VIDEO DECODING METHOD AND APPARATUS AND VIDEO ENCODING METHOD AND APPARATUS

Abstract

A video decoding method and apparatus is presented for, during video encoding and decoding, acquiring motion vector resolution information from a bitstream by using a high-level syntax, which is a set of pieces of information to be applied to a predetermined group of data units, determining a motion vector resolution of a current block, which is included in the predetermined group of data units, based on the motion vector resolution information, determining, as a predicted motion vector of the current block, a motion vector of a candidate block from among the candidate blocks of which there is at least one based on the motion vector resolution of the current block, and determining a motion vector of the current block by using the predicted motion vector of the current block.

Description

VIDEO DECODING METHOD AND APPARATUS AND VIDEO ENCODING METHOD AND APPARATUS Field of Invention The disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for video decoding, and more particularly, relates to a method and apparatus for encoding an image based on a motion vector resolution, and relates to a method and apparatus for decoding an image. Background of the Invention In a video encoding and decoding method, an image is divided into macroblocks and each macroblock is predictively coded through inter-prediction or intra-prediction, for the purpose of encoding an image. Interprediction is a method of removing temporal redundancy between images to compress an image. A representative example of interprediction is motion estimation coding. Motion estimation coding predicts the blocks of a current image using a reference image. A reference block that is most similar to the current block is searched for within a predefined search interval using a predefined evaluation function. The current block is predicted based on the reference block, and a prediction block generated as the prediction result is subtracted from the current block to generate a residual block. The residual block is then encoded. To achieve higher prediction accuracy, interpolation is performed on the search interval of the reference image to generate pixels in a PIE subunit that is smaller than an integer PIE unit, and interprediction is performed based on the pixels in the PIE subunit. In a codec, such as H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), the motion vectors of previously encoded blocks adjacent to a current block or blocks included in a previously encoded image are used as the prediction motion vectors of the current block for the purpose of predicting a motion vector of the current block (Motion Vector Prediction). Brief Description of the Invention Technical Problem In order to apply Adaptive Motion Vector Resolution (AMVR) in a process for video encoding and decoding, a method and apparatus are proposed for using the motion vector resolution information of a high-level syntax which is a group QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI of information applied to a predefined group of data units. More specifically, a method and apparatus are proposed for applying an AMVR to a current block included in a high-level unit (a unit of a sequence, an image, a slice, or a mosaic) using motion vector resolution information signaled in a high-level syntax. Solution to the Problem To overcome the above-described technical problem, a video decoding method proposed in the disclosure includes: obtaining motion vector resolution information of a bit stream by using a high-level syntax including a set of information applied to a predefined group of data units; determining a motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined group of data units based on the motion vector resolution information; determining a prediction motion vector of the current block to be a motion vector of a candidate block from among at least one candidate block, based on the motion vector resolution of the current block; and determining a motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block. To overcome the technical problem described above, a video decoding apparatus proposed in the description includes: a memory;and at least one processor connected to the memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to obtain motion vector resolution information of a bit stream by using a high-level syntax including a set of information applied to a predefined group of data units, determine a motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined group of data units based on the motion vector resolution information, determine a prediction motion vector of the current block to be a motion vector of a candidate block from among the at least one candidate block, based on the motion vector resolution of the current block, and determine a motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block. In order to overcome the above-described technical problem, a video coding method proposed in the disclosure includes: performing motion prediction on a current block to determine a motion vector and a motion vector resolution of the current block; determining a prediction motion vector of the current block that will be a motion vector from at least one candidate block, based on the motion vector resolution; determining a residual motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block; and encoding the motion vector resolution information representing the motion vector resolution with a high-level syntax which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined set of data units and encoding the residual motion vector of the current block. To overcome the above-described technical problem, a video coding apparatus proposed in the disclosure includes: a memory; and at least one processor connected to the memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: perform motion prediction on a current block to determine a motion vector and a motion vector resolution of the current block; determine a prediction motion vector of the current block that will be a motion vector from among at least one candidate block, based on the motion vector resolution; determine a residual motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block;and encode the motion vector resolution information representing the motion vector resolution with a high-level syntax which is a group of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units and encode the residual motion vector of the current block.; Advantageous Effects of Description By using information from a high-level syntax, QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI such as a sequence level, a picture level, a slice level, or a mosaic level, etc., to apply adaptive motion vector resolution (AMVR) in a process for video encoding and decoding, the bit rate could be saved and the coding efficiency and performance could be improved. Brief Description of the Figures A schematic block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 1. A flowchart of an image decoding method according to an embodiment is shown in Figure 2. A process, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of determining at least one coding unit by dividing a current coding unit, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 3. A process, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of determining at least one coding unit by dividing a non-square coding unit, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 4. Illustrated in Figure 5 is a process, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of dividing a coding unit based on at least one of the block shape information and the divided shape mode information, according to an embodiment. A method, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of determining a predefined coding unit from an odd number of coding units, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 6. 7 illustrates a processing order of a plurality of coding units when an image decoding apparatus determines the plurality of coding units by dividing a current coding unit, according to an embodiment. Illustrated in Figure 8 is a process, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of determining that a current coding unit will be divided into an odd number of coding units when the coding units cannot be processed in a predefined order, according to an embodiment. A process, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of determining at least one coding unit by dividing a first coding unit, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 9. In Figure 10, it is illustrated that a shape in which a second coding unit can be divided is restricted when the second coding unit having a non-square shape, which is determined when an image decoding apparatus divides a first coding unit, meets a predefined condition, according to an embodiment. Illustrated in Figure 11 is a process, performed by an image decoding apparatus, of dividing a square coding unit when the divided shape mode information is unable to indicate that the square coding unit is divided into four square coding units, according to an embodiment. Figure 12 illustrates that a processing order among a plurality of coding units may be changed depending on a division process of a coding unit, according to an embodiment. A process of determining a depth of a coding unit when a shape and size of the coding unit are changed is illustrated in Figure 13, when the coding unit is recursively divided so that a plurality of coding units are determined, according to an embodiment. Figure 14 illustrates depths that can be determined based on the shapes and sizes of coding units and the part indices (PIDs) that are used to distinguish the coding units, according to a modality. Figure 15 illustrates that a plurality of coding units are determined based on a plurality of predefined data units included in an image, according to an embodiment. Figure 16 illustrates a processing block that serves as a criterion for determining an order of determination of the coding reference units included in an image, according to a modality. A block diagram of a video encoding apparatus according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 17. A flowchart of a video coding method according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 18. A block diagram of a video decoding apparatus according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 19. A flowchart of a video decoding method according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 20. An interpolation method for determining motion vectors according to various motion vector resolutions is illustrated in Figure 21. The pixel locations that could be indicated by motion vectors are illustrated in Figures 22A-22D corresponding to a pei unit motion vector resolution (MVR) of 1 / 4, a pei unit MVR of 1 / 2, a pei unit MVR of 1, and a pei unit MVR of 2, where a minimum supportable MVR is a pei unit MVR of 1 / 4. An example of determining a motion vector resolution index using a high-level syntax is illustrated in Figure 23. Another example of determining a motion vector resolution index in a high-level syntax is illustrated in Figure 24. A temporal layer structure for a group of images (GOP) is illustrated in Figure 25. A method for adjusting a prediction motion vector is illustrated in Figures 2 6A and 2 6B. Figure 27 illustrates at least one 1:1 candidate block mapped to at least one candidate MVR. An example of a mapping relationship between at least one candidate motion vector resolution and at least one candidate block is illustrated in Figure 28. Figure 29 illustrates the processing modes included, respectively, in prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing. An example of the predefined applicable processing modes or non-applicable processing modes for MVRs is illustrated in Figure 30. An example of the predefined applicable processing modes or non-applicable processing modes for MVRs is illustrated in Figure 31. An example of the predefined applicable processing modes or non-applicable processing modes for MVRs is illustrated in Figure 32. Detailed Description of the Invention A video decoding method according to an embodiment proposed in the disclosure includes: obtaining motion vector resolution information of a bit stream by using a high-level syntax which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units; determining a motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined group of data units based on the motion vector resolution information; determining a prediction motion vector of the current block to be a motion vector from among a candidate block of at least one candidate block, based on the motion vector resolution of the current block; and determining a motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block. According to one embodiment, when a candidate motion vector resolution of the candidate block is different from the motion vector resolution of the current block, the video decoding method may further include determining the predicted motion vector of the current block by adjusting the motion vector of the candidate block. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information includes the start resolution location information, and the video decoding method may further include: determining at least one motion vector resolution index from a predefined set of motion vectors including a plurality of sequentially positioned resolutions based on the start resolution location information; and determining the motion vector resolution of the current block based on at least the motion vector resolution index. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include the motion vector resolution set information, and the video decoding method may further include: determining a set of motion vector resolutions from a plurality of sets of motion vector resolutions based on the motion vector resolution set information; and determining the QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI motion vector resolution of the current block, based on at least one motion vector resolution index determined from the set of motion vector resolutions. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include at least one motion vector resolution index corresponding, respectively, to at least one motion vector resolution, and the video decoding method may further include determining the motion vector resolution of the current block based on at least the motion vector resolution index. According to one embodiment, the video decoding method may further include: obtaining information about whether or not to use an absolute value of a difference between a reference frame Picture Order Count (POC) and a current frame POC of the bitstream using the high-level syntax; and determining the motion vector resolution of the current bitstream based on the absolute value of the difference between the reference frame POC and the current frame POC and a predefined threshold value. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include information about the maximum number of motion vector resolution indices. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include information about a difference between the number of motion vector resolution indices and a predefined minimum number of motion vector resolution indices. According to one embodiment, the predefined minimum number of motion vector resolution indices could be classified according to temporal layers. According to one embodiment, the video decoding method may further include: obtaining configuration information for a candidate motion vector list of the bitstream using the high-level syntax, wherein the configuration information for the candidate motion vector list represents whether or not at least one of a candidate motion vector list is used for at least one candidate block of the current block and a list of predefined block motion vectors corresponding, respectively, to candidate motion vector resolutions of the current block; and determining the motion vector of the current block based on the configuration information for the candidate motion vector list. According to one embodiment, the video decoding method may further include: obtaining information about whether or not at least one processing mode is executed according to the motion vector resolution of the current block from a plurality of processing modes included in at least one of processing among prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing to decode the current block, from the bit stream, by using the high-level syntax; and decoding the current block based on the information about whether or not at least the processing mode is executed. According to one embodiment, the information about whether or not at least the processing mode is executed may include the default setting change information, and the video decoding method may further include updating the information about whether or not at least the processing mode is executed when the default setting change information represents whether or not at least the processing mode is used or changed. According to one embodiment, the high-level syntax could be one of a sequence-level syntax, an image-level syntax, a slice-level syntax, and a tile-level syntax. A video coding method according to an embodiment proposed in the disclosure includes: performing motion prediction on a current block to determine a motion vector and a motion vector resolution of the current block; determining a motion vector of at least one candidate block as a prediction motion vector of the current block based on the motion vector resolution; determining a residual motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block; and encoding motion vector resolution information representing the motion vector resolution with a high-level syntax which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined set of data units and encoding the residual motion vector of the current block. A video decoding apparatus according to an embodiment proposed in the disclosure includes: a memory; and at least one processor connected to the memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to obtain motion vector resolution information of a bit stream by using a high-level syntax which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units, determine a motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined group of data units based on the motion vector resolution information, determine a prediction motion vector of the current block which will be a motion vector from among a candidate block of at least one candidate block, based on the motion vector resolution of the current block, and QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI determine a motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block. Description Mode The advantages and features of one or more embodiments and methods of achieving them may be more readily understood with reference to the accompanying embodiments and figures. In this regard, the embodiments of the description may take different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this description is detailed and complete and fully conveys the concept of the present embodiments of the description to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The terms used in the description will be briefly defined and the modalities will be described in detail. All terms, including descriptive or technical terms, used herein should be construed to have meanings that are obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art. However, terms may have different meanings depending on the intention of a person of ordinary skill in the art, precedent, or the emergence of new technologies. Also, some terms may be arbitrarily selected by the Applicant and in this QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi case, the meaning of the selected terms will be described in detail in the detailed description of the description. Thus, the terms used herein must be defined based on the meanings of the terms together with the description throughout the description. In the following description, singular forms include plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Where a part includes or comprises an element, unless there is a particular description to the contrary, the part may also include other elements, without excluding the other elements. In the following description, terms such as "unit" indicate a software or hardware component, and the unit performs certain functions. However, the unit is not limited to software or hardware. The unit could be formed to be on an addressable storage medium, or it could be formed to operate one or more processors. Thus, for example, the term "unit" could refer to components such as software components, object-oriented software components, class components, and task components, and could include processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, program code segments, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuits, data, a database, data structures, tables, arrays, or variables. A function provided by the components and units could be associated with the smallest number of components and units, or it could be divided into additional components and units. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the unit may include a processor and memory. The term "processor" should be broadly interpreted to include a general-purpose processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a controller, a microcontroller, a state machine, and the like. In some circumstances, the term "processor" could refer to an application-specific semiconductor (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like.The term processor could refer to a combination of processing devices such as, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a combination of a plurality of microprocessors, a combination of one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or a combination of any other configuration. The term memory should be interpreted broadly to include any electronic component capable of QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI store electronic information. The term memory may refer to various types of processor-readable media, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), flash memory, a magnetic or optical data storage device, a register, and the like. Whenever the processor can read information from a memory and / or write information to the memory, the memory is said to be in a state of electronic communication with the processor.The memory integrated into the processor is in a state of electronic communication with the processor. From here on, an image could be a still image such as a still image from a video or it could be a dynamic image such as a moving image, that is, the video itself. From now on, a sample denotes the data assigned to a sampling position in an image, i.e., the data to be processed. For example, the pixel values ​​of an image in a spatial domain and the transform coefficients in a transform region could be samples. A unit that includes at least one sample could be defined as a block. Also, in the present description, a 'current block' could mean a block of a maximum coding unit, a coding unit, a prediction unit, or a transform unit of a current image that will be encoded or decoded. Also, in the present description, a 'motion vector resolution' could mean the precision of a pixel location that could be indicated by a motion vector determined through interprediction, between the pixels included in a reference image (or an interpolated reference image). This motion vector resolution has a unit pei of N (N is a proportional number) which means that the motion vector could have the precision of a unit pei of N.For example, a motion vector resolution of a pei unit of 1 / 4 might mean that the motion vector might indicate a pixel location of a pei unit of 1 / 4 (i.e., a pei subunit) in a reference interpolated image, and a motion vector resolution of a pei unit of 1 might mean that the motion vector might indicate a pixel location corresponding to a pei unit of 1 (i.e., an integer pei unit) in one. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI interpolated reference image. Also, in the present description, a 'candidate motion vector resolution' means at least one motion vector resolution that could be selected as a motion vector resolution of a block and a 'candidate block' means at least one block that could be used as a block for a prediction motion vector of a block mapped to a candidate motion vector resolution and interpredicted. Also, in the present description, a 'pei unit' could be referred to as pixel precision, pixel accuracy, or the like. Hereinafter, the embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures so that one of ordinary skill in the art could easily implement the embodiments. In the figures, irrelevant portions of the description are omitted for the sake of clarity of the present disclosure. Hereinafter, an image coding apparatus and an image decoding apparatus and an image coding method and an image decoding method according to embodiments will be described with reference to Figures 1-16. A method of determining a data unit of an image, according to one embodiment, will be described with reference to Figures 3-16 and a video decoding method of obtaining motion vector resolution information using a high-level syntax which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined set of data unit, of determining a motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined set of data unit based on the motion vector resolution information,of determining a motion vector of a candidate block of at least one candidate block as a prediction motion vector of the current block based on the motion vector resolution of the current block and of determining a motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block, according to an embodiment, will be described with reference to Figures 1732 ., Hereinafter, a method and apparatus for adaptively selecting a context model based on various forms of coding units according to a mode of the description will be described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. A schematic block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 1. An image decoding apparatus 100 may include a receiver 110 and a decoder 120. The receiver 110 and decoder 120 may include at least one processor. Also, receiver 110 and decoder 120 may include a memory that stores instructions to be executed by at least the processor. The receiver 110 may receive a bit stream. The bit stream includes image information encoded by an image encoding apparatus 2200 described later. Also, the bit stream may be transmitted from the image encoding apparatus 2200. The image encoding apparatus 2200 and the image decoding apparatus 100 may be connected by wires or wirelessly, and the receiver 110 may receive the bit stream by wires or wirelessly. The receiver 110 may receive the bit stream from a storage medium, such as an optical medium or a hard disk. The decoder 120 may reconstruct an image based on the information obtained from the received bit stream. The decoder 120 may obtain, from the bit stream, a syntax element for reconstructing the image. The decoder 120 may reconstruct the image based on the syntax element. The operations of the image decoding apparatus 100 will be described in detail with reference to Figure 2. A flowchart of an image decoding method according to an embodiment is shown in Figure 2. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the receiver 110 receives a bit stream. The image decoding apparatus 100 obtains, from a bit stream, a deposition string corresponding to a split shape mode of a coding unit (step 210). The image decoding apparatus 100 determines a split rule of the coding unit (step 220). Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 divides the coding unit into a plurality of coding units based on at least one of the deposition string corresponding to the split shape mode and the split rule (step 230). The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a first allowable range of a size of the coding unit according to a ratio of a width and a height of the coding unit to determine the split rule.The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a second allowable range of the coding unit size, according to the split shape mode of the coding unit, to determine the split rule. Hereinafter, the division of a coding unit will be described in detail according to a modality of the description. First, an image could be divided into at least one slice or at least one mosaic. A slice or mosaic could be a sequence of at least one Coding Tree Unit (CTU). As a contrasting concept to the CTU, there is a Coding Tree Block (CTB). The largest coding unit (CTB) denotes an NxN block that includes NxN samples (N is an integer). Each color component could be divided into one or more larger coding blocks. When an image has three sample runs (the sample runs for the Y, Cr, and Cb components), a coding larger unit (CTU) includes a luma sample coding block, two corresponding chroma sample coding blocks, and the syntax structures used to encode the luma and chroma samples. When an image is a monochrome image, a coding larger unit includes a monochrome sample coding block and the syntax structures used to encode the monochrome samples. When an image is an image encoded in color planes separated according to color components, a coding larger unit includes the syntax structures used to encode the image and the image samples. A larger coding block (CTB) could be divided into MxN coding blocks that include the MxN samples (M and N are integers). When an image has sample sets for Y, Cr, and Cb components, a coding unit (CU) includes a luma sample coding block, two corresponding chroma sample coding blocks, and the syntax structures used to encode the luma and chroma samples. When an image is a monochrome image, a coding unit includes a monochrome sample coding block and the syntax structures used to encode the monochrome samples. When an image is an image encoded in color planes separated according to color components, a coding unit includes the syntax structures used to encode the image and the samples in the image. As described above, a larger coding block and a larger coding unit are conceptually distinguished from each other, and a coding block and a coding unit are conceptually distinguished from each other. That is, a coding unit (the largest) refers to a data structure that includes a coding block (the longest) that includes a corresponding sample and a syntax structure corresponding to the coding block (the longest).However, since it is understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the coding unit (the longest) or the coding block (the longest) refers to a block of a predefined size including a predefined number of samples, a larger coding block and a larger coding unit, or a coding block and a coding unit are mentioned in the following description without being distinguished unless otherwise described. An image could be divided into larger coding units (CTUs). The size of each larger coding unit could be determined based on the information obtained from a bit stream. A shape for each larger coding unit could be a square shape of the same size. However, a mode is not limited to the same size. For example, information about a maximum luma encoding block size could be obtained from a bitstream. For example, the maximum luma encoding block size indicated by the information about the maximum luma encoding block size could be one of 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, 32x32, 64x64, 128x128, and 256x256. For example, information about a luma block size difference and a maximum size of a luma coding block that could be divided into 2 could be obtained from a bit stream. The information about the luma block size difference could refer to a size difference between a largest luma coding unit and a largest luma coding block that could be divided into 2. Accordingly, when the information about the maximum size of the luma coding block that could be divided into 2 and the information about the luma block size difference obtained from the bit stream are combined together, a size of the largest luma coding unit could be determined. A size of a largest chroma coding unit could be determined by using the size of the largest luma coding unit.For example, when the Y:Cb:Cr ratio is 4:2:0 according to a color format, the size of a chroma block might be half the size of a luma block, and the size of a larger chroma encoding unit might be half the size of a larger luma encoding unit. According to one embodiment, because information about a maximum size of a luma coding block that is binary divided is obtained from a bit stream, the maximum size of the luma coding block that is binary divided could be determined variably. In contrast, the maximum size of a luma coding block that is ternary divided could be fixed. For example, the maximum size of a luma coding block QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI that could be ternary divided into an I image, could be 32x32 and the maximum size of a luma block that could be ternary divided into a P image or a B image, could be 64x64. Also, a larger coding unit may be hierarchically divided into coding units based on split-shape mode information obtained from a bit stream. At least one of information indicating whether square division is performed, information indicating whether multiple division is performed, split address information, and split type information may be obtained as the split-shape mode information of the bit stream. For example, information indicating whether square splitting is performed could indicate whether or not a current coding unit is square split (QUAD_SPLIT) or. When the current coding unit is not square split, the information indicating whether multiple split is performed could indicate whether the current coding unit is no longer split (NO_SPLIT) or binary / ternary split. When the current coding unit being divided is binary or ternary divided, the divided address information indicates that the current coding unit is QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi divided into one of a horizontal direction and a vertical direction. When the current coding unit is split in the horizontal direction or the vertical direction, the split type information indicates whether the current coding unit is binary or ternary split. A split mode of the current coding unit may be determined according to the split direction information and the split type information. A split mode when the current coding unit is binary split in the horizontal direction may be determined to be a binary horizontal split mode (SPLIT BT HOR), a split mode when the current coding unit is ternary split in the horizontal direction may be determined to be a ternary horizontal split mode (SPLIT TT HOR), a split mode when the current coding unit is binary split in the vertical direction may be determined to be a binary vertical split mode (SPLIT_BT_VER), and a split mode when the current coding unit is ternary split in the vertical direction may be determined to be a ternary vertical split mode (SPLIT_TT_VER). The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain, from the bit stream, the split-shape mode information of a storage stream. One form of the bit stream received by the image decoding apparatus 100 may include the fixed-length binary code, the unit code, the truncated unit code, the predetermined binary code, or the like. The deposit string is the information in a binary number. The deposit string may include at least one bit. The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split-shape mode information corresponding to the deposit string, based on the split rule. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether to square-split a coding unit, whether to split a coding unit, a split address, and a split type, based on a deposit string. The coding unit could be smaller than or the same as the largest coding unit. For example, because a largest coding unit is a coding unit that has a maximum size, the largest coding unit is one of the coding units. When split-shape mode information about a largest coding unit indicates that splitting will not be performed, a given coding unit in the largest coding unit has the same size as the size of the largest coding unit. When split-shape code information about a largest coding unit indicates that splitting is performed, the largest coding unit could be divided into coding units.Also, when the split mode information about a coding unit indicates that division is performed, the coding unit may be divided into smaller coding units. However, the division of the image is not limited to the image, and the largest coding unit and the coding unit cannot be distinguished. The division of the coding unit will be described in detail with reference to Figures 3-16. Also, one or more prediction blocks could be determined for the prediction of a coding unit. The prediction block could be the same as or smaller than the coding unit. Also, one or more transform blocks could be determined for the transformation of a coding unit. The transform block could be the same as or smaller than the coding unit. The shapes and sizes of the transform block and the prediction block could not be related to each other. In another embodiment, the prediction could be performed using a coding unit as a prediction unit. Alternatively, the transformation could be performed using a coding unit as a transformation block. Coding unit partitioning will be described in detail with reference to Figures 3-16. A current block and an adjacent block in the description could indicate one of the largest coding unit, the coding unit, the prediction block, and the transform block. Also, the current block of the current coding unit is a block currently being decoded or encoded, or a block currently being partitioned. The adjacent block could be a block reconstructed before the current block. The adjacent block could be adjacent to the current block, either spatially or temporally. The adjacent block could be located in one of the lower left, left, upper left, upper, upper right, right, or lower right of the current block. A process, performed by the image decoding apparatus, of determining at least one coding unit by dividing a current coding unit, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 3. A block shape could include 4Nx4N, 4Nx2N, 2Nx4N, 4NxN, Nx4N, 32NxN, Nx32N, 16NxN, Nxl6N, 8NxN, or Nx8N. Here, N could be a positive integer. Block shape information is information that indicates at least one of the shape, direction, width-to-height ratio, or size of the coding unit. The shape of the coding unit could include a square or non-square shape. When the lengths, width, and height of the coding unit are the same (i.e., QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI (i.e., when the block shape of the coding unit is 4Nx4N), the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the block shape information of the coding unit as a square. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the shape of the coding unit is not a square. When the width and height of the coding unit are different from each other (i.e., when the block shape of the coding unit is 4Nx2N, 2Nx4N, 4NxN, Nx4N, 32NxN, Nx32N, 16NxN, Nxl6N, 8NxN, or Nx8N), the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the block shape information of the coding unit as a non-square shape. When the shape of the coding unit is non-square, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the ratio of the width and height in the block shape information of the coding unit is at least one of 1:2, 2:1, 1:4, 4:1, 1:8, 8:1, 1:16, 16:1, 1:32, and 32:1. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether the coding unit is in a horizontal direction or a vertical direction, based on the length of the width and the length of the height of the coding unit.Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the size of the coding unit based on at least one of the length of the width, the length of the height, or the area of ​​the. QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi coding unit. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the shape of the coding unit by using the block shape information and may determine a coding unit division method by using the split shape mode information. That is, a coding unit division method indicated by the split shape mode information may be determined based on a block shape indicated by the block shape information used by the image decoding apparatus 100. The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split-shape mode information from a bit stream. However, one embodiment is not limited thereto, and the image decoding apparatus 100 and the image coding apparatus 2200 may determine the prearranged split-shape mode information based on the block shape information. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the prearranged split-shape mode information with respect to a larger coding unit or a smaller coding unit. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split-shape mode information with respect to the larger coding unit being a square division. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the split-shape mode information with respect to the smaller coding unit does not perform division.In particular, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the size of the largest coding unit is 256x256. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the prearranged split-shape mode information is square split. Square split is a split-shape mode in which both the width and height of the coding unit are cut in two. The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain a coding unit of a size of 128x128 from the largest coding unit of a size of 256x256, based on the split-shape mode information. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the size of the smallest coding unit is 4x4. The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split-shape mode information indicating not to perform the division with respect to the smallest coding unit. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use the block shape information indicating that the current coding unit has a square shape. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether or not to divide QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI a square coding unit, whether it vertically divides the square coding unit, whether it horizontally divides the square coding unit, or whether it divides the square coding unit into four coding units, based on the split shape mode information. With reference to Figure 3, when the block shape information of a current coding unit 300 indicates a square shape, the decoder 120 may determine that a coding unit 310a has the same size since the current coding unit 300 is not divided, based on the split shape mode information indicating not to perform division, or it may determine the coding units 310b, 310c, 310d, 310e, 310f, or the like which are divided based on the split shape mode information indicating a predefined method of dividing. 3 , according to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine two coding units 310b obtained by dividing the current coding unit 300 in a vertical direction, based on the divided shape mode information indicating to perform the division in a vertical direction. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine two coding units 310c obtained by dividing the current coding unit 300 in a vertical direction. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI horizontally, based on the split shape mode information indicating to perform the split in a horizontal direction. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the four coding units 310d obtained by dividing the current coding unit 300 in the vertical and horizontal directions, based on the split shape mode information indicating to perform the split in the vertical and horizontal directions. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine three coding units 310e obtained by dividing the current coding unit 300 in a vertical direction, based on the split shape mode information indicating to perform the ternary split in a vertical direction.The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine three coding units 310f obtained by dividing the current coding unit 300 in a horizontal direction, based on the split-shape mode information indicating to perform ternary division in a horizontal direction. However, the methods of dividing the square coding unit are not limited to the methods described above, and the split-shape mode information may indicate various methods. The predefined methods of dividing the square coding unit division will be described in detail later with respect to various embodiments. A process, performed by the image decoding apparatus, of determining at least one coding unit by dividing a non-square coding unit, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 4. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use block shape information indicating that a current coding unit has a non-square shape. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether or not to divide the current non-square coding unit or to divide the current non-square coding unit by using a predefined dividing method, based on the divided shape mode information.4 , when block shape information of a current coding unit 400 or 450 indicates a non-square shape, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that a coding unit 410 or 460 having the same size as the current coding unit 400 or 450 is not divided, based on the divided shape mode information indicating not to perform division, or determine the coding units 420a and 420b, 430a-430c, 470a and 470b, or 480a-480c divided based on the divided shape mode information indicating a predefined division method. The predefined division methods of dividing a non-square coding unit will be described in detail later with respect to various embodiments. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a method of dividing a coding unit by using the split shape mode information, and in this case, the split shape mode information may indicate the number of one or more coding units generated by dividing a coding unit. With reference to Figure 4, when the split shape mode information indicates dividing the current coding unit 400 or 450 into two coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine two coding units 420a and 420b, or 470a and 470b included in the current coding unit 400 or 450, when dividing the current coding unit 400 or 450 based on the split shape mode information. According to one embodiment, when the image decoding apparatus 100 divides the current non-square coding unit 400 or 450 based on the divided shape mode information, the image decoding apparatus 100 may consider the location of a long side of the current non-square coding unit 400 or 450 to divide a current coding unit. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a plurality of coding units when dividing a long side of the current coding unit 400 or 450, considering the shape of the current coding unit 400 or 450. According to one embodiment, when the split shape mode information indicates dividing (ternary division) a coding unit into an odd number of blocks, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine an odd number of coding units included in the current coding unit 400 or 450. For example, when the split shape mode information indicates dividing the current coding unit 400 or 450 into three coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the current coding unit 400 or 450 into three coding units 430a, 430b and 430c, or 480a, 480b and 480c. According to one embodiment, a width-to-height ratio of the current coding unit 400 or 450 may be 4:1 or 1:4. When the width-to-height ratio is 4:1, the block shape information may be in a horizontal direction because the width is longer than the height. When the width-to-height ratio is 1:4, the block shape information may be in a vertical direction because the width is shorter than the height. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine dividing a current coding unit into the odd number of blocks based on the divided shape mode information. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a split direction of the current coding unit 400 or 450 based on the block shape information of the current coding unit 400 or 450. For example, when the current coding unit 400 is in the vertical direction, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine coding units 430a-430c by splitting the current coding unit 400 in the horizontal direction. Also, when the current coding unit 450 is in the horizontal direction, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine coding units 480a-480c by splitting the current coding unit 450 in the vertical direction. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the odd number of coding units included in the current coding unit 400 or 450, and not all of the determined coding units may have the same size. For example, a predefined coding unit 430b or 480b among the odd number that is determined from the coding units 430a, 430b and 430c, or 480a, 480b and 480c may have a size different from the size of the other coding units 430a and 430c, or 480a and 480c. That is, the coding units that could be determined by dividing the current coding unit 400 or 450 could have multiple sizes, and in some cases, all of the odd number of coding units 430a, 430b, and 430c, or 480a, 480b, and 480c could have different sizes. According to one embodiment, when the split-shape mode information indicates dividing a coding unit into the odd number of blocks, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the odd number of coding units included in the current coding unit 400 or 450, and further, may place a predefined restriction on at least one coding unit among the odd number of coding units generated by dividing the current coding unit 400 or 450. Referring to Figure 4, the image decoding apparatus 100 may allow a decoding process of the coding unit 430b or 480b to be different from the process of the other coding units 430a and 430c, or 480a or 480c, wherein the coding unit 430b or 480b is at a central location among the three coding units 430a, 430b, and 430c or 480a, 480b and 480c generated by dividing the current coding unit by 400 or 450.For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 could restrict the coding unit 430b or 480b at the central location to no longer be divided or to be divided only a predefined number of times, unlike the other coding units 430a and 430c, or 480a and 480c. Illustrated in Figure 5 is a process, performed by the image decoding apparatus, of dividing a coding unit based on at least one of the block shape information and the divided shape mode information, according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether to divide or not divide a first square coding unit 500 into coding units based on at least one of the block shape information and the split shape mode information. According to one embodiment, when the split shape mode information indicates dividing the first coding unit 500 in a horizontal direction, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a second coding unit 510 when dividing the first coding unit 500 in a horizontal direction. A first coding unit, a second coding unit, and a third coding unit used according to one embodiment are terms used to understand the relationship before and after dividing a coding unit.For example, a second coding unit could be determined by dividing a first coding unit, and a third coding unit could be determined by dividing the second coding unit. It will be understood that the structure of the first coding unit, the second coding unit, and the third coding unit follows the descriptions above. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether to divide or not divide the determined second coding unit 510 into coding units based on the split shape mode information. Referring to Figure 5, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the second non-square coding unit 510, which is determined by dividing the first coding unit 500, into one or more third coding units 520a, or 520b, 520c, and 520d based on the split shape mode information, or may not divide the second non-square coding unit 510.The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split-shape mode information, and may obtain a plurality of plural second shaped coding units (e.g., 510) by dividing the first coding unit 500 based on the obtained split-shape mode information, and the second coding unit 510 may be divided by using a method of dividing the first coding unit 500 based on the split-shape mode information. According to one embodiment, when the first coding unit 500 is divided into the second coding units 510 into. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI based on the split shape mode information of the first coding unit 500, the second coding unit 510 may also be split into third coding units 520a, or 520b, 520c, and 520d based on the split shape mode information of the second coding unit 510. That is, a coding unit may be split, recursively, based on the split shape mode information of each coding unit. Therefore, a square coding unit may be determined by splitting a non-square coding unit, and a non-square coding unit may be determined by recursively splitting the square coding unit. 5 , a predefined coding unit from among the odd number of third coding units 520b, 520c, and 520d determined by dividing the second non-square coding unit 510 (e.g., a coding unit or a square coding unit, which is located at a central location) may be recursively divided. According to one embodiment, the third square coding unit 520c from among the odd number of third coding units 520b, 520c, and 520d may be divided in a horizontal direction into a plurality of fourth coding units. A fourth non-square coding unit 530b or 530d from among a plurality of fourth coding units 530a, 530b, QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi 530c and 530d could be divided into a plurality of coding units once more. For example, the fourth non-square coding unit 530b or 530d could be divided into the odd number of coding units once more. A method that could be used to recursively divide a coding unit will be described later in relation to various embodiments. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide each of the third coding units 520a, or 520b, 520c, and 520d into coding units based on the split-shape mode information. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine non-division of the second coding unit 510 based on the split-shape mode information. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the second non-square coding unit 510 into the odd number of third coding units 520b, 520c, and 520d. The image decoding apparatus 100 may place a predefined restriction on a predefined third coding unit from among the odd number of third coding units 520b, 520c, and 520d.For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may restrict the third coding unit 520c to a central location among the odd number of third coding units 520b, 520c, and 520d that will no longer be divided or will be divided an adjustable number of times. Referring to Figure 5, the image decoding apparatus 100 may restrict the third coding unit 520c, which is at the center location among the odd number of third coding units 520b, 520c, and 520d included in the second non-square coding unit 510, to not be divided anymore, to be divided by using a predefined method of dividing (for example, divided into only four coding units or divided by using a method of dividing the second coding unit 510), or to be divided only a predefined number of times (for example, divided only n times (where n>0)).However, the restrictions on the third coding unit 520c at the central location are not limited to the examples described above and could include various restrictions for decoding the third coding unit 520c at the central location differently from the other third coding units 520b and 520d. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split-shape mode information, which is used to split a current coding unit, from a predefined location in the current coding unit. A method, performed by means of the image decoding apparatus, of determining a predefined coding unit from among an odd number of coding units, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 6. 6, the split shape mode information of a current coding unit 600 or 650 may be obtained from a sample at a predefined location (e.g., a sample 640 or 690 at a center location) among a plurality of samples included in the current coding unit 600 or 650. However, the predefined location in the current coding unit 600, from which at least a piece of the split shape mode information may be obtained, is not limited to the center location in FIG. 6 and may include a plurality of locations included in the current coding unit 600 (e.g., the top, bottom, left, right, top left, bottom left, top right, and bottom right locations).The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split shape mode information from the predefined location and may determine whether to split or not split the current coding unit into coding units of various shapes and sizes. According to one embodiment, when the current coding unit is divided into a predefined number of coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may select one of the coding units. Various methods may be used to select one of a plurality of coding units, as will be described later in relation to various embodiments. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the current coding unit into a plurality of coding units and may determine a coding unit at a predefined location. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use the information indicating the locations of the odd number of coding units to determine a coding unit at a center location among the odd number of coding units. Referring to Figure 6, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the odd number of coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c or the odd number of coding units 660a, 660b, and 660c by dividing the current coding unit 600 or the current coding unit 650. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the intermediate coding unit 620b or the intermediate coding unit 660b by using the information about the locations of the odd number of coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c or the odd number of coding units 660a, 660b, and 660c.For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit 620b at the center location by determining the locations of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c based on information indicating the locations of predefined samples included in the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c. In detail, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit 620b at the center location by determining the locations of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c based on information indicating the locations of the upper left samples 630a, 630b, and 630c of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c. According to one embodiment, the information indicating the locations of the upper left samples 630a, 630b and 630c, which are included in the coding units 620a, 620b and 620c, respectively, could include the information about the locations or coordinates of the coding units 620a, 620b and 620c in an image. According to one embodiment, the information indicating the locations of the upper left samples 630a, 630b and 630c, which are included in the coding units 620a, 620b and 620c, respectively, may include the information indicating the widths or heights of the coding units 620a, 620b and 620c included in the current coding unit 600, and the widths or heights may correspond to the information indicating the differences between the coordinates of the coding units 620a, 620b and 620c in the image.That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit 620b at the center location by directly using information about the locations or coordinates of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c in the image, or by using information about the widths or heights of the coding units, which correspond to the different values ​​among the coordinates. According to one embodiment, the information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630a of the upper coding unit 620a may include the coordinates (xa, ya), the information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630b of the intermediate coding unit 620b may include the coordinates (xb, yb), and the information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630c of the lower coding unit 620c may include the coordinates (xc, ye). The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the intermediate coding unit 620b by using the coordinates of the upper left samples 630a, 630b, and 630c that are included in the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI respectively. For example, when the coordinates of the upper left samples 630a, 630b and 630c are sorted in ascending or descending order, the coding unit 620b including the coordinates (xb, yb) of the sample 630b at a center location may be determined as a coding unit at a center location from among the coding units 620a, 620b and 620c determined by dividing the current coding unit 600.However, the coordinates indicating the locations of the upper left samples 630a, 630b, and 630c may include the coordinates indicating absolute locations in the image, or may use coordinates (dxb, dyb) indicating a relative location of the upper left sample 630b of the intermediate coding unit 620b and coordinates (dxc, dyc) indicating a relative location of the upper left sample 630c of the lower coding unit 620c with reference to the location of the upper left sample 630a of the upper coding unit 620a. A method of determining a coding unit at a predefined location by using the coordinates of a sample included in the coding unit as the information indicating a location of the sample is not limited to the method described above and may include various arithmetic methods capable of using the coordinates of the sample. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the current coding unit 600 into a plurality of coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c, and may select one of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c based on a predefined criterion. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may select the coding unit 620b, which has a size different from the size of the others, from among the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width or height of each of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c by using the coordinates (xa, ya), i.e., information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630a of the upper coding unit 620a, the coordinates (xb, yb), i.e., information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630b of the middle coding unit 620b, and the coordinates (xc, ye), i.e., information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630c of the lower coding unit 620c. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the respective sizes of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c by using the coordinates (xa, ya), i.e., information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630a of the upper coding unit 620a, the coordinates (xb, yb), i.e., information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630b of the middle coding unit 620b, and the coordinates (xc, ye), i.e., information indicating the location of the upper left sample 630c of the lower coding unit 620c. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI ya), (xb, yb), and (xc, ye) indicating the locations of the coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width of the upper coding unit 620a to be the width of the current coding unit 600. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the height of the upper coding unit 620a to be ybya. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width of the intermediate coding unit 620b to be the width of the current coding unit 600. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the height of the intermediate coding unit 620b to be yc-yb.According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width or height of the lower coding unit 620c by using the width or height of the current coding unit 600 or the widths or heights of the upper and middle coding units 620a and 620b. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a coding unit, having a size different from the size of the others, based on the determined widths and heights of the coding units 620a-620c. With reference to Figure 6, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the middle coding unit 620b, having a size different from the size of the upper and lower coding units 620a and 620c, as the coding unit of the predefined location.However, the above-described method, performed by the image decoding apparatus 100, of determining a coding unit having a size different from the size of other coding units merely corresponds to an example of determining a coding unit at a predefined location by using the sizes of coding units that are determined based on the coordinates of samples, and thus, various methods of determining a coding unit at a predefined location by comparing the sizes of coding units that are determined based on the coordinates of the predefined samples could be used. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width or height of each of the coding units 660a, 660b, and 660c by using the coordinates (xd, yd) which is information indicating a location of an upper left sample 670a of the left coding unit 660a, the coordinates (xe, ye) which is information indicating a location of an upper left sample 670b of the middle coding unit 660b, and the coordinates (xf, yf) which is information indicating a location of the upper left sample 670c of the right coding unit 660c. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the respective sizes of the QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi coding units 660a, 660b and 660c by using the coordinates (xd, yd) , (xe, ye) and (xf, yf) indicating the locations of coding units 660a, 660b and 660c. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width of the left coding unit 660a to be xe-xd. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the height of the left coding unit 660a to be the height of the current coding unit 650. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width of the intermediate coding unit 660b to be xf-xe. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the height of the intermediate coding unit 660b to be the height of the current coding unit 650. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width or height of the right coding unit 660c by using the width or height of the current coding unit 650 or the widths or heights of the left and intermediate coding units 660a and 660b.The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a coding unit having a size different from the size of the others based on the determined widths and heights of the coding units 660a-660c. Referring to Figure 6, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the intermediate coding unit 660b, having a size different from the sizes of the left and right coding units 660a and 660c, is the coding unit of the predefined location.However, the above-described method, performed by the image decoding apparatus 100, of determining a coding unit having a size different from the size of other coding units merely corresponds to an example of determining a coding unit at a predefined location by using the sizes of coding units that are determined based on the coordinates of samples, and thus, various methods of determining a coding unit at a predefined location by comparing the sizes of coding units that are determined based on the coordinates of the predefined samples could be used. However, the sample locations considered to determine the coding unit locations are not limited to the upper left locations described above, and information about arbitrary sample locations included in the coding units could be used. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may select an encoding unit at a predefined location from a number of locations. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI non of determined coding units by dividing the current coding unit, considering the shape of the current coding unit. For example, when the current coding unit has a non-square shape, the width of which is longer than the height, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit at the predefined location in a horizontal direction. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine one of the coding units at different locations in a horizontal direction and may place a restriction on the coding unit. When the current coding unit has a non-square shape, the height of which is longer than the width, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit at the predefined location in a vertical direction.That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine one of the coding units at different locations in a vertical direction and may place a restriction on the coding unit. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use information indicating respective locations of an even number of coding units to determine the coding unit at the predefined location from among the even number of coding units. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine an even number of coding units by dividing (binary division) the current coding unit, and may determine the coding unit at the predefined location by using information about the locations of the even number of coding units.The operation related thereto could correspond to the operation of determining a coding unit at a predefined location (e.g., a central location) from among an odd number of coding units, which has been described in detail above in relation to Figure 6 and thus detailed descriptions thereof are not provided here. According to one embodiment, when a current non-square coding unit is divided into a plurality of coding units, predefined information about a coding unit at a predefined location may be used in a dividing operation to determine the coding unit at the predefined location from among the plurality of coding units. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use at least one of block shape information and divided shape mode information stored in a sample included in an intermediate coding unit in a dividing operation to determine a coding unit at a center location from among the plurality of coding units determined by dividing the current coding unit. Referring to Figure 6, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the current coding unit 600 into the plurality of coding units 620a, 620b and 620c based on the divided mode information and may determine the coding unit 620b at a central location among the plurality of coding units 620a, 620b and 620c. Furthermore, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit 620b at the center location by considering the location from which the split shape mode information is obtained. That is, the split shape mode information of the current coding unit 600 may be obtained from the sample 640 at a center location of the current coding unit 600, and when the current coding unit 600 is divided into the plurality of coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c based on the split shape mode information, the coding unit 620b including the sample 640 may be determined as the coding unit at the center location. However, the information used to determine the coding unit at the center location is not limited to the split shape mode information, and various types of information may be used to determine the coding unit at the center location.According to one embodiment, the predefined information for identifying the coding unit at the predefined location may be obtained from a predefined sample included in a coding unit to be determined. Referring to Figure 6, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use the split-shape mode information obtained from a sample at a predefined location in the current coding unit 600 (e.g., a sample at a center location of the current coding unit 600) to determine a coding unit at a predefined location from among the plurality of coding units 620a, 620b, and 620c determined by splitting the current coding unit 600 (e.g., a coding unit at a center location from among a plurality of split coding units).That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the sample at the predefined location by considering a block shape of the current coding unit 600, may determine that the coding unit 620b includes a sample, from which the predefined information (for example, the split shape mode information) can be obtained, from the plurality of coding units 620a, 620b and 620c determined by splitting the current coding unit 600, and may place a predefined restriction on the coding unit 620b.6, according to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the sample 640 at the center location of the current coding unit 600 as the sample from which the predefined information may be obtained, and may place a predefined constraint on the coding unit 620b including the sample 640, in a decoding operation. However, the location of the sample from which the predefined information may be obtained is not limited to the location described above and may include arbitrary locations of the samples included in the coding unit 620b to be determined for a constraint. According to one embodiment, the sample location from which the predefined information may be obtained may be determined based on the shape of the current coding unit 600. According to one embodiment, the block shape information may indicate whether the current coding unit has a square or non-square shape, and the sample location from which the predefined information may be obtained may be determined based on the shape. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a sample located on a boundary for dividing at least one of a width and height of the current coding unit 600. QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi current coding unit in half, as the sample from which the predefined information can be obtained, by using at least one of information about the width of the current coding unit and information about the height of the current coding unit. As another example, when the block shape information of the current coding unit indicates a non-square shape, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine one of the samples adjacent to a boundary for dividing a long side of the current coding unit in half, as the sample from which the predefined information can be obtained. According to one embodiment, when the current coding unit is divided into a plurality of coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use the split shape mode information to determine a coding unit at a predefined location from among the plurality of coding units. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the split shape mode information from a sample at a predefined location in a coding unit, and may divide the plurality of coding units generated by dividing the current coding unit by using the split shape mode information obtained from the sample at the predefined location in each of the plurality of coding units.That is, a coding unit may be split recursively based on the split-shape information obtained from the sample at a predefined location in each coding unit. A recursive splitting operation of a coding unit has been previously described in connection with Figure 5, and thus detailed descriptions thereof will not be provided here. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine one or more coding units by dividing the current coding unit and may determine a decoding order of one or more of the coding units, based on a predefined block (e.g., the current coding unit). 7 illustrates a processing order of a plurality of coding units when the image decoding apparatus determines the plurality of coding units by dividing a current coding unit, according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units 710a and 710b by dividing a first coding unit 700 in a vertical direction, QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI determine the second coding units 730a and 730b by dividing the first coding unit 700 in a horizontal direction, or could determine the second coding units 750a-750d by dividing the first coding unit 700 in the vertical and horizontal directions, based on the divided-shape mode information. Referring to Figure 7, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine processing of the second coding units 710a and 710b, which are determined by dividing the first coding unit 700 in a vertical direction, in a horizontal direction order 710c. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine processing of the second coding units 730a and 730b, which are determined by dividing the first coding unit 700 in a horizontal direction, in a vertical direction order 730c.The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine processing of the second coding units 750a-750d, which are determined by dividing the first coding unit 700 in the vertical and horizontal directions, according to a predefined order (e.g., a raster scan order or Z-scan order 750e) by which the coding units in one row are processed and then, the coding units in a next row are processed. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may recursively divide the coding units. With reference to Figure 7, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the plurality of coding units 710a and 710b, 730a and 730b, or 750a, 750b, 750c and 750d when dividing the first coding unit 700 and may recursively divide each of the determined plurality of coding units 710a and 710b, 730a and 730b, or 750a, 750b, 750c and 750d. A method of dividing the plurality of coding units 710a and 710b, 730a and 730b, or 750a, 750b, 750c and 750d may correspond to a method of dividing the first coding unit 700. As such, each of the plurality of coding units 710a and 710b, 730a and 730b, or 750a, 750b, 750c and 750d may be independently divided into a plurality of coding units.Referring to Figure 7, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units 710a and 710b by dividing the first coding unit 700 in a vertical direction and may determine dividing or not dividing, independently, each of the second coding units 710a and 710b. According to an embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third coding units 720a and 720b by dividing the second left coding unit 710a in a horizontal direction and may not divide the second right coding unit 710b. According to one embodiment, a processing order of coding units may be determined based on a division operation of a coding unit. In other words, a processing order of division of the coding units may be determined based on a processing order of coding units immediately before they are divided. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a processing order of the third coding units 720a and 720b determined by dividing the second left coding unit 710a, independently, from the second right coding unit 710b. Because the third coding units 720a and 720b are determined by dividing the second left coding unit 710a in a horizontal direction, the third coding units 720a and 720b may be processed in a vertical direction order 720c.Because the second left and right coding units 710a and 710b are processed in the horizontal direction order 710c, the second right coding unit 710b may be processed after the third coding units. 720a and 720b included in the second left coding unit 710a are processed in the vertical direction order 720c. An operation of determining a processing order of coding units based on a coding unit before being divided is not limited to the example described above, and various methods could be used to independently process the coding units, which are divided and determined in various ways, in a predefined order. A process, performed by the image decoding apparatus, of determining that a current coding unit will be divided into an odd number of coding units, when the coding units cannot be processed in a predefined order, according to an embodiment, is illustrated in Figure 8. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the current coding unit is to be divided into an odd number of coding units, based on the information obtained in a divided manner. With reference to Figure 8, a first square coding unit 800 may be divided into second non-square coding units 810a and 810b, and the second coding units 810a and 810b may be independently divided into third coding units 820a and 820b and 820c, 820d, and 820e. According to an embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the plurality of third coding units 820a and 820b by dividing the left second coding unit 810a in a horizontal direction and may divide the right second coding unit 810b into the odd number of third coding units 820c, 820d and 820e. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether there is any coding unit that is divided into an odd number of coding units, by determining whether the third coding units 820a and 820b and 820c, 820d and 820e can be processed in a predefined order. Referring to Figure 8, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third coding units 820a and 820b and 820c, 820d and 820e by recursively dividing the first coding unit 800. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether any one of the first coding unit 800, the second coding units 810a and 810b, and the third coding units 820a and 820b and 820c, 820d and 820e will be divided into an odd number of coding units, based on at least one of the block shape information and the split shape mode information.For example, the second coding unit 810b located to the right of the second coding units 810a and 810b may be divided into an odd number of third coding units 820c, 820d, and 820e. A processing order of a plurality of coding units included in the first coding unit 800 may be a predefined order (e.g., the Z-scan order 830), and the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether the third coding units 820c, 820d, and 820e, which are determined by dividing the second right coding unit 810b into an odd number of coding units, meet a condition for processing in the predefined order. According to an embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether the third coding units 820a and 820b and 820c, 820d and 820e included in the first coding unit 800 meet the condition for processing in the predefined order, and the condition refers to whether at least one of a width and height of the second coding units 810a and 810b will be divided into half along the boundary of the third coding units 820a and 820b and 820c, 820d and 820e. For example, the third coding units 820a and 820b determined when the height of the second left coding unit 810a of the non-square shape is divided into half may meet the condition.It may be determined that the third coding units 820c-820e do not satisfy the condition because the boundaries of the third coding units 820c-820e determined when the second right coding unit 810b is divided into three coding units are unable to halve the width or height of the second right coding unit 810b. When the condition is not satisfied as described above, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine to disconnect a scanning order and may determine that the second right coding unit 810b is divided into an odd number of coding units, based on the result of the determination.According to one embodiment, when a coding unit is divided into an odd number of coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may place a predefined restriction on a coding unit at a predefined location among the divided coding units. The restriction or predefined location has been described above in connection with various embodiments, and thus detailed descriptions thereof will not be provided herein. A process, performed by the image decoding apparatus, of determining at least one coding unit by dividing a first coding unit according to a QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI modality. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide a first coding unit 900, based on the split shape mode information that is obtained through the receiver 110. The first square coding unit 900 may be divided into four square coding units, or it may be divided into a plurality of non-square coding units. For example, with reference to Figure 9, when the first coding unit 900 has a square shape and the split shape mode information indicates to divide the first coding unit 900 into non-square coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the first coding unit 900 into a plurality of non-square coding units.In detail, when the split shape mode information indicates to determine an odd number of coding units by dividing the first coding unit 900 in a horizontal direction or a vertical direction, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the first square coding unit 900 into an odd number of coding units, for example, the second coding units 910a, 910b and 910c determined by dividing the first square coding unit 900 in one direction. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI vertical or the second coding units 920a, 920b and 920c determined by dividing the first square coding unit 900 in a horizontal direction. According to an embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether the second coding units 910a, 910b, 910c, 920a, 920b, and 920c included in the first coding unit 900 meet a condition for processing in a predefined order, and the condition relates to whether at least one of a width and height of the first coding unit 900 is halved along the boundary of the second coding units 910a, 910b, 910c, 920a, 920b, and 920c. Referring to Figure 9, because the boundaries of the second coding units 910a, 910b and 910c determined by dividing the first square coding unit 900 in a vertical direction do not divide the width of the first coding unit 900 in half, it may be determined that the first coding unit 900 does not meet the condition for processing in the predefined order.Furthermore, because the boundaries of the second coding units 920a, 920b, and 920c determined by dividing the first square coding unit 900 in a horizontal direction do not divide the width of the first coding unit 900 in half, it may be determined that the first coding unit 900 does not satisfy the condition for processing in the predefined order. When the condition is not satisfied as described above, the image decoding apparatus 100 may decide to disconnect the scanning order and may determine that the first coding unit 900 is to be divided into an odd number of coding units, based on the result of the decision.According to one embodiment, when a coding unit is divided into an odd number of coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may place a predefined restriction on a coding unit at a predefined location among the divided coding units. The restriction or predefined location has been described above with reference to various embodiments, and thus detailed descriptions thereof will not be provided herein. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the variously coded units by dividing a first coded unit. Referring to Figure 9, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the first square coding unit 900 or a first non-square coding unit 930 or 950 into the variously shaped coding units. Figure 10 illustrates that one way in which QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi can divide a second coding unit is restricted when the second coding unit having a non-square shape, which is determined as the image decoding apparatus 100 divides a first coding unit 1000, meets a predefined condition, according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the division of the first square coding unit 1000 into the second non-square coding units 1010a and 1010b or 1020a and 1020b, based on the divided shape mode information, which is obtained by the receiver 110. The second coding units 1010a and 1010b or 1020a and 1020b may be divided, independently. Accordingly, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether to divide or not divide each of the second coding units 1010a and 1010b or 1020a and 1020b into a plurality of coding units, based on the divided shape mode information of each of the second coding units 1010a and 1010b or 1020a and 1020b.According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third coding units 1012a and 1012b by dividing in a horizontal direction the second non-square left coding unit 1010a, which is determined by dividing the first coding unit 1000 in a vertical direction. However, when the second left coding unit 1010a is divided in a horizontal direction, the image decoding apparatus 100 may restrict the second right coding unit 1010b from being divided in a horizontal direction in which the second left coding unit 1010a is divided.When the third coding units 1014a and 1014b are determined by dividing the right second coding unit 1010b in a same direction, because the left and right second coding units 1010a and 1010b are divided independently in a horizontal direction, the third coding units 1012a and 1012b or 1014a and 1014b may be determined. However, this case also serves as a case in which the image decoding apparatus 100 divides the first coding unit 1000 into the four second square coding units 1030a, 1030b, 1030c, and 1030d based on the divided shape mode information, and may be inefficient in terms of image decoding. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third coding units 1022a and 1022b or 1024a and 1024b by dividing the second non-square coding unit 1020a or 1020b, which is determined by dividing the first coding unit 1000 in a horizontal direction, into a QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI vertical direction. However, when a second coding unit (for example, the second upper coding unit 1020a) is divided in a vertical direction, for the reason described above, the image decoding apparatus 100 may restrict the other second coding unit (for example, the second lower coding unit 1020b) from being divided in a vertical direction in which the second upper coding unit 1020a is divided. Illustrated in Figure 11 is a process, performed by the image decoding apparatus, of dividing a square coding unit when the divided shape mode information is unable to indicate that the square coding unit is divided into four square coding units, according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units 1110a and 1110b or 1120a and 1120b, etc., when dividing a first coding unit 1100, based on the divided shape mode information. The divided shape mode information may include information about various shapes into which a coding unit can be divided, however, the information about various shapes may not include information for dividing the coding unit into four square coding units. According to this divided shape mode information, the image decoding apparatus 100 may not divide the first square coding unit 1100 into the four second square coding units 1130a, 1130b, 1130c and 1130d. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second non-square coding units 1110a and 1110b or 1120a and 1120b, etc., based on the information in a split-shape manner. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may independently divide the second non-square coding units 1110a and 1110b or 1120a and 1120b, etc. Each of the second coding units 1110a and 1110b or 1120a and 1120b, etc., may be recursively divided in a predefined order, and the dividing method may correspond to the dividing method of the first coding unit 1100 based on the divided shape mode information. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third square coding units 1112a and 1112b by dividing the second left coding unit 1110a in a horizontal direction, and may determine the third square coding units 1114a and 1114b by dividing the second right coding unit 1110b in a horizontal direction. Furthermore, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third square coding units 1116a, 1116b, 1116c, and 1116d by dividing both of the second left and right coding units 1110a and 1110b in a horizontal direction. In this case, it could be determined that the coding units have the same shape as the four second square coding units 1130a, 1130b, 1130c and 1130d divided from the first coding unit 1100. As another example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third square coding units 1122a and 1122b by dividing the second upper coding unit 1120a in a vertical direction and may determine the third square coding units 1124a and 1124b by dividing the second lower coding unit 1120b in a vertical direction. Furthermore, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third square coding units 1126a, 1126b, 1126c, and 1126d by dividing both of the second upper and lower coding units 1120a and 1120b in a vertical direction. In this case, the coding units having the same shape as the four second square coding units 1130a, 1130b, 1130c and 1130d divided from the first coding unit 1100 could be determined. Figure 12 illustrates that the processing order of a plurality of coding units may be changed depending on the division process of a coding unit, according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide a first coding unit 1200, based on the mode information in a divided manner. When a block shape indicates a square shape and the split shape mode information indicates splitting the first coding unit 1200 in at least one of the horizontal and vertical directions, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units 1210a and 1210b or 1220a and 1220b, etc., when splitting the first coding unit 1200. Referring to Figure 12, the non-square second coding units 1210a and 1210b or 1220a and 1220b determined by splitting the first coding unit 1200 in only a horizontal direction or vertical direction may be split independently based on the split shape mode information of each coding unit.For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c, and 1216d by dividing in a horizontal direction the second coding units 1210a and 1210b, which are generated by dividing the first coding unit 1200 in a vertical direction, and may determine the third units of. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI coding 1226a, 1226b, 1226c and 1226d by dividing the second coding units 1220a and 1220b, which are generated by dividing the first coding unit 1200 in a horizontal direction, in a horizontal direction. The operation of dividing the second coding units 1210a and 1210b or 1220a and 1220b has been described above in connection with FIG. 11 , and thus, detailed descriptions thereof will not be provided herein. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may process the coding units in a predefined order. The operation of processing the coding units in a predefined order has been described above with respect to Figure 7 , and thus, detailed descriptions thereof will not be provided herein. Referring to Figure 12, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the four third square coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c and 1216d and 1226a, 1226b, 1226c and 1226d by dividing the first square coding unit 1200. According to an embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine processing orders of the third coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c and 1216d and 1226a, 1226b, 1226c and 1226d based on a method of dividing the first coding unit 1200. According to one embodiment, the device QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi image decoding 100 may determine the third coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c, and 1216d by dividing in a horizontal direction the second coding units 1210a and 1210b generated by dividing the first coding unit 1200 in a vertical direction, and may process the third coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c, and 1216d in a processing order 1217 for initially processing the third coding units 1216a and 1216c, which are included in the second left coding unit 1210a, in a vertical direction, and then process the third coding units 1216b and 1216d, which are included in the second right coding unit 1210b, in a vertical direction. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the third coding units 1226a, 1226b, 1226c, and 1226d by dividing in a vertical direction the second coding units 1220a and 1220b generated by dividing the first coding unit 1200 in a horizontal direction, and may process the third coding units 1226a, 1226b, 1226c, and 1226d in a processing order 1227 for initially processing the third coding units 1226a and 1226b, which are included in the upper second coding unit 1220a, in a horizontal direction, and then process the third coding unit 1226c and 1226d. 1226d, which are included in the second lower coding unit 1220b in a horizontal direction. Referring to Figure 12, the third square coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c and 1216d and 1226a, 1226b, 1226c and 1226d could be determined by dividing the second coding units 1210a and 1210b and 1220a and 1220b, respectively. Although the second coding units 1210a and 1210b are determined by dividing the first coding unit 1200 in a vertical direction differently than the second coding units 1220a and 1220b which are determined by dividing the first coding unit 1200 in a horizontal direction, the third coding units 1216a, 1216b, 1216c and 1216d and 1226a, 1226b, 1226c and 1226d divided therefrom, eventually, illustrate the coding units in the same way divided from the first coding unit 1200.Accordingly, by recursively dividing a coding unit into different modes based on the divided mode information, the image decoding apparatus 100 may process a plurality of coding units in different orders even though the coding units are eventually determined to be of the same shape. A process of determining a depth of a coding unit as the shape and size of the coding unit changes is illustrated in Figure 13, when the coding unit is recursively divided so that a plurality of coding units are determined, according to an embodiment. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the depth of the coding unit based on a predefined criterion. For example, the predefined criterion may be the length of a long side of the coding unit. When the length of a long side of a coding unit before being divided is 2n times (n>0) the length of a long side of a currently divided coding unit, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the depth of the current coding unit is increased by one depth of the coding unit before being divided by n. In the following descriptions, the coding unit having an increase in depth is expressed as the coding unit of a deeper depth. 13 , according to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a second coding unit 1302 and a third coding unit 1304 of deeper depths by dividing a first square coding unit 1300 based on block shape information indicating a square shape (for example, the block shape information may be expressed as '0: SQUARE'). Assuming that the size of the first square coding unit 1300 is 2Νχ2Ν, the second coding unit 1302 determined by dividing the width and height of the first coding unit 1300 into 1 / 2 may have a size of N*N. Furthermore, the third coding unit 1304 determined by dividing the width and height of the second coding unit 1302 into 1 / 2 may have a size of N / 2*N / 2.In this case, the width and height of the third coding unit 1304 are 1 / 4 times those of the first coding unit 1300. When the depth of the first coding unit 1300 is D, the depth of the second coding unit 1302, the width and height of which are 1 / 2 times those of the first coding unit 1300, could be D+l, and the depth of the third coding unit 1304, the width and height of which are 1 / 4 times those of the first coding unit 1300, could be D+2. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a second coding unit 1312 or 1322 and a third coding unit 1314 or 1324 of deeper depths by dividing a first non-square coding unit 1310 or 1320 based on block shape information indicating a non-square shape (for example, the block shape information may be expressed as '1: NS VER' indicating a non-square shape, a height of which is longer than a width, or as '2: NS_HOR' indicating a non-square shape, a width of which is longer than a height). The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a second coding unit 1302, 1312, or 1322 by dividing at least one of the width and height of the first coding unit 1310 having a size of Nx2N. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the second coding unit 1302 has a size of NxN or that the second coding unit 1322 has a size of ΝχN / 2 by dividing the first coding unit 1310 in a horizontal direction, or may determine that the second coding unit 1312 has a size of Ν / 2χN by dividing the first coding unit 1310 in the horizontal and vertical directions. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding unit 1302, 1312, or 1322 by dividing at least one of the width and height of the first coding unit 1320 having a size of 2NxN. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the second coding unit 1302 has a size of N*N or that the second coding unit 1312 has a size of Ν / 2χΝ by dividing the first coding unit 1320 in a vertical direction, or may determine that the second coding unit 1322 has a size of ΝχΝ / 2 by dividing the first coding unit 1320 in the horizontal and vertical directions. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that a third coding unit 1304, 1314, or 1324 by dividing at least one of the width and height of the second coding unit 1302 has a size of M. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the third coding unit 1304 has a size of N / 2xN / 2, that the third coding unit 1314 has a size of N / 4xN / 2, or that the third coding unit 1324 has a size of N / 2xN / 4 by dividing the second coding unit 1302 in the vertical and horizontal directions. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the third coding unit 1304, 1314, or 1324 by dividing at least one of the width and height of the second coding unit 1312 has a size of N / 2χN. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the third coding unit 1304 has a size of N / 2χN / 2 or that the third coding unit 1324 has a size of N / 2χN / 4 by dividing the second coding unit 1312 in a horizontal direction, or may determine that the third coding unit 1314 has a size of N / 4*N / 2 by dividing the second coding unit 1312 in the vertical and horizontal directions. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the third coding unit 1304, 1314, or 1324 by dividing at least one of the width and height of the second coding unit 1322 has a size of NxN / 2. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the third coding unit 1304 has a size of N / 2*N / 2 or that the third coding unit 1314 has a size of N / 4*N / 2 by dividing the second coding unit 1322 in a vertical direction, or may determine that the third coding unit 1324 has a size of N / 2*N / 4 by dividing the second coding unit 1322 in the vertical and horizontal directions. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the square coding unit 1300, 1302, or 1304 in a horizontal or vertical direction. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the first coding unit 1310 has a size of Nx2N by dividing the first coding unit 1300 having a size of 2N*2N in a vertical direction, or may determine that the first coding unit 1310 has a size of Nx2N by dividing the first coding unit 1300 having a size of 2N*2N in a vertical direction. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI coding 1320 has a size of 2NχN by dividing the first coding unit 1300 in a horizontal direction. According to one embodiment, when the depth is determined based on the length of the longest side of a coding unit, the depth of a coding unit determined by dividing the first coding unit 1300 having a size of 2N*2N in a horizontal or vertical direction may be the same as the depth of the first coding unit 1300. According to one embodiment, a width and height of the third coding unit 1314 or 1324 may be 1 / 4 times those of the first coding unit 1310 or 1320. When the depth of the first coding unit 1310 or 1320 is D, the depth of the second coding unit 1312 or 1322, the width and height of which are 1 / 2 times those of the first coding unit 1310 or 1320, may be D+l, and a depth of the third coding unit 1314 or 1324, the width and height of which are 1 / 4 times those of the first coding unit 1310 or 1320, may be D+2. Figure 14 illustrates the depths that can be determined based on the shapes and sizes of coding units and the part indices (PID) that are used to distinguish the coding units, according to a modality. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units in various ways by dividing a first square coding unit 1400. With reference to Figure 14, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units 1402a and 1402b, 1404a and 1404b and 1406a, 1406b, 1406c and 1406d by dividing the first coding unit 1400 in at least one of the horizontal and vertical directions based on the divided shape mode information. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the second coding units 1402a and 1402b, 1404a and 1404b, and 1406a, 1406b, 1406c and 1406d, based on the split-shape mode information of the first coding unit 1400. According to one embodiment, depths of the second coding units 1402a and 1402b, 1404a and 1404b, and 1406a, 1406b, 1406c and 1406d that are determined based on the split-shape mode information of the first square coding unit 1400 may be determined based on a length of a long side thereof. For example, because a length of a side of the first square coding unit 1400 is equal to a length of a long side of the second non-square coding units 1402a and 1402b and 1404a and 1404b, the first coding unit 2100 and the second non-square coding units 1402a and 1402b and 1404a and 1404b may have the same depth, e.g., D.However, when the image decoding apparatus 100 divides the first coding unit 1400 into the four second square coding units 1406a, 1406b, 1406c, and 1406d based on the divided-shape mode information, because the length of a side of the second square coding units 1406a, 1406b, 1406c, and 1406d is 1 / 2 times the length of a side of the first coding unit 1400, a depth of the second coding units 1406a, 1406b, 1406c, and 1406d may be D+1 which is deeper than the depth D of the first coding unit 1400 by 1. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a plurality of second coding units 1412a and 1412b and 1414a, 1414b and 1414c by dividing a first coding unit 1410, the height of which is longer than the width, in a horizontal direction based on the divided-shape mode information. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a plurality of second coding units 1422a and 1422b and 1424a, 1424b and 1424c by dividing a first coding unit 1420, the width of which is longer than the height, in a QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI vertical direction based on split shape mode information. According to one embodiment, the depth of the second coding units 1412a and 1412b and 1414a, 1414b and 1414c, or 1422a and 1422b and 1424a, 1424b and 1424c, which are determined based on the split shape mode information of the first non-square coding unit 1410 or 1420, may be determined based on the length of a long side thereof. For example, because the length of a side of the second square coding units 1412a and 1412b is 1 / 2 times the length of a long side of the first coding unit 1410 having a non-square shape, the height of which is longer than the width, a depth of the second square coding units 1412a and 1412b is D+1 which is deeper than the depth D of the first non-square coding unit 1410 by 1. Furthermore, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the first non-square coding unit 1410 into an odd number of second coding units 1414a, 1414b, and 1414c based on the divided-shape mode information. The odd number of second coding units 1414a, 1414b, and 1414c may include the second non-square coding units 1414a and 1414c and the second square coding unit 1414b. In this case, because the length of a long side of the second non-square coding units 1414a and 1414c and the length of a side of the second square coding unit 1414b are 1 / 2 times the length of a long side of the first coding unit 1410, the depth of the second coding units 1414a, 1414b and 1414c could be D+l which is deeper than the depth D of the first non-square coding unit 1410 by 1.The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine depths of coding units divided from the first coding unit 1420 having a non-square shape, a width of which is longer than the height, by using the above-described method of determining depths of coding units divided from the first coding unit 1410. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the PIDs for identifying the split coding units based on a size ratio among the coding units when an odd number of the split coding units do not have the same sizes. 14 , a coding unit 1414b at a central location among an odd number of the split coding units 1414a, 1414b, and 1414c may have a width equal to the width of the other coding units 1414a and 1414c and a height that is twice the height of the other coding units 1414a and 1414c. That is, in this case, the unit QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi of coding unit 1414b at the center location may include two of either of the other coding unit 1414a or 1414c. Thus, when a PID of the coding unit 1414b at the center location is 1 based on a scanning order, the PID of the coding unit 1414c located next to the coding unit 1414b may be increased by 2 and thus may be 3. That is, discontinuity in the PID values ​​may be present. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether an odd number of the divided coding units do not have the same sizes based on whether discontinuity in the PIDs is present to identify the divided coding units. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether to use a specific division method, based on the PID values ​​to identify a plurality of determined coding units when dividing a current coding unit. With reference to Figure 14, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine an even number of coding units 1412a and 1412b or an odd number of coding units 1414a, 1414b and 1414c when dividing the first coding unit 1410 having a rectangular shape, a height of which is longer than a width. The image decoding apparatus 100 may use the PIDs indicating the respective coding units to identify the respective coding units. According to one embodiment, the PID may be obtained from a sample of a predefined location of each coding unit (e.g., an upper left sample). According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a coding unit at a predefined location among the divided coding units by using the PIDs to distinguish between the coding units. According to one embodiment, when the divided shape mode information of the first coding unit 1410 having a rectangular shape, a height of which is longer than a width, indicates the division of a coding unit into three coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the first coding unit 1410 into three coding units 1414a, 1414b and 1414c. The image decoding apparatus 100 may assign a PID to each of the three coding units 1414a, 1414b and 1414c.The image decoding apparatus 100 may compare the PIDs of an odd number of the divided coding units to determine the coding unit at a central location among the coding units. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI the coding unit 1414b has a PID corresponding to a middle value among the PIDs of the coding units, such as the coding unit at the center location among the coding units determined by dividing the first coding unit 1410. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the PIDs for distinguishing between the divided coding units based on a size ratio between the coding units when the divided coding units do not have the same sizes. Referring to Figure 14, the coding unit 1414b generated by dividing the first coding unit 1410 may have a width equal to the width of the other coding units 1414a and 1414c and a height that is twice the height of the other coding units 1414a and 1414c.In this case, when the PID of the coding unit 1414b at the center location is 1, the PID of the coding unit 1414c located next to the coding unit 1414b may be increased by 2 and thus may be 3. When the PID is not uniformly increased as described above, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that a coding unit is divided into a plurality of coding units including a coding unit having a size different from the size of the other coding units.According to one embodiment, when the split mode information indicates dividing a coding unit into an odd number of coding units, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide a current coding unit such that a coding unit at a predefined location among an odd number of coding units (e.g., a coding unit at a center location) has a size different from the size of the other coding units. In this case, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding unit at the center location having a different size by using the PIDs of the coding units. However, the PIDs and the size or location of the coding unit at the predefined location are not limited to the examples described above, and multiple PIDs and multiple locations and sizes of coding units may be used. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use a predefined unit of data where an encoding unit starts to be divided, recursively. Figure 15 illustrates that a plurality of coding units are determined based on a plurality of predefined data units included in an image, according to an embodiment. According to a modality, a predefined unit 100 data units could be defined as a data unit where a coding unit is initially divided, recursively, using the split-shape mode information. That is, the predefined data unit could correspond to a coding unit of the highest depth, which is used to determine a plurality of split coding units from a current image. In the following descriptions, for convenience of explanation, the predefined data unit is referred to as a reference data unit. According to one embodiment, the data reference unit may have a predefined size and shape. According to one embodiment, the data reference unit may include MxN samples. Here, M and N may be equal to each other and may be integers expressed as powers of 2. That is, the data reference unit may have a square or non-square shape and may be divided into an integer number of coding units at a later time. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the current image into a plurality of data reference units. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may divide the plurality of data reference units, which are divided from the image. QR77 I n / C7n7 / B / YI 101 current, by using the split mode information of each reference data unit. The split operation of the reference data unit could correspond to a split operation using a tree data structure. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine in advance the minimum allowable size for the data reference units included in the current image. Accordingly, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that a plurality of data reference units have the same size as or are larger than the minimum size, and may determine one or more coding units by using the split-shape mode information with reference to the determined data reference unit. With reference to Figure 15, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use a square coding reference unit 1500 or a non-square coding reference unit 1502. According to one embodiment, the shape and size of the coding reference units may be determined based on a plurality of data units capable of including one or more coding reference units (e.g., sequences, pictures, slices, slice segments, tiles, tile groups, longer coding units, or the like). 102 According to one embodiment, the receiver 110 of the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain, from a bit stream, at least one of the coding reference unit shape information and the coding reference unit shape information with respect to each of the plurality of data units. An operation of dividing the square coding reference unit 1500 into one or more coding units has been described above with reference to the current coding unit dividing operation 300 of Figure 3 and an operation of dividing the non-square coding reference unit 1502 into one or more coding units has been described above with reference to the current coding unit dividing operation 400 or 450 of Figure 4. Thus, detailed descriptions thereof will not be provided herein. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use a PID that identifies the size and shape of the coding reference units, to determine the size and shape of the coding reference units according to some predetermined data units based on a predefined condition. That is, the receiver 110 may obtain, from the bit stream, only the PID to identify the size and shape of the coding reference units with respect to 103 each slice, each slice segment, each tile, each tile group, or largest coding unit being a data unit that meets a predefined condition (e.g., a data unit having a size equal to or smaller than a slice) among the plurality of data units (e.g., sequences, images, slices, slice segments, tiles, tile groups, largest coding units, or the like). The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the size and shape of the reference data units with respect to each data unit meet the predefined condition by using the PID.When the coding reference unit shape information and the coding reference unit size information are obtained and used from the bit stream according to each data unit having an extremely small size, the efficiency of using the bit stream may not be high, and therefore, only the PID may be obtained and used instead of directly obtaining the coding reference unit shape information and the coding reference unit size information. In this case, at least one of the size and shape of the coding reference units corresponding to the PID may be determined in advance to identify the size and shape of the coding reference units. That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the. QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi 104 minus one of the size and shape of the coding reference units included in a data unit serving as a unit for obtaining the PID, by selecting at least one of the size and shape of the coding reference units previously determined based on the PID. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use one or more coding reference units included in a larger coding unit. That is, a divided larger coding unit of an image may include one or more coding reference units, and the coding units may be determined by recursively dividing each coding reference unit. According to one embodiment, at least one of the width and height of the larger coding unit may be integer times of at least one of the width and height of the coding reference units. According to one embodiment, the size of the coding reference units may be obtained by dividing the larger coding unit into n times based on a tree data structure.That is, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the coding reference units by dividing the largest coding unit n times based on a tree data structure and may divide the coding reference unit based on at least one of the information of. 105 block form and split form mode information according to various modalities. Figure 16 illustrates a processing block that serves as a criterion for determining an order of determination of the coding reference units included in an image, according to a modality. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine one or more partitioned processing blocks from an image. The processing block is a data unit that includes one or more partitioned coding reference units of an image, and one or more of the coding reference units included in the processing block may be determined in accordance with a specific order. That is, the order of determining the one or more determined coding reference units in each processing block may correspond to one of several types of orders for determining the coding reference units and may vary depending on the processing block.The order of determination of the coding reference units, which is determined with respect to each processing block, could be one of several orders, for example, the order of raster scan, Z-scan, N-scan, diagonal up scan, horizontal scan, and vertical scan, but not limited to the orders of. 106 explorations mentioned above. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the processing block size information and may determine the size of one or more processing blocks included in the image. The image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the processing block size information of a bit stream and may determine the size of one or more processing blocks included in the image. The processing block size may be a predefined data unit size, which is indicated by the processing block size information. According to one embodiment, the receiver 110 of the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the processing block size information from the bit stream according to each specific unit of data. For example, the processing block size information may be obtained from the bit stream in a data unit, such as a picture, sequence, image, slice, slice segment, mosaic, or mosaic group, or the like. That is, the receiver 110 may obtain the processing block size information from the bit stream according to each of the different data units, and the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the size of one or more processing blocks, which are divided in the same way. 107 image, using information obtained from the processing block size. The processing block size could be integer times the size of the coding reference units. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the size of the processing blocks 1602 and 1612 included in the image 1600. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the size of the processing blocks based on the processing block size information obtained from the bit stream. With reference to Figure 16, according to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the width of the processing blocks 1602 and 1612 to be four times the width of the coding reference units and may determine the height of the processing blocks 1602 and 1612 to be four times the height of the coding reference units. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the order of determining one or more coding reference units in the one or more processing blocks. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the processing blocks 1602 and 1612, which are included in the image 1600, based on the size of the processing blocks and may 108 determining an order of determining one or more coding reference units in processing blocks 1602 and 1612. According to one embodiment, determining the coding reference units could include determining the size of the coding reference units. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain, from the bit stream, determination order information of one or more coding reference units included in one or more processing blocks, and may determine a determination order with respect to the one or more coding reference units based on the obtained determination order information. The determination order information may be defined as the order or direction determining the coding reference units in the processing block. That is, the determination order of the coding reference units may be determined independently with respect to each processing block. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain, from the bit stream, determination order information of the coding reference units according to each specific data unit. For example, the receiver 110 may obtain the determination order information of the coding reference units according to the bit stream. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 109 bit stream coding reference units according to each data unit, such as a picture, sequence, image, slice, slice segment, tile or tile group, or processing block. Because the determination order information of the coding reference units indicates the order for determining the coding reference units in a processing block, the determination order information may be obtained with respect to each specific data unit that includes an integer number of processing blocks. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine one or more coding reference units based on a determined order of determination according to one embodiment. According to one embodiment, the receiver 110 may obtain the determination order information of the coding reference units of the bit stream as the information related to the processing blocks 1602 and 1612, and the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a determination order of one or more coding reference units included in the processing blocks 1602 and 1612, and may determine one or more coding reference units, which are included in the image 1600, based on the determination order. With reference to Figure 16, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain the determination order of the one or more coding reference units included in the processing blocks 1602 and 1612. 110 image 100 may determine determination orders 1604 and 1614 of one or more coding reference units in processing blocks 1602 and 1612, respectively. For example, when determination order information of the coding reference units is obtained with respect to each processing block, different types of determination order information of the coding reference units may be obtained for processing blocks 1602 and 1612. When the determination order 1604 of the coding reference units in processing block 1602 is a raster scanning order, the coding reference units included in processing block 1602 may be determined according to a raster scanning order.On the contrary, when the determination order 1614 of the coding reference units in the other processing block 1612 is a backward frame scanning order, the coding reference units included in the processing block 1612 could be determined according to the backward frame scanning order. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may decode one or more of the determined coding reference units. The image decoding apparatus 100 may decode an image, based on the reference units of 111 coding determined as described above. The decoding method of the coding reference units may include various image decoding methods. According to one embodiment, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain, from the bit stream, block shape information indicating a shape of a current coding unit or split shape mode information indicating a method of splitting the current coding unit and may use the obtained information. The split shape mode information may be included in the bit stream related to plural data units. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use the split shape mode information included in a sequence parameter set, an image parameter set, a video parameter set, a slice header, a slice segment header, a tile header, or a tile group header.Furthermore, the image decoding apparatus 100 may obtain, from the bit stream, a syntax element corresponding to the block shape information or the split shape mode information according to each largest coding unit, each coding reference unit, or each processing block and may use the obtained syntax element. 112 Hereinafter, a method of determining a split rule according to a modality of the description will be described in detail. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine a split rule of an image. The split rule may be predetermined between the image decoding apparatus 100 and the image coding apparatus 2200. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule of the image, based on information obtained from a bit stream. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule based on information obtained from at least one of a set of sequence parameters, a set of image parameters, a set of video parameters, a slice header, a slice segment header, a tile header, and a tile group header. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule differently according to frames, slices, tiles, temporal layers, longer coding units, or coding units. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule based on a block shape of a coding unit. The block shape may include the size, shape, width-to-height ratio, and direction of the coding unit. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule based on a block shape of a coding unit. 113 image coding apparatus 2200 and image decoding apparatus 100 may be predetermined to determine the split rule based on the block shape of the coding unit. However, one embodiment is not limited thereto. Image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule based on information obtained from the received bit stream of image coding apparatus 2200. The shape of the coding unit may include a square or a non-square shape. When the width and height of the coding unit are the same, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the shape of the coding unit is a square. Also, when the width and height of the coding unit are not the same, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine that the shape of the coding unit is not a square. The coding unit size could include various sizes, such as 4x4, 8x4, 4x8, 8x8, 16x4, 16x8, and even 256x256. The coding unit size could be classified based on the length of a long side of the coding unit, the length of a short side, or the area. The image decoding apparatus 100 could apply the same split rule to coding units classified as being in the same group. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may use the same split rule to split coding units. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 114 Image decoding apparatus 100 may classify coding units having the same long side lengths as having the same size. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may apply the same dividing rule to coding units having the same long side lengths. The ratio of the width to the height of the coding unit may include 1:2, 2:1, 1:4, 4:1, 1:8, 8:1, 1:16, 16:1, 32:1, 1:32, or the like. Also, the direction of the coding unit may include a horizontal direction and a vertical direction. The horizontal direction may indicate a case in which the length of the width of the coding unit is longer than the length of the height of the coding unit. The vertical direction may indicate a case in which the length of the width of the coding unit is shorter than the length of the height of the coding unit. The image decoding apparatus 100 may adaptively determine the split rule based on the size of the coding unit. The image decoding apparatus 100 may differently determine a permissible split mode based on the size of the coding unit. For example, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine whether splitting is allowed based on the size of the coding unit. The image decoding apparatus 100 115 may determine the divided address according to the size of the coding unit. The image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the type of permissible mode according to the size of the coding unit. The split rule determined based on the size of the coding unit may be a predetermined split rule between the image coding apparatus 2200 and the image decoding apparatus 100. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule based on information obtained from the bit stream. The image decoding apparatus 100 may adaptively determine the split rule based on the location of the coding unit. The image decoding apparatus 100 may adaptively determine the split rule based on the location of the coding unit in the image. Also, the image decoding apparatus 100 may determine the split rule such that the coding units generated by the different splitting ways do not have the same block shape. However, an embodiment is not limited thereto, and the coding units generated by the different splitting ways have the same block shape. The coding units QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi 116 encodings generated by the different splitting paths may have different decoding processing orders. Because the decoding processing orders have been described with reference to Figure 12, details thereof are not provided again. Hereinafter, a method and apparatus for signaling motion vector resolution information with a high-level syntax which is a group of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units for encoding or decoding the video when applying adaptive motion vector resolution (AMVR) according to an embodiment described in the present disclosure will be described with reference to Figures 17-20. A block diagram of a video encoding apparatus according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 17. In video coding, inter prediction means a prediction method used to predict similarity between a current image and another image. A reference block that is similar to a current block in the current image could be detected from a reference image processed before the current image, and a difference in coordinates between the current block and the reference block could be represented as a motion vector. Also, differences between 117 The pixel values ​​of the current block and the pixel values ​​of the reference block could be represented as residual data. Consequently, by interprediction for the current block, by outputting an index indicating a reference image, a motion vector, and residual data, rather than directly outputting the image information of the current block, the efficiency of encoding and decoding could be improved. A video encoding apparatus 1700 according to one embodiment may include a memory 1710 and at least one processor 1720 connected to the memory 1710. Operations of the video encoding apparatus 1700 according to one embodiment may operate as individual processors or under the control of a central processor. Also, the memory 1710 of the video encoding apparatus 1700 may store data received from the outside and data generated (e.g., motion vector resolution information, etc.) by the processor 1720. The processor 1720 of the video coding apparatus 1700 may perform motion prediction on a current block to determine the motion vector and the motion vector resolution of the current block, may determine the motion vector of a candidate block of at least one candidate block as a prediction motion vector of the current block based on the resolution of QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 118 motion vector of the current block, may determine the residual motion vector of the current block using the prediction motion vector of the current block, may encode motion vector resolution information about the motion vector resolution of the current block with a high-level syntax which is a group of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units that includes the current block, and may encode the residual motion vector of the current block. Hereinafter, detailed operations concerning a video coding method of generating motion vector resolution information with a high-level syntax when applying adaptive motion vector resolution in the video coding apparatus 1700 according to an embodiment will be described with reference to Figure 18. A flowchart of a video coding method according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 18. Referring to Figure 18, in operation S1810, the video coding apparatus 1700 may perform motion prediction on a current block to determine the motion vector and motion vector resolution of the current block. More specifically, the motion vector resolution of the current block could be determined to have a QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 119 optimal cost by calculating the speed-distortion cost based on the motion prediction. In operation S1830, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may determine the motion vector of a candidate block of at least one candidate block as a prediction motion vector of the current block based on the motion vector resolution of the current block. The motion vector resolution (hereinafter also referred to as the MVR) may include at least one of a 1 / 8 pei unit MVR, a 1 / 4 pei unit MVR, a 1 / 2 pei unit MVR, a 1 pei unit MVR, a 2 pei unit MVR, a 4 pei unit MVR, and an 8 pei unit MVR. However, the MVR is not limited to the above-mentioned MVRs, and there may be pei unit MVRs having different values. In the present description, that the first MVR is larger than a second MVR then means that a pei unit of the first MVR is larger than a pei unit of the second MVR. For example, the MVR of the pei unit of 1 could be larger than the MVR of the pei unit of 1 / 2 and the MVR of the pei unit of 1 / 2 could be larger than the MVR of the pei unit of 1 / 4. Actually, in the case of determining a motion vector with the MVR of the pei unit of 1 / 4, a more accurate prediction is possible than in the case of 120 determination of a motion vector with the MVR of the pei unit of 1. However, in the present description, for convenience of description, the differences in magnitude between the MVRs will be described in terms of the pei unit sizes of the MVRs. At least one candidate block may be selected from among blocks that include a spatial block and a temporal block related to the current block. The spatial block related to the current block may include at least one block spatially adjacent to the current block. The temporal block may include a block positioned at the same location as the current block in a reference image that has a Picture Order Count (POC) that is different from the POC of the current block and at least one block spatially adjacent to the block positioned at the same location. In operation S1850, the video coding apparatus 1700 may determine the residual motion vector of the current block by using the prediction motion vector of the current block. In operation S1870, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may encode motion vector resolution information about the motion vector resolution of the current block with a high-level syntax which is a group of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units that includes the current block and 121 could encode the residual motion vector of the current block. In the present description, motion vector resolution information means various information related to motion vector resolution. For example, the motion vector resolution information may indicate a motion vector resolution index determined by the high-level syntax and corresponding to the motion vector resolution, information about the maximum number of motion vector resolution indices, information about the minimum number of motion vector resolution indices, etc., but is not limited thereto. In the present description, high-level syntax means syntax that exists in a bitstream located, hierarchically, in a macroblock layer. For example, high-level syntax could indicate syntax that exists at a sequence parameter set (SPS) level, a picture parameter set (PPS) level, a slice header level, or a tile header, but is not limited to these. According to one embodiment, the processor 1720 could be configured to signal a syntax element representing the vector resolution information. 122 motion into a sequence parameter set (SPS). A video sequence could include a series of images or video frames, and a sequence parameter set could include the syntax elements transmitted in a sequence unit. According to one embodiment, the processor 1720 may be configured to signal that a syntax element represents motion vector resolution information in a picture parameter set (PPS). The picture parameter set (PPS) may be a parameter set representing multiple syntax sheets at a picture level. According to one embodiment, processor 1720 may be configured to signal that a syntax element represents motion vector resolution information in a slice header. An image may be divided into multiple slices. A slice header may represent the syntax in a slice unit. According to one embodiment, processor 1720 may be configured to signal that a syntax element represents motion vector resolution information in a tile header. An image may be divided into multiple tiles. A tile header may represent the syntax in a tile unit. QR771 n / cznz / e / Yi According to one modality, the information of 123 motion vector resolution could be encoded using variable length coding (VLC) or truncated unitary coding. According to one embodiment, by transmitting the motion vector resolution information in a high-level syntax, a bit rate could be saved so that the coding efficiency and performance could be improved. A block diagram of a video decoding apparatus according to an embodiment and a flowchart of a video decoding method according to an embodiment are shown in Figures 19 and 20, corresponding, respectively, to the video encoding apparatus and the video encoding method as described above. A block diagram of a video decoding apparatus according to one embodiment is shown in Figure 19. The video decoding apparatus 1900 according to one embodiment may include a memory 1910 and at least one processor 1920 connected to the memory 1910. Operations of the video decoding apparatus 1900 according to one embodiment may operate as individual processors or through control of a central processor. Also, the memory 1910 of the video decoding apparatus 124 1900 may store data received from the outside and data generated (e.g., motion vector resolution information, etc.) by the processor 1920. The processor 1920 of the video decoding apparatus 1900 may obtain motion vector resolution information of a bit stream by using a high-level syntax, which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units, may determine a motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined group of data units based on the motion vector resolution information, may determine a motion vector of a candidate block of at least one candidate block based on the motion vector resolution of the current block, and may determine a motion vector of the current block by using the motion vector of the candidate block as a prediction motion vector of the current block. Hereinafter, detailed operations of a video decoding method of using motion vector resolution information in a high-level syntax when applying adaptive motion vector resolution in the video decoding apparatus 1900 according to an embodiment will be described with reference to Figure 20. A flow diagram of a 125 video decoding method according to an embodiment. Referring to Figure 20, in operation S2010, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may obtain the motion vector resolution information from a bit stream by using a high-level syntax, which is a set of information that is applied to a predefined set of data units. More specifically, the high-level syntax may be one of a sequence-level syntax, a picture-level syntax, a slice-level syntax, and a tile-level syntax. According to one embodiment, the processor 1920 could be configured to obtain a syntax element representing the motion vector resolution information signaled in a set of SPS sequence parameters. According to one embodiment, the processor 1720 may be configured to obtain a syntax element representing the motion vector resolution information signaled in a picture parameter set (PPS). According to one embodiment, the processor 1720 could be configured to obtain a syntax element representing the motion vector resolution information signaled in a slice header. According to one embodiment, the 1720 processor 126 could be configured to obtain a syntax element representing the motion vector resolution information signaled in a tile header. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information could be encoded using VLC or truncated and signaled unitary coding. According to one embodiment, by obtaining the motion vector resolution information when using a high-level syntax, a bit rate could be saved so that the coding efficiency and performance could be improved. In operation S2030, the motion vector resolution of a current block included in the predefined data unit group could be determined based on the motion vector resolution information. More specifically, the motion vector resolution of the current block included in the predefined group of data unit may be determined based on at least one of the motion vector resolution information which is a group of various information related to motion vector resolution, for example, a motion vector resolution index determined by a high-level syntax and corresponding to a motion vector resolution, information about the maximum number of indices QR77 I n / C7n7 / B / YI motion vector resolution, information about 127 of the minimum number of motion vector resolution indices, etc. In operation S2050, the motion vector of at least one candidate block may be determined based on the motion vector resolution of the current block. More specifically, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine a candidate block that is used to determine a predicted motion vector of the current block. In operation S2070, the motion vector of the current block may be determined by using the motion vector of the candidate block as a prediction motion vector of the current block. According to one embodiment, the motion vector of a candidate block having a candidate motion vector resolution corresponding to an MVR of the current block may be used as the prediction motion vector of the current block, and the residual motion vector of the current block may be added to the prediction motion vector of the current block to determine a motion vector of the current block. According to one embodiment, when the candidate motion vector resolution of the candidate block is different from the motion vector resolution of the current block, the motion vector of the candidate block could 128 be adjusted to determine a prediction motion vector of the current block. A method of adjusting the candidate block motion vector will be described later with reference to Figures 26A and 26B. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may change according to information about at least one of the current block, a previously decoded block, a current tile, a previously decoded tile, a current slice, a previously decoded slice, a current picture, and a previously decoded picture. Figure 21 shows a view describing an interpolation method for determining motion vectors according to various motion vector resolutions. The video coding apparatus 1700 may determine a motion vector of a current block according to at least one candidate MVR for performing inter-prediction on the current block. A supportable candidate MVR may include an MVR of a 2k pixel unit (k is an integer). When k is greater than 0, the motion vector may indicate only integer pixels in a reference interpolated image, and when k is smaller than 0, the motion vector may indicate both sub-pixels and integer pixels. 129 For example, when a minimum MVR has a pei unit of 1 / 4, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may interpolate a reference image to generate the 1 / 4 pei unit sub-pixels and may determine a motion vector indicating the pixel that corresponds to the candidate MVR, for example, an MVR of a pei unit of 1 / 4, an MVR of a pei unit of 1 / 2, an MVR of a pei unit of 1, or an MVR of a pei unit of 2. For example, the video coding apparatus 1700 may perform interpolation on the reference image by using an n-thread finite impulse response (FIR) filter to generate the subpixels a 1 of the 1 / 2 pei unit. With respect to the 1 / 2 subpixels located in a vertical direction, the information may be realized using A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 of an integer pei unit to generate a subpixel a, and the interpolation may be performed using B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6 of an integer pei unit to generate a subpixel b. Subpixels c, d, e, and f may also be generated by the same method. The pixel values ​​of the 1 / 2 subpixels located in the vertical direction could be calculated as follows. For example, a = (A1-5χA2+20χA3+20χA4-5χA5+A6) / 32 and b = (Bl5xB2 + 20xB3+20xB4-5xB5+B6) / 32. The pixel values ​​of subpixels c, d, e and f could also be calculated by the same method. 130 The video coding apparatus 1700 may perform interpolation on subpixels located in a horizontal direction as well as subpixels located in the vertical direction by using a 6-thread FIR filter. A subpixel g may be generated by using A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, and F1, and a subpixel h may be generated by using A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, and F2. The pixel values ​​of subpixels located in the horizontal direction could also be calculated using the same method used to calculate the pixel values ​​of subpixels located in the vertical direction. For example, g = (Al-5xBl+20xCl+20xDl-5xEl+Fl) / 32. A subpixel m of the 1 / 2 pei unit located in a diagonal direction could be interpolated by using another subpixel of the 1 / 2 pei unit. In other words, a pixel value of subpixel m could be calculated as m = (a5xb+20xc+20xd-5xe+f) / 32. Once the 1 / 2 pei unit subpixels are generated, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may generate the 1 / 4 pei unit subpixels by using the integer pixels and the 1 / 2 pei unit subpixels. The video encoding apparatus 1700 may perform interpolation by using two adjacent pixels to generate 1 / 4 pei unit subpixels. Alternatively, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may generate the 131 subpixels of the 1 / 4 pei unit by directly applying an interpolation filter on the pixel values ​​of the integer pixels, without using the pixel values ​​of the subpixels of the 1 / 2 pei unit. The interpolation filter has been described as an example of a 6-thread filter, however, the video encoding apparatus 1700 could interpolate an image by using a filter having another number of threads. For example, the interpolation filter could be a 4-thread filter, a 7-thread filter, an 8-thread filter, or a 12-thread filter. The locations of pixels that could be indicated by motion vectors corresponding to a pei unit MVR of 1 / 4, a pei unit MVR of 1 / 2, a pei unit MVR of 1, and a pei unit MVR of 2 are illustrated in Figures 22A-22D, where a minimum supportable MVR is a pei unit MVR of 1 / 4. Figures 22A-22D show the coordinates (represented as black boxes) of the pixels that could be indicated by the motion vectors of a 1 / 4 pei unit MVR, a 1 / 2 pei unit MVR, a 1 pei unit MVR, and a 2 pei unit MVR with respect to the coordinates (0, 0). When a minimum MVR is the unit peí MVR of 1 / 4, the coordinates of a pixel that could be indicated by a vector 132 of motion of the unit pei MVR of 1 / 4 could be (a / 4, b / 4) (a and b are integers), the coordinates of a pixel that could be indicated by a motion vector of the unit pei MVR of 1 / 2 could be (2c / 4, 2d / 4) (c and d are integers), the coordinates of a pixel that could be indicated by a motion vector of the unit pei MVR of 1 could be (4e / 4, 4f / 4) (e and f are integers), and the coordinates of a pixel that could be indicated by a motion vector of the unit pei MVR of 2 could be (8g / 4, 8h / 4) (g and h are integers). That is, when the minimum MVR has a pei unit of 2m (m is an integer), the coordinates of a pixel that could be denoted by a pei unit of 2n MVR (n is an integer) could be (2n-m*i / 2-m, 2n-m*j / 2-m) (i and j are integers). Although a motion vector is determined according to a specific MVR, the motion vector could be represented as the coordinates in an interpolated image according to the pei unit of 1 / 4. According to one embodiment, because the video coding apparatus 1700 determines a motion vector in an interpolated image according to a minimum MVR, the video coding apparatus 1700 may multiply the motion vector (and a prediction motion vector) by an inverse number (e.g., 2-m when the minimum MVR has a pei unit of 2m (m is an integer)) of a pei unit value of the minimum MVR representing a motion vector. QR77 I n / C7n7 / B / YI 133 motion of an integer unit, so that the motion vector (and the prediction motion vector) can be represented as an integer. The motion vector of the integer unit multiplied by 2-m could be used in the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900. When a motion vector of a 1 / 2 pei unit MVR starting from the coordinates (0, 0) indicates the coordinates (2 / 4, 6 / 4) (the motion vector of the 1 / 2 pei unit is a value (1, 3) originating from multiplying the coordinates by an integer 2) and a minimum MVR has the pei unit of 1 / 4, the video coding apparatus 1700 may determine, as a motion vector, that a value (2, 6) originates from multiplying the coordinates (2 / 4, 6 / 4) indicated by the motion vector by an integer 4. When a magnitude of an MVR is smaller than the pei unit of 1, the video coding apparatus 1700 according to an embodiment may search for a block that is similar to a current block in a reference picture based on a pei subunit, with respect to a motion vector determined in a pei unit of integer, so as to perform motion prediction in the pei subunit. For example, when an MVR of a current block is QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 134 a 1 / 4 pei unit MVR, the video coding apparatus 1700 may determine a motion vector in integer pei units, interpolate a reference image to generate the subpixels in 1 / 2 pei units, and then search for a prediction block that is most similar to the current block within a range of (-1 to -1) with respect to a determined motion vector in integer pei units. Then, the video coding apparatus 1700 may interpolate the reference image to generate the subpixels in the 1 / 4 pei unit, and then search for a prediction block that is most similar to the current block within a range of (-1 to -1) with respect to the determined motion vector in 1 / 2 pei units, whereby the final motion vector of the 1 / 4 pei unit MVR is determined. For example, when a motion vector moves from integer pei unit to (-4, -3) with respect to coordinates (0, 0), the motion vector might become (-8, -6) (= (-4*2, -3*2)) at the pei unit MVR of 1 / 2, and, when the motion vector moves by (0, -1), the motion vector of the pei unit MVR of 1 / 2 might finally be determined as (-8, -7) (= (-8, -6-1)). Also, at the pei unit MVR of 1 / 4, the motion vector might change to (-16, -14) (= (-8*2, -7*2)) and when the motion vector once again moves by (-1, 0), the final motion vector QR771 n / cznz / e / Yi 135 movement of the 1 / 4 unit MVR could be determined as (-17, -14) (= (-16-1, -14)). When an MVR of a current block is larger than an MVR of a pei unit of 1, the video coding apparatus 1700 according to one embodiment may search for a block that is similar to the current block within a reference picture based on a pei unit that is larger than the pei unit of 1 with respect to a motion vector determined in an integer pei unit, so as to perform motion prediction in the largest pei unit. A pixel located at a pei unit (e.g., a pei unit of 2, a pei unit of 3, or a pei unit of 4) that is larger than the pei unit of 1 may be referred to as a super pixel. Hereinafter, a method of determining a motion vector resolution index representing a motion vector resolution as described above will be described. An example of determining a motion vector resolution index using a high-level syntax is illustrated in Figure 23. With reference to Figure 23, the motion vector resolution information could include the start resolution location information. The start resolution location information could be the information for determining the location of a motion vector resolution index. 136 motion vector resolution 0 from a predefined set of motion vectors including a plurality of resolutions arranged in descending order or ascending order. Once the motion vector resolution index 0 is determined according to the start resolution location information, the motion vector resolution indices 1, 2, etc., may be determined sequentially. Accordingly, at least one motion vector resolution index may be determined from the predefined set of motion vectors including the plurality of sequentially arranged resolutions based on the start resolution location information, and the motion vector resolution of a current block may be determined based on at least the motion vector resolution index.More specifically, a predefined resolution of the set of motion vectors 2300 is illustrated in Figure 23 and is arranged in the order of 1 / 4, 1 / 2, 1, 2, 4, ..., and the start resolution location information may be the information representing the location indicated by a thick arrow 2310. The resolution corresponding to an MVR index of 0 may be determined as the unit pei of 1 / 4 which is the resolution of the location indicated by the thick arrow 2310, based on the start resolution location information. Sequentially, the resolution corresponding to an MVR index of 1. 137 could be determined as the pei unit of 1 / 2 and the resolution corresponding to an MVR index 2 could be determined as the pei unit of 1. Another example of determining a motion vector resolution index in a high-level syntax is illustrated in Figure 24. With reference to Figure 24, the motion vector resolution information may include the motion vector resolution set information. The motion vector resolution set information may be information about a motion vector resolution set to be used from a plurality of predefined resolutions in the motion vector set. Accordingly, a motion vector resolution set from among the plurality of motion vector resolution sets may be determined based on the motion vector resolution set information. The motion vector resolution of a current block may be determined based on at least one motion vector resolution index determined based on the determined resolution in the motion vector set.A first resolution of resolutions placed, sequentially, in descending order or ascending order in the selected resolution of the motion vector set could become. QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi 138 a motion vector resolution index 0 and the next resolution may become a motion vector resolution index 1. More specifically, on the left side of Figure 24, three motion vector set resolutions 2410, 2420, and 2430 are shown, and the motion vector resolution set information may represent one of a plurality of motion vector resolution sets used. In Figure 24, a motion vector resolution set 2420 indicated by a thick arrow 2440 may represent a motion vector resolution set to be used for a current block. As shown on the right side of Figure 24, the motion vector set resolution 2420 may be determined as a motion vector resolution set.Next, the motion vector resolution set to be used for the current block is determined based on the information in the motion vector resolution set; the motion vector resolution indices may be sequentially determined from the motion vector resolution set. That is, as shown in Figure 24, the MVR index 0 may be determined as the pei unit of 1 / 4, the MVR index 1 may be determined as the pei unit of 1, and the MVR index 2 may be determined as the pei unit of. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 139 4. When another resolution is selected from the motion vector set 2410, the MVR index 0 could be determined as the pei unit of 1 / 4, the MVR index 1 could be determined as the pei unit of 1 / 2, and the MVR index 2 could be determined as the pei unit of 1. According to another embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include both information about a set of motion vector resolutions to be used among a plurality of sets of motion vector resolutions and start resolution information representing a location of a start resolution in the resolution of the motion vector set. More specifically, when a start resolution location represents a second location by the additional information representing a location in the selected resolution of the motion vector set 2420 in Figure 24, the resolution corresponding to an MVR index 0 may be a pei unit of 1, the resolution corresponding to an MVR index 1 may be the pei unit of 4, and the resolution corresponding to an MVR index 2 may be the pei unit of 8. According to another embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include at least one motion vector resolution index corresponding to at least one motion vector resolution and the 140 The motion vector resolution of a current block could be determined based at least on the motion vector resolution index. That is, a motion vector resolution index corresponding to each motion vector resolution could be obtained without using any set of motion vector resolutions. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution could be determined according to the distance between a current frame POC and a reference frame POC, rather than a motion vector resolution index. According to one embodiment, when a current frame is determined to be close to a reference frame based on a predefined threshold value and an absolute value of the difference between a POC of the current frame including a current block and a POC of the reference frame, a small MVR may be applied, and when the current frame is determined to be distant from the reference frame, a large MVR may be applied, whereby the motion vector resolution of the current block is determined. According to one embodiment, information representing whether or not an absolute value of the difference between a current frame POS and a reference frame POC is used could be obtained from a bit stream by using a high-level syntax which is a group of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units. That is, when the 141 absolute value of the difference is used, the motion vector resolution of the current block may be determined based on the absolute value of the difference and the predefined threshold value. More specifically, when the absolute value of the difference between the current frame POC and the reference frame POC is larger than a first predefined threshold value (i.e., when the reference frame is relatively distant from the current frame), a large motion vector resolution (e.g., 2, 4, or 8) may be applied, and, when the absolute value of the difference between the current frame POC and the reference frame POC is smaller than a second predefined threshold value (i.e., when the reference frame is relatively close to the current frame), a small motion vector resolution (e.g., 1 / 8, 1 / 4, or 1 / 2) may be applied. According to one embodiment, predefined resolution information corresponding to the absolute value of the difference between the current frame's POC and the reference frame's POC could be signaled for each image level, slice, or mosaic. That is, a predefined resolution could be applied according to the distance between the current frame and the reference frame. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information could include the 142 Default setting change information. When the default setting change information is 0, the previous default setting could be kept as is, and when the default setting change information is 1, additional information for changing a default setting could be obtained to update the default setting. According to one embodiment, the motion vector resolution information may include information about the maximum number of motion vector resolution indices. More specifically, the MVR index may be determined based on the information about the maximum number of MVR indices for each image, slice, or mosaic. For example, referring to Figure 23, when the information about the maximum number of MVR indices indicates that the maximum number is 4, an MVR index of 3 corresponding to the pei unit of 4 may additionally be obtained. Referring to Figure 24, an MVR index of 3 corresponding to the pei unit of 8 may be obtained from the set of motion vector resolutions 2420. According to one embodiment, information about the number of MVR indices could be encoded using VLC or truncated and signaled unitary coding. According to another embodiment, when an encoding apparatus and a decoding apparatus have the information about the minimum number of MVR indices, they could 143 information about a difference value between the number of MVR indices of a current picture, slice, or mosaic and the minimum number of MVR indices may be signaled, instead of the number of MVR indices. More specifically, a case is assumed where the minimum number of MVR indices of an encoding / decoding apparatus is 4. In this case, when the number of MVR indices of a current picture, slice, or mosaic is 4, the difference value 0 (=4-4) may be encoded by VLC or truncated unitary coding, and, when the number of MVR indices of the current picture, slice, or mosaic is 5, the difference value 1 (5 - 4) may be encoded by VLC or truncated unitary coding. Also, when the number of MVR indices of the current image, slice, or mosaic is 6, a difference value of 2 (6-4) could be encoded by VLC or truncated unitary coding. A temporal layer structure for a group of images (GOP) is illustrated in Figure 25. Referring to Figure 25, the information about the maximum number of MVR indexes, the information about the minimum number of MVR indexes, or the difference information could change according to the temporal layers. More specifically, the information about the maximum number of MVR indexes 144 MVR, information about the number of MVR indices, information about the minimum number of MVR indices, or difference information for each of images 1 and 2 corresponding to a temporal layer 0, an image 3 corresponding to a temporal layer 1, images 4 and 7 corresponding to a temporal layer 2, and images 5, 6, 8, and 9 corresponding to a temporal layer 3 could be determined as different values ​​according to the temporal layers. Hereinafter, a motion vector prediction adjustment method that is selectively performed by the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 according to an embodiment will be described with reference to Figures 26A and 26B. When an MVR of a current block is larger than a minimum MVR of the selectable candidate MVRs, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the motion vector of a candidate block that is used as a prediction motion vector of the current block. In order to adjust the prediction motion vector represented as the coordinates in an interpolated image according to a minimum MVR with an MVR of a current block, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the prediction motion vector such that the prediction motion vector QR77 I n / C7n7 / B / YI 145 prediction motion indicates that the pixels are adjacent to a pixel indicated by itself. For example, as shown in Figure 26A, adjusting a prediction motion vector A indicating a pixel 71 of coordinates (19, 20) with respect to coordinates (0, 0) with a pei unit MVR of 1 which is an MVR of a current block, the coordinates (19, 27) of the pixel 71 indicated by the prediction motion vector A could be divided by an integer 4 (i.e., scaled down). However, there is a case in which the coordinates (19 / 4, 27 / 4) corresponding to the division result do not indicate an integer pei unit. The video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the prediction motion downscale vector such that the prediction motion downscale vector indicates an integer unit. For example, the coordinates of the integer pixels that are adjacent to the coordinates (19 / 4, 27 / 4) are (16 / 4, 28 / 4), (16 / 4, 24 / 4), (20 / 4, 28 / 4), and (20 / 4, 24 / 4). In this case, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the prediction motion downscale vector A such that the prediction motion downscale vector A indicates the coordinates (20 / 4, 28 / 4) located at an upper right end, instead of the coordinates (20 / 4, 28 / 4). 146 coordinates (19 / 4, 27 / 4) and then multiplies the adjusted coordinates (20 / 4, 28 / 4) by an integer 4 (i.e., scaled up), so that a finally adjusted prediction motion vector D can be used to indicate that pixel 74 corresponds to coordinates (20, 28). Referring to Figure 26A, the prediction motion vector A before being adjusted might indicate pixel 71 and the finally adjusted prediction motion vector D might indicate pixel 74 in an integer unit located at the upper right end of pixel 71. When the video coding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 according to one embodiment adjust the prediction motion vector according to an MVR of a current block, the video coding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may cause the adjusted prediction motion vector to indicate a pixel located at an upper right end of a pixel indicated by the prediction motion vector before being adjusted. The video coding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 according to another embodiment may cause an adjusted prediction motion vector to indicate a pixel located at an upper left end of a pixel indicated by the prediction motion vector before being adjusted, a pixel located at a lower left end of the pixel, 147 or a pixel located at the bottom right corner of the pixel. According to one embodiment, when either one of an x-coordinate value and an e-coordinate value indicated by the prediction motion downscale vector indicates an integer pixel, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may increment or decrement only the remaining coordinate value so as not to indicate the integer pixel, such that the incremented or decremented coordinate value indicates an integer pixel. That is, when an x-coordinate value indicated by the prediction motion downscale vector indicates an integer pixel, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may cause the adjusted prediction motion vector to indicate an integer pixel located at an upper end of a pixel indicated by the prediction motion vector before being adjusted or an integer pixel located at a lower end of the pixel.Alternatively, when a coordinate value e indicated by the prediction motion downscale vector indicates an integer pixel, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 could cause the adjusted prediction motion vector to indicate an integer pixel located to the left of a pixel indicated by the prediction motion vector before. 148 to fit or an integer pixel located to the right of the pixel. When the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 adjust the prediction motion vector, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may select a location indicated by the adjusted prediction motion vector according to an MVR of a current block. For example, with reference to Figure 26B, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust a prediction motion vector such that the adjusted prediction motion vector indicates a pixel located at an upper left end of a pixel 81 indicated by the prediction motion vector before being adjusted when an MVR of a current block is a pei unit MVR of 1 / 2, may adjust the prediction motion vector such that the adjusted prediction motion vector indicates a pixel location 82 at an upper right end of the pixel 81 indicated by the prediction motion vector before being adjusted when the MVR of the current block is a pei unit MVR of 1, and may adjust the prediction motion vector such that the adjusted prediction motion vector indicates a pixel 84 located at a lower right end of the pixel 81 indicated by the prediction motion vector before being adjusted when the MVR of the current block is a pei unit MVR of 1. QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 149 pixel 81 indicated by the prediction motion vector before fitting when the MVR of the current block is a unit MVR of 2. The video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine a pixel indicated by the adjusted prediction motion vector based on at least one of the MVR of the current block, a prediction motion vector, information about an adjacent block, coding information, and an arbitrary pattern. The video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust a motion vector of a candidate block by considering the MVR of the current block and a minimum MVR, according to the following equation 1. Equation 1 pMV = ( (pMV >> k) + offset) << k In equation 1, pMV represents the adjusted prediction motion vector and k is a value determined according to a difference between the minimum MVR and the MVR of the current block. When the MVR of the current block is a pei unit of 2m (m is an integer), the minimum MVR is a pei unit of 2n (n is an integer) and m > n, k could be mn. According to one embodiment, k could be an index of an MVR and when the candidate MVRs include an MVR of 150 1 / 4 pei unit, 1 / 2 pei unit MVR, 1 pei unit MVR, 2 pei unit MVR, and 4 pei unit MVR, the MVR corresponding to each index of the MVRs has been shown above in Table 1. When the video decoding apparatus 1900 receives an MVR index of a bit stream, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the motion vector of a candidate block according to Equation 1 by using the MVR index as k. Also, in equation 1, >> or << represents a bit-shift operation of decreasing or increasing the magnitude of a prediction motion vector. Also, offset means a value that is added to or subtracted from the pMV in a down-scaled manner according to the k value when the pMV does not indicate an integer pixel. The offset could be defined as the different values ​​for an x-coordinate value and a y-coordinate value from a basic pMV. According to one embodiment, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may change the downscaled pMV according to the same criteria such that the downscaled pMV indicates an integer pixel. According to one embodiment, when an x-y coordinate value and a y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV do not indicate an integer pixel, the apparatus QR771 n / cznz / e / Yi 151 video encoding apparatus 1700 and video decoding apparatus 1900 may increment the x-y coordinate value and the y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV such that the x-y coordinate value and the y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV indicate an integer value, or may decrement the x-y coordinate value and the y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV such that the x-y coordinate value and the y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV indicate an integer value. Alternatively, video encoding apparatus 1700 and video decoding apparatus 1900 may round the x-y coordinate value and the y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV such that the x-y coordinate value and the y-coordinate value of the downscaled pMV indicate an integer value. According to one embodiment, when the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 adjust a motion vector of a candidate block, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may omit the downscaling and upscaling of the motion vector and adjust the motion vector on a coordinate plane in an interpolated reference picture according to a minimum MVR such that the motion vector indicates a unit of measure corresponding to an MVR of a block. 152 current. Also, according to an embodiment, when the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 adjust the motion vector of the candidate block considering the MVR of the current block and the minimum MVR, the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the motion vector according to the following equation 2, instead of equation 1. Equation 2 pMW = ( (pMV + offset) >> k) << k In equation 2, offset is applied to an original pMV and then downscaling is performed according to k, unlike equation 1 which applies offset to a downscaled pMV. The video coding apparatus 1700 may search for the motion vector of the current block with the MVR of the current block and may obtain, as a residual motion vector, the difference between the motion vector of the current block and a selectively adjusted prediction motion vector. The video coding apparatus 1700 may determine the residual motion vector according to the following equation 3 and encode the residual motion vector. In equation 3, MV is the motion vector of the 153 current block, pMW is the adjusted prediction motion vector and MVD represents the residual motion vector. Equation 3 MVD = MV - pMV When the MVR of the current block is larger than the minimum MVR, the video coding apparatus 1700 may perform residual motion vector downscaling according to equation 4 and may generate a bit stream including information representing the residual motion downscaling vector. Equation 4 MVD' = (MVD » k) In equation 4, MVD' represents the residual motion downscaling vector and k is a value determined according to the difference between the MVR of the current block and the minimum MVR, k is equal to k in equation 1. According to one embodiment, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may downscale the motion vector of the current block and the prediction motion vector (or the adjusted prediction motion vector) according to the k value and then encode the difference between the two values ​​as a residual motion vector. According to one embodiment, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may calculate the scale vector 154 downward residual motion according to the following equation 5, instead of equation 3 and equation 4. Equation 5 MVD' = (MV - pMV ) / (R * S) In equation 5, MVD' represents the residual motion downscaling vector, MV is the motion vector of the current block, and pMV' is the adjusted prediction motion vector. Also, R is a pei unit value of the MVR of the current block and is 1 / 4 when the pei unit value of the MVR of the current block is a pei unit MVR of 1 / 4. Also, S is an inverse of the pei unit value of the minimum MVR, and S is 4 when the minimum MVR is a pei unit of 1 / 4. The video decoding apparatus 1900 may restore the motion vector of the current block by using the residual motion vector and at least one of information representing the MVR of the current block obtained from the bit stream and information representing the candidate block. When the MVR of the current block is larger than the minimum MVR, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may adjust the prediction motion vector according to Equation 1 or Equation 2. When the MVR of the current block is larger than the minimum MVR, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may QR77 in / C7n7 / e / Yi 155 perform the ascending scale of the residual motion data according to the following equation 6. Equation 6 MVD'' = (MVD' « k) In equation 6, MVD' represents the down-scaling residual motion vector in the coding apparatus and MVD'' represents the up-scaling residual motion vector. k is a value determined according to a difference between the minimum MVR and the MVR of the current block, k is equal to k in equation 1. The video decoding apparatus 1900 may add a prediction motion vector adjusted, selectively, according to the difference in magnitude between the minimum MVR and the MVR of the current block and a selective upscaling residual motion vector to decode the motion vector of the current block. According to one embodiment, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine the residual motion upscaling vector according to the following equation 7, instead of equation 6. Equation 7 MVD'' = MVD' * (R * S) In equation 7, MVD' represents the residual motion downscaling vector, R represents the unit pei value of the MVR of the current block, e.g., 1 / 4 when 156 The pei unit value of the current block's MVR is a 1 / 4 pei unit MVR. Also, S is an inverse of the pei unit value of the minimum MVR and is 4 when the minimum MVR is a 1 / 4 pei unit. According to one embodiment, when the MVR of the current block is smaller than a pei unit MVR of 1, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may interpolate a reference picture according to the minimum MVR and then search for a prediction block according to the motion vector of the current block. Also, when the MVR of the current block is greater than or equal to the pei unit MVR of 1, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may search for a prediction block according to the motion vector of the current block without interpolating the reference picture. According to one embodiment, configuration information for a candidate list of motion vectors may be obtained from a bit stream by using a high-level syntax which is a group of information that is applied to a predefined group of data units. The configuration information for the candidate motion vector list represents at least one of a candidate motion vector list for at least one candidate block of the current block and a list of predefined block motion vectors corresponding, respectively, to the candidate MVRs of the current block. 157 Configuration information for the candidate motion vector list could be signaled using VLC or truncated unitary coding. More specifically, when the signaled configuration information for the candidate motion vector list is 0, both the candidate motion vector list for at least one candidate block of the current block and the motion vector list of the predefined blocks corresponding to the candidate MVRs of the current block may be used. When the signaled configuration information for the candidate motion vector list is 10, only the candidate motion vector list for at least one candidate block of the current block may be used, and when the signaled configuration information for the candidate motion vector list is 11, only the motion vector list of the predefined blocks corresponding to the candidate MVRs of the current block may be used.The candidate motion vector list for at least the candidate block may be a candidate motion vector list that is used in a skip processing mode, a direct processing mode, a join processing mode, or an Adaptive Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) processing mode that uses the candidate blocks. QR771 n / cznz / e / YiAi 158 that are adjacent, temporally or spatially, to the current block. According to another embodiment, the configuration information for the candidate motion vector list may represent whether to use the candidate motion vector list for at least the candidate block of the current block. According to another embodiment, the configuration information for the candidate motion vector list may represent only the motion vector list of the predefined blocks that correspond, respectively, to the candidate MVRs of the current block. A method of setting the motion vector list of the predefined blocks corresponding, respectively, to the candidate MVRs of the current block will be described with reference to the following Figures 27 and 28. Figure 27 shows a view describing at least one candidate block mapped 1:1 to each of at least one candidate MVR. At least one candidate block selected from among the spatial blocks and temporal blocks related to a current block could be mapped to each candidate MVR. For example, spatial blocks could include a top left block a, a top right block b, a top left block c, a top right block d, 159 an upper left outer block e, an upper right outer block f, a lower left outer block g, a lower right outer block h, a lower left block i, a lower right block j, a left block k, a right block 1, and an upper block m, which are blocks that are adjacent to the current block 50. The temporary blocks may include a block n that belongs to a reference image that has a different POC from the current block 50 and that is located at the same position as the current block 50, and a block o that is adjacent to block n. At least the candidate block selected from among the spatial blocks and the temporal blocks could be mapped to each candidate MVR and as shown in Figure 28, an MVR of a 1 / 8 pei unit could be mapped to the left block k, an MVR of a 1 / 4 pei unit could be mapped to the top block m, an MVR of a 1 / 2 pei unit could be mapped to the top left block a, an MVR of a pei unit of i could be mapped to the top left block c and an MVR of a pei unit of 2 could be mapped to the bottom left block i. The mapping relationship shown in Figures 27 and 28 is an example and various other mapping relationships could be established. An example of a mapping relationship between at least one candidate motion vector resolution and at least one candidate block is illustrated in Figure 28. QR77 I n / C7n7 / B / YI 160 According to the example shown in Figure 28, when the video coding apparatus 1700 determines an MVR of a current block as a pei unit of 1 / 8, the video coding apparatus 1700 may use a motion vector of a left block as a prediction motion vector of the current block. Also, when the video coding apparatus 1700 uses a motion vector of an upper block as a prediction motion vector of the current block, the video coding apparatus 1700 may determine an MVR of the current block as a pei unit of 1 / 4. Also, when the video decoding apparatus 1900 determines that an MVR of a current block is a 1 / 8 PIE unit, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may use a motion vector of a left block as a prediction motion vector of the current block. Also, when the video decoding apparatus 1900 determines that a motion vector of an upper block is used as a prediction motion vector of a current block, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine an MVR of the current block as a 1 / 4 PIE unit. According to one embodiment, a location of a candidate block that is mapped to each of at least one candidate MVR may be determined in the order of frequently selected prediction motion vectors when 161 The motion vectors of a predefined number of blocks in an image with an MVR of an arbitrary pei unit are determined. For example, when the number of supportable candidate MVRs is 5, 5 blocks that are frequently selected as the inter-block prediction motion vectors, including spatial blocks and temporal blocks, could be mapped to the respective candidate MVRs. According to one embodiment, when the candidate MVRs are mapped 1:1 to the candidate blocks, the candidate MVRs may be placed in an ascending order according to the sizes of the pei units, the candidate blocks may be placed in a descending order according to the number of times in which the candidate blocks are selected as the prediction motion vectors, and then, the candidate MVRs may be mapped 1:1 to the candidate blocks that respectively correspond to the rankings of the candidate MVRs. The types and numbers of candidate MVRs that can be selected for a current block may change according to information about at least one of the current block, a previously decoded block, a current tile, a previously decoded tile, a current slice, a previously decoded slice, a current picture, and a previously decoded picture. 162 Also, the locations of the candidate blocks mapped, respectively, to the candidate MVRs that may be selected for the current block may change according to information about at least one of the current block, a previously decoded block, a current tile, a previously decoded tile, a current slice, a previously decoded slice, a current picture, and a previously decoded picture. The types and numbers of the candidate MVRs selectable for a current block and the locations of the candidate blocks mapped, respectively, to the candidate MVRs selectable for the current block may be determined based on the same criteria by the video encoding apparatus 1700 and the video decoding apparatus 1900, and accordingly, although the video encoding apparatus 1700 encodes an index representing an MVR of a current block or an index representing a candidate block for the current block and transmits the index to the video decoding apparatus 1900, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine that the MVR or the candidate block corresponds to the index. According to one embodiment, the video encoding apparatus 1700 may determine whether to execute at least one processing mode of a plurality of processing modes included in at least one processing among the QR77 I n / C7n7 / B / YI 163 prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing to encode the current block, based on the motion vector resolution of the current block. Information about whether at least the processing mode is running could be encoded using a high-level syntax. According to one embodiment, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may obtain information about whether at least one processing mode is executed based on the motion vector resolution of the current block from the plurality of processing modes included in at least one of prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing to decode the current block from a bit stream by using the high-level syntax. The video decoding apparatus 1900 may decode the current block based on information about whether it executes at least the processing mode. According to one embodiment, the information about whether at least the processing mode is executed may include the default setting change information, and when the default setting change information represents that if a processing mode change is executed, the information about whether at least the processing mode is executed may be updated. Also, when the default setting change information represents that if a processing mode change is executed, the information about whether at least the processing mode is executed may be updated. 164 Default setting change means that if a processing change is executed, information about whether at least the processing mode is executed could be maintained. More specifically, when the default setting change information is 0, the information about whether at least the processing mode is executed could be used as is, and when the default setting change information is 1, the information about whether at least the processing mode is executed could be updated. Referring to Figure 25, the information about whether at least one processing mode is executed could be classified according to the temporal layers. More specifically, the information about whether at least one processing mode is executed for images 1 and 2 corresponding to temporal layer 0, image 3 corresponding to temporal layer 1, images 4 and 7 corresponding to temporal layer 2, and images 5, 6, 8, and 9 corresponding to temporal layer 3 could be determined as the different values ​​according to the temporal layers. Also, when the default setting change information represents that, if a processing mode change is executed even in the same temporal layer, the information about whether it executes at least one processing mode could be updated. More specifically, the information about whether it executes at least one processing mode 165 processing for image 5 of temporal layer 3 could be maintained in this when information 0 indicating whether execution of a processing mode is maintained is transmitted from image 6 and when information 1 indicating whether a change of processing mode is executed is transmitted from image 7, the information about whether it executes at least one processing mode could be updated. The processing modes including prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing for encoding and decoding a current block will be described with reference to the following Figure 29. Figure 29 illustrates the processing modes included, respectively, in prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing. According to one embodiment, the prediction processing may include at least one of an inter-prediction processing mode, an intra-prediction processing mode, a skip processing mode, a forward processing mode, an AMVP processing mode, an affine processing mode, a BiOptical Flow (BIO) processing mode, a side-by-side Motion Vector Derivation processing mode, and a forward-side Motion Vector Derivation processing mode. 166 Decoder (DMVD), an Illumination Compensation (IC) processing mode, an Overlapping Block Motion Compensation (OBMC) processing mode, an Interprediction Enhancement (IPR) processing mode, and a prediction block generation mode. According to one embodiment, the transform processing may include at least one of a Multiple Transform (MT) processing mode, a Non-Separable Secondary Transform (NSST) processing mode, a Rotational Transform (ROT) processing mode, a Discrete Sine Transform (DST) processing mode, and a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) processing mode. According to one embodiment, the filtering processing may include at least one of a deblocking processing mode, a Sample Adaptive Shift (SAO) processing mode, a Bilateral Filter (BF) processing mode, and an Adaptive Loop Filter (ALF) processing mode. First of all, the processing modes included 167 In prediction processing, transform processing, and filtering processing will be briefly described. For definitive descriptions of the modalities according to the description, descriptions of the detailed algorithms for the following processing modes will be omitted. The interprediction processing mode means a processing method that uses the similarity between a current image and another image. A reference block that is similar to a current block of the current image may be detected from among the previously decoded reference images of the current image, and a prediction block may be determined from the reference block. The coordinate distance between the current block and the prediction block may be represented as a motion vector, and the differences between the pixel values ​​of the current block and the pixel values ​​of the prediction block may be represented as residual data.Therefore, by performing inter-prediction for the current block, by outputting an index indicating a reference image, a motion vector, and residual data, instead of directly outputting the image information of the current block, the efficiency of encoding and decoding could be improved. Intra prediction processing mode means 168 A processing method that utilizes spatial similarity in an image. A prediction block that is similar to a current block could be generated from pixel values ​​adjacent to the current block, and the differences between the pixel values ​​of the current block and the pixel values ​​of the prediction block could be represented as residual data. By outputting information about the prediction block generation mode and residual data, rather than directly outputting the image information of the current block, the encoding and decoding efficiency could be improved. The skip processing mode may search for a reference block in a reference image by using the motion information of an adjacent block as the motion information of a current block. A prediction block determined from the reference block may be determined as the current block. Direct processing mode is a method of inter-prediction processing mode and could search for a reference block in a reference image by using the motion information of an adjacent block as the motion information of a current block and could determine a prediction block of the reference block. Then, the direct processing mode could restore the current block with a combination of residual data and the QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI 169 prediction block. The direct processing mode could be referred to as the union processing mode. The AMVP processing mode is a method of the inter-prediction processing mode and may add a motion vector of an adjacent block and a residual motion vector to determine a motion vector of a current block and search for a reference block that corresponds to the motion vector in a specified reference image based on a reference image list and a reference image index. The AMVP processing mode may then restore the current block with a combination of a prediction block and residual data. The affine processing mode represents the transformation or inverse transformation processing of a motion vector of a block representing a translational motion into a motion vector representing a rotational, zooming in or zooming out motion. The BIO processing mode represents the per-sample longitudinal motion vector enhancement processing that is performed with respect to the per-block longitudinal motion compensation for bidirectional prediction. DMVD processing mode is the technology of inducing a motion vector on the side of the 170 decoder, and induces a motion vector of a current block through pattern matching or bilateral matching. IC processing mode is the technology of increasing prediction efficiency by compensating for the illumination of a current block and / or a reference block in a reference image to increase prediction efficiency when decoding the current block in inter-prediction processing mode. OBMC processing mode is the technology of weighted sum restored pixels at a current location by a block motion and adjacent restored pixels of a current block to realize motion compensation. IPR processing mode is the technology of changing the pixel values ​​of a prediction block determined from a reference image of a current block by using a linear model between a restored block and a prediction block. The prediction block generation mode is a method of generating a prediction block of a current block in the inter-prediction processing mode, and, for example, the prediction block generation mode may include a plurality of different prediction block generation modes. High-Definition Video Coding 171 Efficiency (HEVC) describes a total of 35 types of modes including Intra Planar mode, Intra DC mode and Intral_Angular mode as the prediction block generation modes. MT processing mode is the technology of sequentially using a plurality of transform kernels to transform residual data in a spatial domain into residual data in a frequency domain, or inverse transform residual data in a frequency domain into residual data in spatial. NSST processing mode is the transform technology is performed between kernel transform and quantization and between dequantization and kernel sparse transform and NSST processing mode could be applied only to some area of ​​a current block. ROT processing mode is the technology for partially exchanging at least one of the rows and columns of a frequency coefficient matrix. Partial row or column exchange could mean partially exchanging values ​​of two rows or columns using a specific function such as a trigonometric function, rather than 1:1 exchange of values ​​of specific rows or columns. DST processing mode is the technology of transforming residual data into a spatial domain in 172 residual data in a frequency domain or the inverse transformation of residual data in a frequency domain into residual data in a spatial domain by using DST transform kernels. DCT processing mode is the technology of transforming residual data in a spatial domain into residual data in a frequency domain or the inverse transformation of residual data in a frequency domain into residual data in a spatial domain by using DCT transform kernels. Deblocking processing mode is the technology to improve a blocking artifact which is the distortion generated at the boundaries between blocks. SAO processing mode is the technology of adding an offset to a restored sample to minimize the error between a restored image and an original image. BF processing mode is the technology of replacing the pixel values ​​of a restored block with weighted averages of pixel values ​​of a current block and the pixel values ​​of an adjacent block. ALF processing mode is the technology of changing pixel values ​​by using a filter selected from a plurality of filters for each of a plurality of pixel groups included in a block. QR771 n / cznz / e / Yi 173 restored current. According to one embodiment, the order of determinations as to whether the processing modes shown in Figure 29 are applied may be set in advance. When it is determined whether a processing mode is applied according to a present syntax, a determination as to whether the other processing modes are applied may not be made according to the result of the determination. For example, once it is determined whether the skip processing mode is applied in prediction processing, a determination may be made as to whether a processing mode is applied in the order of the interprediction processing mode, the forward processing mode, and the AMVP processing mode. Once it is determined whether the skip processing mode is applied, a determination may be made as to whether the interprediction processing mode is applied.When it is determined that the skip processing mode is applied, a determination cannot be made as to whether the interprediction processing mode, the direct processing mode, or the AMVP processing mode are applied. That is, the acquisition of information related to the interprediction processing mode, the direct processing mode, and the AMVP processing mode could be skipped. According to one embodiment, when a processing mode is specified that is applicable to a current block 174 Based on an MVR of the current block, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may decode the current block in the specified processing mode. According to one embodiment, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine a processing mode that is applicable to the current block based on the MVR corresponding to the current block. The applicable processing mode may be a processing mode that is likely to be applied to the current block, and the applicable processing mode may actually be applicable to the current block or may not be applicable to the current block according to information included in a bit stream. A non-applicable processing mode, which will be described later, means a processing mode that is not likely to be applied to a current block. The MVR of the current block may mean the precision of a pixel location that may be indicated by a motion vector of the current block between pixels included in a reference image (or a reference interpolated image). The MVR of the current block may be selected from at least one candidate MVR. The at least one candidate MVR may include at least one, for example, of a 1 / 8 pei unit MVR, a 1 / 4 pei unit MVR, a 1 / 2 pei unit MVR, a 1 pei unit MVR, a 2 pei unit MVR, a 4 pei unit MVR, and QR77 in / C7n7 / e / Yi 175 an MVR of a peí unit of 8, although it is not limited to them. According to an implementation example, the candidate MVR could include only MVR. Examples of applicable processing modes or non-applicable processing modes preset for MVRs are illustrated in Figures 30-32. Referring to Figure 30, when an MVR of a current block is a pei unit of 1 / 4, it may be determined that the affine processing mode is applicable to the current block, and when an MVR of a current block is a pei unit of 1 / 2, a pei unit of 1, or a pei unit of 2, it may be determined that the DMVD processing mode is applicable to the current block. Referring to Figure 31, when an MVR of a current block is a pei unit of 1 / 4, it may be determined that the DST processing mode is not applicable to the current block, and when an MVR of a current block is a pei unit of 1 / 2, a pei unit of 1, or a pei unit of 2, it may be determined that the ROT processing mode is not applicable to the current block. Also, with reference to Figure 32, when an MVR of a current block is a 1 / 4 pei unit, it could be determined that the affine processing mode and the IC processing mode are applicable to the current block and the BF processing mode is not applicable to the current block. When a 176 MVR of a current block is a 1 / 2 pei unit, a 1 pei unit, or a 2 pei unit, it could be determined that the ROT processing mode is applicable to the current block and the OBMC processing mode and SAO processing mode are not applicable to the current block. According to one embodiment, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine at least one applicable processing mode for a current block based on a motion vector of the current block and obtain information about the applicable processing mode of a bit stream. The information about the applicable processing mode may include, for example, information about at least one of whether a processing mode is applicable and detailed setting content related to the processing mode. The video decoding apparatus 1900 may obtain information about the applicable processing mode of the bit stream and may decode the current block based on the applicable processing mode. According to one embodiment, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may determine whether to apply the applicable processing mode to the current block based on the information obtained from the bit stream and may decode the current block in the applicable processing mode according to the information obtained from the bit stream. QR771 n / cznz / e / Yi determination result. 177 According to one embodiment, decoding the current block in the applicable processing mode does not mean applying only the applicable processing mode to the current block. According to one embodiment, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may process the current block according to another processing mode from which the application needs to be determined in advance rather than the applicable processing mode, in a prescribed order, in other words, according to a prescribed syntax and then applying the applicable processing mode to the current block. Alternatively, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may process the current block according to the applicable processing mode and then decode the current block according to the other processing mode from which the application is determined according to the prescribed syntax. For example, when an applicable processing mode corresponding to an MVR is the affine processing mode, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may perform prediction processing on the current block according to the affine processing mode and may apply a processing mode included in transform processing and a processing mode included in filtering processing to the current block processed by prediction to decode the current block. 178 For example, when an applicable processing mode corresponding to an MVR is the SAO processing mode, the video decoding apparatus 1900 may apply the SAO processing mode to a current block to which both of a prediction processing processing mode and a transform processing processing mode are applied, to decode the current block. Thus far, several embodiments have been described. It will be clear that those of ordinary skill in the technical field to which the description pertains could readily make various modifications thereto without changing the essential features of the description. Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments described herein should be considered only in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation. The scope of the description is defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing detailed description, and it should be noted that all differences falling within the claims and equivalents thereof are included within the scope of the description. Meanwhile, embodiments of the description could be described as a program that is executable on a computer and that is implemented on a general-purpose digital computer that operates a program using a medium. 179 computer-readable recording medium. The computer-readable recording medium may include a storage medium, such as a magnetic storage medium (e.g., a ROM, a floppy disk, a hard disk, etc.), 5 and an optically readable medium (e.g., a CD-ROM, DVD, etc.). It is noted that, in relation to this date, the best method known to the applicant to put the aforementioned invention into practice is the one that is clear from the present description of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS Having described the invention as above, the following claims are claimed as property:

1. A video decoding method, characterized in that it comprises: obtaining, from a bit stream, a motion vector difference resolution index; obtain information from the set of motion vector difference resolutions; determining a motion vector difference resolution of a current block, based on the motion vector difference resolution index and the motion vector difference resolution set information; obtain, from the bit stream, the difference of the motion vector of the current block; adjust the motion vector difference based on the motion vector difference resolution; And obtain a motion vector of the current block using a prediction motion vector and the adjusted difference of motion vector, where the information of the set of 181 motion vector difference resolutions indicates a set of motion vector difference resolutions among a plurality of sets of motion vector difference resolutions, the set of motion vector difference resolutions includes a plurality of motion vector difference resolutions, wherein the plurality of motion vector difference resolutions are predetermined and the motion vector difference resolution index corresponds to a motion vector difference resolution among the plurality of motion vector difference resolutions included in the set of motion vector difference resolutions that is indicated by the information of the motion vector difference resolution set,where the information of the set of motion vector difference resolutions is obtained using information included in a set of parameters of, QR77 I n / C7n7 / e / YIAI sequence.

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