal to 0.74. The lowest NDVI was recorded by treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG), comparable to that of the control (NDVI equal to 0.71, see Figure 17 ).

[0194] As of October 26, 2017 (0 DA-K, BBCH stage 81), treatments 4 and 3 (PP1 N and 2N) achieved the best performance, with an average NDVI of 0.78 and 0.77, followed by treatment 2 ( PP1 0.5 N) which obtained an average NDVI equal to 0.75. The lowest NDVI was recorded by treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG), comparable to that of the control (NDVI equal to 0.71, see Figure 17 ). 5. Stomatal conductance: Figure 18: Evaluation of stomatal conductance

[0195] On October 12, 2017 (7 DA-D, stage BBCH 78), stomatal conductance was measured using a porometer (average value taken from four measurements per tree). The highest results were achieved by treatment 4 (2 N) and by treatment 3 (1N) which respectively presented average values ​​of 374.5 and 378.2 mmol / m2 x sec, followed by treatment 2 (0.5N) which presents average values ​​of 360.1 mmol / m2 x dry). The lowest value of stomatal conductance was obtained by treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG) with 331.6 mmol / m2 x sec which is not statistically different from the untreated control (308.8 mmol / m2 x sec, see Figure 18 ).

[0196] As of November 6, 2017 (11 DA-K, stage BBCH 87), the highest results were achieved by treatment 4 (2 N) and by treatment 3 (1N) which respectively have average values ​​of 383 and 379.5 mmol / m2 x dry, followed by treatment 2 (0.5N) which has a value of 348.1 mmol / m2 x dry). The lowest stomatal conductance value was obtained by treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG) with 329.5 mmol / m2 x sec which is not statistically different from the untreated control (299.6 mmol / m2 x sec, see Figure 18 ).

[0197] The PP1 product therefore allows trees to acquire a stomatal conductance significantly higher than control trees, which indirectly reflects the decline in Xf infection. 6. Performance evaluation a / Fresh olive weight per plot (Kg / plot): Figure 19: Evaluation of fresh olive weight in kg / plot

[0198] As of November 6, 2017 (11 DA-K, stage BBCH 87), the highest fresh weight of olives per plot was recorded by treatment 4 (PP1 2N) with 176.30 kg / plot (see Figure 19 ). Treatment 3 (PP1 1N) obtained a slightly lower result, equal to 167.74 kg / plot, followed in turn by treatment 2 (PP1 0.5N) with 157.51 kg / plot. Treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG) recorded 140.02 kg / plot and was slightly lower than the control (141.79 kg / plot, see Figure 19 ). b / Weight of fruits (g / 100 fruits): Figure 20: Evaluation of the fresh weight of olives (g / 100 fruits)

[0199] Treatment 4 also marked the significantly highest weight of 100 fruits, equal to 439.99 g, followed by treatment 3 (PP1 1N) with 426.99 g and treatment 2 (PP1 0.5N) with 406.19 g. Treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG) achieved 349.02 g, which is lower than the control (358.15 g, see Figure 20 ). The PP1 product not only makes it possible to produce the significantly highest yield per plot (Kg of olives / plots), because we observe almost 40 Kg of production difference (which, considering the size of the plot is considerable) , but also the highest yield in terms of olive weight per 100 fruits. c / Oil concentration: Figure 21: Evaluation of the oil concentration

[0200] Regarding the oil content (% weight, see Figure 21 ), although differences are observed, they are not significant. Treatment 5 (Ossiclor 35 WG) and untreated control achieved statistically similar results, equal to 21.27% and 21.28% respectively, followed by treatment 3 (PP1 1N) and treatment 2 (PP1 0.5N ) with 19.63% and 19.14%. Treatment 4 (PP1 2N) recorded 17.89% oil content (see Figure 21 ).

[0201] CONCLUSION. According to the data collected, during this trial, the following observations were made: The product tested demonstrates an interesting vegetative response in olive trees affected by Xylella fastidiosa whatever the doses tested (0.5N, 1N and 2N), These results involve an improvement in the vegetative activity of the plants evidenced by an increase in the number of new shoots, the length of new shoots, the vigor of the crop, as well as the NDVI index. The overall performance of the product tested, with all the parameters described above, was always better than the copper-based formulation (Ossiclor 35 WG), normally adopted by farmers.

[0202] It is also important to note that a dose effect appeared. The 2 N dose has better overall effectiveness than the 1 N or 0.5 N dose.

[0203] In terms of fresh weight of olives and fruit size (weight of 100 fruits in g), the tested product shows a significant improvement whatever the dose used, compared to the untreated control and the copper-based formulation. . The 2N dose systematically provides the strongest effects, significantly. Oil production, as a % relative to the weight of the olives, is statistically equivalent for all modalities. Application of the product tested at the 2N dose seems to reduce the percentage of oil production (non-significant difference). This could be explained, if the phenomenon persists, by the stimulation by PP1 of metabolism oriented towards defense against a bacterium as invasive as Xyllela fastidiosa...

[0204] The application of the tested product did not cause any symptoms of phytotoxicity on olive trees of the 'Carolea' variety during the test regardless of the dose used.

[0205] No problems occurred when handling the experimental products.

[0206] In a particular embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of ground materials obtained by aqueous extraction of at least a part of "rocket" plants to stimulate plant defenses and reduce the effects of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae ( “PSA”) on the plant of the genus Actinidia. The extract is used here by foliar spray. EXAMPLE 6 - Efficacy of PP1 against Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae of kiwi (Actinidia chinensis). Introduction :

[0207] Kiwi bacteriosis, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae, causes a weakening of kiwi plants, leading to the death of the plants in the more or less long term.

[0208] Kiwifruit blight is spread by wind and rain, as well as pruning equipment.

[0209] Flowers, pruning wounds, wounds caused by animals, and those left by falling leaves are all entry points for the bacteria. As a result, the infection period reaches its peak in late fall or early spring.

[0210] At present, no phytosanitary product is available for curative treatments against this disease. It is only possible to carry out preventive treatments (generally copper-based) during the fall and winter period. However, phytotoxicity problems are to be feared with the copper molecule, and bacterial resistance against this active substance is increasingly appearing. I / Installation of the test:

[0211] Year: 2016 Kiwi variety: Hayward Trees aged: 5 years Location: Drôme (France) Inoculation: Natural. Number of modalities: Three modalities are tested: Fifteen trees are used per modality.

[0212] The terms are as follows: 1 / Control 2 / Spraying of PP1 (f) at the foliar level. PP1 (f) is extracted from the leaves of Eruca sativa 3 / Preventive treatment Copper the previous year n-1 and the current year n + Spraying of PP1 (f) at the foliar level. • Recommendations:

[0213] Copper applications are made immediately after harvest, at the beginning of leaf fall, as well as at the 50% stage of leaf fall.

[0214] Application of PP1 every 10 days, from the 2-3 leaf stage, until the fruits ripen. Volume: 700L / Ha (volume of final mixture applied to the plants. Here, for example, for 700 L of water / Ha, we grind the equivalent of 10g of plant / L, or 7 Kg of plants. The filtrate obtained is initially obtained in a lower volume, for transport, and diluted in 700 L before application). II / Observations made:

[0215] A / Average percentage of leaves attacked by PSA, per kiwi plant. B / Severity of symptoms on leaves (average % of leaf surface showing symptoms) Rating: Presence of necrotic spots surrounded by a yellow halo. The ratings are made on 100 sheets at random per modality. C / Average percentage of branches / plant showing flow. Notation: Observable presence on all wood (trunks, branches) with discharge of a gummy exudate whose color can vary from beige to brownish. III / Results:

[0216] A / Average percentage of leaves attacked by PSA per kiwi plant: table 1 Date: 05 / 25 / 2016 Average % of leaves attacked by PSA per kiwi plant Witness 32 a PP1 5 b PP1 + Cu (preventive) 0 c Cu (preventive) 12 d The ratings are made on 100 sheets at random per modality Different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at the 5% error threshold. B / Severity of symptoms on leaves (average % of leaf surface showing symptoms): table 2 Date: 05 / 25 / 2016 % of leaf area showing symptoms Witness 39 a PP1 5 b PP1 + Cu (preventive) 0 c Cu (preventive) 29 a In this table, the ratings are made on 100 sheets at random by modality. Different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at the 5% error threshold. C / Average percentage of branches / plant showing drainage: table 3 Date: 05 / 25 / 2016 Percentage of branches / plant showing flow Witness 16 a (with dieback of certain lateral branches). PP1 1 b PP1 + Cu (preventive) 1 b Cu (preventive) 8 c (with dieback of certain lateral branches). IV / CONCLUSION:

[0217] The chosen plot has been showing symptoms of bacteriosis caused by PSA for several years. Drastic pruning is carried out each year to eliminate affected branches and avoid contamination of neighboring orchards. Despite everything, the disease reappears every year, increasingly.

[0218] PP1 is used to provide a new solution in the fight against this bacteria, as a preventive treatment when symptoms appear. PP1 is therefore applied from the vegetative restart, with one application every 10 days.

[0219] Preventive treatments with copper were maintained in only two plots.

[0220] Treatments with PP1 significantly reduce symptoms. This effect is visible not only on the average % of leaves attacked (table 1), but also on the severity of the disease (table 2).

[0221] Visually, the plot treated with PP1 appears healthy and free of disease, even if we manage to detect the symptoms of bacteriosis during rigorous notations (32% of leaves attacked / plant in the control plot, 5% of leaves attacked / plant for the modality treated with PP1, 0% of leaves attacked / plant for the modality treated with PP1 + Copper as a preventive measure, and 12% of leaves attacked / plant for the modality treated with Copper as a preventive measure (table 1).

[0222] However, on the leaves attacked by bacteriosis in the plots treated with PP1, the severity of the symptoms is greatly reduced (39% of leaf surface showing symptoms in the control plot, 5% of leaf surface showing symptoms in the PP1 plot, 0% leaf area showing symptoms in the PP1 + Copper plot (preventive), 29% leaf area showing symptoms in the Copper plot (preventative) (table 2).

[0223] If we consider the observation of exudate flow, only treatments with PP1 can stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and almost completely reduce these symptoms (table 3)

[0224] Copper, used as a preventative measure, also significantly reduces symptoms. However, its level of effectiveness remains lower than that observed in the case of treatments with PP1 (Table 1, 2, 3).

[0225] Given the completely different mode of action of the two active substances (Copper and PP1), it appears interesting to combine the two treatments. Under experimental conditions, the coupling of the two treatments allows effective control of KIWI bacteriosis, since this program makes it possible to restrict the disease to its lowest level.

[0226] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of an extract obtained by aqueous extraction of at least a part of "rocket" plants to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of the bacterium Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis on walnut and the bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni on Prunus spp., and in particular fruit trees such as apricot, almond, cherry, peach, plum, P. salicina, cherry laurel as well as other exotic or ornamental Prunus, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus.

[0227] The crushed material can be used by foliar spraying or watering on the ground.

[0228] Examples 7 and 8: Effectiveness of PP1 against Xanthomonas arboricola pv juglandis of walnut (Juglan regia). Demonstration of the stimulation of tree defenses by PP1. Introduction

[0229] Walnut bacteriosis is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola juglandis (Xaj). At present, no treatment is really effective against the necrosis and falling of nuts caused by this disease. Infection with this bacteria can cause more than 50% crop loss. The bacteria can attack all growing organs: leaves, branches, female flowers, catkins and fruits.

[0230] The intensity of attacks by Xaj has increased over time, for several reasons: Intensification of crops, establishment of orchards in unsuitable soils, and increasing appearances of resistance of the bacteria to copper.

[0231] In the absence of a solution to combat this bacteria, in a context of limiting copper doses and in the presence of increased bacterial resistance, it is important to find other solutions to combat Xaj.

[0232] Two tests on walnut trees were carried out in 2017 with the PP1 product: An orchard test on the GrandJean variety, on 19-year-old trees, naturally contaminated (example 7). A nursery test, on the Chandler variety, on shrubs aged 7 years and artificially contaminated. In this second test, it is highlighted that PP1 acts by stimulating the defense of trees (example 8). EXAMPLE 7: I / Installation of the test:

[0233] Year: 2017 Variety of walnut: GrandJean Orchard planted in: 1998 Location: Grenoble (Isère) Inoculation: Natural: This orchard has been infected since 2013 Number of modalities: 3 Three modalities tested: 6 rows of 10 trees (60 trees). Each modality is made up of 2 rows of 10 trees (20 trees).

[0234] The terms are as follows: 1 / Control 2 / Spraying PP1 (t) at foliar level. PP1 (t) is extracted from the stems of Eruca sativa 3 / Spraying of PP1 (f) at the foliar level. PP1 (f) is extracted from the leaves of Eruca sativa Recommendation: Application of PP1 every 14 days, from the budburst stage (Cf stage) - 7 Applications Advantage of PP1: No phytotoxicity at the flowering stage. Volume: 600L / Ha II / Observations made: A / Counting nuts that have fallen to the ground from fruit setting to harvest.

[0235] These counts are carried out on 10 trees taken at random by modality. During counting, nuts with a diameter of less than 1 cm and not showing symptoms will be differentiated. This abscission phenomenon is considered a physiological process (abortion).

[0236] The nuts are collected every 5 days, on a tarpaulin spread around each tree.

[0237] The results will be expressed as an average % of nuts / tree, compared to the total number of nuts counted at the end of the season (physiological fall and nuts harvested from the tree) B / Yield (Kg of nuts / tree)

[0238] All nuts (fallen and harvested) are counted. C / Caliber:

[0239] This result will be expressed as an average % of nuts / tree having a caliber greater than 32 mm. D / Presence of branches showing symptoms of rolling. III: Results:

[0240] A / Counting nuts fallen to the ground from fruit setting to harvest (table 1): Terms Average % of nuts fallen to the ground / tree “Physiological” fall Average % of nuts fallen to the ground / tree and infected by Xanthomonas Witness 6 % a 35% a PP1 (t) 5.5% a 12% b PP1 (f) 6.5% a 9% b In this table, different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at the 5% error threshold. B / Yield (Kg of nuts / tree) (table 2) Terms Kg of nuts / tree Witness 24 + / - 3,5 a PP1 (t) 38 + / - 6,5 b PP1 (f) 41 + / - 5,0 b In this table, different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at the 5% error threshold. C / Caliber (table 3): Terms Average % of nuts > 32 mm / tree Witness 39,6 + / - 3,0 a PP1 (t) 52,3 + / - 7,3 b PP1 (f) 61,0 + / - 6,5 c In this table, different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at the 5% error threshold. D / Presence of branches showing symptoms of rolling.

[0241] On control plants not treated with PP1, a large number of branches showed drying with rolling of the tips.

[0242] This phenomenon is not observed in other modalities treated with PP1. IV / CONCLUSION:

[0243] The PP1 (t) or PP1 (f) treatments have no effect on physiological nut shedding (Table 1).

[0244] On the other hand, the percentage of nuts falling to the ground due to contamination by tree for the Control modality, 12% and 9% of nuts fallen to the ground / tree for PP1(t) and PP1(f), respectively (Table 1).

[0245] The two PP1 treatments also have a significant effect on yield, which is significantly increased (24 Kg of nuts / tree for the Control modality, 38 Kg and 41 Kg of nuts / tree respectively for the PP1 (t) and PP1 ( f)) (Table 2).

[0246] Regarding the size of the nuts, the 2 treatments with PP1 have a significant effect, although a greater effect is observed with the product PP1 (f) extracted from the leaves (39.6% of nuts have a size > 32 mm in the trees in the control modality, while 52.3% and 61.0% of the nuts respectively have a diameter >32 mm in the PP1 (t) and PP1 (f) modalities) (Table 3).

[0247] It should be noted that the symptoms of branch rolling, linked to severe contamination of the tree, are only observed in controls. No branch shows the symptoms of rolling in the trees of the PP1 (t) and PP1 (f) modality.

[0248] Treatments with PP1 show a significant action in the fight against Xanthomonas arboricola pv juglandis of walnut. Walnut trees treated with PP1 did not appear weakened by the disease throughout the trial. EXAMPLE 8: I / Installation of the test:

[0249] Year: 2016 Variety of walnut: CHANDLER Trees aged: 4 years Location: Grenoble Inoculation: Artificial

[0250] The Xaj strains are cultured on LPGA medium. The strain is stored at 5°C to reduce the risk of loss of virulence. The inocula used during this study were prepared by transferring, after checking the purity of the strain, a colony into 100 mL of liquid LPG medium. The cultures are incubated with shaking at 30°C for 12 h. The bacterial suspension is then centrifuged at 6000 g for 10 min. The final bacterial suspension is adjusted on the spectrophotometer to an OD 600 of 0.1, corresponding to 10 8< cfu / mL.

[0251] Two leaves of all the branches of all the trees of the “inoculated” modalities are infected with the bacterial suspension (108 cfu / mL.) with a syringe without a needle, by applying the syringe to the underside of the leaves. Infiltration is achieved under pressure by forcing the liquid to penetrate the leaves through the stomata.

[0252] The leaves are infiltrated by the suspension, so that the infiltration visually covers the entire surface of the leaf.

[0253] For control plants, the same infiltration protocol is carried out with sterile water. Number of modalities: Four modalities are tested. Each modality is made up of 12 trees. 1 / Non-inoculated, untreated control (TO) 2 / Inoculated, untreated control (Tin) 3 / Spraying of PP1 (P) at the foliar level, in preventive conditions (treatments taking place 7 days before inoculation with Xaj) 4 / Spraying of PP1 (C) at the foliar level, in curative conditions (treatments taking place 7 days after inoculation with Xaj) Recommendation: Application of PP1 every 14 days, from the budburst stage (Cf stage) - 7 Applications Volume: Equivalent 600L / Ha

[0254] The treatment schedule is shown in Figure 22 . II / Observations made:

[0255] A / Percentage of contaminated leaves per branch, as a function of time. B / Severity of damage on leaves according to the percentage of the surface of the leaf visually affected by the disease, as a function of time. For A and B, the notations are carried out on 10 branches per modality, at the rate of two branches per tree, taken at random. The observation concerns all the leaves of the branch. C / Antibacterial test of PP1 on Xaj. In order to understand the mode of action of PP1 and its strong effectiveness against Xaj while this bacteria is difficult to treat with phytosanitary products, its antibacterial potential was tested. One milliliter of PP1, (at the dose of use and effectiveness and at doses X2), is placed on a petri dish, 24 after spreading the Xanthomonas culture. Three replications are carried out per modality (application of 1mL of PP1, or 1mL of sterile water). The average diameter of the colonies is recorded 3 days and 7 days after the application of PP1 in the petri dishes. D / Determination of peroxidase activity in the leaves, as a function of time.

[0256] Although also involved in functions other than those linked to defense against parasites, peroxidase activity is nevertheless strongly linked to the defense of plants against phytopathogenic bacteria.

[0257] Walnut leaves (5 leaves per tree taken at random) are collected at different times. One gram of leaf is mixed in 2 mL of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 5, 0.05 m). The extract is centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 min. The determination of peroxidases on the supernatant is carried out in a citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 6, 0.05 m), using guaiacol as a hydrogen donor, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Activities are estimated from A 470. Total activity is expressed in nKat / mg of protein.

[0258] The dosage is carried out on 2 leaves of 6 different branches taken at random, by modality. The result is therefore the expression of the average activity obtained on 12 leaves.

[0259] E / Quantitative analysis of free endogenous salicylic acid (SA) in leaves

[0260] At different times after inoculation, the leaves and their petioles are collected (2 leaves per plant). The leaves are cut longitudinally into very thin strips, and are positioned vertically in a centrifuge tube. The intercellular and phloem fluid is harvested by centrifugation (5000 g), and is recovered in a 50% aqueous methanol solution (v / v). Each sample is analyzed by HPLC on a C18 column equilibrated in a mixture of 95% 50mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.5 and 5% acetonitrile. The AS, eluted after a retention time of 15 min at a flow rate of 2 mL / min, is detected by florescence by a spectrofluorimeter (excitation at 290 nm, emission at 402 nm). The AS concentration is expressed in µg AS g -1< of fresh material.

[0261] The dosage is carried out on 2 leaves of 6 different branches taken at random, by modality. The result is therefore the expression of the average quantity of salicylic acid obtained on 12 leaves. III / Results:

[0262] A / Average percentage of contaminated leaves per branch, as a function of time (Table 4): Dates 2017 06 / 06 13 / 06 20 / 06 04 / 07 18 / 07 01 / 08 T 0 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a T in 0 a 0 a 0 a 10 + / - 2 b 30 + / - 4 d 32 + / - 5 d PP1 (P) 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 4 + / - 1 b 5 + / -1 b PP1 (C) 0 a 0 a 0 a 5 + / -2 b 7 + / -2 b 7 + / -3 b The ratings are made on 10 branches per modality, at the rate of two branches per tree, taken at random. The observation concerns all the leaves of the branch. Different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at the 5% error threshold. B / Severity of damage on leaves according to the average percentage of the surface of the leaf visually affected by the disease, as a function of time (Table 5). Dates 2017 06 / 06 13 / 06 20 / 06 04 / 07 18 / 07 01 / 08 T 0 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a 0 a T in 0 a 0 a 0 a 5 b 25 c 38 c PP1 (P) 0 0 0 0 a 5 b 5 b PP1 (C) 0 0 0 5 b 5 b 5 b The ratings are made on 10 branches per modality, at the rate of two branches per tree, taken at random. The observation concerns all the leaves of the branch. Different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at 5% error alone. C / Antibacterial test of PP1 on Xaj (table 6) T=0 Colony diameter T=3 days Colony diameter T=7 days Colony diameter PP1 dose N - 2mm 6mm PP1 dose 2N - 2mm 6mm Sterile water - 2mm 6mm No reduction in the number or diameter of colonies is observed. D / Dosage of peroxidase activity in the leaves, as a function of time (nKat / mg protein) (Table 7). Dates 2017 06 / 06 13 / 06 16 / 06 20 / 06 04 / 07 18 / 07 01 / 08 T 0 510 + / - 10 a 605 + / -15 a 632 + / - 20 a 640 + / - 15 a 609 + / - 15 a 640 + / - 25 a 589 + / - 20 a T in 520 + / - 15 a 562 + / - 20 a 602 + / - 12 a 514 + / - 20 a 780 + / - 20 b 802 + / - 32 b 790 + / - 23 b PP1 (P) 580 + / - 20 a 625 + / - 30 a 989 + / - 10 b 1030 + / - 35 b 1820 + / - 35 c 2103 + / - 35 c 2408 + / - 48 c PP1 (C) 505 + / - 15 a 542 + / - 25 a 602 + / - 22 a 901 + / - 20 b 930 + / - 35 b 1209 + / - 25 c 1852 + / - 36 c The dosage is carried out on 2 leaves of 6 different branches taken at random, by modality. The result is therefore the expression of the average activity obtained on 12 leaves. Different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at 5% error alone. E / Quantitative analysis of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) (µg / g fresh material) free in the leaves (table 8) Dates 2017 06 / 06 13 / 06 16 / 06 20 / 06 04 / 07 18 / 07 01 / 08 T 0 0.05 a 0.07 a 0.06 a 0.08 a 0.06 a 0.03 a 0.05 a T in 0.06 a 0.05 a 0.08 a 0.07 a 0.5 b 0.8 b 0.8 b PP1 (P) 0.08 a 0.09 a 1.0 c 1.3 c 1.9 c 2.3 c 2.0 c PP1 (C) 0.05a 0.03 a 0.5 b 0.6 b 1.5 c 1.8 c 1.9 c The dosage is carried out on 2 leaves of 6 different branches taken at random, by modality. The result is therefore the expression of the average activity obtained on 12 leaves. Different letters represent significantly different results according to the Newman-Keuls test at 5% error alone. IV / CONCLUSION:

[0263] In this trial, the PP1 product is tested against Xaj on walnut, under preventive and curative conditions.

[0264] Regarding the appearance of symptoms, treatment with PP1 (P) in preventive conditions strongly and significantly reduced the number of leaves showing symptoms. Indeed, the first symptoms appear as early as 07 / 04 / 2017 for trees inoculated with ).

[0265] PP1 (C), as a curative treatment, does not delay the date of onset of symptoms (06 / 04 / 2017) but does not allow the disease to develop (Table 4).

[0266] In terms of attack frequency, the two treatments with PP1 (P) and PP1 (C) significantly reduced the number of infected leaves compared to the Control modality (32% of leaves attacked in the Control modality with inoculation, 5% and 7% of leaves attacked in the PP1 (P) and PP1 (C)) modalities as of 01 / 08 (table 4).

[0267] The two treatments PP1 (P) and PP1 (C) also significantly reduce the severity of the disease, and prevent the disease from developing (38% of leaf surface attacked in the Control modality, 5% and 5% of leaf surface attacked in modalities PP1 (P) and PP1 (C)) as of 01 / 08 (table 5).

[0268] The antibacterial activity test shows that the PP1 product does not act directly against the Xaj bacteria (Table 6).

[0269] In this context, the dosage of two biochemical markers known to be involved in plant defense was carried out: The dosage of peroxidases, known to be involved in the defense of plants against bacterial pathogens was carried out: In the case of PP1 (P) as a preventive treatment, a very strong peroxidase activity is observed 3 days after inoculation with Xaj (06 / 16), and this activity continues to increase thereafter, until the last sample (01 / 08) (table 7)

[0270] In the case of curative treatment with PP1, peroxidase activity also increases sharply from 06 / 20, but with slower kinetics over time (table 7).

[0271] As of 01 / 08, the average peroxidase activities are 580 nKat AS / mg protein for plants in the Control modality without inoculation, 790 nKat / mg protein for plants in the Control modality with inoculation, 2408 nKat / mg protein and 1852 nKat / mg proteins respectively for the plants of the PP1 (P) and PP1 (C) modality (Table 7).

[0272] The AS dosage was also carried out: In the Control modality with Inoculation, the synthesis of AS takes place late (04 / 07), and increases regularly thereafter, to reach an average value of 0.8 µg of AS / g fresh material as of 01 / 08 (table 8).

[0273] In the PP1 (P) modality used as a preventative measure, we observe a strong synthesis of salicylic acid (1µg of SA / g fresh material) from 3 days after infection, on 06 / 16. This value continues to increase to reach 2 µg of AS / g fresh material as of 01 / 08. In the PP1 (C) modality used in curative treatment, the increase in AS synthesis is also observed from 06 / 16, but at a lower rate (0.5 µg of AS / g fresh material), reaching 1.9 µg of AS / g fresh matter as of 01 / 08 (table 8).

[0274] AS synthesis is strongly stimulated in the case of preventive and curative treatments with PP1.

[0275] It should be noted that the interaction followed does not correspond to the installation of “gene for gene” resistance between the plant and the bacteria. Indeed, without treatment, the bacteria gradually invades the plant.

[0276] The results observed, both in terms of the reduction of symptoms by PP1 treatments, and in terms of peroxidase and AS dosages, suggest a phenomenon of potentiation, with an increase in defense mechanisms upon infection with PP1. 'pathogen.

[0277] In both cases (preventive and curative treatments) PP1 allows walnut trees, by stimulating its defenses, to fight effectively against bacteriosis. EXAMPLE 9 - Effectiveness of PP1 against Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni of the peach tree (Prunus persica) Introduction

[0278] Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni is responsible for bacterial spot disease of stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.).

[0279] This pathogen mainly attacks apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca), cherry trees (Prunus avium), plum trees (Prunus domestica) and peach trees (Prunus persica).

[0280] This bacterium is currently widespread throughout the world and is found almost everywhere stone fruits are grown. In severe cases of infection, damage causes 70% loss of the crop.

[0281] This bacterium is classified among the quarantine organisms in the European Union, and is treated as such in the plant protection ordinance (OPV, RS 916.20).

[0282] In the context of the absence of means of combating this disease, it is essential to develop means of control capable of limiting the spread of the disease, by significantly stimulating the trees' defenses.

[0283] Treatments with PP1, capable of fighting effectively against this bacteria, are capable of limiting contamination to other trees.

[0284] A test was carried out on naturally contaminated peach trees, in order to know the reaction of the tree to the disease, following treatment.

[0285] Used preventively, PP1 should be able to limit the spread of the bacteriosis epidemic (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni) of peach trees. I / Installation of the test:

[0286] Year: 2017 Peach variety: Summer Sweet Trees aged: 4 years Location: Les Costières (Gard) Inoculation: Natural. The test is carried out on plants already contaminated by Xanthomonas arboricola for 1 year. Number of modalities: Three modalities are tested. The methods are as follows: 1 / Control 2 / Spraying PP1 (t) at the foliar level. PP1 (t) is extracted from the stems of Eruca sativa 3 / Spraying of PP1 (f) at the foliar level. PP1 (f) is extracted from the leaves of Eruca sativa. Each modality consists of 20 trees (4 groups of 5 trees).

[0287] Groups of 5 trees of all modalities are assigned randomly within the plot. Recommendations: Application of PP1 every 14 days, from the budburst stage 7 applications. Volume: 500L / Ha (we grind the equivalent of 10g of plant / L, or 5 Kg of plants to cover one Ha) II / Observations made:

[0288] A / Damage to branches (foliage): The results are expressed as % of infected branches, on the basis of 50 branches per category, taken at random. B / Fruit damage: Fruit disease was estimated on the day of harvest (08 / 25). For this, 50 fruits per modality were observed. The results are expressed in % of fruit. The results are organized into 3 categories by modalities: % healthy fruits, % fruits with low damage, % fruits with significant damage. C / Average number of new shoots per branch as of 06 / 30, based on 50 branches per category, taken at random. III / Results:

[0289] A / Damage to branches (foliage) (Table 9) 25 / 08 % of branches affected Witness 62 PP1 (t) 5 PP1 (f) 4 B / Fruit damage: Fruit disease was estimated on the day of harvest (08 / 25) (Table 10) 25 / 08 % Healthy fruits % fruits with low damage % of fruits with significant damage Witness 50 18 32 PP1 (t) 85 15 0 PP1 (f) 82 18 0 C / Average number of new shoots per branch as of 06 / 13 - (Table 11) Dates 2017 13 / 06 T 12 PP1 (t) 28 PP1 (f) 25 VI / CONCLUSION:

[0290] The % of affected branches is significantly reduced when PP1 is applied at a rate of 14 days, from the budburst stage (62% of affected branches in control plants, 5% and 4% of affected branches in the PP1 (t) modalities) and PP1 (f))

[0291] Regarding the fruits: In the control modality, 50% of the fruits are healthy, while 85% and 82% of healthy fruits are counted in the PP1 (t) and PP1 (f) modalities.

[0292] It is important to note that in the PP1 modalities, no fruit shows significant damage, while 32% of the fruits in the control modality show severe damage.

[0293] PP1 also acts on the vigor of the orchard. Indeed, we observe a significantly higher number of new shoots in the PP1 modalities, in comparison with the control modalities (12 new shoots on average per branch in the control modalities, 28 and 25 new shoots on average per branch in the PP1 modalities ( t) and PP1 (f).

[0294] Treatments with PP1 allow effective control of Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni.

[0295] In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of ground materials obtained by aqueous extraction of at least part of "rocket" plants to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of the Phytoplasma bacteria from dieback. pear tree or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on the pear tree or Candidatus bacteria Phytoplasma solani on the vine, lavender, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and tobacco. EXAMPLE 10 - Efficacy of PP1 against Candidatus phytoplasma pyri, pear (Pear decline). Introduction

[0296] The phytoplasma Candidatus phytoplasma pyri, responsible for the rapid decline of the pear tree, is present in most countries of the European Union where pear crops are grown. This disease is also detected along the North American coasts. It mainly affects plants of the Pyrus genus, fruit trees and ornamentals. It can also be observed on quince trees, Cydonia oblonga.

[0297] The degradation of the phloem of contaminated trees leads to their dieback. However, depending on cultural practices and the sensitivity of the rootstocks, two types of symptoms can be distinguished: either rapid dieback which results in the drying out of the leaves in July-August, or slow dieback which gradually weakens the tree. .

[0298] To date, there is no technique or treatment to eliminate phytoplasma in pear trees.

[0299] It is important to implement a new treatment, capable of stimulating the plant to fight against Candidatus phytoplasma pyri. I / Installation of the test:

[0300] Year: 2017 Pear variety: Bartlett Orchard planted in: 2008 Location: PACA region Inoculation: Natural: This orchard has been severely infected since 2016. Number of modalities: 2 Three modalities tested: 3 rows of 10 trees (30 trees). Each modality consists of a row of 10 trees.

[0301] The terms are as follows: 1 / Control 2 / Spraying of PP1 (f) at the foliar level. PP1 (f) is extracted from the leaves of Eruca sativa Recommendation: Application of PP1 every 10 days, from the bud break stage Advantage of PP1: No phytotoxicity at the flowering stage. Volume: 800L / Ha (we grind the equivalent of 10g of plant / L, or 8 Kg of plants to cover one Ha) II / Observations made:

[0302] A / Number of trees showing symptoms of rapid decline, by modality B / Average number of branches / tree showing symptoms, on 2 dates (June 5 and August 2). These symptoms are divided into 2 observations: 1 / Symptoms in spring (notation of June 5): branches presenting pale green leaves, reduced in size, and few in number, and 2 / so-called autumn symptoms (notation of 2 August): the leaves take on a red color prematurely, the edges curl. III: Results:

[0303] A / Number of trees showing symptoms by modality (table 1) June 5, 2017 August 2, 2017 Spring symptoms Fall symptoms Witness 30% 50% PP1 (f) 30% 30% B / Average number of branches / tree showing symptoms of decline (table 2) June 5, 2017 August 2, 2017 Witness 47% a 1 00% a PP1 (f) 26% b 30% b IV: Discussion

[0304] The trees were severely attacked in 2016. In this context of high parasitic pressure, the symptoms were observed in two stages.

[0305] From spring 2017, and despite treatment with PP1, we observed 30% of trees in the 2 modalities which presented spring symptoms (branches presenting pale green leaves, reduced in size, and few leaves) (table 1 ). These branches stand out visually from the rest of the foliage in the plot.

[0306] On the other hand, we observe, during the PP1 treatments, a lower number of trees presenting autumn symptoms (50% of trees for the controls, 30% for the PP1 (f) modality), during the 02 notations. August 2017 (table 1).

[0307] Regarding the average number of branches / tree showing symptoms, treatments with PP1 from bud break make it possible to stimulate the trees' defenses and significantly reduce the number of branches showing symptoms per tree (table 2).

[0308] Indeed, we observed 47% of branches / trees affected by the disease in the control plot, while only 26% of branches / trees were affected in the plot treated with PP1(f).

[0309] In August, 100% of the tree branches were contaminated in the control plot, while only 30% of the branches were affected in the plot treated with PP1(f).

[0310] PP1 acts by stimulating the tree's defenses as well as metabolism. In the case of pear phytoplasma, the pathogen settles in the conductive vessels of the phloem, and is concentrated in particular in the finest vessels. This infection causes significant tissue degradation, and the accumulation of callose on the walls of plant cells which blocks the passage of sap. In response to this infection, the tree knows how to create a more or less important replacement phloem, which allows it to live more or less long.

[0311] It is suggested that PP1 acts 1 / by stimulating not only the defense mechanisms of the tree, which will actively fight against the parasite, 2 / by stimulating the metabolism of the plant in order to increase the creation of new vessels, and 3 / by stimulating the production of enzymes which will read the callose and thyllose plugs which obstruct the vessels.

[0312] This same phenomenon is observed during treatments on the olive tree, to fight against Xyllela fastidiosa.

[0313] It is therefore recommended to treat pear orchards preventively with PP1, and to continue this treatment each year, in order to allow the plant to keep its defense mechanisms on alert each year, and when symptoms appear. EXAMPLE 11 - Efficacy of PP1 against Candidatus phytoplasma solani (Phytoplasma stolbur) of the vine (Vitis vinifera) I / Introduction:

[0314] Stolbur phytoplasma (Candidatus phytoplasma solani) occurs in central and southern Europe, and in some countries in the Middle East.

[0315] It is a bacteria related to mycoplasmas. These bacteria have the particularity of having a small genome and lacking a cell wall. Within a plant, these organisms are exclusively located in the sieve tubes of the phloem. Their pathogenic power could be explained by several phenomena: hindrance of the good circulation of sap within the infected plant, production of molecules having an interaction with plant hormones linked to the growth of the plant (for example, auxins), etc.

[0316] The stolbur phytoplasma is transmitted to plants via leafhoppers, biting-sucking insects of the Hemiptera family. Today, Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret (Hemiptera, Cixiidae) is considered the main vector of blackwood disease in Europe.

[0317] Stolbur phytoplasma infects plants of the nightshade family, mainly potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and tobacco. It is also responsible for diseases in other cultivated species such as strawberries (marginal chlorosis), lavender (dieback), vines (black wood disease) or beets (low wealth syndrome). The Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae and Fabaceae families also include plants sensitive to stolbur.

[0318] All European vineyards are affected by black wood disease which is a yellowing of the vines, not contagious in the vineyard, and which owes its name to the non-augmented wood which blackens when subjected to the effects of frost. Its impact on the vines varies from one year to the next.

[0319] This disease causes harvest losses and affects the quality of the harvest. It can lead to the death of the vines and consequently compromise the sustainability of the vineyard.

[0320] The increase, since the 2000s, in the number of cases of black wood on vines, and the fact that no chemical treatment is possible to combat the vector, show that it is important to find a new control solution. .

[0321] Given the mode of action of PP1, capable of effectively stimulating defenses against bacterial diseases, the product has been used successfully in vineyards and lavender fields. II / Installation of the test:

[0322] Year: 2016 Vine variety: Le Vignoble Chardonnay, Vignoble Pinot noir In order to have a reliable statistical estimate taking into account the disease, two different vineyards are used for the estimation of the disease and the effectiveness of the PP1 product. In each vineyard, each modality is made up of 100 vines. Trees aged: 12 years Chardonnay vineyard and 14 years Pinot noir vineyard Plot maintenance: In order to encourage disease, these vineyards were grown in 2016, in uncontrolled grassy soil Location: Montpellier (Hérault, France) / Nîmes (Gard, France) Inoculation: Natural. Number of modalities: Three modalities are tested.

[0323] The terms are as follows: 1 / Control 2 / Spraying PP1 (t) at foliar level. PP1 (t) is extracted from the stems of Eruca sativa 3 / Spraying of PP1 (f) at the foliar level. PP1 (f) is extracted from the leaves of Eruca sati Recommendations: Application of PP1 every 14 days, from the 2-3 leaf stage, until the fruits ripen. Volume: 500L / Ha (we grind the equivalent of 10g of plant / L, or 5 Kg of plants to cover one Ha). III / Observations made: A / Percentage of plants attacked per vineyard, as of 08 / 31.

[0324] The symptoms are visible above all in summer and can be expressed on part or all of the vine. Diseased plants can be recognized by their downwardly curled leaves which, depending on the variety, show sectoral to total discoloration, yellow or red, including the veins. Their clusters wilt prematurely and their branches show poor, partial to absent bud. B / Dosage of free endogenous Jasmonic acid (JA)

[0325] Given the results of stimulation of defenses observed in other models, it appeared interesting to carry out assays on the JA.

[0326] At two different times (6 hours and 24 hours) after the 5th treatment, 5 leaves taken at random from 10 healthy branches (50 leaves) and 10 contaminated branches (50 leaves) are taken.

[0327] The leaves are immersed, after weighing, in liquid nitrogen N2. The ground material is then immersed in ethanol.

[0328] The different extractions are carried out in accordance with Gundlach et al., 1992. The AJ is analyzed by GC / mass spectrometry.

[0329] The separations are carried out on a DB-5 column (30-X0.25-mm). IV / Results:

[0330] A / Percentage of plants attacked per vineyard, as of 08 / 31. The vines showing symptoms are isolated in the plots, without apparent grouping. 31 / 08 Chardonnay Vineyard Pinot noir vineyard T 17 24 All symptoms linked to the disease are observed, with a majority of entire branches necrotic on the plants recorded. All symptoms linked to the disease are observed, with a majority of entire branches necrotic on the plants recorded. PP1 (t) 3 4 Diseased branches have yellow leaves with curling. No necrosis. Diseased branches have yellow leaves with curling. No necrosis. PP1 (f) 2 1 Diseased branches have yellow leaves with curling. No necrosis. Diseased branches have yellow leaves with curling. No necrosis. B / Dosage of free endogenous Jasmonic acid (JA) (ng JA / g fresh material) on: Healthy plants: Chardonnay Vineyard Pinot noir vineyard +6h +24h +6h +24h T 50 + / - 14 61 + / - 28 70 + / - 25 81 + / - 32 PP1 (t) 502 + / -250 689 + / - 189 689 + / - 210 623 + / - 245 PP1 (f) 606 + / - 189 705 + / - 201 781 + / - 187 788 + / - 201 The results are expressed in ng AJ / g fresh material. The results represent the average of the dosages carried out on 50 sheets per modality Contaminated plants: Chardonnay Vineyard Pinot noir vineyard +6h +24h +6h +24h T 95 + / - 25 102 + / - 32 125 + / - 29 145 + / -38 PP1 (t) 1203 + / -152 909 + / - 95 1289 + / - 120 1248 + / - 104 PP1 (f) 1059 + / - 105 1352 + / - 145 1115 + / - 142 1489 + / - 152 The results are expressed in ng AJ / g fresh matter. The results represent the average of the dosages carried out on 50 sheets per modality. V / CONCLUSION:

[0331] It clearly appears that plots treated with PP1 present a significantly reduced number of vines presenting symptoms linked to stolbur phytoplasma (Candidatus phytoplasma solani), compared with untreated plots.

[0332] Indeed, in the control plots of the Chardonnay and Pinot Noirs vineyards, 17% and 24% of vines respectively present symptoms, while only 3% and 4% of vines present symptoms for the modalities treated with PP1 (t), and 2% and 1% of the vines present symptoms for the modalities treated with PP1 (f).

[0333] It should be noted that the symptoms observed on the vines treated with PP1 present less “advanced” symptoms in the two vineyards, in comparison with the control vines. Indeed, no necrosis is observed on the vines of the treated modalities, but only yellow discolorations with curled leaves...

[0334] Given the results obtained on this model, and taking into account the results observed on other models (stimulation of plant defenses by PP1), it was interesting to perform one of the compounds linked to plant defense against insects: the AJ.

[0335] The assays were carried out on 50 leaves taken at random by modality, on healthy plants and those showing symptoms.

[0336] In plants showing no symptoms, treatment with PP1 triggers significant production of JA in the leaves, 6 h and even 24 h after application, in comparison with the leaves harvested from control plants. However, the AJ levels will not exceed 705 ng of AJ / g Fresh Matter (Chardonnay vineyard), and 788 ng of AJ / g Fresh Matter (Pinot noir vineyard) in the plants treated with PP1, 24 after the application.

[0337] Given that the maximum observed value of AJ in the control plants is 81 ng of AJ / g fresh material (i.e. 8-9 times less), the levels of AJ measured in the treated plants could be involved (in association with other defense mechanisms that do not allow the parasite to settle) in the effective repulsion of biting-sucking insects.

[0338] In contaminated plants, we also observed a significant high production of JA 6h and 24h after treatment with PP1.

[0339] This time, the quantities of JA observed in the plants treated with PP1 are much higher (1352 ng of AS / g fresh material for the Chardonnay vineyard; 1489 ng of AS / g fresh material for the Pinot Noir vineyard), while the contaminated control plants produced 102 ng of AS / g fresh material for the Chardonnay vineyard and 145 ng of AS / g fresh material for the Pinot Noir vineyard.

[0340] As in other plant models treated with PP1, it seems that a potentiation process takes place, with a strong production of active molecules involved in defense, as soon as the pathogen arrives.

[0341] Treatments with PP1 (leaf or stem extracts) show significant and interesting effectiveness against blackwood disease of the vine, and should be recommended as a preventive treatment, from the 2-3 leaf stage. EXAMPLE 12 - Efficacy of PP1 against Candidatus phytoplasma solani (Phytoplasma stolbur) of lavender (Lavandula augustiflora) I / Introduction:

[0342] Lavender and lavandin are emblematic crops of Haute Provence (France), victims of decline since the beginning of the 2000s. Lavender and lavandin producers are faced with early mortality of their productions, the main cause of which is the Stolbur phytoplasma (Candidatus phytoplasma solani), which is transmitted to plants by an insect vector, the leafhopper (Hyalesthes obsoletus).

[0343] Stolbur phytoplasma is a wallless bacteria that needs a “host” to survive: plant or insect. Once introduced into a lavender plant, it obstructs the vessels where the sap circulates, thus causing the plant to weaken. We then observe a cessation of growth, a yellowing of the leaves and stems, then the death of the plant.

[0344] There is no direct fight against the phytoplasma and that against the insect is impossible.

[0345] The PP1 product then finds its place in a strategy to combat this disease. II / Installation of the test • Lavender fields :

[0346] The plant used in this test is lavender (Lavandula augustiflora), commonly called true lavender. This trial was carried out on lavender plantations aged 6 years and located in the south of France (table 1).

[0347] Table 1. Location of the plot: Pézenas, France. • Treatments

[0348] During this test, 8 lavender plants were treated with the PP1 product compared to untreated lavender plants. On this plot, all the lavender plants were diseased and showed symptoms of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani infection.

[0349] For each treatment, 100 ml of PP1 was applied using a BERTHOUD COSMOS 18 PRO portable device. Between March and July 2016, 10 applications of the PP1 product were carried out with an interval of 12 to 15 days (Table 2: Schedule of applications of the PP1 product Treatment A B C D E F G H I J - Date 08 / 03 21 / 03 05 / 04 19 / 04 04 / 05 17 / 05 31 / 05 15 / 06 27 / 06 12 / 07 25 / 07 0D AA 13D AA 15D AB 14D AC 15D A.D. 13D AE 14D AF 15DA G 12D AH 15D AI 13D A.J. Rating X X * “XDAY” means X days after Y application III / Observations made:

[0350] During this trial, two grading dates took place. The first rating took place on the same day as the sixth application (F; 05 / 17 / 2016) and the second during the last application (K; 07 / 25 / 2016).

[0351] Ratings on the following five parameters were noted: the percentage of newly formed secondary peduncle the height of the newly formed peduncle the percentage of whorl (calyx group) per ear the diameter of the plants the height of the plants

[0352] For the first three parameters, the evaluation was carried out on 50 peduncles chosen at random. For the last two parameters, the evaluation was carried out on the entire lavender plant. In order to evaluate the progression of the disease visually, a photo of the untreated plants and the diseased plants treated with the PP1 product were taken on the two evaluation dates (05 / 17 / 2016 and 07 / 25 / 2016). IV / Results

[0353] Figure 23 : Development of physiological growth parameters in treated lavender plants (black bars), in comparison with untreated “controls” (white bars). The parts of the Figure 23 have the following meanings: A': the average percentage of newly formed secondary peduncle, B': average height of the newly formed peduncle, C': the average percentage of whorl (calyx group) per ear, D': the average diameter of the plants, E': Average height of plants.

[0354] A, B, C n=50. D, E n= 8. Significant differences between treated plants and “control” plants are indicated by *** (P<0.001)

[0355] There Figure 24 shows, in the form of photographs, the evolution of the disease caused by Stolbur phytoplasma (Candidatus phytoplasma solani) in control plants (A, C) and plants treated with PP1 (B, D). V / CONCLUSION:

[0356] On both rating dates, May 17 and July 25, plants treated with PP1 showed significantly better growth parameters than untreated plants for all ratings and parameters. The differences between treated and untreated plants are very strong ( Figure 23 ).

[0357] Visually, the results are also expressed very strongly ( Figure 24 ), since the untreated plants are completely dried out by July 25, while the treated plants are green and have inflorescences.

[0358] These results show that PP1 should be used in the fight against Candidatus phytoplasma solani, in order to preserve lavender crops. PP1 should be integrated into a preventive control program, in order to limit the epidemic, and to protect lavender and lavandin fields. EXAMPLE 13 - Effect of PP1 against powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) of roses 1 / Introduction 1.1 Objective of the test

[0359] Experimental tests on a new natural product (made up of 100% plant extract), called PP1, have demonstrated very promising results, particularly with regard to the triggering of the plant's defense mechanisms. Preliminary results showed a preventive effect on the tested crops attacked by phytopathogenic fungi.

[0360] The objective of this trial is therefore to test this new product on a new model, namely to evaluate the effect and effectiveness of the PP1 product to combat powdery mildew in roses. 1.2 Information about the targeted pathogen

[0361] Rose powdery mildew is a cryptogamic disease, commonly called "rose powdery mildew". This fungus causes the appearance of white felt on the leaves and young shoots. The very first symptoms are barely visible and appear as a slight discoloration under the leaves. When the attack is in place, the leaves can become deformed and the flower buds dry out, considerably limiting the development of the plant and its flowering.

[0362] Powdery mildew produces spores which will proliferate especially under the effect of heat and a humidity level above 70% (particularly in greenhouses growing ornamental roses). Powdery mildew is transmitted very quickly from plant to plant and requires rapid and effective treatment in order to limit the proliferation of powdery mildew and protect the growing area.

[0363] This test was carried out with artificial contamination of powdery mildew. 1.3 Information on the target host plant

[0364] The target crop is the rose bush.

[0365] This test was carried out on potted ornamental rose plants. 2 / Setting up the test 2.1 Action plan

[0366] In April 2018, an ornamental variety of rose bush sensitive to powdery mildew was placed in one of the Delphy company's greenhouses in Boskoop (Netherlands). When the development of young shoots was sufficient, part of the crops was treated with the PP1 product.

[0367] During the test, the development of powdery mildew was measured, in comparison to a chemical reference product and to untreated plants.

[0368] If necessary, in order to prevent the development of other diseases (such as downy mildew), another reference product will be applied to the rose plants in order to avoid any possible interference. Setting Level Description Culture 1 1 Rose bush Code / Processing 3 1 Unprocessed control 2 Reference - ACE 3 PP1 - 1000 Uha (100 ml / m 2< ) - ABCDE Replications 5 Replications: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2.3 Layout and dimensions

[0369] 1 (culture) x 3 (treatments) x 5 (replications) Area: ≈ 48 m 2< (6 x 8 m) Gross area: ≈ 1 m 2< (30 plants) Net area: ≈ 0.4 m 2< ( 12 plants) Boundary lines: at least 2 (1 surrounding each net plot) 2.4 Processing and notations

[0370] Number of treatments: PP1: 5 Reference: 3

[0371] Rate of application in relation to the recommendations for use: PP1: 10 days Reference: 20 days

[0372] Number of ratings: 6 Immediately after the first application Then before each treatment

[0373] Method (EPPO PP1 / 196(2) - biological evaluation of fungicides - ornamental woody fungi): In each plot, take at random at least 50 leaves of comparable age. Note the level of contamination: number of contaminated leaves and percentage of leaf surface affected. A scale can be used, but must be described. Rating scale : Percentage of leaf surface affected by powdery mildew 0% 1-5% 5-10% 11-25% 26-50% >51% Ladder 0 1 2 3 4 5

[0374] Additional measurements: climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, lighting, etc.) Notation support: digital format (photos) 2.5 Analysis and reporting

[0375] Reliability: 95% (P <0.05) Delivery date: June 2018 2.6 Duration of the test

[0376] The duration of a greenhouse trial is 12 weeks maximum (due to crop development and ensuring optimal conditions). Date 05.04.18 13.04.18 24.04.18 03.05.18 16.05.18 28.05.18 11.06.18 - 0 DA-A* 11 DA-A* 20 DA-A* 33 DA-A* 45 DA-A* 59 DA-A* Beginning X Treatment A B C D E Ratings X X X X X X * X DA-A: X days after the first treatment (A) Table: Rating of the percentage of leaf surface area of ​​roses affected by powdery mildew (by replication - scale from 0 to 5) 13.04.18 24.04.18 03.05.18 16.05.18 28.05.18 11.06.18 0 DA-A 11 DA-A 20 DA-A 33 DA-A 45 DA-A 59 DA-A Percentage of leaf area reached by replication (scale from 0 to 5) Untreated control 0 2 3 6 3 2 0 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 2 3 2 0 3 5 4 4 6 0 2 4 4 4 5 Reference 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 PP1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Table: Rating of the percentage of leaf surface area of ​​rose bushes affected by powdery mildew (average of 5 replications) 13.04.18 24.04.18 03.05.18 16.05.18 28.05.18 11.06.18 0 DA-A 11 DA-A 20 DA-A 33 DA-A 45 DA-A 59 DA-A Average percentage of leaf area affected Untreated control 0 a 1.8 ab 3.2 ab 3.6 a 3.2 a 3.4 a Reference 0 a 0.4 b 1.6 b 0.4 b 0 b 0.2 b PP1 0 a 0.6 b 1.2 b 0.8 b 0.8 b 0.6 b 3 / CONCLUSIONS:

[0377] At all scoring dates, the rose plants treated with the PP1 product and the rose plants treated with the chemical reference showed a leaf area affected by powdery mildew that was statistically lower than the untreated rose plants.

[0378] Fifty-nine days (59 DA-A) after the first application, the results show that the rose plants treated with the PP1 product have less than 5% of their leaf surface affected by powdery mildew (scale 1: 1 to 5% of the affected leaf surface).

[0379] All ratings show disease control equivalent to baseline, from April 13 to June 11.

[0380] These results demonstrate that the PP1 product can effectively combat powdery mildew in roses. EXAMPLE 14 - Efficacy of PP1 against downy mildew (Plasmapora viticola) of vines (Vitis vinifera)

[0381] Downy mildew, caused by the fungus Plasmapora viticola, is present in the vast majority of vineyards around the world. In the absence of phytosanitary protection, the damage can be spectacular and go as far as the total destruction of the crop. Vine downy mildew develops on all herbaceous organs of the vine, and particularly on those in the process of growth (rich in water).

[0382] Regarding treatments against downy mildew, the copper treatment strategy is generally followed by farmers and recommended by technical services. In addition, it is the only product allowing the control of Plasmopara viticola throughout the growing period.

[0383] In a context of limiting the quantities of copper per hectare, it is necessary to find alternatives to fight against downy mildew in vines. PP1 is the ideal candidate to participate in the natural fight against vine diseases, by stimulating their natural defenses. I / Installation of the test:

[0384] Year: 2014 Location: South of France Variety: Grenache noir Experimental design: The trial was set up using a block design of 4 repetitions per modality. The conditions ; 1 / Witness 2 / PP1 3 / Folpan 80WDG Copper Specialty (registered trademarks) 1.9kg / ha Treatment rate: 10-12 days Observations: Attack frequency: average % of contaminated leaves by modality Attack intensity: % means of contaminated surface. Statistical analysis: Newman-Keuls test (at a threshold of 5%) He / Results

[0385]

[0386] CONCLUSION: The PP1 product was sprayed on the vine plants, at a rate of 10-13 days, to fight against downy mildew.

[0387] It should be noted that on May 24, the date the trial began, the disease was not yet established. PP1 was therefore used in curative conditions.

[0388] The disease quickly set in, and parasitic pressure quickly became very strong, both on the leaves and on the bunches.

[0389] PP1 manages to control and restrict the disease, in terms of frequency of attack (% of leaves or clusters attacked by modality), as well as in terms of intensity (% of leaf surface or cluster attacked). by illness).

[0390] At all times of the rating, the effectiveness of the PP1 product is not significantly different from the effectiveness achieved by the reference product Folpan 80WDG (registered trademarks).

[0391] PP1 can be used in Organic Agriculture in the fight against vine downy mildew.

[0392] The tests with PP1 were mainly carried out with Eruca sativa on different plant / pathogen models (extracted from leaves, stem, flowers, seeds or roots).

[0393] In this trial, certain other rockets were also tested, to determine their ability to trigger plant defenses. This list of arugula is not exhaustive. EXAMPLE 15 - Tests on the different forms of rockets, against powdery mildew in the vine.

[0394] The tests were carried out in a greenhouse, on vine cuttings of the Carignan variety, two years old, and naturally infected with powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator).

[0395] One of the easy-to-use markers is peroxidase activity, which allows, in this specific case and under these experimental conditions, to be a marker for the triggering of the vine's defenses.

[0396] The plants are treated with PP1 extracted from different plants of the rocket family, and from different parts of plants.

[0397] Each modality includes 10 plants.

[0398] When symptoms of powdery mildew appear on leaves, PP1 is sprayed every 10 days on the vine plants. The peroxidase activity is then measured, on 2 leaves per plant on all plants of the modality, 24 hours after the 4th spraying.

[0399] The table below summarizes the methods tested, as well as the peroxidase activity (nKat / mg protein): Modality Determination of peroxidase activity in the leaves of grapevine plants (nKat / mg protein) Control (plants treated with water) 200 + / - 30 PP1 extracted from Eruca sativa Leaves 1105 + / - 45 Stems 998 + / - 35 Flowers 825 + / - 22 PP1 extracted from Diplotaxis tenuifolia Leaves 982 + / - 32 Stems 928 + / - 15 Flowers 915+ / -21 PP1 extracted from Diplotaxis erucoides Leaves 892 + / - 15 Stems 871 + / - 23 Flowers 928 + / - 25 PP1 extracted from Brunias orientalis Leaves 982 + / - 16 Stems 998 + / - 21 Flowers 821 + / - 33 PP1 extracted from Erucastrum nasturtiifolium Leaves 895 + / -32 Stems 825 + / - 45 Flowers 798 + / - 25 Extracted from Valerianella locusta Leaves 175 + / - 12 For leaves, stems and flowers, the initial concentration per liter of filtrate obtained varies from 5g / L to 20g / L.

[0400] CONCLUSION: The results represent the average of peroxidase activity, in nKat / mg proteins, on 20 leaves taken at random (two leaves per plant).

[0401] These results show the effectiveness of the different rockets on peroxidase activity in vine leaves.

[0402] Another plant species without presumed action was tested as a 2nd< control, in order to verify the viability of the model.

[0403] The four varieties of arugula trigger peroxidase activity, a marker of triggering the stimulation of defenses, under these experimental conditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Claims

1. Use of an extract of at least a part of rocket plants, preferably chosen from the group of rocket plants of the Eruca (Eruca sativa; Eruca vesicaria, etc.), Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis, etc.), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, etc.), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum, etc.) and Cakile genuses, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of: - Xylella fastidiosa bacteria on myrtle-leaf milkwort, grape vines, olive trees, citrus trees, oleander, almond trees, coffee trees, peach trees and stone fruit trees, oak trees, lavender, rosemary, or broom, - Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae bacteria on plants of the Actinidia genus, - Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis bacteria on walnut trees, - Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni bacteria on Prunus spp., and preferably the following group of fruit / nut trees: apricot trees, almond trees, cherry trees, peach trees, plum trees, P. salicina, cherry laurel and other exotic or ornamental Prunus species, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, - Pear Decline Phytoplasma bacteria or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on pear trees, - Candidatus Phytoplasma solani bacteria on grape vines, lavender, potato plants, tomato plants, aubergine plants, pepper plants and tobacco plants, - Plasmapora viticola fungus on grape vines, or Phytophtora infestans on potato plants and tomato plants, or phytophtora citrophtora on citrus trees, or Phytophtora cactorum on pear trees and apple trees, or Bremia lactucae on artichokes, or - oidium-type fungi such as Podosphaera pannosa on rose bushes, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator, on grape vines, and oidia on tomato plants, lettuces, cucumbers, strawberry plants, raspberry plants, currant bushes, peach trees, pear trees, privet, carnations.

2. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Xylella fastidiosa bacteria on myrtle-leaf milkwort, grape vines, olive trees, citrus trees, oleander, almond trees, coffee trees, peach trees and stone fruit trees, oak trees, lavender, rosemary, or broom.

3. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae bacteria on plants of the Actinidia genus.

4. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis bacteria on walnut trees.

5. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni bacteria on Prunus spp., and in particular fruit / nut trees such as apricot trees, almond trees, cherry trees, peach trees, plum trees, P. salicina, cherry laurel and other exotic or ornamental Prunus species, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus.

6. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Pear Decline Phytoplasma bacteria or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on pear trees.

7. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani bacteria on grape vines, lavender, potato plants, tomato plants, aubergine plants, pepper plants and tobacco plants.

8. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of Plasmapora viticola fungus on grape vines, or Phytophtora infestans on potato plants and tomato plants, or phytophtora citrophtora on citrus trees, or Phytophtora cactorum on pear trees and apple trees, or Bremia lactucae on artichokes.

9. Use according to claim 1, in order to stimulate the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of oidium-type fungi such as Podosphaera pannosa on rose bushes, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator, on grape vines, and oidia on tomato plants, lettuces, cucumbers, strawberry plants, raspberry plants, currant bushes, peach trees, pear trees, privet, carnations.

10. Use according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the application on the plant or tree is achieved by foliar spray, watering the soil, drop-by-drop irrigation, use in hydroponics, seed treatment and / or seed coating.

11. Use according to one of claims 1 and 10, wherein the application on the plant or tree is achieved with a dilution of the composition in water between 2 g / L and 150 g / L expressed in grams of plants on which the extraction was carried out per liter of product.

12. Use according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the application on the plant or tree is achieved with a dilution of the composition in water between 5 g / L and 70 g / L expressed in grams of plants on which the extraction was carried out per liter of product.

13. Use according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein said extract of at least a part of Rocket plants is a liquid extract of Rocket of the Eruca genus obtained from ground material of said Rocket plants, and: - said extract of at least a part of Rocket plants includes at least Rocket leaves, preferably mainly leaves, and - the method to obtain said liquid extract comprises the following steps: a) a step of grinding said Rocket plants of the Eruca genus in an aqueous medium; b) filtering the ground material obtained; and c) recovering the liquid extract of Rocket of the Eruca genus obtained after filtering.

14. Method for stimulating the defenses of plants or trees and reduce the effects of: - Xylella fastidiosa bacteria on myrtle-leaf milkwort, grape vines, olive trees, citrus trees, oleander, almond trees, coffee trees, peach trees and stone fruit trees, oak trees, lavender, rosemary, or broom, - Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae bacteria on plants of the Actinidia genus, - Xantomonas arboricola pv juglandis bacteria on walnut trees, - Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni bacteria on Prunus spp., and in particular fruit / nut trees such as apricot trees, almond trees, cherry trees, peach trees, plum trees, P. salicina, cherry laurel and other exotic or ornamental Prunus species, including P. davidiana and P. laurocerasus, - Pear Decline Phytoplasma bacteria or Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri on pear trees, - Candidatus Phytoplasma solani bacteria on grape vines, lavender, potato plants, tomato plants, aubergine plants, pepper plants and tobacco plants, - Plasmapora viticola fungus on grape vines, or Phytophtora infestans on potato plants and tomato plants, or phytophtora citrophtora on citrus trees, or Phytophtora cactorum on pear trees and apple trees, or Bremia lactucae on artichokes, or - oidium-type fungi such as Podosphaera pannosa on rose bushes, and Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator, on grape vines, and oidia on tomato plants, lettuces, cucumbers, strawberry plants, raspberry plants, currant bushes, peach trees, pear trees, privet, carnations; method characterized in that it comprises the application on said plant or said tree of an extract at least one part of Rocket plants, for example of the Eruca (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria, etc.), Diplotaxis (Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis, etc.), Bunias (Bunias erucago, Bunias orientalis, etc.), Erucastrum (Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Erucastrum incanum, etc.) or Cakile genuses.

15. Method according to claim 14, wherein the compound applied to said plant or said tree is a composition comprising a liquid extract of Rocket of the Eruca genus obtained from ground material of said Rocket plants, and: - said extract of at least a part of Rocket plants includes at least Rocket leaves, preferably mainly leaves, and - the method to obtain said liquid extract comprises the following steps: a) a step of grinding said Rocket plants of the Eruca genus in an aqueous medium; b) filtering the ground material obtained; and c) recovering the liquid extract of Rocket of the Eruca genus obtained after filtering.