A novel encapsulating material suitable for use in photovoltaic modules and a method for its production.

Abstract

The invention relates to an encapsulating material suitable for use in photovoltaic modules, with improved environmental resistance, adhesion performance, optical transmittance, and potential-induced degradation (PID) resistance, and a method for obtaining this encapsulating material.

Description

1 TARIFF A novel encapsulator suitable for use in photovoltaic modules. MATERIAL AND A METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THIS ENCAPSULANT MATERIAL TECHNICAL FIELD The invention offers environmental resistance and adhesion suitable for use in photovoltaic modules. performance, optical transmittance and potential induced distortion (PID) resistance characteristics an improved encapsulating material and a method for obtaining this encapsulating material 10 It is related to. PREVIOUS TECHNIQUE Photovoltaic cells are semiconductors that convert sunlight directly into electrical energy. These are devices. This conversion process involves the interaction of photons with the semiconductor material of the cell. based on the principle of activating electrons by entering and creating an electric current It is based on. Photovoltaic technology holds an important place among renewable energy sources and 20 in various applications such as solar panels, calculators, and satellite systems It is used. Photovoltaic cells, in order to maintain their performance as intended, require specific... It should not be affected by environmental factors. Examples of such environmental factors include humidity, 25 Temperature, UV rays, and wind can be applied. Additionally, pollutants and other factors can affect photovoltaic cells. Dust can create adverse conditions. Increasing the efficiency and durability of a photovoltaic system requires ensuring that light is delivered effectively to the cells. It is important to ensure that it reaches the surface and to maintain electrical insulation. 30 For these reasons, encapsulators are used as auxiliary components in photovoltaic modules. The materials are used. Encapsulating materials are used to protect sensitive electronic components such as photovoltaic cells. 35 These are special materials used. These materials protect the cells from environmental damage, such as moisture, It protects against factors such as mechanical damage, extreme temperatures, and UV radiation. Encapsulated 2 Another technical solution provided by the use of these materials is solar panels. to maximize its efficiency and lifespan, to provide electrical insulation and overall The goal is to improve performance. Among the encapsulating materials used in the relevant technical field, those with high resistance to environmental factors (5%). strength, flexibility, high optical transmission, homogeneous adhesion performance, good dielectric properties. Properties such as character and high thermal resistance are expected. These properties are important for photovoltaic applications. This is critical to ensuring the modules have a long lifespan and operate efficiently. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is commonly used as an encapsulating material in photovoltaic modules, 10 Polyvinyl butyral, thermoplastic polyurethanes, or silicone-based materials are preferred. These materials protect photovoltaic cells from mechanical shocks while also By providing high light transmittance, the cells efficiently utilize energy from sunlight. It enables production. However, in the relevant technical field, EVA and other encapsulating materials used in photovoltaics The formation of byproducts that trigger cellular aging is a common problem. For example, the mechanical, thermal, and cross-linking reactions of EVA are observed. The resulting acetic acid byproduct causes aging in photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, exposure of EVA to environmental factors increases the module's voltage potential by 20. by altering and creating leakage current paths the ion mobility within the module This accelerates the process. This situation negatively affects module performance and longevity. It can have an impact. The use of EVA as an encapsulating material results in high adhesion in photovoltaic modules. Although it provides optical transparency, the low PID resistance results in poor cell performance. This leads to moisture loss. Furthermore, the inadequate barrier effect against water vapor prevents moisture from reaching the photovoltaic surface. It allows penetration into the module, causing corrosion and delamination, while affecting thermal resistance. Because of its low content, it can decompose at high temperatures. Prolonged exposure to UV rays. Problems such as yellowing and decreased optical transmittance occur when exposed for a long time. 30 This is due to the non-homogeneity of cross-linking reactions, which affects mechanical strength. While affecting it, oxygen and gas permeability can cause cellular oxidation. Its weak volumetric stability leads to problems with shrinkage and expansion. This causes the cells inside the module to shift or a short circuit to occur. 35 3 In conclusion, all the problems mentioned above relate to photovoltaic modules in the relevant technical field. research and development of new encapsulating materials suitable for use It requires. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 5 As is known in technology, photovoltaic modules require special protection, especially against environmental factors. The use of encapsulating materials is involved. EVA can be used as an encapsulating material. PVB, TPU, or silicone-based materials are preferred. However, these materials... This causes aging reactions in photovoltaic cells, due to inadequate mechanical and thermal 10 such as exhibiting characteristics and potentially causing degradation effects. There are technical drawbacks. The current inventors have technical limitations for photovoltaic modules. It aims to develop a new encapsulating material that offers solutions and advantages. On the other hand, the use of EVA and other materials as encapsulating materials has resulted in 15... In order to resolve the resulting problems, EVA and other materials are being used as alternatives. The use of alternative polymers such as polyolefin elastomers (abbreviated as POE) is on the agenda. POE has improved in terms of PID (Potentially Induced Degradation) and moisture resistance compared to EVA. Despite offering superior properties in this regard, it has poor adhesion to glass and cells. 20 important issues such as bubble formation during lamination and long lamination times It has disadvantages. The aim of the invention is to create photovoltaic modules with increased resistance to PID (Process Control). The goal is to develop an encapsulating material. This will enable photovoltaic modules to generate energy. This ensures improved performance and extended service life. 25 The aim of the invention is to prevent moisture-induced corrosion within photovoltaic modules and By preventing delamination, the environmental durability of the photovoltaic module is increased. The goal is to develop an encapsulating material. The aim of the invention is to prevent bubble formation during lamination. a multilayered encapsulating material in which production times are shortened and production efficiency is increased to reveal. The aim of the invention is to compare glass and photovoltaic 35 with POE-containing encapsulated materials. The goal is to develop an encapsulating material with better adhesion to cells. 4 The aim of the invention is to improve optical transmittance compared to POE-containing encapsulating materials. The goal is to create an enhanced encapsulating material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 shows the FTIR spectroscopy view of the EPE obtained in the invention. Figure 2 shows the DSC curve view of the EPE material obtained in the invention. Figure 3 shows the Raman spectrometric appearance of the EPE material obtained in the invention. 10 It has been given. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In this detailed description, the subject of the invention is a 15 suitable for use in photovoltaic modules. This relates to encapsulating material; it is solely intended to improve understanding of the subject. This is explained with examples that will not create a limiting effect. Encapsulating materials for protecting the cells in photovoltaic modules. These materials are used by surrounding photovoltaic cells, especially the outer 20 It provides protection from external factors. It also ensures the operation of photovoltaic modules. It plays a role in increasing its efficiency and lifespan. Photovoltaic modules must contain components to deliver the expected performance. It contains multiple components. From the bottom layer to the top layer, it has 25 components. Generally; back coating, back encapsulating material, photovoltaic cells, front encapsulating material. It consists of a protective glass layer and a protective coating. Accordingly, in photovoltaic modules, the main components, the photovoltaic cells, are arranged in a sandwich structure. It contains encapsulating materials that enable it to be sealed. Having two of them costs 30. In this case, the encapsulating materials are positioned on top of the cells for pre-encapsulation. as the posterior encapsulating material for the material and cells located beneath it It can be named. In this invention, the term potential induction distortion (PID) is used. This term, 35 The electrical performance of photovoltaic modules is affected by environmental and electrical factors. It refers to degradation, especially in photovoltaic modules, between the cells and the ground. External factors such as high voltage differences, humidity, and temperature can lead to electrical leaks. This causes a deterioration in the electrical properties of the cells. PID uses energy in this process. which leads to a decrease in production capacity and a shortened lifespan of the module It is identified as a significant problem. In this context, the low PID resistance of EVA material and its inadequate moisture protection, Lack of thermal resistance and stability issues, areas that need to be developed and improved. These shortcomings have been considered as fundamental characteristics. These deficiencies affect the long lifespan of photovoltaic modules. and are significant factors that limit its efficient operation. The inventors, as a result of their research and development efforts, have developed POE. It exhibited good performance in terms of technical specifications as an encapsulating material. It has been determined that POE can be applied to glass or photovoltaic cells using EVA and similar materials. It does not offer good adhesion properties, and it also causes bubble formation during lamination. It has been determined that it cannot provide sufficient mechanical resistance. This situation means that POE 15 Its use as an encapsulating material presents some technical challenges. As a result of their research, the inventors have found that the encapsulating material can have multiple layers. They determined that it must have a structure consisting of layers. This structure is made of glass and To ensure good adhesion to photovoltaic cells and to prevent bubble formation 20 using EVA to resolve problems, on the other hand, increasing PID resistance, To enhance moisture protection and improve thermal resistance and stability. It envisages POE taking on the task. This approach combines the advantages of both materials. By combining these elements, the aim is to offer a more efficient and durable encapsulating structure. Accordingly, the encapsulating material subject to the invention must contain at least one EVA layer. It includes a content layer and at least one POE content layer. In a preferred application, the POE-containing layer is surrounded by EVA-containing layers. It forms a sandwich-like structure. In this configuration, the POE-containing layer is 30 layers deep. The innermost layers contain EVA, while the outermost layers are located within the outermost layers. This arrangement ensures that each By ensuring the best possible combination of the technical advantages of the two materials, both adhesion and in terms of mechanical durability as well as PID resistance, moisture protection and thermal resistance. It offers superior performance. 35 The POE-containing layer is positioned within the inner layer of the encapsulating material to trap moisture and water. It provides a superior barrier against POE vapor from long hydrocarbon chains. 6 It has a nonpolar structure formed by water molecules (POE). This nonpolar structure allows water molecules to interact with water molecules (POE). by preventing its movement throughout, preventing water vapor from reaching the cells and connections. It prevents corrosion and delamination. Furthermore, it contains POE. The layer prevents moisture from the outer layers from penetrating into the module, thus protecting the photovoltaic system. It also prevents damage to other components of the module. 5 In addition, the POE-containing layer increases the PID resistance of the encapsulating material. PID (Potential Induced Distortion) refers to leakage currents that typically accumulate on the module surface. This occurs due to ionic permeability, which is the fundamental cause of these currents. POE's Its non-polar structure reduces ionic conductivity, thus providing electrical insulation. Inside 10 The POE-containing layer located within the encapsulating layer acts as an electrical barrier for the encapsulating material. when constructed, the low dielectric constant creates a barrier between the photovoltaic cell and the ground. It also minimizes distortions caused by high potential differences. This Its properties make the POE-containing layer an ideal inner layer material for photovoltaic modules. It makes it into this state. 15 The POE-containing layer provides flexibility and mechanical support to the encapsulating material. This is due to the presence of loose bonds between the polymer chains, which makes POE advantageous. This allows it to exhibit a flexible structure. This flexibility occurs during the lamination process. by exhibiting resistance to mechanical stresses such as thermal expansion and contraction 20 It helps to preserve the integrity of the material. Furthermore, when the POE-containing layer functions as an inner layer, the layers between them... By ensuring that the voltages are distributed evenly, the photovoltaic module can withstand cracking and This prevents it from deforming. This feature ensures the module's long lifespan and 25 This enables it to maintain its performance in a sustainable manner. The polyolefin elastomer copolymer within the POE-containing layer consists of ethylene and alpha olefins. coming together to form a molecular chain consisting of saturated carbon-carbon bonds It is a copolymer. Because it has a saturated molecular chain, it is a polyolefin 30. A potential aging-causing effect exists between elastomer copolymer and photovoltaic cells. No reaction occurs. Similarly, thanks to this structure, polyolefin Elastomer materials are corrosion-resistant materials. The POE-containing layer contains polyolefin elastomer copolymers with ethylene and EN 35. There are only a few alpha olefins. Alpha olefins include propylene, butene, hexene, and octene. At least one of the options from the group is preferred. 7 Accordingly, the main component in the POE-containing layer is a polyolefin elastomer copolymer. as ethylene-1-octene copolymer, metallocene polyethylene elastomer, ethylene butene copolymer, At least one of the ethylene-1-butene groups is present. Within the POE-containing layer. 95% to 99% by weight of ethylene and at least one alpha olefin Polyolefin elastomer copolymer material obtained as a result of polymerization 5 It includes. The POE-containing layer preferably includes at least one cross-linking agent. The aforementioned crosslinking agent facilitates the crosslinking of chains within POE. The increase in mechanical strength values ​​and thermal properties of the encapsulating material is 10%. This ensures its improvement and makes it more resistant to environmental conditions. In the invention, peroxide, silane, and phenolic resin functional groups are used as crosslinking agents. compounds containing at least one of the following or compounds containing one of the zinc or magnesium ions It is located there. In a preferred application, at least one peroxide functional is used as a crosslinking agent. A compound containing the crosslinking group peroxide functional group is used. Compounds containing O-(2-ethylhexyl)O,O-tert-pentyl peroxide, t-amyl(2- ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, isocyanuric acid triallyl ester, triallyl isocyanurate, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, tert-amyl 20 hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexane-1-ol, O,O-tert-butyl O-(2-ethylhexyl)peroxycarbonate, tert-butyl- hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexylchloroformate, 2-ethylhexanol, tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate, At least one of the tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexylcarbonate groups is preferred. The POE-containing layer must contain at least one 25-bit or higher concentration of 0.5% to 2.5% by weight. It contains a cross-linking agent. The intended adhesion of the encapsulating material, which is the subject of the invention, is... having properties such as strength, moisture resistance, penetration resistance, and formability. For this, the crosslinking agent reacts with the other components in specific weight ratios to cross-link. Obtaining the specified binding rates is critical. Using more than the specified weight ratio is problematic. In this case, the crosslinker, along with other components, causes side reactions during polymerization. They can quickly leave the scene together and may not produce the desired effect. Physical effects on encapsulating material when used in amounts less than those specified. This can cause deterioration or prolong the curing time. The POE-based layer contains at least one UV absorbing agent. UV 35 The absorbing agent absorbs ultraviolet rays, thereby protecting the material and protecting the photovoltaic cell underneath from damage that may be caused by UV rays 8 It is located within this layer to provide this. In this way, the encapsulating material Maintaining mechanical properties and transparency throughout exposure to UV rays. This is possible. The final product has an impact on the efficiency and lifespan of photovoltaic modules. It shows positive effects. The POE-containing layer contains Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- as a UV absorber. piperidyl) sebacate, sebakic acid, decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate, octabenzone, Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) At least one from the benzophenone group is preferred. The POE-containing layer must contain at least one element with a value between 0.05% and 0.15% by weight. It contains a UV absorbing agent. UV absorber in the weight ratios specified in the invention. The use of agent(s) improves the stability of the final product and protects it from UV radiation. The aim is to minimize any negative impacts that may arise. The POE-containing layer contains at least one silane-based linker. This... Silane-based binder, main component polyolefin elastomer copolymer with added components. To establish the link between them, the mechanical and physical properties of the encapsulating material. It is used to increase and improve moisture resistance of the encapsulating material. It increases its integrity and durability. 20 As a silane-based binder within the POE-containing layer, 3- methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinylsilane oligomer, trimethoxyethylene, ethyleneyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(vinyl)silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, y- Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane contains at least one member of the methacryloxysilane group. 25 The POE-containing layer must contain at least one element with a value between 0.25% and 0.75% by weight. It contains a silane-based binder. If used below the stated weight ratios... Silane-based binder provides sufficient strength for the target product, the encapsulating material. This prevents it from being provided. If used above the specified value, 30 When using a silane-based binder, the shape of the target product, the encapsulating material, is determined. what will happen if it cannot be given and the activity of other features decreases in a high way. It will have certain strength values. As previously characterized, the inner layer, the POE-containing layer, has 35 layers at the top and bottom. There are at least two outer layers located in its vicinity. This allows the inner layer to connect to the outer layer. It forms a sandwich structure between the layers. 9 The outer layer primarily consists of EVA material. EVA is the component of the POE-containing layer. It is used to improve adhesion performance to glass and photovoltaic modules. As is known, POE provides many technical solutions and advantages as an encapsulating material. EVA has very poor adhesion to glass and photovoltaic modules in the places where it will be positioned. It improves the adhesion performance of the encapsulating material by addressing the deficiency. Also, 5 EVA undergoes a cross-linking reaction during the lamination process, forming a photovoltaic module. It strongly connects its components and ensures mechanical integrity. With its high adhesion properties, it provides a homogeneous bond to the glass, photovoltaic cell and back protective layer. By bonding in this way, it prevents delamination, while its transparent structure allows sunlight to pass through. It maximizes the transfer of energy and increases the energy efficiency of the module. Lamination 10 By controlling gas release during the process, it prevents bubble formation, which improves optics and... It maintains electrical efficiency. The EVA-based layer physically and chemically stabilizes the POE in the inner layer. POE's functions in improving water vapor barrier and PID resistance are more efficient. 15 It makes it so. Depending on all these factors, the EVA layer provides protection over the POE in the inner layer. By creating a layer, it both optimizes the performance of POE and photovoltaics. It increases the mechanical strength of the module. The adhesion, optical transmittance and 20 of the EVA layer Environmental protection functions are compatible with POE's PID resistance and water vapor barrier properties. This ensures the module has a long lifespan and high performance. It provides. The EVA-based layer primarily contains EVA polymer, while also containing 25 This layer includes components that support the achievement of the goals. This The components ensure that the outer layer is permeable to sunlight and provides adhesive strength. to increase its strength, make it resistant to environmental factors, and ensure its longevity. It provides. Accordingly, the EVA-based layer consists of EVA as the main component, making up 95% to 95% by weight. It contains approximately 99%. The EVA-based layer preferably contains at least one cross-linking agent. The resulting cross-linking agent cross-links the chains within the EVA, resulting in 35 The increase in mechanical strength values ​​and thermal properties of the encapsulating material. This ensures its improvement and makes it more resistant to environmental conditions. In the invention, peroxide, silane, and phenolic resin functional groups are used as crosslinking agents. compounds containing at least one of the following or compounds containing one of the zinc or magnesium ions It is located there. In a preferred application, at least one peroxide functional 5 is used as a crosslinking agent. A compound containing the crosslinking group peroxide functional group is used. Compounds containing O-(2-ethylhexyl)O,O-tert-pentyl peroxide, t-amyl(2- ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, isocyanuric acid triallyl ester, triallyl isocyanurate, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, tert-amyl hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexane-1-ol, O,O-tert-butyl O-(2-ethylhexyl)peroxycarbonate, tert-butyl-10 hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexylchloroformate, 2-ethylhexanol, tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate, At least one of the tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexylcarbonate groups is preferred. The EVA-containing layer must contain at least 0.5% to 2.5% by weight of a certain type of algae. It contains a cross-linking agent. The intended adhesion of the encapsulating material subject to the invention is 15. having properties such as strength, moisture resistance, penetration resistance, and formability. For this, the crosslinking agent reacts with the other components in specific weight ratios to cross-link. Obtaining the specified binding rates is critical. Using more than the specified weight ratio is problematic. In this case, the crosslinker interacts with other components through side reactions during polymerization. They can quickly leave the area together and may not produce the desired effect. 20 Physical effects on encapsulating material when used in amounts less than those specified. This can cause deterioration or prolong the curing time. The EVA-based layer contains at least one UV absorbing agent. UV The absorbing agent absorbs ultraviolet rays, thereby protecting the material and 25 protecting the photovoltaic cell underneath from damage that may be caused by UV rays It is located within this layer to provide this. In this way, the encapsulating material Maintaining mechanical properties and transparency throughout exposure to UV rays. This is possible. The final product has an impact on the efficiency and lifespan of photovoltaic modules. It shows positive effects. 30 The EVA-based layer contains Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4- as a UV absorbing agent. piperidyl) sebacate, sebakic acid, decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate, octabenzone, Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) At least one from the benzophenone group is preferred. 35 11 The EVA layer contains at least one element in the range of 0.05% to 0.15% by weight. It contains a UV absorbing agent. UV absorber in the weight ratios specified in the invention. The use of agent(s) improves the stability of the final product and protects it from UV radiation. The aim is to minimize any negative impacts that may arise. The EVA-based layer contains at least one silane-based binder. This... Silane-based binder, main component polyolefin elastomer copolymer with added components. To establish the link between them, the mechanical and physical properties of the encapsulating material. It is used to increase and improve moisture resistance of the encapsulating material. It increases its integrity and durability. 10 As a silane-based binder within the EVA-based layer, 3- methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinylsilane oligomer, trimethoxyethylene, ethyleneyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(vinyl)silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, y- Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane contains at least one member of the methacryloxysilane group. 15 The EVA-containing layer must contain at least one element in the range of 0.25% to 0.75% by weight. It contains a silane-based binder. If used below the stated weight ratios... Silane-based binder provides sufficient strength for the target product, the encapsulating material. This causes it to become unavailable. If used above the specified value, 20 When using a silane-based binder, the shape of the target product, the encapsulating material, is determined. what will happen if it cannot be given and the activity of other features decreases in a high way. It will have certain strength values. In the preferred application, the encapsulating material subject to the invention is a 25-compartment EVA-POE-EVA compound. It has a layered configuration. It has this type of layered arrangement. The encapsulating material can be abbreviated as EPE in this text. Within this structure, POE This EVA-based layer has a greater thickness compared to other EVA-based layers. This is because the inner layer provides a higher water vapor barrier and increases PID resistance. The aim is to prevent moisture and water from reaching the photovoltaic cells. By preventing this, it ensures that the cells live longer. In a preferred application, the thickness of the POE-containing layer is between 250 and 400 µm. It is valuable. 35 12 As mentioned, the connection between the POE-based layer and the EVA-based layer is EVA-based. The layer thickness ratio will be between 1:1.5 and 1:2, with the POE content layer being the same. There is a ratio of value. The invention, in another aspect, has a multi-layered structure as characterized in the invention itself. The invention relates to a method for obtaining encapsulating material. The method described in the invention is... The process includes the following steps: - Adding the POE-based component to the reaction medium containing a stirrer and the process The ambient temperature is 10% within the range of 35 to 55 °C, which is the temperature it can see. adjustment, - peroxide, silane linker, crosslinker or UV can be added to the aforementioned reaction medium. At least one of the absorber groups must be added as an auxiliary component, and this Mixing is necessary to ensure the mixture obtained by adding the components is homogeneous. subjected to the procedures, 15 - the homogeneous mixture obtained upon completion of the mixing process left to rest, - The EVA-based component is simultaneously introduced into a reaction medium containing a stirrer. its addition, at a temperature range of 35 to 55 °C, which is the temperature at which it can be processed. Adjusting the ambient temperature, 20 - peroxide, silane linker, crosslinker or UV can be added to the aforementioned reaction medium. At least one of the absorber groups must be added as an auxiliary component, and this Mixing is necessary to ensure the mixture obtained by adding the components is homogeneous. being subjected to the procedures, - 25 of the homogeneous mixture obtained after the mixing process is complete left to rest, - for extrusion processes of the resulting POE-containing mixture and EVA-containing mixture Loading into separate feeding chambers using a vacuum system, - The POE-containing mixture is advanced from its own feed hopper through the extruder. ensuring that the processes are carried out and that the extrusion temperature during this process is 72 30 a value between 85 °C - The EVA-containing mixture is advanced from its own feed hopper through the extruder. ensuring that the processes are carried out and that the extrusion temperature during this process is 62 a value between 75 °C - In both materials, the inner layer of the molds contains a POE-based mixture, while the outer layers are 35. The EVA-containing layers will be directed to both sides and the molding processes will be carried out. The production and lamination processes result in the production of EPE material. 13 - The EPE material obtained after the molding process is cooled and shaped. for processing, conveying to the roller system and forming layers of specific thicknesses. Obtaining EPE containing. 5 for reaction environments containing POE-based materials and EVA-based materials. The given temperatures are suitable temperature ranges for processing these materials. In order to homogenize the reaction medium containing POE and auxiliary components, They are subjected to mixing processes for at least 6 hours. After this period... These components can be distributed homogeneously during mixing. 10 The homogeneous mixture containing POE and auxiliary components should be at least 24 in a preferred application. It is left to rest in the silo for an hour. This stage allows the mixture to become more homogeneous. It is necessary for it to arrive and for the chemical components to react completely. In order to homogenize the reaction medium containing EVA and auxiliary components, The mixture is subjected to mixing processes for at least 4 hours. After this period... These components can be distributed homogeneously during mixing. The homogeneous mixture containing EVA and auxiliary components is preferably applied in 8 to 12 20 applications. It is then left to rest in the silo for an hour. This stage allows the mixture to become more... for it to become homogeneous and for the chemical components to react completely is required. In a preferred application, 25 extruders producing mixtures containing EVA and mixtures containing POE. The pressure is applied to the molds at a range of 8 to 10 rpm. At this pressure value... transmission, flow at a speed sufficient to ensure homogeneous distribution of mixtures the execution of the processes and shaping operations at the desired temperatures It makes its realization possible. The temperature for the aforementioned molding processes is between 90 and 100 °C. (Specified) The mold temperature range allows both POE and EVA materials to achieve the desired shape and physical characteristics. These are the temperatures that will allow the material to acquire its properties. This temperature range determines the material's characteristics. homogeneous ejection from the mold, correct cross-linking reactions This ensures that the material's optical and mechanical properties are preserved. 35 It also optimizes the material handling process by increasing production efficiency. 14 EPE material is obtained as a result of molding processes. This material is then... The product is conveyed to the roller system for shaping and controlled cooling processes. Here Obtaining layers with target thickness values ​​and controlled cooling process It is preferably processed with more than one roller for this purpose. The EPE material obtained as the first step is processed in silicone rollers. This is ensured. In this process step, the temperature of the rollers is quite low and high The aim is to create a shock effect in the material by causing a sudden transition from a high to a low temperature. This is achieved by setting a temperature between 1 and 5 °C. This shock effect ensures rapid cooling of the material, resulting in a uniform 10°C. This is done to shape the material and control thermal stresses. Shock freezing causes the material to rapidly transition to a low temperature, which in turn causes shrinkage and Minimizing expansion, thus preventing the formation of marks or deformations on the surface. It also prevents rapid cooling, making cross-linking reactions more efficient. This ensures the realization of the problem and increases the mechanical strength of the material. 15 Another process involves processing EPE materials in patterned rollers. This is achieved by processing EPE on these patterned rollers, resulting in a rough surface. This is ensured. The purpose of creating a rough surface is to allow photovoltaic modules to... The aims are to increase adhesion strength, improve optical efficiency, and reduce static electricity. 20 The rough surface obtained using a patterned steel roller makes the material resistant to glass and... It ensures better adhesion to photovoltaic cells, thus improving the mechanical durability of the module. It strengthens energy production. Additionally, it allows light to be distributed more efficiently across the surface. It increases its efficiency. The rough surface reduces the impact of external factors (dust, dirt, water) on the module surface. By reducing it, it makes cleaning easier and increases its resistance to environmental factors. Same 25 By preventing the accumulation of static electricity over time, it prevents traces that may occur during production. It is valid. The temperature of the aforementioned patterned steel rollers is between 36 and 45 °C. This temperature is valuable. It optimizes the plastic properties of the material, resulting in a smooth pattern. It ensures that the energy is transferred in this way, while also reducing the risks of stress and deformation. As the final processing step, EPE is applied using rollers at room temperature. The material is processed. These rollers work all over the material. It is used to ensure a balanced temperature distribution. In a preferred application, 35 antistatic properties are used during the aforementioned rolling processes. Threads are used. This thread causes an accumulation of electrical charge on the surface of the material. It prevents and ensures proper processing of the material. Antistatic rope, It prevents the accumulation of marks or dust on the material surface, which improves the quality of the final product. It increases. The inventors obtained this by combining EVA-POE-EVA containing layers (EPE). FTIR analyses were performed on encapsulating materials. These analyses were conducted using Perkin 5. Using the Elmer 400 instrument, images were captured in the range of 500 to 4000 cm⁻¹, with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ and 16 It was recorded by scanning. In the obtained spectrum, 2917.23, 2849.75, 1466.17, 1371.10 and Peaks of 719.64 cm⁻¹ indicate the characteristic CH tensile and bending vibrations of polyethylene. This has confirmed that EPE is a polyethylene-based polymer. Furthermore, 1735.92 and Peaks of 1699.20 cm⁻¹ indicate the stretching vibrations of carbonyl groups (C=O) in polyethylene. oxidation products that may be formed during thermal processes (e.g., ketones or (esters) indicate the presence of EPE. Peaks in the 1300-800 cm⁻¹ range indicate EPE. This corresponds to different chemical structures, such as the additives in the material; The results of the analyses are shared in Figure 1. The thermal properties of EPE, as characterized in the invention, were determined using DSC (Differential Scanning). The analyses were performed using the calorimeter method; these analyses were carried out on a TA Instruments DSC250 device. in a nitrogen atmosphere, at a temperature range of -70°C to 200°C and at 10°C / minute. This was carried out with the heating rate. As a result of the analysis, the thermal decomposition temperatures and melting points were determined. and curing temperatures were determined so that the films could perform at the appropriate temperatures. It was checked whether it showed any difference. Studies showed that in EPE obtained after lamination... An increase in melting temperature indicates an increase in the thermal resistance of the material. This has been shown to have an effect on cross-linking reactions in encapsulating materials. It reveals its positive effects. The results are shared in Figure 2. Non-destructive chemical analysis of the EPE characterized in the invention, Dispersif Raman This analysis was performed using spectrometry; in this analysis, the chemical structure, crystal structure, and By identifying the phases, which are critical for the efficiency and durability of PV panels, Material compatibility and purity were checked; the results of these studies are shown in Figure 3. is being shared. 30 The EPE characterized in the invention has shrinkage, separation strength, and cross-linking ratio. It has been subjected to tests. In the shrinkage test, the rolls were 10 cm x 20 cm in size. The prepared samples were placed on Teflon (PTFE) in an oven at 120 °C for 3 minutes. It has been kept in storage. According to standards, ±2% for the short sides of the sample and rolls, and 35% for the long sides. For the edges, there is a tolerance of ±3% for shrinkage or expansion. 16 The scope of protection of the invention is specified in the claims attached hereto, and these details are strictly adhered to. The explanation cannot be limited to those given for illustrative purposes. Because a technically skilled person... the person, without deviating from the main theme of the invention, in light of what has been described above, similar It is clear that these structures can emerge.

Claims

17 REQUESTS 1. The invention relates to at least one photovoltaic cell located under a photovoltaic module. and / or an encapsulating material located on top of it, characterized by its containing the following: a small inner layer, at least two outer layers located above and below the inner layer. 5 including having a layered structure and - polyolefin elastomer copolymer as the main component in the inner layer, - The outer layers contain ethylene vinyl acetate as their main component.

2. An encapsulating material conforming to Claim 1, whose characteristic is that the inner layer in question The polyolefin elastomer copolymer it contains uses propylene and butene as olefins. It must contain at least one of the hexene and octene groups.

3. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements and whose characteristic is; an inner layer of 15 polyolefin elastomer copolymer, ethylene-1-octene copolymer, which is included in its composition, metallocene polyethylene elastomer, ethylene butene copolymer, ethylene-1-butene copolymer being one of the group.

4. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements, and whose characteristic is that its inner layer is 20 polyolefin elastomer as the main component by weight of at least 95%. It contains a copolymer.

5. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements, and whose characteristic is; its inner layer It must contain at least one cross-linking agent. 25 6. It is an encapsulating material that conforms to Claim 5 and has the characteristic of having an inner layer that contains Peroxide, silane, and phenolic resin functional groups as crosslinking agents. at least one of the compounds containing or containing one of the zinc or magnesium ions It must contain at least one of the following compounds: 30 7. A suitable encapsulating material conforming to claim 6, whose characteristic is; inner layer containing O-(2-ethylhexyl)O,O-tert-pentyl peroxide, t-amyl(2- ethylhexyl monoperoxycarbonate, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, tert-amyl hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexane-1-ol, O,O-tert-butyl O-(2-ethylhexyl)peroxycarbonate, tert-butyl-35 hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexylchloroformate, 2-ethylhexanol, tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate, at least one of the tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexylcarbonate groups cross-linked It contains a binding agent. 18 8. An encapsulating material conforming to one of claims 5-7, whose characteristic is; its inner layer It contains at least one crosslinking agent with a value between 0.5 and 2.5 by weight. It contains agents.

9. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements, characterized by its inner layer being 5 It must contain at least one UV absorber-binding agent.

10. An encapsulating material conforming to Claim 9, characterized by its inner layer containing UV rays. Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, sebakic acid, as an absorbent agent. decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate, octabenzone, 10 Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) benzophenone It must include at least one of the following groups.

11. An encapsulating material conforming to either claim 9 or 10, whose characteristic is; inner layer It contains at least one UV absorber with a weight between 0.05 and 0.

15. It contains agents.

12. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements, and whose characteristic is; its inner layer It must contain at least one silane-based binder.

13. An encapsulating material conforming to claim 12, characterized by its inner layer. 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinylsilane oligomer as silane-based binders, trimethoxyethylene, ethyleneyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(vinyl)silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxysilane It must contain at least one of the following groups. 25 14. An encapsulating material conforming to either claim 12 or 13, whose characteristic is; inner layer containing at least one silane-based substance with a value between 0.25 and 0.75 by weight. It contains a binder.

15. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements, and whose characteristic is; its outer layer It must contain at least 95% EVA by weight as its main component.

16. An encapsulating material that conforms to one of the previous requirements; its characteristic is that its outer layer It must contain at least one cross-linking agent. 35 19 17. An encapsulating material conforming to Claim 16, characterized by its outer layer containing a structure. Peroxide, silane, and phenolic resin functional groups as crosslinking agents. at least one of the compounds containing or containing one of the zinc or magnesium ions It must contain at least one of the following compounds:

18. An encapsulating material conforming to claim 16 or 17, whose characteristic is that its outer layer containing O-(2-ethylhexyl)O,O-tert-pentyl peroxide, t-amyl(2- ethylhexyl monoperoxycarbonate, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, tert-amyl hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexane-1-ol, O,O-tert-butyl O-(2-ethylhexyl)peroxycarbonate, tert-butyl- hydroperoxide, 2-ethylhexylchloroformate, 2-ethylhexanol, tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl 10 carbonate, at least one of the tert-amylperoxy 2-ethylhexylcarbonate groups cross-linked It contains a binding agent.

19. An encapsulating material conforming to one of claims 15-18, whose characteristic is; its inner layer It contains at least one crosslinking agent with a weight between 0.5 and 2.5 wt%. It contains agents.

20. An encapsulating material that conforms to one of the previous requirements, and whose characteristic is; its outer layer It must contain at least one UV absorber-binding agent.

21. An encapsulating material conforming to claim 20, characterized by its outer layer containing a structure. Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, sebakic acid, as a UV absorbing agent. decanedioic acid, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) decanedioate, octabenzone, Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, 2-hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) benzophenone It must contain at least one of the following groups. 25 22. An encapsulating material conforming to either claim 20 or 21, whose characteristic is; external The layer contains at least one UV ray with a value between 0.05 and 0.15 by weight. It contains an absorbent agent.

23. An encapsulating material that conforms to one of the previous requirements, and whose characteristic is; its outer layer It must contain at least one silane-based binder.

24. An encapsulating material conforming to claim 23, characterized by its outer layer containing a structure. 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinylsilane oligomer, 35 as silane-based binder trimethoxyethylene, ethyleneyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(vinyl)silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, 3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxysilane It must include at least one of the following groups.

25. An encapsulating material conforming to either claim 23 or 24, whose characteristic is; inner layer It contains at least one silane-based compound with a value between 0.25 and 0.75 by weight. It contains a binder.

26. An encapsulating material that meets one of the previous requirements and whose characteristic is; EVA content. Layer thickness will be determined as follows: layer:POE-containing layer, layer:EVA-containing layer. The ratios should be between 1:1.5:1 and 1:2:

1. 10 27. The invention relates to photovoltaic modules containing at least one photovoltaic cell located below and / or It relates to a method for producing the encapsulating material located on top. Its feature is that it includes the following steps: - Adding the POE-based component to the reaction medium containing a stirrer and the process ambient temperature within a range of 35 to 55 °C, which is the temperature it can reach adjustment, - peroxide, silane linker, crosslinker or UV can be added to the aforementioned reaction medium. At least one of the absorber groups must be added as an auxiliary component, and this 20 Mixing is necessary to ensure the mixture obtained by adding the components is homogeneous. being subjected to the procedures - the homogeneous mixture obtained upon completion of the mixing process left to rest, - The EVA-based component is added to the reaction medium containing a stirrer in parallel at a time of 25 minutes. its addition, at a temperature range of 35 to 55 °C, which is the temperature at which it can be processed. adjusting the ambient temperature, - peroxide, silane linker, crosslinker or UV can be added to the aforementioned reaction medium. At least one of the absorber groups must be added as an auxiliary component, and this Mixing is required to ensure the mixture obtained by adding the components is homogeneous. being subjected to the procedures - the homogeneous mixture obtained upon completion of the mixing process left to rest, - for extrusion processes of the resulting POE-containing mixture and EVA-containing mixture Loading into separate feeding chambers using a vacuum system, 35 21 - The POE-containing mixture is advanced from its own feed hopper through the extruder. ensuring that the processes are carried out and that the extrusion temperature during this process is 72 a value between 85 °C - The EVA-containing mixture is advanced from its own feed hopper to the extruder. ensuring that the processes are carried out and that the extrusion temperature during this process is 62.5 a value between 75 °C - In both materials, the inner layer of the molds consists of a POE-based mixture, while the outer layers are made of... The EVA-containing layers will be directed to both sides and the molding processes will be carried out. The production and lamination processes result in the production of EPE material. - The EPE material obtained after the molding process undergoes cooling and shaping. 10 for processing, conveying to the roller system and forming layers of specific thicknesses. Obtaining EPE containing.

28. A method that complies with Claim 27, characterized by its use of the aforementioned POE-based component and at least Mixing the reaction medium containing an auxiliary component for at least 6 hours. 15 It is subjected to processing.

29. A method that complies with Claim 27 or Claim 28, characterized by its POE-based component and... The mixture, containing only a small number of auxiliary components, must be left to stand for at least 24 hours after the mixing process. It is left to rest throughout the period. 20 30. A method that conforms to one of the claims 27-29, characterized by having an EVA-based component and at least the reaction medium containing an auxiliary component is stirred for at least 6 hours. It is subjected to processing.

31. A method that conforms to one of the claims 27-30, characterized by having a POE-based component and at least The mixture containing an auxiliary component must be left to stand for at least 8 to 12 days after the mixing process. It should be left to rest for an hour between each rest.

32. A method conforming to one of claims 27-31, characterized by its composition: EVA-containing mixture and POE 30. The mixture is extruded from the extruders into the molds at a pressure ranging from 8 to 10 rpm. It means that it is being transmitted at its true value.

33. A method that conforms to one of the claims 27-32, and its characteristic is the aforementioned patterning. The process temperature should be between 90 and 100 °C. 35 34. A method that conforms to one of the claims 27-33, characterized by its quality obtained after the molding process. The processing of the produced EPE in the roller system is as follows: 22 - Processing in rollers with a temperature ranging from -1 to 5 °C, - Processing in rollers with a temperature ranging from -36 to 45 °C, - Processing takes place in rollers with a temperature ranging from -20 to 30 °C.

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