LLC CONVERTER RAPID RESPONSE CONTROL

Abstract

An LLC is a controller for a resonant converter, configured to obtain a measurement of an electrical quantity at the output of the LLC converter; the controller comprises: an integrator component configured to obtain a cumulative value of the error between the measurement and a corresponding target value over time; and a signal generator configured to produce at least one switching control signal to control the switching frequency of the LLC converter based on the cumulative value.The aforementioned LLC converter includes a regulator configured to determine the corresponding change to be made in the switching frequency when it operates at a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency and a change occurs in the target value, to determine whether the change to be made in the switching frequency is towards or away from the resonance frequency, and, when the change to be made in the switching frequency is towards the resonance frequency, to adjust the cumulative value of the error to a predetermined value.

Description

6131 / TR 1 TARIFF LLC CONVERTER RAPID RESPONSE CONTROL Relevant Technical Field 5 The present invention relates to the control of LLC resonant transducers, and in particular a controller, a Resonance LLC is related to the transducer and a method. Previous Tech 10 LLC resonant converters provide high efficiency and therefore high power. in various applications such as projects with requirements (e.g., electric vehicle chargers) Suitable for use in LLC resonant converters, a pair of switching elements. A switching bridge (DC-AC converter part) containing (pairs), LLC resonance 15 It controls the DC input voltage supplied to the tank. In most cases, an LLC converter provides the highest efficiency for power transmission. It is operated at its resonance frequency. However, for example, in electric vehicle chargers, the battery to be charged must be LLC In applications such as connecting to a converter, the load dynamically connected to the LLC converter. This can vary. Various loads have different output requirements (e.g., output voltage / current). It may have a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency of the LLC converter. This may lead to it being operated at the specified frequency. 25 Brief Description When a load change occurs, the LLC converter deviates from its resonance frequency. If it operates at a different switching frequency, the aforementioned LLC converter has its own 30 It can meet the output requirement while operating at the resonance frequency. However, an integrator LLC converter that has a component (i.e., uses the integral of the error value) controllers, for example PI (Proportional-Integral) or PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers, It can be slow in adjusting the switching frequency. 6131 / TR 2 Therefore, the control of LLC converters needs to be improved, especially. When the integrator component is used, the change in load conditions of the LLC converter The adaptation rate needs to be increased. Here is a first example of a directional approach towards an LLC resonant converter. The controller is under development, and the said controller is located at the output of the LLC converter. It is configured to obtain a measurement of an electrical quantity and: an error between a measurement and a corresponding target value over time an integrator component structured to obtain the cumulative value; and 10 Controlling the switching frequency of the LLC converter based on the cumulative value. a signal configured to generate at least one switching control signal its generator; and at a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency of the LLC converter mentioned When it is running and a change occurs in the target value, the switching frequency is 15. will identify the corresponding change that needs to be made; Should the change to be made in the switching frequency be towards the resonance frequency? or it will determine whether it is moving away from the resonance frequency; and The change that needs to be made in the switching frequency is towards the resonance frequency. When this happens, it will set the cumulative value of the error to a predetermined value. It includes a regulator structured in this way. Measurements are obtained via one or more sensors connected to the output of the LLC converter. can be done repeatedly (e.g., in a fixed sampling cycle) or continuously This can be achieved. In the following examples, the electrical quantity is given a voltage and / or current value of 25. Although referred to as such, there are different methods suitable for controlling the switching frequency. It will be understood that (or in addition to this) electrical quantities can also be measured. The difference between a target value (i.e., a reference value) and the measured value is the system's It is taken as an error that needs to be rectified. This error occurs at consecutive time points, for example 30 It can be obtained at discrete time points, and in this case, the cumulative value is always obtained at a given point in time. The resulting error may be the sum of the two; or the error in question may be obtained continuously, and this In this case, the cumulative value could be an integral of the error over time. 6131 / TR 3 The control signal(s) are generated at least in part based on the cumulative value, while others It can also be based on values. At least one switching control signal is required for the LLC converter's DC-AC converter. its part (i.e., the switching bridge) to its switching elements (for example, a door 5 (at the terminal) directly applied and each switching element ON (i.e. electrical (allowing current to pass) or CLOSED (i.e., cutting off the flow of electric current) There may be signals that check for this. Alternatively, at least one of the aforementioned Switching control signal, whether the switching elements are ON or OFF. 10 indicating the need for a switching element (e.g., a door) (e.g., digital signals). The applied voltage signals are passed to a separate voltage signal generator, which produces the voltage signals, and switching. controlling the state of the element (i.e., the flow of electric current through the switching element) (There may be signals that check whether permission is granted or not.) The change in the target value is based on a predetermined threshold amount (or 15 for a specific moment). corresponds to the difference between the switching frequency and the resonance frequency of the LLC converter. There may be a change of at least one threshold amount (such as an incoming threshold amount). The gain, and therefore the output, of the LLC converter is controlled by the switching frequency. It is capable of being used, and the aforementioned LLC converter, especially one with a resonance frequency equal to 20 It has a gain of one unit when operating at the switching frequency, resonance a booster (i.e., amplifier) ​​when operating at a switching frequency below its frequency It functions as a converter and a switching above the resonance frequency. When operating at this frequency, it functions as a Buck converter (i.e., a buck converter). Thus, when a new target value for the output is obtained (for example, 25 of the LLC converter) (due to a load being connected to its output), a new desired gain is obtained based on the input voltage. its value can be determined, and consequently, what is needed to obtain this profit value. A new switching frequency can be determined. The inventors have developed a switching frequency 30 different from the resonance frequency of the LLC converter. it operates at a frequency and a change in load causes the switching frequency to resonate. In some cases, it has been shown that the switching frequency can be returned to its original frequency. The cumulative effect of the integrator component, such as PI or PID, is the main reason for the slow adjustment. By adjusting its value, the speed at which the system adapts to changing load conditions 6131 / TR 4 They determined that it could be improved. Accordingly, the controller identified the situation and By adjusting the cumulative value whenever possible, the load of the aforementioned LLC converter It improves the speed of adapting to a change in circumstances. Therefore, adjusting the cumulative value means the switching frequency is set to the new required value of 5. It reduces the time required for change. As used here, the terms signal and value refer both to an analog signal (and to an analog output). (a value represented by a signal) and also to include a digital signal It should be understood that in some cases, the LLC resonant converter and / or controller is 10 times more advanced than analog. digital converter (for example, to sample a value measured from an LLC converter) or a digital-to-analog converter (for example, a digital command to an LLC converter) (to convert to an analog signal for controlling its elements) such as one or more It may include a data converter. A load connected to an LLC converter as used here will be both the resulting (and LLC) a converter (that allows current from the converter to pass through the load's electrical circuit) the path of electricity, as well as the transfer of energy from a magnetic field, as in the case of induction charging. to include a magnetic link that allows transmission over it It should be understood. 20 The predetermined value is the nominal value of the LLC converter under nominal conditions, for example, fixed. Under the condition (i.e., at least for a predetermined period of time), the LLC converter with a predetermined load connected to its output and / or a predetermined input This can be achieved by causing it to operate at its resonance frequency with the given voltage. The aforementioned 25 The predetermined value is the LLC switching frequency, as defined by the controller. by providing the resonant frequency of the converter as output, thus LLC This causes the converter to quickly return to operate at its resonant frequency. is happening. Ideally, the predetermined value should be equal to the resonance frequency of the LLC converter. is a value within a predetermined range around the value or resonance frequency. (e.g., resonance frequency ±5%). 6131 / TR Resonance frequency, capacitance and inductance of the resonance tank of the LLC converter Since the range around this resonance frequency can be determined according to its values, it can also be predetermined. It can be determined. The value in the integrator component is equal to the resonance frequency (or 5 times the resonance frequency). by replacing it with a value (close to) the resonance frequency of the aforementioned integrator component. The delay that would be caused by its return is avoided. In some cases even more It will be understood that adjustment may be necessary, but the time required for this adjustment, the switching frequency of the integrator component gradually to the resonance frequency This will be minimal compared to the time required for setup. For example, integrator 10 The output of a proportional component and / or a derivative component used in conjunction with the component is controlled. This can cause the signal(s) to shift from the resonance frequency, however Even if it exceeds the resonance frequency, the time required to return to the resonance frequency is minimal. will be at the level of the switching frequency to the resonance frequency. As another example, the switching frequency to the resonance frequency. beyond that, that is, changing the resonance frequency from above to below or vice versa 15 This may be necessary. In such cases, the resonance frequency of the value in the integrator component... the time required to reach the new switching frequency by changing it At least some of them are preventable. Ideally, the electrical quantity should be at least 20 degrees greater than the output voltage and output current of the LLC converter. one of them. Ideally, the aforementioned predetermined value should be at the LLC converter resonance frequency. It corresponds to the cumulative value of the error obtained when the process is run. Ideally, the change to be made is in the switching frequency: if the switching frequency is higher than the resonance frequency and the change that needs to be made if the switching frequency decreases, or if the switching frequency is lower than the resonance frequency and the change that needs to be made The increase in switching frequency is 30 It is performed towards the resonance frequency. As used here, the decrease or increase refers to the switching frequency and the resonance frequency. It could be greater than the initial difference between them. In other words, what needs to be done... 6131 / TR 6 The change is that the switching frequency is initially higher than the resonance frequency, It may then show that it is lower than the resonance frequency, or vice versa. Preferably, the regulator should be at least one frequency prior to the LLC converter resonance frequency. Switching 5 operates at a different switching frequency by a specified threshold. It is configured to determine the necessary change in frequency. In other words, the regulator only makes the necessary change in switching frequency. if the switching frequency differs from the resonance frequency by a predetermined threshold It determines and if the switching frequency differs by less than a predetermined threshold, 10 The regulator in question does not specify any necessary changes and / or cumulative It does not adjust the value. Ideally, the aforementioned LLC converter should be a step-down converter mode, a resonant converter mode. It is configured to operate in one of two modes: boost mode and a boost converter mode. 15 and, in step-down converter mode, switching higher than the resonant frequency. corresponding to the frequency, the amplifier converter mode is higher than the resonance frequency. This corresponds to a low switching frequency and resonance mode resonance It corresponds to a switching frequency equal to the frequency; and The regulator mentioned herein indicates that when the change in the target value shows the following: 20 to set the cumulative value of the error to a predetermined value It is being structured as follows: (i) LLC converter, from step-down converter mode, resonance mode and booster mode. It must switch to one of the converter modes or (ii) LLC converter, from boost converter mode, resonance mode and buck 25 It must switch to one of the converter modes. The change in the target value can be at least one threshold value change (for example, a (target change threshold). The target change threshold is the resonance frequency between the previous target value and the target change threshold. It can be based on the difference between a corresponding nominal output (which is switching 30 (indicates that its frequency must reach at least the resonance frequency) or cumulative Adjusting the value significantly increases the speed at which the system reaches the new target value. There may be a predetermined threshold that it will not affect. 6131 / TR 7 Ideally, the electrical quantity LLC is the target output voltage of the converter, where is a voltage- It includes the control component, the voltage-control component in question: LLC is a voltage measured across a load connected to the output of the converter, and the aforementioned LLC target output based on the ratio of the number of turns of the converter's transformer To obtain the voltage, it will calculate an input voltage for the LLC converter, and 5 a voltage at the input of the LLC converter based on the calculated input voltage It will generate a voltage control signal to control its source. It is structured in this way. In some cases, the input voltage of the LLC converter may be controllable. This 10 the condition allows the input voltage to operate at the resonant frequency of the LLC converter. By allowing it to be set to a value that provides efficiency, it increases productivity. Accordingly, across a load (e.g., a battery) connected to the output of the LLC converter. For a given voltage, the input voltage of the LLC converter can be calculated, and the aforementioned LLC 15 The voltage source at the converter's input is controllable. The voltage source is a variable DC. It can be a power supply or an AC power supply combined with an AC-DC converter. (for example, an AC mains voltage source); in this case, the voltage control signal is this Check the status of the switching element(s) in the AC-DC converter. It is possible. In some cases, more than one voltage control signal can be generated. 20 Preferably, the voltage-control component in question: It will determine whether the calculated input voltage is within a predetermined range. And When the calculated input voltage is outside the predetermined range, the aforementioned 25 It will limit the calculated input range to a value within a predefined range. It is structured in this way. The range over which the input voltage can be varied; for example, the input DC voltage of an LLC converter. The voltage limits of the power supply used to obtain it (e.g., mains voltage 30) (due to the power supply), the maximum capacity voltage limit requires power factor correction. It may be limited due to PFC, etc. In other words, the range over which the input voltage can be varied. It can have at least one of two limits: a maximum limit and a minimum limit. Voltage control. 6131 / TR 8 The requirement is to calculate a desired input voltage. The desired input voltage is determined in advance. If it is within the specified range, the LLC converter can be operated at its resonant frequency. Otherwise, the voltage control requirement will determine the predetermined possible values. If a desired input voltage is calculated that falls outside the specified range, the desired input voltage will be 5. with a value that is applicable within the specified range, especially the upper and lower limits of the predetermined range. It must be limited to one of the lower limits (the one closest to the calculated input voltage). This also operating the LLC converter at a frequency different from its resonant frequency This shows that it is necessary. To limit the input voltage, the aforementioned controller or voltage-control component must be pre-configured. a defined range (for example, the minimum limit of a predefined range and / or (maximum limit) and obtaining the desired input voltage and outputting a limited input voltage. It may include a limiting module. Ideally, the voltage control component should ensure that the calculated input voltage is within a predetermined range. When it exceeds the maximum limit, the voltage source's predetermined range voltage control signal that results in a voltage supply essentially equal to its maximum limit It is structured to produce. Preferably, the voltage-control component in question should have the calculated input voltage predetermined. When the range is lower than the minimum limit, the voltage source is predetermined. voltage control which results in a voltage supply essentially equal to the minimum limit of the range It is configured to generate the signal. Ideally, the regulator should pre-install a memory location corresponding to the cumulative value. This causes the cumulative error in the integrator component to be written as a result of the specified value. It is configured to set its value to a predetermined value. When the integrator component receives the error value for a new time point, it was previously 30 You can update the calculated cumulative value and output the updated cumulative value. It can provide and store the updated cumulative value in a specific memory location, It can be used in the next update of the cumulative value obtained. Accordingly, memory 6131 / TR 9 By overwriting its position, the regulator can now overwrite the integrator component's previous position. This causes the specified value to be output as an updated cumulative value. Ideally, the regulator in question would cumulatively process an error value entered into the integrator component. A correction calculated based on the difference between the value and a predetermined value. 5 by replacing it with the value, the cumulative value of the error in the mentioned integrator component, to be adjusted with a predetermined value, and the integrator component beforehand in a way that will cause it to obtain the specified value as the new cumulative value It is being structured. In other words, the integrator updates the next cumulative value when the regulator does so. This causes the component to calculate a cumulative value equal to a predetermined value. It calculates a correction value that will be required. The aforementioned regulator then integrators... By replacing the error value provided to the component with a correction value, the integrator component This causes it to calculate a predetermined value. 15 For example, if the cumulative value is equal to Sr and the predetermined value is equal to Sp, The correction value can be calculated as (Sr-Sp) / Ci, where Ci is the successive part of the cumulative value. It corresponds to a sub-range between the calculations, so the cumulative value When recalculated using the correction value, the cumulative value becomes equal to Sp. 20 This can lead to dead ends or other memory access problems. The regulator and the integrator components must control the same memory location. This prevents it from remaining there. Ideally, the controller in question should also obtain the proportional value of the error. It includes a structured proportional component, where the signal generator converts the proportional value to... It is configured to generate at least one switching control signal based on this configuration. Controllers containing proportional and integrator components, such as PI or PID controllers, 30 It only requires the adjustment of a few parameters (two for the PI controller) (gain value and three gain values ​​for PID controller), stable for linear systems and It provides successful results. 6131 / TR Ideally, the controller is geared towards a multi-phase LLC resonant converter, even more preferably two. It is intended for a single-phase or three-phase LLC converter. According to a second example direction given here, a controller suitable for the first example direction above. An LLC resonant converter containing 5 is being developed. In this context, an LLC resonant transducer with improved stability in response was obtained. It can be done. Ideally, the LLC resonant converter is a multiphase LLC resonant converter. That is, 10 The aforementioned LLC resonant converter connects each of the converters in parallel with the same input power supply. It may have multiple components that convert to output power (e.g., separate components for each phase). Switching bridges, resonance tanks, etc. can be provided. The controller will generate the control signal(s) for each phase of the LLC converter. It is configurable. Ideally, the LLC resonant converter is a three-phase LLC resonant converter. Ideally, the LLC resonant converter is intended for an electric vehicle charger. Specifically, 20 The aforementioned LLC resonant converter will be installed at an electric vehicle charging station and a power source with specifications suitable for charging the electric vehicle's battery (e.g., voltage) It can be adapted to transform it to have (and / or current). According to a third example given here, LLC 25 is in accordance with the second example given here. An electric vehicle charging station incorporating a resonant transducer is being developed. According to a fourth example given here, an LLC controls a resonant converter. A method is being developed that will enable this, and the method in question is: To obtain a measurement of an electrical quantity at the output of the LLC converter; and 30 an error between a measurement and a corresponding target value over time obtaining cumulative value; and Controlling the switching frequency of the LLC converter based on the cumulative value. This involves generating at least one switching control signal. 6131 / TR 11 The method mentioned here also: at a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency of the LLC converter mentioned when it is running and a change occurs in the target value, at the switching frequency Identifying the corresponding change that needs to be made; Should the change to be made in the switching frequency be towards the resonance frequency? 5 or to determine whether it is away from the resonance frequency; and The change that needs to be made in the switching frequency is towards the resonance frequency. when this happens, the cumulative value of the error is adjusted to a predetermined value. It includes. According to the fifth example given here, this occurs when executed by at least one processor. at least one processor must implement a method that conforms to the third example direction here. A computer program is being developed that contains instructions for providing this service. According to the sixth example given here, a computer suitable for the fourth example given here is 15. a computer-readable medium that stores program instructions It is being developed. Brief Description of the Figures Offered to better understand the concepts of the invention, but which are limiting in nature to the invention. The applications of the existing invention that should not be seen are now in the following forms: This will be explained with reference, here: Figure 1 shows an example of an LLC converter and a controller in sample applications. It shows a schematic diagram; 25 Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a controller in sample applications. It shows; Figure 3A shows the LLC converter based on its switching frequency and output voltage. It shows a schematic diagram illustrating the various operating modes; Figure 3B shows an example of a regulator belonging to the controller shown in Figure 2 in the example applications. It shows a schematic diagram illustrating this; Figures 4A and 4B show example applications for controlling an LLC converter. It shows examples of the processing operations performed; 6131 / TR 12 Figure 5 shows an example of an LLC converter and a controller in sample applications. It shows a schematic diagram; Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a controller in sample applications. It shows; Figure 7 shows an example of a regulator belonging to the controller shown in Figure 6 in the example applications. It shows a schematic diagram illustrating this; Figure 8 shows a processing device that can be used to implement the controller in example applications. It shows a schematic diagram illustrating an example; Figure 9 shows examples of how a controller controls an LLC converter in various applications. This shows an example of the processing operations performed. 10 Detailed Explanation Although example applications will be described below, the broad context and scope of the invention... It is clear that various changes can be made to these application examples without separation. Accordingly, 15 The explanations and accompanying illustrations given below are more illustrative than restrictive. should be accepted as such. The following description and accompanying figures provide examples of various applications. Numerous details have been provided to ensure understanding. However, the applications are 20 It is clear to those skilled in the technique that it can be implemented even without these details. LLC resonant converter control, switching on the switching bridge. This is achieved by controlling the switching frequency of the elements. The error (i.e., the difference between the measured value and the reference value) is obtained, and the error is set to 25. a control loop by controlling the switching elements to reduce is being created. Accordingly, using a controller with fixed parameters, LLC resonance under different load conditions of the converter (i.e. different loads at the output of the LLC converter 30 (when connected) results in it working differently. Now, referring to Figure 1, here is an example of an LLC converter and a controller. It will be explained. 6131 / TR 13 In the example shown in Figure 1, the LLC converter (1) switches a bridge (2), It includes a resonance tank (3) and a rectifier (4). The aforementioned LLC converter (1), P1 and P2 terminals receive the DC input voltage (Vin) and, together with the current (Io), P3 A DC voltage (Vo) of 5 is applied to a load connected to the output between terminals P4 and P4, for example a battery. It nourishes. In the example shown in Figure 1, the LLC converter has a half-bridge configuration with three phases. It includes. However, the LLC converter has one or more phases. It can include and each of which converts the power supply (Vin) to output power (Vo / Io) 10 It will be understood that it can help. Switching bridge (2) in some cases full bridge It may have this configuration or any other suitable configuration. Below are the LLC converter (1) and the controller (10) for the three-phase LLC converter. The study will be explained. Experts, based on the explanation given here, will conclude that this is 15 They will clearly understand how it can be adapted for a single-phase LLC converter; abbreviation The details of the purpose-built adaptation process are not included here. LLC converter (1) can be used for various applications. In a specific application mentioned LLC converter (1) can be a converter for an electric vehicle charging station. 20 Specifically, the LLC converter is a charger to which a vehicle with a secondary battery can be connected. It can be located at the station. LLC converter (1) in this case from the grid or a DC power a DC voltage obtained from the source is used to charge the battery of the connected vehicle. It can convert DC power. In this example, the vehicle's battery charges the battery in the vehicle. The LLC converter, shown as "Battery" in Figure 1, along with the circuit providing power, is 25 It can represent its intended payload. Different vehicles may have different circuits and batteries. and therefore will be taken by the LLC converter to charge their batteries There may be different requirements for electrical power output (i.e., different DC voltage and / or current). Accordingly, the load dynamically connected to the LLC converter (1) when the LLC converter is in use. It may vary. 30 The switching bridge (2) takes the input DC voltage (Vin) and excites the resonance tank (3). It includes a series of switching elements to generate a square wave form. Specifically, A pair of switching elements for each phase, in series between terminals P1 and P2. 6131 / TR 14 It is connected. Although different from the example shown in Figure 1, the switching bridge is complete. If it has a bridge configuration, there are also P1 and P2 terminals for each phase. It will also include a second pair of switching elements connected in series between them, so that the first pair and the second pair in one phase will be parallel to each other between terminals P1 and P2 It will be understood. 5 In each phase, the node of two switching elements (connected to terminal P1 or terminal P2) (non-node), output of the switching bridge (2) connected to the resonance tank (3) It corresponds to the terminal. Switching elements (2) in the switching bridge, OPEN 10 so that a square waveform is generated at the output terminal of the switching bridge (2). They are controlled to switch to the OFF position. The aforementioned resonance tank (3) has a resonance capacitance (Cr1 / Cr2 / Cr3) in each phase, one It includes a resonance inductance (Lr1 / Lr2 / Lr3) and a transformer (Tr1 / Tr2 / Tr3). The resonance tank (3) has the same resonance capacitance (Cr), resonance inductance and 15 Since it includes transformer inductance, the resonance frequency (Fr) of the LLC mentioned is... The converter (1) is unique in all phases. Resonance capacitance, resonance inductance, and the primary side of the transformer, Output terminal of the switching bridge and input terminal (P2) of the LLC converter 20 They are connected in series (i.e., the negative voltage corresponds to the input terminal). As shown in Figure 1, the primary sides of each transformer are connected to each other. Although not shown, the resonant tank is parallel to the primary side (Tr) of the transformer. It may include the magnetization inductance (Lm). In practice, the magnetization inductance and 25 The primary side of the transformer can be represented as a single equivalent inductance. Each of the transformers (Tr1 / Tr2 / Tr3) has a primary side with a set of Np turns and a primary side with a set of Ns turns. It has a return secondary side. The secondary side is connected to the rectifier (4). Square wave The resonance tank (3) which takes the form of a sinusoidal current that outputs to the rectifier (4) It produces. 30 Rectifier (4) for each phase of the LLC converter, output of the said LLC converter It contains a pair of diodes connected in series between its terminals (P3 and P4), and the common node of the diodes is the secondary side of the transformer (Tr) in the resonance tank (3). 6131 / TR It is connected to one of the terminals. The diodes (4) in the rectifier are connected to the transformer. by rectifying the sinusoidal current produced by the aforementioned output terminals (P3 and P4) an output power (voltage) smoothed by an output capacitance (Co) provided between them It produces (Vo) and current (Io). The details of how the LLC converter works will be made clear here for the expert. The components of the LLC converter shown in Figure 1 are for illustrative purposes only and have been omitted. because the present invention is not limited to a specific type of controllable LLC converter and to any suitable type or configuration of switching bridge (e.g. half 10 to an LLC converter with a resonance tank, rectifier, etc. (bridge or full bridge). applicable. Switching elements can be any suitable type of switching element, for example Transistors, Field-effect transistors (FETs) (e.g., Si MOSFETs, GaN MOSFETs, SiC MOSFETs) MOSFETs, etc.), Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), insulated gate bipolar transistors 15 IGBTs can be either thyristors or one of the other known types of switches. The output current (Io) is obtained by a controller (10), and the controller is based on this. as such, each of the switching elements (2) in the switching bridge has a corresponding one 20 that will check the voltage of Vg1, Vg2, Vg3, Vg4, Vg5 and Vg6, which check the condition of the grain. It produces one or more signals. The controller (10) produces only one control signal or can be configured to generate multiple control signals in a suitable manner It will be understood. In the example given in Figure 1, the controller mentioned (10) is the 25 of the switching bridge (2). a switching frequency to be used to control switching elements It produces a signal indicating this. The signal produced by the controller is a voltage signal generator. (not shown) is receiving this voltage signal, and this voltage signal generator is also switching. to check the status of each switching element according to its frequency (Fs) It generates voltage signals between Vg1 and Vg6. However, the controller (10) 30 may include the voltage signal generator mentioned and the controller (10) voltage signals (Vg1 It will be understood that it can be configured to produce (Vg6) directly. 6131 / TR 16 By checking the status of the switching elements (2) on the switching bridge, The waveform of the power supplied to the resonance tank (3) can be controlled, thus rectifying the rectifier (4) The current (Io) supplied by the controller can be controlled. In other words, the mentioned controller (10), A feedback control to control the power supplied by the LLC converter (1). It forms a cycle. 5 Now, referring to Figure 2, an example of a controller (10) will be explained. The controller (10) measures the current (Io) given by the LLC converter (1), LLC a target value (Io_ref) for the output current to be given by the converter (1) and LLC 10 Obtain a target value (Vo_ref) for the output voltage to be given by the converter (1). In the example shown in Figure 2, the controller mentioned (10) measures the input. a value (21) that specifies the current (Io), a value (22) that specifies the target current value (Io_ref) and It takes a value (24) that specifies the target voltage value (Vo_ref). However, this is limiting. It should be understood that this is not an illustrative example. The controller (10) directly transmits the current (Io) to 15 measuring (for example, a current sensor connected in series with the load) or measuring indirectly (for example, a sensor that measures voltage across a known resistor from which the current (Io) can be derived) By controlling a sensor (via) the measured current (Io) can be obtained or the controller (10) can take the measured current (Io). The value (21) indicating the current (Io) can be retrieved from a memory shared with such a sensor, etc. Also, For example, by detecting that a new load has been connected and determining the type of load (e.g., a 20 LLC based on information provided by the user or when the cargo is connected (automatically determined by the system including the converter), LLC converter by obtaining an indication of the equivalent impedance of the connected load and the output current. by determining the reference value, etc., one or each of the aforementioned values ​​(22 and 24). It should be understood that both can be determined separately by the controller (10). Such as 25 in cases, any to obtain the reference value (22) and / or the reference (24) No login is required. In the load connected to the LLC converter (and in particular the output terminals (P3 and P4) of the LLC terminal) If there is a change (between them), the new load must have a different voltage and / or current. if it requires a power supply (for example, one that requires a different voltage / current to be charged) The current (Io) and / or voltage (Vo) to be output by the LLC converter (1) (battery) It may change. 6131 / TR 17 In the example given in Figure 2, the controller (10) measures the current (Io) and the reference value (Io_ref). a difference structured to obtain an error value based on the difference between them It includes the calculator (101). The error value is given to an integrator component (102) and a 5 which together form a PI controller. is provided to the proportional component (103). The integrator component takes the error value as input and converts the error value into integrator gain. (1021) an amplifier with a gain (Ki) that gives the product of (Ki) as output. It includes. The output of the amplifier (1021) is an integrated circuit to obtain the cumulative value (S). It is integrated into the transmitter box (1022). The aforementioned proportional component (103) also takes the error value as input and is a proportional component. a system that gives the output the product of the error value, i.e., the error value, multiplied by the proportional gain (Kp). It includes an amplifier (1031) with a gain (Kp). 15 The controller (10) takes the cumulative value given as output by the integrator component (102) and Based on the proportional value given by the proportional component (103) of the output, switching a control that specifies the switching frequency (Fs) to be used to control the elements It includes a combiner (104) that produces the signal (23). The control signal (23) is switching 20 It can represent the frequency (Fs) or the deviation from a predetermined frequency (i.e., the voltage signal generator uses pre-amps to produce voltage signals (Vg1 to Vg6) (It can show an increase or decrease occurring at a specified frequency). As will be explained below in relation to Figure 3B, the output of the combiner (104) is 25 The given switching frequency (Fs) is also in some cases in the integrator component (102) a regulator (105) which is configured to change the calculated cumulative value is provided. Specifically, the regulator (105) sets the reference value (24) for the output voltage (Vo_ref) and switching 30 receives the frequency (Fs) and based on these, the aforementioned regulator (105), LLC when the converter operates at a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency and When a change occurs in the target value, a change must be made in the switching frequency. The regulator (105) then determines the necessary corresponding change. 6131 / TR 18 Should the change to be made in the switching frequency be towards the resonance frequency? or it determines whether it is far from the resonance frequency and the switching When the change to be made in the frequency is towards the resonance frequency, the regulator (105) the cumulative value of the error (102) in the integrator component is determined by a predetermined value. It adjusts with the value. 5 The output of the regulator (105) is the cumulative value of the integrator component (102) that receives this signal. As long as it can determine whether or not to adjust it, it is equal to the predetermined value. It does not have to be or show it. For example, the output of the regulator (105) is simply binary It can be a variable and the integrator component (102) can be a specific value of the binary variable (e.g. 10 When it receives TRUE, it can retrieve a predetermined value from memory and cumulatively... you can adjust the value accordingly (or the cumulative value with a predetermined value) (can be changed). 15 received the indication from the regulator (105) that the cumulative value needs to be changed. integrator component (102), final value calculated by integrator box (1022) You can change it with a predetermined value or the output of the amplifier (1021), integrator When used to update the cumulative value by box (1022), this integrate a correction that causes the generating box (1022) to calculate the predetermined value can be changed to its value. 20 Now, looking at Figure 3A, we can see the switching frequency and output of the LLC converter. Various operating modes based on voltage will be explained. As shown in the middle part of Figure 3A, the switching frequency (Fs) is 25 to the resonance frequency. If (Fr) is checked to be equal, the aforementioned LLC converter (1) will obtain a unit gain. This will be the output voltage (Vo), that is, the input voltage (Vin) and the number of turns (Tr) of the transformer. (Np and Ns) will correspond to the ratio (e.g. Np / Ns) and the LLC converter (1) will be this LLC resonance corresponding to the highest efficiency achievable for the transducer It will operate in converter mode. 30 However, if a higher output voltage (Vo) is required, the LLC converter (1), a boost converter with a switching frequency lower than the resonance frequency It operates in mode (as shown on the left of Figure 3A). 6131 / TR 19 On the other hand, if a lower output voltage (Vo) is required, the aforementioned LLC can be used. converter (1), with a switching frequency higher than the resonance frequency It operates in buck converter mode (as shown on the right in Figure 3A). LLC converter (1) to achieve higher efficiency whenever possible Although it is controlled to operate in resonant converter mode, LLC the converter is designed to provide flexibility in the types of loads that can be connected to the LLC converter. operating at a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency under certain conditions It may be necessary. 10 Thus, the controller (10) takes the resonance frequency of a primary load connected to an LLC converter from a reference current value indicating that an operation at a different switching frequency is required It can receive (Io_ref) and / or a reference voltage value (Vo_ref); this can then be used by the controller (and especially the switching frequency (Fs) of the proportional component (103) and the integrator component (102)) first 15 This causes it to adjust gradually to the value required for the load. Then, when a second load is connected, the LLC converter (1) operates at the resonance frequency. while operating, that is, in resonance transducer mode as shown in Figure 3A, the second It can provide the output required by the load. 20 However, partly due to the integrator component (102), the first load is charged in the steady state. Because the controller takes into account the minimum past error value, (10) by gradually adjusting the switching frequency (Fs) back to the resonance frequency (Fr) The authorization process may be slow. In other cases, the LLC converter (1) booster 25 switching from converter mode to downconverter mode or vice versa It may be necessary. In this respect, the aforementioned regulator (105) responds to the controller (10) in such situations. It allows for the improvement of its duration. 30 Now, referring to Figure 3B, here is an example of a regulator belonging to the controller shown in Figure 2. It will be explained. 6131 / TR The regulator (105) takes the control signal (23) as an input specifying the switching frequency (Fs), and the target (i.e., reference) value for the output voltage (Vo_ref) is a second input (24) The regulator (105) also takes a value (25) corresponding to the resonance frequency (Fr). obtains (for example, a device that stores a predetermined resonance frequency (Fr)) is obtained by accessing the memory location or as a separate input to the regulator (105) 5 (provided). The mentioned regulator (105) will calculate the switching frequency (Fs) as Fs – Fr. a difference structured to obtain the difference between the resonance frequency (Fr) the calculator (1051); and a change in the target value (Vo_ref) for the output voltage, i.e. 10 A differentiator configured to obtain ΔVo_ref = Vo_ref(new) – Vo_ref(old). (1052) contains, where Vo_ref(old) is the target value before the change and Vo_ref(new) is the target value after the change. The difference between the switching frequency and the resonance frequency is given to the comparators (1053 and 15 1056) is provided and the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref) is sent to the comparators (1054 and 1057) is provided. Comparator (1053) a frequency threshold that may be predetermined for the Fs-Fr difference It determines whether the value (F_th) is greater than and the comparator (1056), Fs-Fr 20 whether the difference is less than the negative value of the frequency threshold (-F_th) Accordingly, the output of the comparator (1053) determines the switching frequency (Fs). at least the frequency threshold value (F_th) is higher than the resonance frequency (Fr) that there is no LLC converter (1) currently a step-down converter It shows whether it is working in mode and the output of the comparator (1056) is 25 the switching frequency (Fs) must be at least the frequency threshold value above the resonance frequency (Fr). whether (F_th) is as low as (F_th), i.e. the LLC converter (1) is currently a This indicates whether the system is operating in boost / converter mode. Similarly, the comparator (1054) shows that the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref) is 30 times the target value. It determines whether the value is greater than the change threshold value (Vo_th) and the comparator. (1057), the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref) is negative of the target value change threshold value. It determines whether the value is lower than -Vo_th. Accordingly, the aforementioned The output of the comparator (1054) is at least the target value change threshold value of the target value. 6131 / TR 21 It shows whether it has increased by (Vo_th), which is why the LLC converter (1) is working. changing its mode to resonance converter mode or boost converter mode This shows that the output of the comparator (1057) is at least the target value. It shows whether the value has decreased by the threshold value (Vo_th), which is The operating mode of the LLC converter (1) is switched to resonance converter mode or reducer 5 This indicates that it needs to switch to converter mode. The outputs of the aforementioned comparators (1053, 1054, 1056 and 1057) are only positive. It must distinguish between a positive determination and a negative determination, and therefore it is a binary one. The value can be, for example, "1" in the case of a positive determination or the TRUE value (e.g., 10). Fs – Fr being greater than F_th towards the comparator (1053) and a negative determination in case of "0" or FALSE value (e.g., Fs-Fr to the comparator (1053)) (Not greater than F_th). Therefore, the output is a different voltage to distinguish between the two possible states. It can be a digital signal or an analog signal that has certain levels. The output of the comparator (1053) and the output of the comparator (1054) belong to the regulator (105). It is combined in component (1055) and may correspond to a logical AND gate; thus only if both the output of the comparator (1053) and the output of the comparator (1054) are "1" or When TRUE, the output of the mentioned component (1055) will be "1" or TRUE. Above As explained, the output of the comparator (1053) is a 20 in the current state of the LLC converter. It indicates whether the comparator is operating in down-transformer mode and (1054) output, LLC converter operating mode (resonant converter or whether to switch to one of the boost converter modes Accordingly, the output of the mentioned component (1055) is shown by the LLC converter. from step-down converter mode to resonant converter or step-up converter 25 It shows whether or not to change it to one of the modes. Similarly, the output of the comparator (1056) and the output of the comparator (1057) are sent to the regulator. (105) is combined into a component (1058) and may correspond to a logical AND gate. The output of the comparator (1056) is an upgrade of the LLC converter currently 30 because it shows whether it is working in converter mode and the comparator (1057) output, LLC converter operating mode (resonant converter or buck converter) Since it shows whether or not to switch to one of the converter modes, the word The output of the resulting component (1058) is from the boost converter mode of the LLC converter. 6131 / TR 22 switch to either resonant converter or buck converter mode This shows that it shouldn't be changed. Finally, the output of component (1055) and the output of component (1059) in the aforementioned component (1059) They are combined. If any of these outputs is "1" or TRUE, component (1059) is 5 The cumulative value in the integrator component (102) is set to the predetermined value (S_predet) It outputs a value (26) indicating that it needs to be adjusted. When component (1059) does not output an indication of the predetermined value, No change occurs in the cumulative value of the integrator component (102). 10 Accordingly, the regulator adjusts the switching frequency of the controller (10) under the following conditions: This allows it to quickly return to the resonant frequency: LLC converter, from boost converter mode to resonance converter or buck converter You must switch to one of the modes or the LLC converter, step-down converter mode 15 You need to switch to either the resonance converter or boost converter mode. Table 1 below shows (i) the difference between the switching frequency and the resonance frequency, frequency higher than the threshold value, negative frequency lower than the threshold value, or negative 20 of the situations where the frequency threshold value is between the positive frequency threshold value. (i) which one it is, and (ii) the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref), the change in the target value higher than the threshold value (Vo_th), lower than the negative target value change threshold, or negative target value change threshold and positive target value change threshold Depending on which of the following states it is in, the regulator (105) It shows a truth table for the output of its components: 25 Fs-Fr ΔVo_ref 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 > F_th > Vo_th 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 -F_th < … < F_th > Vo_th 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 < - F_th > Vo_th 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 > F_th - Vo_th < … < Vo_th 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -F_th < … < F_th - Vo_th < … < Vo_th 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < - F_th - Vo_th < … < Vo_th 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 > F_th < - Vo_th 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -F_th < … < F_th < - Vo_th 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 < - F_th < - Vo_th 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 6131 / TR 23 Table 1 - A truth table for the output of the regulator (105) components. Now, referring to Figures 4A and 4B, we can determine the integrator gain of the controller. An example of the processing operations performed will be explained. In step 401, the controller relates to an electrical quantity at the output of the LLC converter. It obtains measurements. This measurement can be obtained via one or more sensors and the LLC converter. It can correspond to either the output voltage (Vo) or the output current (Io), or both. 10 In step 402, the controller determines the relationship between the measurement and a corresponding target value over time. It obtains the cumulative value of the error. The cumulative value, for example, is obtained by adding the error at successive time points, or 15 a continuous function that corresponds to the error over time (for example, an analog signal) (in this form) it can be obtained by integrating them. In step 403, the controller adjusts the cumulative value if necessary. This is a sub-process of step 403. This will now be explained by referring to Figure 4B. 20 The controller switching frequency (Fs) and resonance frequency (Fr) mentioned in step 4031. whether the absolute value of the difference between them is greater than a frequency threshold value (F_th) This indicates that |Fs – Fr| > F_th. If the absolute value of this difference is not greater than the frequency threshold value (NO in step 4031), The process skips steps 4032, 4033, and 4034. On the other hand, the absolute value of the difference... If the frequency is greater than the threshold value (YES in step 4031), the process proceeds to step 4032. In step 4032, the controller determines that the absolute value of ΔVo_ref, which is the change from the target value, exceeds a threshold of 30. whether the value is greater than Vo_th (i.e., the target value change threshold) It determines. If ΔVo_ref is not greater than Vo_th (NO in step 4032), the process steps Steps 4033 and 4034 are skipped. On the other hand, if ΔVo_ref is greater than Vo_th (at step 4032) YES), the process is proceeding to step 4033. 6131 / TR 24 In step 4033, the controller measures the difference (Fs-Fr) and the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref) as the same. that they have signs, meaning whether both are positive or both are negative It determines whether they have opposite signs. The difference between the switching frequency and the reference frequency, and the target frequency having the same signal. The change in value is equivalent to determining the components (1055 and 1058), i.e., LLC. The converter is currently in boost converter mode (Fs-Fr < 0) and to either resonant converter or buck converter mode (ΔVo_ref < 0) The changeable or LLC converter is currently in a step-down converter mode 10 (Fs-Fr > 0) and to one of the resonant converter or buck converter modes. (ΔVo_ref > 0) needs to be changed, where the threshold value is checked against F_th and Vo_th. They are considered in steps 4031 and 4032, respectively. In step 4033, the difference (Fs-Fr) and the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref) have the same sign as 15. If this is determined (YES in step 4033), the process proceeds to step 4034. Otherwise... (NO at step 4033), the process skips step 4034. In step 4034, the controller takes the cumulative value in the integrator component as a predetermined value. It adjusts by changing the value (S_predet). 20 Now, returning to Figure 4A, after sub-process 403, the process moves to step 404. is in progress, and at this point the controller is processing the cumulative value (which may have been set in step 403). based on at least one way to control the switching frequency of the LLC converter. It generates a control signal. 25 Now, referring to Figure 5, here are some example applications of an LLC converter and a controller. An example will be explained. The LLC converter (1) shown in Figure 5 is the same as the one shown in Figure 1. Therefore, 30 The explanation will be omitted here for brevity. Controller (50) is the controller (10) in Figure 1. It takes its place. The mentioned controller (50) is for the output voltage (Vo) of the LLC converter. It takes measurements of both the switching frequency (Fs) of the LLC converter (1) and The LLC converter controls the input voltage (Vin). 6131 / TR In Figure 5, the battery is placed directly between the output terminals (P3 and P4) of the LLC converter. Although it is shown that they are connected, either the battery or one of the output terminals of the LLC converter is connected. additional circuits (e.g., one or more diodes) may be found between the two This will be understood. This, for example, prevents the battery from being damaged by overcharging or fault current. 5 protecting against current from flowing back into the LLC converter during charging. It may include circuits that prevent this. In such a case, the voltage in the battery is lower than the output voltage (Vo). It may be different. Therefore, in such cases the controller (50) also throughout the battery It can receive a measured voltage (V_batt) (not shown). In some cases in particular, the system providing the input voltage is the DC voltage entering the LLC converter. It can be controlled to adjust the voltage. For example, a step-down and / or step-up converter. The converter can control the voltage level to provide the desired input voltage (Vin). This can be increased or decreased in this way, allowing the LLC converter to have an output voltage. resonance within the range (corresponding to the range in which the input voltage (Vin) can be controlled) 15 It allows it to operate in converter mode. How to control the input voltage source will become clear to someone with expertise in this field. Details regarding how this will be done will be omitted here for the sake of brevity. Now, referring to Figure 6, an example of a controller (50) will be explained. In the example shown in Figure 6, the mentioned controller (50) is powered by the LLC converter (1). The measured voltage (Vo) given as the output is a first input (27) and the target output voltage is the output voltage. The value (Vo_ref) is the second input (24) and the voltage measured across the battery (V_batt) is the third input (25) It takes input (28). Based on these, the controller (50) switches the frequency. At least one control signal (23) for (Fs) and a voltage controller to control the input voltage. It produces the signal (29). The controller (50) measures the difference between the measured output voltage (Vo) and the target value (Vo_ref) by 30 It includes a difference calculator (501) configured to calculate this difference. Output to a PI controller with an integrator component (502) and a proportional component (503) This corresponds to a voltage error value given as a given figure. The aforementioned proportional component... The study of (503) is the same as the study of (103) of the proportional component shown in Figure 2 and the word 6131 / TR 26 The operation of the integrator component (502) is shown in Figure 2. (102) is the same as the study (but any adjustment of the cumulative value (does not receive). Accordingly, the details of how these elements work are summarized here for brevity. will be omitted. In short, the proportional component (503) and the integrator component (502) are a proportional error. It produces a value and a cumulative / integrated error value, and these values ​​are related to the following: is multiplied by the gains and combined in a combiner (504) to correct the error in voltage. a signal indicating the target current value (I_ref) used for correction (i.e., in Figure 2) It produces a signal that replaces the input (22). 10 The gain in the proportional component (503) may differ from the gain in the proportional component (103). and the profit in the integrator component (502) from the profit of the integrator component (102) It will be understood that they may be different. The output of the combiner (504) replaces the value (21) corresponding to the measured current (Io). and the output of the combiner (504) and the target (reference) value for the output current is Io_ref The difference between the proportional component (103) and the integrator component (102) is the error provided. The difference calculator (101) is provided with the value which calculates the ratio. The value and the cumulative value are output to the integrator (104) respectively. Integrator 20 The operation of component (102), proportional component (103) and combinatorial (104) is shown in Figure 2 above. This has been explained previously by reference. The controller (50) also includes an input voltage determinant (505) and a voltage limiter (506) It includes. The aforementioned input voltage determinant (505) measures a voltage across the battery 25 (V_batt) is taken and is based on the ratio of the number of turns in the transformer of the LLC converter. It calculates a desired value (Vin_d) for the input voltage, and displays the Vin_d value. Specifically, it calculates as follows: Vin_d = V_batt * Np / Ns Here, Np is the number of turns on the primary side of the transformer, and Ns is the number of turns on the transformer's 30 It is the number of turns on the secondary side. 6131 / TR 27 Consequently, if the LLC converter operates at its resonant frequency, Vin_d The value will result in an output voltage corresponding to the measured battery voltage (V_batt). It corresponds to the input voltage. The desired input voltage (Vin_d), determined by the input voltage selector (505), is voltage 5 is provided to the limiter (506). The range over which the input voltage can be controlled can be limited. Accordingly, the desired input If the voltage (Vin_d) is outside the range where the input voltage can be changed, the aforementioned input voltage instead, select the nearest voltage value (in practice, the maximum or minimum value in the range) 10 It can be controlled in such a way as to provide and the difference is that the LLC converter is as needed. to operate in either a step-down converter mode or a step-up converter mode It is compensated for as a result. Therefore, the aforementioned voltage limiter (506) allows the desired input voltage (Vin_d) to be 15 If it is within the range, use the same value as the input voltage to control the input of the LLC converter. and on the other hand, if the desired input voltage is outside the allowed range, the desired input It can correspond to a limiting function that restricts the voltage to a value within a range. Controller (50) is a voltage limiter used to control the input of the LLC converter. Output of a voltage control signal (29) corresponding to the input voltage determined by (506) 20 It provides. The controller (50) also includes a regulator (507) instead of the regulator (105). As will be explained in more detail below, with reference to Figure 7, the aforementioned regulator is 25 (507) provides the desired input voltage (Vin_d), the output of which is provided by the voltage limiter (506). obtaining the voltage (Vin) and the switching frequency (Fs) provided by the combiner (104) and whether to adjust the cumulative value in the integrator component (102). The regulator makes the decision. If it is decided that the cumulative value needs to be adjusted, the regulator... (507), the integrator mentioned above, as explained with reference to Figures 2 and 3B 30 It provides an indicator output to component (102). As explained above, the regulator (507) The desired input voltage (Vin_d) is set as input (30) by the voltage limiter (506) obtaining the calculated input voltage as input (29) and LLC converter 6131 / TR 28 Indicates the switching frequency (Fs) used to control the switching bridge. obtains the control signal (23). The aforementioned regulator (507) measures the difference between the desired input voltage and the input voltage, namely Vin_d – It includes a difference calculator (5071) configured to calculate Vin. This 5 The difference is provided to the comparators (5073, 5074 and 5077). Comparator (5073) determines whether the difference between Vin_d and Vin is greater than zero. If this determination is positive, then the input voltage (when operating under new load conditions) is at resonance. To obtain the target value (Vo_ref) for the output voltage under converter mode, 10 is required. will remain lower than the desired input voltage, and therefore the LLC converter will be a By operating in boost converter mode, it aims to achieve the target value (Vo_ref) at its output. This indicates that it will be necessary to increase the voltage level. The comparator (5074) determines whether the difference is equal to 0. If this determination is positive, 15 LLC converter provides the target value (Vo_ref) output while resonant converter This shows that it can operate in this mode. The comparator (5077) determines whether the difference is less than zero. This determination If it is positive, the input voltage will remain higher than the desired input voltage, and therefore 20 A downconverter is used to obtain the target value (Vo_ref) at the output of the LLC converter. This indicates that it will need to operate in converter mode. The outputs of the comparators (5073 and 5074) function as logical OR gates. The component (5075) is combined with the outputs of the comparators (5074 and 5077), which are logical 25 It is combined in the component (5078) which functions as an OR gate. The switching frequency (Fs) is provided to the aforementioned comparators (5072 and 5079). Comparator (5072) requires that the switching frequency (Fs) be at least 30 degrees from the resonance frequency. whether the frequency is as high as the threshold value (F_th) (i.e., the sum of Fr + F_th) (determines whether it is large or not). If this determination is positive, the LLC converter Currently, it operates at a frequency higher than the resonance frequency, i.e., at a step-down frequency. This indicates that it is operating in converter mode. 6131 / TR 29 Comparator (5079) determined that the switching frequency (Fs) is at least the resonance frequency. whether the frequency threshold value (F_th) is low (i.e., whether Fr is less than F_th) (determines whether or not it exists). If this determination is positive, the LLC converter is currently in this state. at a frequency lower than the resonance frequency, i.e., in step-down converter mode 5 It shows that it is working. The outputs of components (5075 and 5072) are located in the component that functions as a logical AND gate. (5076) is being combined. Accordingly, the output of the aforementioned component (5076) is currently in the LLC converter. in a downconverter mode (FS > Fr + F_th as determined by 5072) It is working and in resonant converter mode (as determined by 5074 Vin_d - Vin = 0) or boost converter mode (as determined by 5073 Vin_d – Vin > 0) indicates that it will pass. 15 The outputs of components (5078 and 5079) are located in the component that functions as a logical AND gate. (50710) is being combined. Accordingly, the output of the aforementioned component (50710) is 20 in the current state of the LLC converter. in boost converter mode (FS < Fr - F_th as determined by 5079) it is working and in a resonant converter mode (as determined by 5074 Vin_d - Vin = 0) or downshift converter mode (Vin_d - Vin as determined by 5077) < 0) indicates that it will pass. Finally, the outputs of components (5076 and 50710) function as logical OR gates. The component being seen (50711) is combined. Any of these outputs is "1" or TRUE. However, the aforementioned component (50711) is the component (1059) described above with reference to Figure 3B. Similarly, the cumulative value in the integrator component (102) is determined beforehand. It provides an output value (26) indicating that the value (S_predet) should be set. 30 In other words, the regulator (507) has the current operating mode of the LLC converter. (boost converter mode, resonance converter mode or buck converter) (mode) to determine the switching frequency by comparing it to the resonance frequency; to the load 6131 / TR LLC will be needed to supply power at the new target value for the output voltage. To determine the future operating mode of the converter, the desired input voltage and input The difference between the voltages is used. Table 2 below shows (i) the 5 between the desired input voltage (Vin_d) and the input voltage (Vin). (ii) whether the difference is positive, zero or negative, the switching frequency must be at least the frequency threshold value above the resonance frequency. large, at least as low as the negative frequency threshold value below the resonance frequency or which of the following states it is in, being in a range around the resonance frequency Depending on the output of the components of the regulator (507), a truth table is provided. It shows: Fs Vin_d - Vin 5072 5073 5074 5075 5076 5077 5078 5079 50710 50711 > Fr + F_th > 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Fr - F_th < … < Fr + F_th > 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 < Fr - F_th > 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 > Fr + F_th = 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Fr - F_th < … < Fr + F_th = 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 < Fr - F_th = 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 > Fr + F_th < 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Fr - F_th < … < Fr + F_th < 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 < Fr - F_th < 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Table 2 – truth table for the outputs of the regulator (507) components 6131 / TR 31 Now, looking at Figure 8, to implement controller (10) and / or controller (50) a processing device that can be used (80), for example a general type of programmable processing apparatus An example will be explained. A programmable processing device (80) can use one or more processors (81); one or more 5 It includes the interface (or input / output communication modules) (82); and memory (83), and the memory is by one or more working memories (831), and one or more processors (81) The computer can execute these operations to perform the processing operations described here. one or more instruction repositories that store instructions that can be read by (832) It includes. 10 An instruction store (832), for example read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, magnetic computer instructions that can be read by a storage device (e.g., hard disk) or a computer a temporary memory that may contain non-volatile memory in the form of a preloaded optical disc It is a non-storage medium. Alternatively, an instruction store (832), random access 15 It can include writable memory such as memory (RAM) and can be read by the computer. instructions, non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g. an optical disc (such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, etc.) or instructions that can be read by a computer a computer program product, such as a computer-readable signal You can enter here. Computer-readable instructions can be entered into the controller (10) and / or 20 It is configured to implement the functionality of the controller (50). For example, controller number 10 or number 50 can detect the error value and the measured output current. (Io) and / or output voltage (Vo) to be obtained via interface(s) (82) and one or more To generate the excess control signal through the aforementioned interface(s) (82), at least 25 partly by the processor(s) (81) executing the instructions from the instruction store (832). applicable. Processor(s) (81) executing instructions from instruction repository (832), especially integrator component (102 / 502), proportional component (103 / 503), regulator (105 / 507), difference calculators (101, 501), combiners (104 / 504), input voltage calculator (505), voltage 30 each component of the mentioned controller (10 or 50), including limiter (506), etc. can apply. Additionally, the error value is the cumulative value calculated by the integrator component (102 / 502). Dynamically calculated values ​​such as value etc. are stored in working memory (831). 6131 / TR 32 (83) can be stored so that the regulator (105 or 507) can be stored in the aforementioned working memory (831) Replacing this stored value with a predetermined value will calculate the cumulative value. can be adjusted. On the other hand, the gains of various amplifiers and the cumulative value... predetermined and / or fixed values, such as the pre-defined value that is set, It can be stored in a non-writable location of memory (83). 5 In the explanation given here, the instructions stored in the processor’s (81) instruction store (832) The processes that occur during its execution are generally referred to here by the controller (10 or 50) or This has been described as the operations performed by its components (for example, "controller (10) ... determines", "integrator component (102) ... determines", "controller 10 (50) ... produces", etc.). Data does not need to be stored in a single, permanent physical / logical memory location; for example, logical memory locations that are associated with each other or different memory locations 15 fissile. In summary, as can be understood from the explanation above, in certain example applications, an LLC a controller (e.g., controller 10 or 50) to control the converter The process that enables the execution of a method as shown in Figure 9 is 20. The processes are being carried out. In step 901, the controller determines an electrical quantity at the output of the LLC converter. It obtains measurements. The controller mentioned in step 902 sets a target value that corresponds to a measurement over time. It obtains the cumulative value of the error between them. In step 903, the controller switches to a frequency different from the LLC converter resonance frequency. When operating at this frequency and a change occurs in the target value, switching occurs. It determines the corresponding change that needs to be made in the frequency. In step 904, the controller detects that the change to be made in the switching frequency is due to resonance. It determines whether it is moving towards the frequency or away from the resonance frequency. 6131 / TR 33 In step 905, the controller determines the resonance by changing the switching frequency. When the frequency is correct, the cumulative value of the error is compared with a predetermined value. It is adjusting. The controller mentioned in step 906 is the LLC converter based on the cumulative value. at least one switching control signal to control the switching frequency It produces. Modifications and Variations 10 Many modifications and variations can be made to the example applications described above. For example, performing the processing steps described above in the given order. It will be understood that it is not needed. 15 Specifically, the order of steps 4032 and 4031 can be reversed, or step 4033 can be added. This can occur before one or both of steps 4031 and 4033. Regardless of the order of steps 4031, 4032, and 4033, step 4034 20 only if YES is detected in all three steps: 4031, 4032 and 4033. is being carried out. In the examples shown in Figures 2 and 6, the regulator (105 / 507) cumulative value, integrator predetermined corresponding to the resonant converter mode in component (102) This leads to a change in value. However, the present invention is limited in this respect. 25 It is not. Instead, the aforementioned regulator (105 and / or 507) is based on the resonance frequency (Fr). to generate at least one control signal such that it specifies an equal switching frequency (Fs) can check the combiner (104) and the cumulative value of the integrator component (102) is set to 0 (or The LLC converter is operated at a switching frequency different from its resonance frequency. (This causes it to reset to another suitable value to discard the accumulated past error) 30 it could be. Although the example explained with reference to Figure 2 contains a proportional component, the present invention... The subject is not limited. The controller (10) measures this proportional component (and therefore the cumulative value) 6131 / TR 34 The amplifier (1031) and the combiner (104)) which combine the proportional value with (S) can be skipped. Other In these cases the controller (10) receives, in addition to or alternative to the proportional component, from inputs (21 and / or 22) (or any additional inputs that the controller (10) may receive) derived from a value that is combined with the cumulative value (and the second value, if any). It may include other elements. For example, the mentioned controller (10) may include a PID controller and 5 Therefore, to obtain the error value and multiply that error value by a differentiating gain a differentiator component with a separate amplifier; and the error value of the differentiator. This allows us to obtain a derivative with respect to time by multiplying the gain by the value of the derivative. a differentiator box where the cumulative value and the ratio value are then combined It includes. 10 The order of the elements of the controller (10) does not need to be as shown in Figure 2. It will be understood. For example, the integrator box (105) can directly receive the error value and integrate it. The resulting gain (Ki) can be applied to the integral of the error value. Instead of the output of the amplifier (1021), the input of the amplifier (to the gain of the amplifier (1021) It will be understood that (Ki) can be used with a value equal to the divided correction value, because this the integrator box (1022) has a value equal to the predetermined value, i.e. cumulative This will lead to the calculation of the value (S). In the example given in Figure 3B, the terms in the difference calculated at 1051 and / or 1052 are reversed. can be translated, i.e. expressed as Fr-Fs and / or Vo_ref(old) - Vo_ref(new) and in return the comparators (1053 and 1056 and / or in the regulator (105) It will be understood that signs (1054 and 1057) can be changed. In the example given in Figure 3B, the difference between the switching frequency and the resonance frequency is... It is determined whether it is at least a threshold value. However, Comparator (1053) and different thresholds in comparator (1056) (i.e., LLC converter whether it is in boost converter mode and whether the LLC converter is in downshift mode (Different thresholds used to determine whether it is in converter mode) 30 It will be understood that it can be used. In some cases the threshold may be 0, and in this case Any difference between the switching frequency and the resonance frequency will cause the attenuator to malfunction. Indicates converter mode operation or boost converter mode operation. acceptable. 6131 / TR 35 Component (1055) and / or component (1058) does not need to contain a logical AND gate and the case where both outputs of comparators (1053 and 1054) are "1" or TRUE distinguishes it from other cases (i.e., both outputs being "0" or FALSE) It will be understood that this may include any other appropriate procedure. 5 Similarly, "1" or TRUE when the comparators' own determinations are correct; Otherwise, the examples regarding its output of "0" or FALSE are fully illustrative. It is intended for this purpose. Output values ​​are reversible (e.g., "0" when the determination is true). As with components (1055 and 1058), component (1059) also has a logical OR gate. It will be understood that it is not necessary to include it. The outputs of the components (1055 and 1058) are mutually Since it shows mutually exclusive situations, instead of a logical XOR (exclusive) OR) or another suitable form of processing may be used. In the example explained above with reference to Figure 4B, the change in the target value (ΔVo_ref) It is used. However, this usage is not limiting. The controller can instead target the change in switching frequency based on the change in value (ΔVo_ref) It can identify a change (ΔFs). Specifically, the switching as shown in Figure 3A. A change in frequency is inversely proportional to a change in the target value. Another 20 In other words, as the target value increases (shifting to the left of Figure 3A), the switching frequency It is decreasing and the opposite is happening. As can be understood from the current explanation, the controller's switching frequency It determines the sign of the change (ΔFs) that needs to be made, i.e., whether it is a positive change. 25 (indicates that an increase in switching frequency is necessary) or a negative one? does the change (indicating that a decrease in switching frequency is necessary) Determining it will be sufficient. Accordingly, in step 4033, the controller makes the necessary 30 adjustments at the switching frequency. the difference between the switching frequency and the resonance frequency of the change signal It can determine whether the sign differs from the given sign (i.e., ΔFs > 0 and (Fs-Fr) < 0 or vice versa). And if so, you can replace the cumulative value with the predetermined value in step 4034. 6131 / TR 36 Referring to Figure 5, the voltage in the battery (V_batt) (load example used above) (as such), it may be connected to the circuit located between the output of the LLC converter and the battery. This is explained. However, the present invention is not limited in this respect and the voltage (V_batt) separately The measurement process can be skipped. In some cases, the output is measured by the LLC converter. The supplied measured voltage (Vo) can be used. For example, with the output of the LLC converter 5 The voltage in any circuit between the batteries can be predetermined, and thus The measured voltage (Vo) can be used to determine the voltage (V_batt). In other cases, the aforementioned The circuit may be integrated into the battery, in which case the measured voltage (Vo) is the voltage across the battery. It can be used as an indicator of voltage. In such cases, the input voltage determinant (505), The measured voltage (Vo) can be taken as an indication of the voltage in the battery and input (28) 10 for V_batt It can be skipped. In the example explained above with reference to Figure 5, a voltage limiter (506) It is used. However, in some applications, it can be connected to an LLC converter. Load types may require a limited number of target output voltage values, and the input voltage may be 15 It can vary over a wide range, thus limiting the desired input voltage. It will be understood that there will be no situation requiring this. In this case, the voltage in question... The limiter (506) is negligible and the desired input voltage (Vin_d) is the input of the LLC converter. It can be used to directly control its voltage. In this case, the corresponding (507) in the regulator. The resulting process can also be ignored. 20 In the examples described above, a battery such as the one for an electrically powered vehicle, It was used as an example of a load. However, the LLC converter is limited to this type of load. It will be understood that this is not the case. The LLC converter is suitable for various types of converters with different voltage / input current. The loads can be removed to receive power from the LLC converter for a period of time before being removed. 25 other types of loads that can be connected in this way and another load can be connected instead It can be used in applications. In such cases, the LLC converter, controller, or Using the method described here, we can better understand a change occurring in load conditions. It can adapt. 6131 / TR 37 List of Reference Marks 1: LLC converter 2: Switching Bridge 3: Resonance tank 5 Cr1, Cr2, Cr3: resonance capacitance Lr1, Lr2, Lr3: resonance inductance Tr1, Tr2, Tr3: transformer (includes magnetization inductance, if any) 4: rectifier Diodes 10: D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 Co: output capacitance P1, P2: Input terminals of the LLC converter. P3, P4: Output terminals of the LLC converter. Vin: DC input voltage of the LLC converter Vo: LLC converter's DC output voltage is 15 Io: Output current of the LLC converter Fs: switching frequency 10, 50: controller 101, 1051, 501, 5071: Difference Calculator 102, 502: Integrator component 20 1021, 1031: amplifier 1022: integrator box 103, 503: proportional component 104, 504: combinatorial 105, 507: regulator 25 505: Input voltage selector 506: voltage limiter 1052: differentiator 1053, 1054, 1056, 1057, 5072, 5073, 5077, 5079: comparators 1055, 1058, 5076, 50710: Components that function as logical AND gates. 30 1059, 5075, 5078, 50711: Components that function as logical OR gates. 21: Measured value for output current (Io) 22: Target value for output current (Io) (Io_ref) 23: Control signal(s) for switching frequency (Fs) 6131 / TR 38 24: Target value for output voltage (Vo) (Vo_ref) 25: Resonance frequency (Fr) 26: predetermined value (S_predet) 27: Measured value for output voltage (Vo) 28: Measured value for load (battery) value is 5 29: Input voltage (Vin) 30: Desired input voltage (Vin_d) 80: processing device 81: processor(s) 82: Interface (I / O) 10 83: memory 831: working memory 832: instruction repository(s)

Claims

6131 / TR 39 REQUESTS 1. An LLC is a controller for a resonant converter, and the said controller is: Obtain a measurement of an electrical quantity at the output of the LLC converter. It is structured in such a way as to: 5 an error between a measurement and a corresponding target value over time an integrator component structured to obtain a cumulative value; and Switching frequency of LLC converter based on cumulative value to generate at least one switching control signal to control it a configured signal generator; and 10 the aforementioned LLC converter has a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency. when operating at its frequency and a change occurs in the target value, a corresponding change that needs to be made in the switching frequency will determine; The change that needs to be made in the switching frequency is 15 to the resonance frequency. It will determine whether it is correct or far from the resonance frequency; and The change that needs to be made in the switching frequency is towards the resonance frequency. When this happens, it will set the cumulative value of the error to a predetermined value. It includes a regulator structured in this way.

2. The controller is in accordance with claim 1, where the electrical quantity is an LLC converter. It is at least one of the output voltage and output current.

3. The controller is in accordance with claim 1 or 2, and is the pre-defined controller referred to herein. The value is 25% of the error obtained when the LLC converter operates at its resonance frequency. It corresponds to the cumulative value.

4. The controller that corresponds to any of claims 1 to 3, where switching is performed. Changes that need to be made to the frequency: If the switching frequency is higher than the resonance frequency and 30 steps need to be taken if the change is a decrease in switching frequency, or If the switching frequency is lower than the resonance frequency, and what needs to be done... If the change is an increase in switching frequency, This is carried out towards the resonance frequency; 6131 / TR 40 Ideally, the regulator should be at least one frequency higher than the LLC converter resonance frequency. operating at a different switching frequency by a predetermined threshold to determine the change that needs to be made in the switching frequency It is being structured.

5. The controller in accordance with any of claims 1 to 4, the LLC referred to herein. the converter, a step-down converter mode, a resonance mode, and an amplifier mode. It is configured to operate in one of the converter modes, buck converter mode switching higher than resonance frequency It corresponds to the frequency, 10 amplifier converter mode switching lower than resonance frequency It corresponds to the frequency and resonance mode corresponds to a switching frequency equal to the resonance frequency. is coming; and The regulator mentioned here refers to the change in the target value as given below: 15 when displayed, the cumulative value of the error is compared with a predetermined value. It is configured to adjust: (iii) LLC converter, from step-down converter mode, resonance mode and It must switch to one of the boost converter modes or (iv) LLC converter, from boost converter mode, resonance mode and 20 It must switch to one of the downshifting or converter modes.

6. The controller conforming to any of claims 1 to 5, where the electrical quantity LLC is the target output voltage of the converter, and here a voltage-control component is included. It includes the aforementioned voltage-control component: 25 a voltage measured across the load and of the aforementioned LLC converter Based on the ratio of the number of turns of the transformer, the target output voltage. To obtain this, LLC will calculate an input voltage for the converter, and a voltage at the input of the LLC converter based on the calculated input voltage 30 will generate a voltage control signal to control its source. It is structured in this way.

7. The controller that conforms to claim 6, and the voltage-control component referred to herein: 6131 / TR 41 whether the calculated input voltage is within a predetermined range will determine, and When the calculated input voltage is outside the predetermined range, the aforementioned It will limit the calculated input range to a value within a predefined range. It is structured as follows: 5 8. The controller conforming to claim 7, where the voltage-control component is the calculated input. When the voltage exceeds the maximum limit of a predetermined range, the voltage a voltage of the source essentially equal to the maximum limit of a predetermined range 10 It is being structured.

9. The controller is in accordance with claim 7 or 8, and the voltage-control component referred to herein is: the calculated input voltage is lower than the minimum limit of the predetermined range when this happens, the voltage source reaches the minimum limit of the predetermined range of 15 essentially it will generate the voltage control signal which results in an equal voltage supply It is structured in this way.

10. The controller is in accordance with any of claims 1 to 9, where regulator is the cumulative a predetermined value is placed on a memory location corresponding to the value 20 The reason for writing this is the cumulative value of the error in the integrator component. It is configured to be set to a predetermined value.

11. The controller is in accordance with any of claims 1 to 10, as referred to herein. The regulator converts an error value entered into the integrator component into a cumulative value of 25. a correction calculated based on the difference between a predetermined value by replacing it with its value, the cumulative error in the aforementioned integrator component the integrator will adjust its value to a predetermined value. obtaining the predetermined value of the component as the new cumulative value It is structured in such a way as to cause. 30 12. The controller must comply with any of claims 1 to 11, and also: a proportional component structured to obtain the proportional value of the error includes, 6131 / TR 42 Here, the signal generator has at least one switching control based on the proportional value. It is configured to generate the signal.

13. LLC resonance involving a controller conforming to any of claims 1 through 12. is a converter, and preferably, the aforementioned LLC resonant converter is a multi-phase 5 It is an LLC resonant transducer.

14. An electric vehicle charger containing an LLC resonant converter in accordance with Claim 13. The station in question is an LLC resonant converter, a three-phase LLC. It is a resonance transducer. 10 15. An LLC is a method for controlling a resonant transducer, The method used: A measurement of an electrical quantity at the output of the LLC converter is obtained. to be done; and 15 an error between a measurement and a corresponding target value over time obtaining a cumulative value; and Switching frequency of LLC converter based on cumulative value This involves generating at least one switching control signal to control it. The method mentioned here is also: 20 the aforementioned LLC converter has a switching frequency different from the resonance frequency. when operating at its frequency and a change occurs in the target value, a corresponding change that needs to be made in the switching frequency determination; The change that needs to be made in the switching frequency is 25 to the resonance frequency. whether it is correct or far from the resonance frequency determination; and The change that needs to be made in the switching frequency is towards the resonance frequency. when this happens, the cumulative value of the error is compared to a predetermined value. It includes adjustment. 30 16. When executed by at least one processor, this means that at least one processor requests 15. a computer containing instructions that enable it to perform a suitable procedure program. 35

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