Sensors incorporated into airborne vehicle components to detect physical characteristic changes

Abstract

One disclosed airborne vehicle includes a split-ring resonator (or split ring resonator) embedded within a material. Each split-ring resonator can be formed from a three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbonaceous growth and can detect an electromagnetic pulse emitted from a user device. Each split-ring resonator can generate an electromagnetic return signal in response to the electromagnetic pulse. The electromagnetic return signal can indicate a state of the material at a location near an individual split-ring resonator. In some cases, each split-ring resonator can resonate at a first frequency in response to the electromagnetic pulse when the material is in a first state, and at a second frequency in response to the electromagnetic pulse when the material is in a second state. A resonant frequency of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth can be based on the physical properties of the material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure is generally about sensors, and more specifically about incorporating split-ring resonators into or on structural components of airborne vehicles to detect changes in the properties of such structural components. Prior Technology

[0002] Advances in airborne vehicles, including drones, manned drones, vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, have created opportunities for further technological integration. This is especially true as drones and airborne vehicles transition to full autonomy. Specifically, such systems must regularly monitor the performance and reliability of vehicle components to ensure continued safety and comfort (for transporting cargo and passengers). Traditional systems, including those using known landing patterns (at least), may not provide the high accuracy required for precise landings. Furthermore, such systems may not provide the high fidelity required for safety (including compliance with legal regulations) and reliability. These applications may present unique challenges, such as rapid wear and tear on vehicle components (e.g., blades) encountered in flight, or the inability of a human pilot on-site to visually inspect vehicle performance during operation.

[0003] Recent advancements in sensors have enabled the detection of changes in material properties in many new applications. However, there is a desire to further improve sensor technology. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention is provided to introduce a series of concepts in a simplified form, which will be further described in the detailed description below. The present invention is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0005] One innovative embodiment of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented as an electromagnetic state sensing device (EMSSD) comprising a split-ring resonator (split-ring resonator) configured to be embedded within a material. Each split-ring resonator can be formed from a three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbonaceous growth and responds to electromagnetic stimulation signals emitted from a user device (e.g., a smartphone, RFID reader, or near-field communication (NFC) device) by generating an electromagnetic return signal in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal. The electromagnetic return signal can indicate the state of the material at a location proximal to each individual split-ring resonator. When the material is in a first state, the split-ring resonator can resonate at a first frequency in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal, and when the material is in a second state, the split-ring resonator can resonate at a second frequency in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal. The natural resonant frequency of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth can be based on the physical properties of the material, such as permittivity and / or permeability. In this way, the degree to which the natural resonant frequencies of the first and second split-ring resonators deviate from the electromagnetic stimulation signal can indicate the amount of deformation of the material.

[0006] In various embodiments, each split-ring resonator can indicate a first state of the material by generating a first electromagnetic return signal in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal, and can indicate a second state of the material by generating a second electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic pulse. Furthermore, the first electromagnetic return signal may have a first frequency, and the second electromagnetic return signal may have a second frequency different from the first frequency.

[0007] The state of a material can include its deformation. In some states, a split-ring resonator can indicate material deformation by generating a first electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic stimulus signal, and can indicate a lack of material deformation by generating a second electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic acoustic pulse.

[0008] In some embodiments, at least one split-ring resonator includes a resonant portion that resonates at a first frequency in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal when the state of the material exceeds a threshold value, and resonates at a second frequency in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal when the state of the material is below the threshold value. Some split-ring resonators may each have a first split-ring resonator (split-ring resonator) having first carbon particles that resonate uniquely in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal based on the concentration level of the first carbon particles within the first split-ring resonator. Some split-ring resonators may have a second split-ring resonator adjacent to the first split-ring resonator, having second carbon particles that resonate uniquely in response to the electromagnetic stimulation signal based on the concentration level of the second carbon particles within the second split-ring resonator.

[0009] Each of the first and second carbon particles may be chemically bonded to the material. In some embodiments, the first carbon particle may comprise a first aggregate forming a first porous structure, and the second carbon particle may comprise a second aggregate forming a second porous structure. In this way, the resonant amplitude of the first or second split-ring resonator may indicate the degree of wear of the material. Furthermore, the first split-ring resonator may resonate at a first frequency in response to an electromagnetic acoustic pulse, and the second split-ring resonator may resonate at a second frequency in response to an electromagnetic acoustic pulse, wherein the first frequency differs from the second frequency. Each of the first and second split-ring resonators may each have an attenuation point associated with its frequency response to the electromagnetic acoustic pulse.

[0010] In some implementations, the split-ring resonator is disposed within the structural components of the EVTOL. Furthermore, techniques are disclosed to demonstrate how resonator sensors can play a significant role in the safety and maneuverability of EVTOL vehicles and other types of air vehicles.

[0011] In one embodiment, the airborne vehicle assembly may include at least one split-ring resonator (SRR) embedded within a material that may constitute at least a portion of the hollow vehicle assembly. Furthermore, the at least one SRR may be formed from a three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbonaceous growth and may be configured to respond to electromagnetic stimuli emitted from an antenna. Additionally, the at least one SRR, in conjunction with material of the airborne vehicle assembly located proximal to the at least one SRR, may modulate the electromagnetic stimuli to generate an electromagnetic return signal indicating the state of the material at the proximal location of the at least one SRR.

[0012] In various embodiments, the airborne vehicle may be one of the following: a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, a drone, a manned drone, a commercial aircraft, a military aircraft, or a rocket. Additionally, the at least one SRR can be used to determine the position of the airborne vehicle relative to the landing field. For example, at least three of the at least one SRR can be used to triangulate the position of airborne vehicle components.

[0013] The material may be found on at least one of the following: propeller blades, body material, landing gear, cockpit interface, or structural components. Additionally, the condition of the material may indicate at least one of surface curvature, propeller curvature, or landing gear curvature. The condition of the material may also be correlated with at least one of pressure, location, temperature, or altitude.

[0014] In some embodiments, the at least one SRR can be configured to resonate at a first frequency in response to electromagnetic stimulation when the material is in a first state, and can be configured to resonate at a second frequency in response to electromagnetic stimulation when the material is in a second state. Additionally, the tuned resonant frequency of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth can be at least partially based on one or more physical properties of the material.

[0015] In various embodiments, the at least one SRR can be configured to generate a first electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic stimulus to indicate a first state of the material, and can be configured to generate a second electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic stimulus to indicate a second state of the material. Furthermore, the first electromagnetic return signal has a first frequency, and the second electromagnetic return signal has a second frequency different from the first frequency. Additionally, the state of the material may include material deformation, and / or the at least one SRR can be configured to generate a first electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic stimulus to indicate material deformation, and can be configured to generate a second electromagnetic return signal in response to an electromagnetic stimulus to indicate a lack of material deformation. The resonant frequency of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth can be at least partially based on either or both of the material's permittivity and permeability.

[0016] In one embodiment, one or more SRRs may further include a first split-ring resonator (SRR) comprising a plurality of first carbon particles configured to uniquely resonate in response to electromagnetic stimulation, at least in part based on the concentration level of the first carbon particles within the first SRR. Additionally, the one or more SRRs may further include a second SRR comprising a plurality of second carbon particles configured to uniquely resonate in response to electromagnetic stimulation, at least in part based on the concentration level of the second carbon particles within the second SRR. Furthermore, each of the first and second carbon particles may be chemically bonded to the material; the first carbon particles may comprise a first aggregate forming a first porous structure, and / or the second carbon particles may comprise a second aggregate forming a second porous structure.

[0017] Furthermore, in other cases, the resonant amplitude of at least one of the first SRR or the second SRR can indicate the degree of material wear. Additionally, the first SRR can be configured to resonate at a first frequency in response to electromagnetic stimulation, and the second SRR can be configured to resonate at a second frequency in response to electromagnetic stimulation. The first frequency may differ from the second frequency. The degree to which the natural resonant frequencies of the first and second SRRs shift in response to electromagnetic stimulation can indicate the amount of material deformation. Each of the first and second SRRs may have a decay point, and / or the decay points of each of the first and second SRRs may be associated with the frequency response to electromagnetic stimulation.

[0018] In one embodiment, the landing field may include at least one split-ring resonator (SRR) configured to be embedded within a material that may constitute at least a portion of the landing field. Furthermore, the at least one SRR may be formed from a three-dimensional (3D) monolithic carbonaceous growth and may be configured to respond to electromagnetic stimuli emitted from an antenna. Additionally, the at least one SRR, in conjunction with the landing field material and its environment, may modulate the electromagnetic stimuli to generate an electromagnetic return signal that indicates at least one environmental condition at a location near the at least one SRR.

[0019] Details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. Other features, features, and advantages will become apparent from the specification, drawings, and claims. Please note that the relative dimensions in the following drawings may not be drawn to scale. Simple Explanation of the Diagram

[0020] picture [1] An in-situ vehicle control system according to one embodiment is presented, the in-situ vehicle control system including various sensors formed of carbon-containing composite materials, the carbon-containing composite materials being tuned to exhibit desired radio frequency (RF) signal resonance and response after being detected. picture [2] A signal processing system according to one embodiment is illustrated, which analyzes transmitted and / or returned RF signals by frequency shifting and / or attenuating the RF signals by means of a sensor formed of a carbon-containing tuned RF resonant material. picture [3] illustrates a feature classification system according to one embodiment. picture [4] A series of tire condition parameters according to one embodiment are illustrated, which are sensed from the RF resonance changes of each layer of a carbon-containing tuned RF resonance material. picture [5] A schematic diagram of an apparatus according to one embodiment is shown, which is used to adjust multiple ply layers of a tire by selecting carbon-containing tuned RF resonant material from separate and independent reactors to incorporate into the body of a single tire assembly. picture [6] and figure [7] Illustrated multiple sets of example conditional features according to one embodiment, which are free to form a new tire emission from a layer of carbon-containing tuned RF resonant material. picture [8] A top-down schematic diagram of an example split-ring resonator (split-ring resonator) configuration including two concentric split-ring resonators according to one embodiment is shown. picture [9] A schematic diagram according to one embodiment illustrates a complete tire diagnostic system and apparatus for tire wear sensing via impedance-based spectroscopy. picture

[10] and figure

[11] A schematic diagram is shown in relation to tire information transmitted to a navigation system via telemetry and an apparatus for manufacturing carbon-based materials for printing, according to one embodiment. picture

[12] A schematic diagram is shown according to one embodiment for digital encoding of a vehicle tire based on a resonance serial number via printed codes on the tire tread layer and / or tire body ply layer. picture

[13] illustrates a resonance mechanism, according to one embodiment, that contributes to the overall phenomenon caused by different types of resonators present on the proximal side. picture

[14] is an example temperature sensor comprising one or more currently disclosed split-ring resonators according to one embodiment. picture

[15] is a graph of the intensity of the resonant characteristic signal (in dB) measured according to one embodiment relative to the height of the tire tread layer loss (in mm). picture

[16] A graph showing the resonant response offset proportional to the tire cord deformation ratio is provided for the measured resonant characteristic signal intensity (in dB) relative to the natural resonant frequency of the split ring resonator according to one embodiment. picture

[17] is a graph of the signal strength of a split-ring resonator relative to the frequency of a chirped signal according to one embodiment, which may resonate in response to an encoded sequence number. picture [18A] to Figure [18Y] illustrates a carbonaceous material used as a forming material according to one embodiment to produce any currently disclosed resonator (e.g., a split-ring resonator). picture [19A1] and figure [19A2] Provides a diagram of one or more cracked ring resonators placed in concrete before concrete is poured into a given structural formwork, according to one embodiment. picture [19B1] and diagram [19B2] shows a diagram of a column comprising one or more split-ring resonators according to one embodiment, and an equation for measuring changes within the structural member. picture

[20] shows the use of a split-ring resonator on the exterior of structural members of various shapes that are already in use. Figure

[20] Also shown are examples of possible factors and equations that may be crucial for determining the size, orientation, location and application of the one or more split ring resonators, according to one embodiment. picture

[21] is a flowchart illustrating the process of implementing a split-ring resonator in a given application according to one embodiment. picture [22A1] to Figure [22A3] is presented to illustrate the use of a split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators within a roadside barrier according to one embodiment. picture [22B] A roadside barrier used in a race track according to one embodiment is illustrated, showing the structural components constituting the roadside barrier, in which one or more split-ring resonators may be placed. picture

[23] A diagram of a crack ring resonator placed on the surface of a concrete structure after concrete is poured into a given structural template, according to one embodiment. picture [24A] illustrates a sensing stack comprising alternating layers of carbon-containing resin and carbon fibers in contact with each other, according to one embodiment. picture [24B1] and diagram [24B2] illustrates a frequency shift phenomenon according to one embodiment, as demonstrated by a sensing stack comprising a carbon-tuned RF resonant material. picture [24B3] A graph illustrating the idealized variation of RF resonance with deflection according to one embodiment. picture [24B4] is a graph illustrating the RF resonance variation of 4-layer and 5-layer stacks according to one embodiment. picture [24C] illustrates the deployment of surface sensors in a vehicle area according to one embodiment. picture [25A] Provides a diagram of the interaction between a vehicle and a cracked ring resonator disposed in and / or on the road asphalt, according to one embodiment. picture [25B] Provides illustrations of how a split-ring resonator disposed inside or on a tire according to one embodiment can be used to measure tire static friction. picture

[26] The placement of a split ring resonator in road asphalt and / or on a road surface is illustrated according to one embodiment. picture

[27] is a flowchart illustrating the process of determining tire static friction according to one embodiment. picture

[28] illustrates the correlation between measurement frequency and tread thickness according to one embodiment. picture

[29] A portion of a vehicle surface according to one embodiment is shown, in which an array of individually configured split-ring resonators is provided. picture

[30] A configuration of a split-ring resonator in a frequency range according to one embodiment is illustrated. picture

[31] A graph showing the detection of time-based deviation changes according to one embodiment, as indicated by the time-based change of resonant frequency. picture

[32] A feature classification system according to one embodiment is illustrated, which processes signals received by a sensor formed of a free carbon-containing tuned resonant material. picture

[33] A diagram of a split ring resonator disposed in and / or on a drone and / or drone platform according to one embodiment is shown. picture

[34] A diagram of a split-ring resonator disposed in and / or on an aircraft according to one embodiment is shown. picture

[35] A diagram of a split-ring resonator and a landing position sensor disposed in and / or on an aircraft according to one embodiment is shown. picture [36A] and figure [36B] shows two illustrations of a split-ring resonator disposed in and / or on an aircraft according to one embodiment. picture [37A] shows a diagram of a split-ring resonator disposed in and / or on a rocket according to one embodiment. picture [37B] shows a diagram of a split-ring resonator and a landing position sensor disposed in and / or on a rocket and / or landing platform according to one embodiment. picture [38A] is a flowchart relating to the reporting of feedback from a split-ring resonator according to one embodiment. picture [38B] is a flowchart relating to the landing of an aircraft and / or drone using a split-ring resonator according to one embodiment. picture

[39] A diagram of a special material in a dielectric matrix and its associated circuitry according to one embodiment is shown. picture

[40] A diagram of a split ring resonator embedded in an open or closed pore material according to one embodiment is shown. picture

[41] A diagram of a pressure sensor using an open or closed material according to one embodiment is shown. picture

[42] A diagram showing wind pressure sensing data using open or closed materials according to one embodiment. picture

[43] A diagram of a path and circuit related to frequency-selective conductivity according to one embodiment is shown. picture

[44] A diagram is shown that may be suitable for many industries using a split ring resonator according to one embodiment. The same element symbols and names in different figures represent the same element. Implementation

[0021] Cross-referencing related applications, this patent application claims priority to the following: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 242,270, filed September 9, 2021, entitled "SENSORS INCORPORATED INTO SEMI-RIGID STRUCTURAL MEMBERS TO DETECT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES"; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 247,680, filed September 23, 2021, entitled "SENSORS INCORPORATED INTO SEMI-RIGID STRUCTURAL MEMBERS TO DETECT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES"; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 247,680, filed November 5, 2021, entitled "SENSORS INCORPORATED IN VEHICLE COMPONENTS TO DETECT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES". U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 276,274 entitled “CHANGES”; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 281,846 entitled “SENSORS INCORPORATED INTO AIRBORNE VEHICLE COMPONENTS TO DETECT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES”, claimed on November 22, 2021, are assigned to their respective assignees; all disclosures of the prior applications are deemed to be part of this patent application and are incorporated herein by reference.

[0022] The various implementations of the subject matter disclosed herein are generally related to the deployment of durable sensors (e.g., split-ring resonators) made of carbon microstructures. These sensors can be integrated into vehicle components, such as the ply of conventional, currently commercially available pneumatic (filled with air, nitrogen, or other gases) tires, next-generation airless solid tires, and in other locations, such as within the vehicle body. Sensors can be embedded within multiple portions of the tire ply and / or tire tread, such as the rubber in contact with the pavement or ground. Conventional tire use leads to contact degradation, ultimately resulting in slick (untreaded) tires that cannot adequately adhere to the road surface, especially in adverse weather conditions such as snow or heavy rain. Degradation of the tire ply containing the sensors produces corresponding detectable changes in the sensor's response behavior, such as forward rotation and tire strain encountered in lateral tire slippage (e.g., "drifting," a common maneuver in some enthusiast communities). In this way, conventional (e.g., forward rotation) tire degradation can be detected based on changes in the expected sensor resonant response behavior, and tire static friction loss (e.g., during drifting maneuvers) can be detected by observing deviations in the expected sensor resonant response behavior (e.g., accomplished via frequency shift keying, a concept further explained below). As commonly understood, static friction can refer to the static frictional forces that need to be overcome to enable relative movement between stationary objects in contact, such as those encountered during performance driving maneuvers involving lateral movement (e.g., drifting). This contrasts with kinetic and / or dynamic friction, which can refer to simultaneous movement between two contact surfaces, etc.

[0023] It should be understood that, as described in this article, sensors can also be integrated into building materials, construction materials, metals, polymers, plastics, foams (open-cell and closed-cell), etc. Furthermore, these materials can also be used in industries beyond automotive (e.g., aerospace, construction, mining, etc.).

[0024] Carbonaceous materials can be adjusted during synthesis to achieve specific desired radio frequency (RF) signal offset (frequency shift) and signal attenuation (reduction in signal amplitude) behavior related to the emitted RF signal. Devices capable of emitting RF signals may include, for example, transceivers mounted in one or more wheel wells of a vehicle equipped with the disclosed system and / or adjacent to an inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit (also known as (interchangeably) energy storage circuit, LC circuit, or resonator). The currently disclosed embodiment does not require moving components, thereby reducing the likelihood of wear and tear due to conventional road use. The split-ring resonator works in conjunction with pre-existing vehicle electronics, flight vehicle electronics, building (including concrete) components, etc. The target RF resonant frequency value of the disclosed component carbonaceous material can be adjusted within a reaction chamber or reactor to exhibit interactions that yield target performance characteristics. These characteristics can be used in any number of applications, such as multi-section low-pressure off-road tires and slick tires without tread for track use only. The split-ring resonator formed from unique carbonaceous materials exhibits frequency shift and / or signal attenuation at specified radio frequencies (RF) ranging from 0.01 GHz to 100 GHz, which can be adjusted according to the application. Regarding tunability, the carbonaceous material can be naturally grown (e.g., self-nucleated) in a reactor from carbonaceous gaseous matter without the need for seed particles to produce intricate 3D structures.

[0025] Environmental changes (e.g., snow, rain, etc.) in vehicles equipped with the disclosed materials and systems can affect the resonance, frequency shift, and / or signal attenuation behavior of split-ring resonators. Therefore, even minute changes in tire condition can be detected and communicated to the driver. For example, if a tire ply containing one or more split-ring resonators contacts the road surface (e.g., rotating forward) and thereby degrades and / or deforms over time, the resonance of the split-ring resonator within the degraded and / or deformed tire ply may change. Furthermore, other detectable changes may occur during drifting (e.g., lateral movement) scenarios, allowing the signal response of the affected tire ply and / or tread containing the split-ring resonator to indicate the presence or absence of the tread and its degree of wear. Therefore, split-ring resonators can accurately and precisely detect sudden or gradual changes in weather or other environmental conditions (e.g., performing driving maneuvers).

[0026] Detectable variations and / or shifts in the RF range resonant frequency response of split-ring resonators can be detected by stimulating the RF resonant material within each split-ring resonator with an electromagnetic (EM) signal of a known frequency. In some configurations, the EM signal may initially be output from an antenna (also mounted on the vehicle) and / or further propagated via patterned resonant circuits (referred to herein as "resonators") mounted in one or more wheel wells, which may be 3D printed onto the tire carcass ply. In this way, attenuation and / or frequency shifts of the emitted signal associated with each individual split-ring resonator can be observed and analyzed electronically to measure current environmental conditions. Additionally, variations in the RF resonant frequency (or multiple frequencies) can be observed and compared with known and discrete calibration points to determine the tire pressure measured at one or more defined detection points on the vehicle body at a given time.

[0027] Conventional tire use, such as that encountered by most road or off-road tires during road driving, can cause slight deformation in multiple parts of the tire, which may lead to changes in the natural RF resonant frequency of individual split-ring resonators (at which point, y is "acoustic pulse" by the RF signal). These changes in the natural resonant frequency (associated with the currently revealed carbon that forms various split-ring resonators) can be detected and compared with known calibration points to determine the condition inside the tire. A system that combines an antenna with the currently revealed split-ring resonators integrated into the tire ply can be adapted to sense changes in the properties of the tire ply and report them to associated telemetry equipment within the vehicle.

[0028] Of course, it should be understood that although the application of split ring resonators is described in detail relative to the tire (and automotive) industry, such applications can also be applied to other industries (e.g., aerospace, construction, materials, mining, oil, concrete, etc.).

[0029] The currently disclosed split-ring resonator can be tuned to detect minute changes in the physical properties of individual tire ply (and / or any material or substance in which or on which the split-ring resonator is embedded), including changes due to air pressure on the vehicle skin or due to any external forces applied to / on the tire. Such changes can be detected by "probing" (e.g., emitting an RF signal and subsequently observing and analyzing the RF signal), followed by processing a unique set of detected properties (e.g., "features") of a given tire ply, tread layer, or other surface or region, as revealed by, for example, frequency domain return. Various mechanisms for calibrating the observed signal features and processing the returned features are discussed. Methods for manufacturing tires with passively embedded sensors of a tuned carbon structure that interact with an elastomer are disclosed. For example, mechanisms for manufacturing tires from multiple ply layers may affect the natural resonant frequency behavior of the split-ring resonator. In addition, a tire can be constructed to include multiple tire cord layers, each tire cord layer incorporating different tuned carbons with unique tuned carbon microstructures, which can be micrometer-sized, or any one or more of nanometer, micrometer, or even mesoscopic particle sizes up to the millimeter (mm) level.

[0030] The disclosed split-ring resonator allows for self-powered characteristics of resonance in the GHz and MHz range, achievable via a triboelectric generator (e.g., generating current during vehicle tire rotation and its repetitive friction and / or contact with pavement or ground). Such tribological components can be integrated or otherwise incorporated within multiple steel strips between elastomeric layers in one or more vehicle tire ply layers. In this manner, the split-ring resonator can be charged (and / or powered) by the triboelectric generator to resonate (and thus emit RF signals) and discharge. The resonator can be configured to accommodate repetitive charge-discharge cycles and can take any one or more of various shapes and / or modes, including elliptical shapes (based on their forming materials and / or construction) with inherent resonance values ​​or properties.

[0031] Changes in the shape or orientation of a resonator can lead to corresponding changes in any associated resonance constants. Therefore, any change in tire physics due to deformation (or any similar deformation of the material in or on which the split-ring resonator is visible) caused by static conditions such as internal tire pressure or dynamic conditions such as driving over round road spikes may alter the shape or orientation of individual split-ring resonators. Different resonator modes (e.g., supplements or alternatives to split-ring resonators) can be used to respond to one type of deformation with greater sensitivity compared to another (e.g., lateral deformation encountered when driving around a curve versus vertical motion encountered when driving on a paved or rough surface). In addition to the configuration of the split-ring resonator altering its signal response behavior based on tire deformation, the split-ring resonator can also communicate electronically with other signal attenuation detection capabilities, such as with digital signal processing, DSPs, computer chips, and / or sensors placed in the wheel well or even the rim. A DSP can be used in conjunction with an external transceiver (semiconductor chip) for stimulation and response; optionally. The split-ring resonator can also communicate with the triboelectric generator integrated into each tire cord layer and exhibits resonant behavior that can be detected by an external receiver.

[0032] As found in the detailed description, the illustrative information presented is intended to illustrate various architectures (including optional architectures) and uses. It should be noted that this information is presented for illustrative purposes (to provide the most thorough description possible) and should not be construed as limiting in any way. Any of the following features may be combined, with or without excluding other features described, as appropriate.

[0033] picture [1] For example, a vehicle condition detection system intended to be equipped on a vehicle (such as a car and / or truck).

[0100] A schematic diagram. Vehicle status detection system.

[0100] May include sensors, such as tuned RF resonant components.

[0108] (For example, a split-ring resonator, such as the one shown in Figure 1) [8] shows the split-ring resonator). Each tuned RF resonator assembly

[0108] These materials can be formed from a variety of carbon-based microstructure materials, aggregates, agglomerates, and / or the like, such as the materials disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 785,020, filed February 7, 2020, entitled "3D Self-Assembled Multi-Modal Carbon-Based Particle" (collectively, "Carbon Materials"), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Tuned RF Resonance Components

[0108] Sensors can be incorporated into vehicles (such as conventional driver-driven automobiles or fully automated transport pods or vehicles capable of moving vehicle occupants without a human driver).

[0104] Hose sensor

[0105] Tire sensors

[0106] and transceiver antenna

[0102] Of any one or more.

[0034] Tuning RF Resonance Components

[0108] It can be configured to communicate electronically and / or wirelessly with any one or more of the following (e.g., by measuring signal frequency shift or attenuation): transceiver

[0114] Vehicle Central Processing Unit

[0116] Vehicle sensor data receiving unit

[0118] Vehicle actuator control unit

[0120] ; and including doors, windows, and locks (collectively referred to as

[0124] actuator

[0122] Engine control components

[0126] Navigation / Head-Up Display

[0128] Suspension control components

[0129] and wing trim

[0130] Tuned RF Resonance Components

[0108] A transceiver can be used.

[0114] Via the transmitted RF signal

[0110] [and] [ / ] [or] the returned RF signal

[0112] The observed frequency shift in the transmitted RF signal (referred to as "frequency shift," meaning any change in frequency). This is related to the transmitted RF signal.

[0110] Corresponding returned RF signal The reference in

[0112] may refer to one or more tuned RF resonant components. The RF signal emitted by

[0108]

[0110] Electronic detection of frequency shift or attenuation, these tuned RF resonant components are integrated into the vehicle with a sensor.

[0104] Hose sensor

[0105] Tire sensor

[0106] Transceiver antenna

[0102] In any one or more of them, and / or like (e.g., in actual physical reflections or returns of signals not originating from the sensor). Transmitted RF signals

[0110] and the returned RF signal

[0112] Can be integrated with the vehicle's central processing unit

[0116] Vehicle sensor data receiving unit

[0118] Vehicle actuator control unit

[0120] and / or actuator

[0122] Any one or more of the communication (and therefore also by means of the foregoing). Vehicle condition detection system

[0100] This can be implemented using any suitable combination of software and hardware.

[0035] Vehicle Status Detection System

[0100] Any one or more of the various sensors illustrated may be formed of carbon-based microstructures tuned to achieve specific RF resonant behavior when "detected" (meaning struck or otherwise contacted by an emitted RF signal). Vehicle condition detection system

[0100] (or any of its forms) can be configured to be implemented in any conceivable vehicle use application, area or environment, such as during severe weather conditions including sleet, hail, snow, ice, frost, mud, sand, debris, uneven terrain, water and / or the like.

[0036] Tuning RF Resonance Components

[0108] It can be installed around and / or on the vehicle (such as in the driver's cab, engine compartment, or trunk, or on the vehicle body). As shown in the figure As shown in [1], the tuned RF resonant assembly may include a sensor.

[0104] Hose sensor

[0105] Tire sensor

[0106] and transceiver antenna

[0102] Any one or more of the above can be implemented in modern vehicles during production, or (alternatively) retrofitted to pre-existing vehicles, regardless of the age and / or condition of such vehicles. Tuned RF Resonance Assembly

[0108] It can be formed in part using readily available materials, such as glass fiber (e.g., for wings) or rubber (e.g., for tires) or glass (e.g., for windshields). These known materials can be combined with carbon-based materials, growths, agglomerates, aggregates, sheets, particles and / or the like, such as materials that are self-nucleated in a reaction chamber or reactor during flight by carbon-containing gaseous substances and formulated to achieve the following objectives: (1) increasing the mechanical (e.g., tensile, compressive, shear, strain, deformation and / or the like) strength of composite materials in which such materials are incorporated; and / or (2) resonating at a specific frequency or a set of frequencies (in the range of 10 GHz to 100 GHz). The variables that determine the RF resonance properties and behavior of the material can be controlled independently of the variables responsible for controlling the strength of the material.

[0037] Radio frequency (RF) stimuli (such as those from transceivers)

[0114] The stimulus emitted or emitted by the resonator can be used to tune the RF resonant assembly.

[0108] Actuator

[0122] (and / or similar, such as in tuning RF resonant components)

[0108] The sensor implemented in the middle or above emits an RF signal to detect one or more of its individual resonant frequencies and the frequency shift and pattern observed in the attenuation of the emitted signal (which may be affected by internal or external conditions). For example, if the RF resonant component (such as a tire sensor) is tuned...

[0106] ) has been specially prepared (referred to as "tuned") to resonate at a frequency of approximately 3 GHz, so when stimulated by a 3 GHz RF signal, the tire sensor

[0106] It can emit resonant resonance or sympathetic vibration (referring to a harmonic phenomenon in which a previously passive string or vibrating body responds to an external vibration, the string or vibrating body having a harmonic similarity to such external vibration).

[0038] These sympathetic vibrations can occur at the stimulation frequency, as well as in the overtones or sidelobes derived from the 3 GHz fundamental tone. If the tuned resonant assembly (tuned RF resonant assembly)

[0108] ) having been tuned to resonate at 2 GHz, when the tuned resonant component is stimulated by a 2 GHz RF signal, it will emit sympathetic vibrations as described. These sympathetic vibrations will occur at the stimulation frequency and in the overtones or sidelobes derived from the 2 GHz fundamental tone (in engineering, referring to the local maxima of the far-field radiation pattern of an antenna or other radiation source, which are not the main lobe). Many additional tuned resonant components may be located near the RF transmitter. The RF transmitter may be controlled to first emit a 2 GHz acoustic pulse, then a 3 GHz acoustic pulse, then a 4 GHz acoustic pulse, and so on. This series of acoustic pulses with different and increasing frequencies may be referred to as a "chirp".

[0039] Adjacent tire plies within the tire body (such as tire plies in contact with each other), such as in the figure [5] to [7] The tire ply generally shown may have different concentration levels or configurations of carbon-based microstructures to define sensors incorporated in the (individual) tire body ply and / or tread layer to resonate at different frequencies that are non-harmonic to each other. That is, non-harmonic ply layers can ensure that the detection of a particular tire body ply and / or tread layer (or other surface or material) is different and easily identifiable relative to others, with the lowest possible likelihood of confusion caused by signal interference caused by harmonics (or otherwise associated with harmonics).

[0040] transceiver

[0114] (and / or resonator, Figure) [1] (not shown) can be configured to transmit RF signals.

[0110] Transmitted to the tuned RF resonant assembly

[0108] any one or more of them, to digitally identify from the tuned RF resonant component

[0108] The returned RF signal of any one or more of them

[0112] Frequency shift and / or attenuation. Such "return" signals

[0112] It can be processed into digital information, which can be electronically transmitted to the vehicle's central processing unit.

[0116] The vehicle central processing unit and the vehicle sensor data receiving unit

[0118] and / or vehicle actuator control unit

[0120] Interaction: The vehicle sensor data receiving unit and / or the vehicle actuator control unit send additional vehicle performance-related signals based on the received sensor data. Return signal

[0112] The actuator can be controlled at least partially.

[0122] . That is, the vehicle actuator control unit.

[0120] Controllable actuator

[0122] Based on the data receiving unit of the self-mounted sensor

[0118] Received information regarding the transceiver

[0114] The communication tuning RF component indicates feedback on the wear or degradation of the vehicle components to operate doors, windows, and locks.

[0124] Engine control components

[0126] Navigation / Head-Up Display

[0128] Suspension control components

[0129] and / or wing trim

[0130] any one or more of them.

[0041] Monitoring the returned RF signal

[0111] When detecting road debris and adverse weather conditions during behavior (such as frequency shift and / or attenuation), it may cause the actuator to...

[0122] Trigger suspension control component

[0129] Corresponding changes. Such changes may include, for example, softening the suspension settings to accommodate driving over road debris, and then tightening the suspension settings to accommodate the enhanced vehicle responsiveness that may be required during driving in heavy rain (and therefore low traction) conditions. This is achieved via the vehicle actuator control unit.

[0120] There are many variations of this type of control, in which any conceivable condition outside the vehicle (such as transmitted RF signals) can be detected by the transceiver.

[0110] and / or the returned RF signal

[0112] frequency shift and / or attenuation manifestation).

[0042] Any tuned RF resonant component forming the described sensor

[0108] It can be tuned to resonate at a specific frequency when stimulated, wherein the defined frequency shift (caused by the carbon-based microstructure) can form one or more signal features indicating the material or conditions of the material in which the sensor is incorporated.

[0043] Returned RF signal

[0112] The time variance or deviation (TDEV) of the frequency shift (such as the frequency shift shown in the signal characteristics) (referring to the time stability of the phase x relative to the observation interval τ of the pulse source during measurement; the time deviation thus forms a measurement of the standard deviation type used to indicate the time instability of the signal source) can correspond to the time variance variation of the sensor's environment and / or the time variance variation of the sensor itself. Therefore, the signal processing system (such as the vehicle central processing unit)

[0116] Vehicle sensor data receiving unit

[0118] and / or vehicle actuator control unit

[0120] Any one or more of these can be configured to analyze signals associated with the sensor (such as emitted RF signals) according to the TDEV principle.

[0110] and the returned RF signal

[0112] ). The results of such analyses (such as feature analysis) can be delivered to the vehicle's central processing unit.

[0116] The vehicle central processing unit (therefore) can transmit commands to the vehicle actuator control unit.

[0120] to take appropriate response actions. In some configurations, the actuator

[0122] Such response actions may involve at least some human driver input, while in other configurations, the vehicle condition detection system

[0100] It can operate entirely in a self-contained manner, thereby allowing vehicles equipped in this way to address component performance issues that arise in fully autonomous driving scenarios. Additionally, the vehicle's central processing unit...

[0116] Can be connected with one or more upstream components

[0113] (e.g., computing devices associated with racing applications housed in a fixed area) and / or components responsible for acquiring and / or processing and tuning RF resonance components.

[0108] Racing mission control unit containing all associated data

[0119] Communicating electronically.

[0044] picture [2] A signal processing system according to one embodiment is illustrated.

[0200] The signal processing system analyzes the transmitted and / or returned RF signals by frequency shifting and / or attenuating these RF signals using a sensor formed from a carbon-containing tuned RF resonant material. Depending on the situation, the signal processing system...

[0200] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any of the preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or descriptions. However, of course, signal processing systems

[0200] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0045] As shown in the figure, Figure [2] shows the signal processing system

[0200] Block diagram, the signal processing system may include a surface sensor.

[0260] and embedded sensors

[0270] Any one or more of the above can be combined with other ones for such equipped vehicles (referring to vehicles equipped with face sensors).

[0260] and embedded sensors

[0270] Environmental changes of the vehicle

[0250] Electronic communication. Signal processing system.

[0200] May also include a transceiver.

[0214] Feature Analysis Module

[0254] and vehicle central processing unit

[0216] Any one or more of the above may communicate electronically with the other.

[0046] In some implementations, embedded sensors

[0270] (It can be embedded in a material such as a tire cord layer) Self-powered telemetry and / or powered by self-powered telemetry, which includes a frictional energy generator also incorporated in the material enclosing the individual sensors (Figure 1). [2] (not shown). Therefore, the friction energy generator can generate usable current and / or electricity by collecting the static charge accumulated between, for example, a rotating tire or wheel and the pavement it contacts, to power a resonant circuit (described in more detail herein), which can then resonate to transmit RF signals at a known frequency. Thus, externally mounted transceiver units (such as transceiver units mounted in each wheel well of the vehicle) can transmit RF signals, which are further propagated by the resonant circuit, which in this configuration is frictionally powered and embedded in the ply of the tire body. Similarly, the frequency shift and / or amplitude attenuation of the transmitted signal are received, and, for example by a feature analysis module.

[0254] and / or vehicle central processing unit

[0216] will be used for analysis.

[0047] Self-powered telemetry (referring to the collection of measurements or other data at remote or inaccessible locations and the automatic transmission of these measurements or other data to a receiving device for monitoring) can be incorporated into vehicle tires. As described herein, self-powered telemetry involves generating, storing, and subsequently discharging the stored charge to or through a resonant circuit using the frictional charge within the tire, in order to utilize the "ringing" (oscillation of the resonant circuit responsible for further transmission of the RF signal) that occurs during the discharge of the resonant circuit (a circuit consisting of an inductor represented by the letter L and a capacitor represented by the letter C connected together, used to generate RF signals at one or more specific frequencies).

[0048] Typically, acoustic pulse stimulation can be provided in one of two possible configurations of the currently disclosed vehicle component wear detection system. This includes relying on signals or "acoustic pulses" generated by a stimulation source (such as a conventional transceiver) located outside the tire (or other vehicle components intended for monitoring wear caused by continuous use) (such as within each wheel well of such an equipped vehicle); or using frictional energy generating devices within the tire (referring to sensors also embedded in the tire ply, similar to those with carbon-based microstructures), which collect frictional energy from the rotating wheel and / or tire and the ground or pavement in contact with it—energy that would otherwise be wasted. Tribology, as commonly understood and referred to herein, refers to the scientific and engineering study of surfaces interacting in relative motion. Such frictional energy generating devices can power tire-in-tire resonators, which then perform self-emitting tire property telemetry.

[0049] Either of the two "acoustic pulse" stimulators or providers discussed above can have a complex resonant frequency (CRf) component ranging from approximately 10 to 99 GHz (e.g., due to the resonant frequency of small-sized structures such as graphene sheets) and a lower frequency resonance in the kHz range due to the relatively large size of the tire internal resonance device under discussion. Typically, CRf can be equated to the inherent resonant frequency of the elastomer component, the inherent resonant frequency of the carbon component, the ratio of the constituent components to the whole, and the geometry of the tire internal resonance device.

[0050] Signal processing system

[0200] Used to analyze signal characteristics when a sensor formed of carbon-based microstructures is stimulated (by digitally observing the emitted RF signal).

[0210] and / or returned RF signals

[0212] (Defined by the frequency shift and / or attenuation of any one or more of them). Due to stimulation, a chirp signal sensor resonating at a chirp / pulse frequency "responds" by resonating at or near its corresponding tuning frequency, shifting the transmission frequency and / or attenuating the amplitude of the transmitted signal. When environmental changes occur during chirp / pulse transmission (such as environmental changes that cause wear on the tire body ply and / or tread), the modulation change of the "return" signal—higher or lower than the tuning frequency—can be monitored. Therefore, the transceiver

[0214] It can be configured to receive returned RF signals.

[0212] , the returned RF signals indicate the surfaces they probed, etc.

[0051] Of course, it should also be understood that, although the diagram [1] to Figure The background of

[18] primarily concerns the automotive application of split-ring resonators, but such teachings are equally applicable to other scenarios and industries detailed herein (including concrete, materials science, aerospace, drones and aircraft, mining materials, petroleum industry components, etc.). Therefore, the teachings in this paper concerning automobiles (specifically tires) can be applied in the context of these other industries, some of which will be described in more detail below.

[0052] The aforementioned chirp / pulse signal can be transmitted via a transceiver.

[0214] Transmission (such as by inaudible RF signals, pulses, vibrations, and / or similar transmissions). Additionally, a "return" signal may be transmitted via a transceiver.

[0214] Receive. As shown in the figure, the chirped signal can chirp (such as a transmitted RF signal).

[0210] ) occurs through a repeating sequence. For example, the chirped signal sequence can be formed by a pattern including a 1 GHz acoustic pulse, followed by a 2 GHz acoustic pulse, then a 3 GHz acoustic pulse, and so on. The entire chirped signal sequence can be repeated continuously. There can be a short time interval between each acoustic pulse, so that the return signal (returned RF signal) from the resonant material can be received immediately after the end of the acoustic pulse.

[0212] ). Alternatively or additionally, the signal corresponding to the acoustic pulse stimulus and the observed "response" signal may occur simultaneously and / or along the same general path or route. The feature analysis module may employ digital signal processing techniques to distinguish the observed "response" signal from the acoustic pulse signal. In cases where the returned response includes energy spanning multiple different frequencies (such as overtones, side lobes, etc.), a notch filter may be used to filter the stimulus. The returned signal received by the transceiver may be sent to the feature analysis module.

[0254] The feature analysis module can then send the processed signal to the vehicle's central processing unit.

[0216] . The preceding text refers to the figure. The discussion in [2] includes the formation of sensors from carbon-containing tuned resonant materials and may also refer to sensing stacks.

[0053] The disclosed sensors can be incorporated into tire plywood, for example, including resin layers that can be layered with gaps between additional carbon fiber layers within the tire plywood. Each layer of carbon-containing resin can be formulated differently to resonate at different expected or desired tuning frequencies. The physical phenomena of material resonance can be described with respect to the corresponding molecular composition. For example, a layer having a first defined structure (such as a first molecular structure) will resonate at a first frequency, while a layer having a second, different molecular structure can resonate at a second, different frequency.

[0054] Materials with a specific molecular structure contained within a layer will resonate at a first tuning frequency when the layer is in a low-energy state, and at a second, different frequency when the material in the layer is in an induced higher-energy state. For example, materials in a layer exhibiting a specific molecular structure when the layer is in its natural, undeformed, low-energy state can be tuned to resonate at 3 GHz. Conversely, the same layer can resonate at 2.95 GHz when it is at least partially deformed from its natural, undeformed, low-energy state. As a result, this phenomenon can be tuned to detect even the smallest anomalies on tire surfaces, such as those in contact with a road surface (e.g., pavement) and experiencing enhanced wear in a localized contact area, with high fidelity and accuracy. Even under time-sensitive race day conditions, cars racing on demanding tracks (referring to high-tech, windy tracks with sharp corners and rapid elevation changes) can benefit from this information on localized tire wear or degradation, enabling informed tire replacement decisions.

[0055] See the image for reference. [24B1] to the diagram [24B2] To illustrate and discuss the frequency shift phenomenon described above (such as the shift from a frequency resonance of 3 GHz to a frequency resonance of 2.95 GHz), it will be discussed below.

[0056] Carbon-containing materials (such as those with carbon-based microstructures) tuned to exhibit a specific resonant frequency when detected by RF signals can exhibit a specific resonant curve by adjusting the specific compounds constituting these materials to have a specific impedance. Different impedances then correspond to different frequency response curves.

[0057] Impedance describes the difficulty of alternating current (AC) flowing through a component. In the frequency domain, due to its structure as an inductor, impedance is a complex number with real and imaginary parts. The imaginary part is the inductive reactance (the reaction of a circuit element to the flow of current due to its inductance or capacitance; for the same applied voltage, a larger reactance results in a smaller current) component XL, which is based on the frequency f and the inductance L of a specific structure: (Equation 1)

[0058] As the receiving frequency increases, the reactance also increases, which may cause the measured intensity (amplitude) of the transmitted signal to attenuate at a certain frequency threshold. The inductance L is affected by the material's resistivity Z, where Z is related to material properties such as permeability μ and permittivity ε, as follows: (Equation 2)

[0059] Therefore, adjusting the material properties changes the resistivity Z, which in turn affects the inductance L, and thus the reactance XL.

[0060] Carbon-containing structures with different inductances can exhibit different frequency responses (when used to create sensors for the aforementioned systems), such as the carbon-containing structure disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 10,428,197 entitled "Carbon and Elastomer Integration" published by Anzelmo et al. on October 1, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. That is, a carbon-containing structure with high inductance L (based on resistivity Z) will achieve a specific reactance at a lower frequency than another carbon-containing structure with lower inductance.

[0061] When formulating compounds to be adjusted to a specific impedance, material properties such as permeability, permittivity, and conductivity may also need to be considered. Furthermore, it has been observed that when the structure is under tension-induced conditions, such as when the structure is slightly deformed (e.g., thereby slightly altering the physical properties of the structure), the first carbon-containing structure will resonate at a first frequency, while the second carbon-containing structure will resonate at a second frequency.

[0062] Example carbon-containing structures that can resonate at the first frequency (e.g., as shown in Figure 1) [18A] to Figure (As shown in [18Y]), it may be related to an equivalent circuit including capacitor C1 and inductor L1. The frequency f1 is given by the following equation: (Equation 3)

[0063] Deformation of the carbon-containing structure can subsequently alter its inductance and / or capacitance. These changes may relate to the equivalent circuit including capacitor C2 and inductor L2. The frequency f2 is given by the following equation: (Equation 4)

[0064] picture [3] A feature classification system according to one embodiment is shown.

[0300] Depending on the situation, feature classification systems

[0300] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the feature classification system

[0300] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0065] Feature classification system

[0300] The signal received by the sensor formed from a free carbon-containing tuned resonant material is processed. Feature classification system.

[0300] Can be implemented under any physical environment or weather conditions. Figure [3] This relates to incorporating tuned resonant sensing materials into automotive components to classify signals (such as features) detected, classified, and / or received from sensors mounted in the vehicle. In operation

[0302] In this system, an acoustic pulse signal at a selected frequency is transmitted. The acoustic pulse signal generation and transmission mechanisms can be implemented using any known technology. For example, a transmitter module can generate a selected frequency of 3 GHz and radiate the signal using one or more antennas. The design and placement of the tuned antennas (such as those mounted on and / or within any one or more wheel wells or vehicles) can correspond to any tuned antenna geometry, material, and / or location, such that the intensity of the acoustic pulse is sufficient to induce (RF) resonance in nearby sensors. Several tuned antennas are positioned on or within structural members near corresponding sensors. Therefore, when a nearby surface sensor is stimulated by an acoustic pulse, it may resonate with a certain characteristic. It can receive (in operation)

[0304] (in the middle) This feature and stores it in a format including the received feature.

[0310] The data set. Acoustic pulses can be repeatedly transmitted in a loop, followed by receiving a sequence of characteristic signals.

[0066] The frequency of the acoustic pulse can be changed during the iterative loop (operation).

[0308] Therefore, when performing operations within a loop...

[0304] During operation

[0304] Storage feature

[0312] , including the first feature [312, 1, ]、Second feature [312, 2, ], up to the Nth feature

[0312] N. The number of iterations can be determined by the decision.

[0306] Control. When making decisions In the "No" branch of

[0306] (such as when no other additional acoustic pulses are to be emitted), the received features can be provided (in operation).

[0314] (in Chinese) to digital signal processing modules (such as, Figure 1) The feature analysis module shown in [2]

[0254] Example). Digital signal processing module compared to a set of calibration points.

[0318] Feature classification (operation)

[0316] Calibration points can be configured to correspond to specific acoustic pulse frequencies. For example, calibration points...

[0318] May include a first calibration point that corresponds to a first acoustic pulse and a first return characteristic near 3 GHz. [320, 1, ], which corresponds to the second calibration point of the second acoustic pulse and the second return characteristic near 2 GHz. [320, 2, ], and for any integer value "N" calibration points, this continues until the Nth calibration point. [320, N , ).

[0067] In operation

[0320] In the process, the classified signals are sent to the vehicle's central processing unit (such as shown in the figure). [1] The vehicle's central processing unit

[0116] ). Classified signals can be processed by the vehicle's central processing unit.

[0116] Relayed to an upstream storage of a hosted computerized database configured to host and / or run machine learning algorithms. Thus, a large number of stimuli related to signals, classified signals, and signal responses can be captured for subsequent data aggregation and processing. Providing a given set of sensory measurements, which can computationally prepare the database to be "trained," may correlate with conditions or diagnoses related to vehicle performance (such as tire degradation due to repeated use). If the measured deflection (such as air pressure) of a specific part of the wing assembly differs from the measured deflection (such as air pressure) of different parts of the wing assembly during vehicle operation, a possible diagnosis could be an underinflated tire causing inconsistent vehicle altitude, resulting in proportionally inconsistent airflow over, on, and / or around the vehicle, as detected by the deflection of the wing assembly. Other potential conditions or diagnoses can also be determined by the machine learning system. Such conditions and / or diagnostic and / or support data can be transmitted back to the vehicle to complete the feedback loop. Instruments in the vehicle provide visualization that can be operated (e.g., by the driver or engineer).

[0068] picture [4] A series of tire condition parameters according to one embodiment are illustrated, which are sensed from the RF resonance changes of each layer of the carbon-tune RF resonance material.

[0069] picture [4] A series of tire condition parameters according to one embodiment are illustrated.

[0400] These tire condition parameters are sensed from the RF resonance variations of each layer of the carbon-tune RF resonant material. Depending on the situation, the tire condition parameters...

[0400] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any previous and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, tire condition parameters

[0400] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0070] As shown in the figure, Figure [4] Shows various physical properties or patterns (tire condition parameters) related to incorporating tuned resonant sensing materials into automotive components such as tires.

[0400] Here, the figure is presented in relation to the deployment of a survivability sensor in a tire (including non-pneumatic and pneumatic tires). The tire construction may correspond to radial tires, bias-ply tires, tubeless tires, solid tires, run-flat tires, etc. The tire can be used in any kind of vehicle and / or related equipment and / or accessories. Such vehicles may include aircraft, all-terrain vehicles, automobiles, construction equipment, dump trucks, bulldozers, agricultural equipment, forklifts, golf carts, harvesters, cranes, mopeds, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, racing cars, ride-on lawnmowers, tractors, trailers, trucks, wheelchairs, etc. In addition to or in lieu of the vehicles presented, the tire can also be used in non-motorized vehicles, equipment and accessories, such as bicycles, tricycles, unicycles, lawnmowers, wheelchairs, handcarts, etc.

[0071] picture The parameters shown in [4] are merely examples, and other variations may exist or be prepared in other ways to achieve specific performance characteristics for a number of conceivable end-use scenarios, including truck tires designed to provide increased durability (possibly at the expense of road grip) or soft racing tires designed to provide maximum road grip (possibly at the expense of lifespan).

[0072] Various carbon structures can be used in different formulations with other non-carbon materials integrated into the tire, followed by mechanical analysis to determine individual tire characteristics. Some of these characteristics can be determined empirically through direct testing, while others are determined based on measurement and data extrapolation. For example, rolling uniformity can be determined by sensing the force changes when the tire rolls on a uniform surface such as a roller, while tread life is based on short-term wear tests, with the results of these short-term tests extrapolated to obtain a predicted tread life value.

[0073] While more tire characteristics can be measured, some of these measurement techniques can physically damage the tire, thus limiting measurements to desired points in its lifespan. In contrast, using survivable sensors embedded in the tire allows for such otherwise destructive measurements to be performed throughout the tire's entire lifespan. For example, the detection of response signals based on RF signals probed by sensors embedded in the tire can be used for this type of sensing. Furthermore, as discussed herein, each body ply and / or tread layer of the tire includes a durable (also referred to as "survivable") sensor tuned to resonate at a specific frequency.

[0074] The ply layers used in tires can be formulated to combine carbon-containing structures with other materials to achieve a specific material composition that exhibits desired performance characteristics (such as handling and durability). Spectral analysis can be performed on the natural resonant frequencies (or multiple frequencies) of a specific material composition to generate a spectral profile for that specific material composition. This spectral profile can be used as a calibration baseline for the material. When the main ply layers and / or tread layers of the tire undergo deformation, this spectral profile changes, and these changes can be used as additional calibration points (such as calibration points).

[0318] ). Many such calibration points can be generated by testing, and these calibration points can then be used to measure deformation.

[0075] Analysis of the spectral response leads to the quantitative measurement of many tire parameters. Tire parameters that can be determined based on characteristic analysis may include, for example, tread life.

[0422] Control at the first temperature

[0428] Control at the second temperature

[0426] Rolling economy at the first temperature

[0430] Rolling economy at the second temperature

[0432] , rolling uniformity

[0436] and braking uniformity

[0438] .

[0076] The response, such as the spectral representation of the returned acoustic pulse signal received by sensors embedded in the tire's ply material, can represent the observed deformation. That is, a certain type of tire deformation will correspond to a certain type of specific response, allowing a mapping to be established between the response or response type and the degradation type. Furthermore, the time-varying changes in the tire's spectral response when the tire undergoes in-situ deformation can be used to determine many environmental conditions. In tires constructed using multiple ply layers, each main ply and / or tread layer can be configured to exhibit a specific tuning frequency or frequency range. For example, Figure... [5](shown below) shows a schematic diagram for constructing a tire from multiple ply layers, each of which has a different specific tuning frequency or frequency range.

[0077] picture [5] A schematic diagram of a device according to one embodiment is shown.

[0500] This device is used to adjust multiple ply layers of a tire by selecting carbon-tune RF resonant materials from separate and independent reactors for integration into the body of a single tire assembly. (See schematic diagram for details.)

[0500] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the schematic diagrams...

[0500] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0078] Schematic diagram

[0500] This can be used to fine-tune or adjust multiple main ply layers and / or tread layers of a tire by selecting carbon-containing tuned resonant materials to incorporate into the tire assembly or structure, which can be implemented in any environment. Figure [5] shows how different carbons are mixed into tire compound formulations, which are then assembled into multi-ply tires. The resulting multi-ply tires exhibit a variety of resonance sensitivity and frequency shift characteristics.

[0079] Multiple reactors (such as reactors) [552, 1, ]、Reactor [552, 2, ]、Reactor [552, 3, ] and reactor [552, 4, ]) Each generates (or otherwise delivers or provides) specific carbon additives / fillers into a network that is tuned to obtain a specific, defined spectral profile. Carbon additives (such as first-tuned carbon)

[0554] Second tuning carbon

[0556] Third tuning carbon

[0558] and the fourth tuning carbon

[0560] It can be used with other (carbon-based or non-carbon-based) composite materials.

[0550] Mixing. Any known technique may be used to mix, heat, pretreat, post-treat, or otherwise combine a particular carbon additive with other composite materials. Mixers (such as mixers) are presented. [562, 1, ]、Mixer [562, 2, ]、Mixer [562, 3, ] and mixer [562, 4, ]) is intended to demonstrate how different tuned carbons can be introduced into various components of a tire. Other technologies used for tire assembly may involve other construction technologies and / or include other tire components. Any known technology for multi-ply tires may be used. Furthermore, specific body ply and / or tread layers (such as a set of body ply and / or tread layers)

[0568] Including the main ply and / or tread layer [568, 1, ]、Main ply and / or tread layer [568, 2, ]、Main ply and / or tread layer [568, 3, ] and the main ply and / or tread layer The spectral curves of [568, 4, ]) can be determined based on the characteristics of a specific main ply and / or tread formulation. For example, based on stimulus and response characteristics, the first main ply and / or tread formulation (such as, main ply and / or tread formulation) can be determined. [564, 1, ]) can exhibit the first spectrum curve, while the second main ply and / or tread compound (such as, main ply and / or tread compound) can exhibit the second spectrum curve. [564, 2, ]) can display the second spectral curve.

[0080] The resulting different formulations (such as the main ply and / or tread formulation) [564, 1, ], Main ply and / or tread layer formulation [564, 2, ], Main ply and / or tread formulation [564, 3, ] and the formulation of the main ply and / or tread layer. [564, 4, ]) in forming a tire assembly

[0566] It is used in different main ply and / or tread layers, each of which exhibits a corresponding spectral curve.

[0081] picture [6] Illustrate multiple sets of example conditional features according to one embodiment.

[0600] These multiple sets of example conditional features can freely form new tire emission from multilayer carbon-containing tuned RF resonant materials. Depending on the situation, example conditional features...

[0600] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments set forth in any of the preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the exemplary condition features are...

[0600] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0082] picture [6] shows a second set of example conditions for tire emission formed from free multilayer carbon-containing tuned resonant materials.

[0600] . Example conditional features

[0600] or any of its states can be emitted in any environment. Figure [6] Shows a plurality of main ply and / or tread layers of a new tire (such as main ply and / or tread layer #1, main ply and / or tread layer #2 and main ply and / or tread layer #3). The term “ply”, as used in this example and elsewhere with reference to any of the embodiments presented, may refer to a ply or layer within the tire body, or a layer of the tire tread that projects radially outward away from the tire body and is intended for contact with a hard surface or, for off-road tires, with the ground. In one embodiment, the first main ply and / or tread layer may be formulated with tuned carbon (meaning made with a specific formulation) such that the first main ply and / or tread layer is stimulated with a 1.0 GHz acoustic pulse (such as a first acoustic pulse).

[0602] When stimulated by a 2.0 GHz acoustic pulse (such as the first acoustic pulse), it resonates at 1.0 GHz. Similarly, the second main body ply and / or tread layer are formulated with tuned carbon so that the second main body ply and / or tread layer resonate at 1.0 GHz when stimulated by a 2.0 GHz acoustic pulse (such as the first acoustic pulse).

[0604] When stimulated by a 3.0 GHz acoustic pulse (such as a third acoustic pulse), it resonates at 2.0 GHz. Furthermore, the third main body ply and / or tread layer are formulated with tuned carbon, enabling the third main body ply and / or tread layer to resonate at 2.0 GHz when stimulated by a 3.0 GHz acoustic pulse (such as a third acoustic pulse).

[0606] It resonates at 3.0 GHz upon stimulation. (As in the first response)

[0608] Second Response

[0610] and the third response

[0614] As shown, all three main ply layers and / or tread layers are responsive at their respective tuning frequencies.

[0083] The transceiver antenna can be located in and / or on the wheel well of the corresponding tire (and / or anywhere near the split-ring resonator). Systems processing any such generated response signals can be configured to distinguish them from other potential responses generated from other surfaces, such as the remaining non-target tires of the vehicle. For example, even if the right front tire mounted on the right front wheel of the vehicle responds to an acoustic pulse emitted from a transceiver antenna located in the left front wheel well of the vehicle, the response signal from the right front tire will be significantly attenuated (and thus identified) compared to the response signal from the left front tire of the vehicle. In various embodiments, the transceiver antenna can be positioned within inches of the split-ring resonator, or, if necessary, 5 to 10 meters (or even further). Such positioning can vary depending on the power of the transmitter and receiver.

[0084] When the transceiver antenna is located in the wheel well of the corresponding tire, the response from the corresponding tire will be attenuated relative to the acoustic pulse stimulus. For example, the response from the corresponding tire may be attenuated by 9 dB (–9 dB) or more relative to the acoustic pulse stimulus, or by 18 dB (–18 dB) or more, or by 36 dB (–36 dB) or more, or by 72 dB (–72 dB) or more. In some cases, the acoustic pulse signal generator is designed to be combined with the transceiver antenna located in the wheel well such that the attenuation of the acoustic pulse response from the corresponding tire does not exceed 75 dB (–75 dB).

[0085] picture [7] Illustrate multiple sets of example conditional features according to one embodiment.

[0700] These multiple sets of example conditional features can freely form new tire emission from multilayer carbon-containing tuned RF resonant materials. Depending on the situation, example conditional features...

[0700] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments set forth in any of the preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the exemplary condition features are...

[0700] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0086] As shown in the figure, the third set of example conditional features

[0700] This is emitted from the tire after the wear of some carbon-containing tuned resonant materials. Depending on the situation, example condition features...

[0700] or any of its variations may be implemented within the framework of the architecture and functionality of the embodiments described herein. Example conditional features

[0700] or any of its states can be emitted in any environment.

[0087] In this example, the tire is worn. More specifically, the outermost body ply and / or tread layer is completely worn. Therefore, a 1.0 GHz acoustic pulse stimulus will not elicit a response from the outermost ply. This is shown in the graph as the first response attenuation.

[0702] As the tire continues to experience tread wear, the acoustic pulse responses from the next main ply and / or tread layer, and from the next consecutive main ply and / or tread layer, will attenuate. This attenuation can be used to measure the total tread wear of the tire. Alternatively, the same tuned carbon can be used in all ply layers. Tread wear and other indicators can be determined based on the characteristics of the signals returned from the tire.

[0088] picture [8] A top-down schematic diagram illustrating an example split-ring resonator (split-ring resonator) configuration including two concentric split-ring resonators according to one embodiment is shown.

[0800] As appropriate, a top-down diagram may be used.

[0800] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any of the preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, top-down schematic diagrams

[0800] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0089] As shown in the figure, Figure [8] is a top view of two layers, each layer carrying a split-ring resonator (SCR), for example, forming an example SCR configuration comprising two concentric SCRs. As used herein, a SCR consists of a pair of concentric rings disposed on a dielectric substrate, each ring having a slit (e.g., due to a printed pattern). When the SCR array is excited by a time-varying magnetic field, the structure behaves as an effective medium with negative effective permeability in a narrow band around the resonant point of the SCR. Many geometries are possible, for example, such that the dimensions and / or spacing between the individual SCRs, including dimensions “a”, “r” and / or “c”, are selected to achieve a specific corresponding spectral response. For example, “a” may be approximately 1 mm, “r” may be 2 mm, and “c” may be approximately 0.6 mm. These dimensions can correspond to producing the desired and / or anticipated spectral response, for example, resulting in a relatively wide and / or broad signal response rather than a narrow and / or notch response, thereby facilitating improved spectral analysis and leading to increased cost efficiency in the use of spectral analysis tools such as spectrum analyzers. Alternatively or additionally, any dimensions can be further tailored to achieve specific desired end-results, such as in racing applications compared to off-road applications. In one embodiment, a particular geometry may involve gaps between concentric rings. Such gaps can create capacitance that, combined with the inductance inherent in the pair of concentric rings, causes a change in overall resonance.

[0090] Printable, sheet-guided, cylindrical split-ring resonators can be constructed from any conductive material, including metals, conductive nonmetals, dielectric materials, and semiconductor materials. Besides adjustments based on the selection and / or processing of the conductive material, the split-ring resonator can also be adjusted by changing its geometry, thereby correspondingly adjusting the effective permittivity. The effective permittivity varying with the geometry of the split-ring resonator is given in Equation 5. (Equation 5) Where a is the spacing between the cylinders, ꙍ is the angular frequency, μ0 is the permeability of free space, r is the radius, d is the spacing between the concentric conductive sheets, l is the stacking length, c is the ring thickness, and σ is the resistance per unit length of the sheet measured around the circumference.

[0091] In some cases, the α value (e.g., the spacing between the cylinders of a cylindrical split-ring resonator) can be relatively small, causing the concentric rings to absorb EM radiation within a relatively narrow frequency range. In other cases, the α value can be relatively large, causing the concentric rings to absorb EM radiation across a wider range of frequencies. In some cases, split-ring resonators of different sizes can be mounted on different surfaces of the tire. In some cases, split-ring resonators of different sizes mounted on different surfaces of the tire can be used to measure tire condition (e.g., temperature, aging, wear, etc.).

[0092] In some embodiments, the material forming the split-ring resonator is a composite material. Each split-ring resonator can be configured to produce any specific desired tuned response to EM stimulation. At least because the split-ring resonators are designed to mimic the resonant response of atoms (but on a larger scale and at lower frequencies), the larger-scale split-ring resonators allow for greater control over the resonant response compared to atoms. Furthermore, split-ring resonators are more responsive than ferromagnetic materials found in nature. The significant magnetic response of split-ring resonators is a significant advantage compared to heavier natural materials.

[0093] picture [9] A schematic diagram according to one embodiment is shown.

[0900] This illustrates a complete tire diagnostic system and device for tire wear sensing via impedance-based spectrum analysis. (Schematic diagram as needed.)

[0900] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the schematic diagrams...

[0900] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0094] The diagram shows a tire (such as a pneumatic rubber tire filled with air or nitrogen (N2)).

[0900] May include a conventional tire assembly, including a main body.

[0920] Lining

[0912] Bead filling area

[0922] tire bead

[0916] One or more belt layers

[0904] ,

[0906] ,

[0908] and

[0910] tread

[0902] and impedance-based spectral wear sensing printed electronics

[0918] (Alternatively, sensors with carbon-based microstructures, wherein signal frequency shift and attenuation are achieved by embedding in the bandgap layer)

[0904] –

[0910] to monitor the resonators in one or more of them.

[0095] As shown here, wireless strain sensors can be placed on or on the side of the liner (or embedded therein) to monitor tire conditions (such as detecting damaged tires) for vehicle safety. Tire deformation or strain monitoring can (indirectly) provide information representing the degree of friction between the tire and the contact surface, which can then be used to optimize the vehicle's tire control system. Tire information can be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver located in the wheel well (and / or near the ring resonator) based on a resonator sensor platform. It should be understood that the receiver can potentially be located anywhere that is not opaque to radio frequency (wireless) signaling.

[0096] picture

[10] A schematic diagram relating to tire information transmitted via telemetry to a navigation system and an apparatus for manufacturing printed carbon-based materials, according to one embodiment.

[1000] As appropriate, a diagram may be provided.

[1000] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the schematic diagrams...

[1000] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0097] As shown in the figure, schematic diagram

[1000] A system for providing tire wear-related information is shown, which is transmitted via telemetry to a navigation system and equipment for manufacturing printed carbon-based materials. (Schematic diagram)

[1000] It can work in conjunction with any or more of the systems, methods, and materials currently disclosed (such as sensors including carbon-based microstructures), and therefore redundant descriptions thereof are omitted. Impedance spectroscopy, also known as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), refers to an impedance transformation method involving the application of sinusoidal electrochemical perturbations (potentials or currents) over a wide frequency range when measuring a sample, such as sensors, including those incorporated in tires.

[1002] Carbon-based microstructures within one or more tire belt layers. Printed carbon-based resonators.

[1004] It can be incorporated into one or more tire components (such as tire belt layers), wherein each printed carbon-based resonator

[1004] Having the generally elliptical configuration shown or another shape or configuration customized to achieve specific desired resonant properties, which are suitable for effective and accurate vehicle component wear detection by monitoring frequency shift and / or attenuation (such as the first response attenuation indicating wear of the tire body ply and / or tread ply having a natural resonant frequency of about 1.0 GHz).

[0098] Capable of forming printed carbon-based resonators

[1004] Roller Assembly

[1010] A repository including carbon-based microstructures and / or microstructure materials (such as graphene)

[1012] (such as large barrels), anilox rollers

[1014] (Refers to a rigid cylinder, typically constructed with a steel or aluminum core coated with an industrial ceramic layer containing millions of tiny pits (called cells),) printing plate cylinder

[1016] and embossing cylinder

[1018] During operation, self-storage...

[1012] The extracted graphene can be obtained by the roller assembly.

[1010] is made by rolling, pressing, stretching, or otherwise processing into a printed carbon-based resonator.

[1004] . Schematic diagram.

[1000] It may not be necessary for a printed carbon-based resonator to function.

[1004] Registration (referring to alignment).

[0099] Therefore, any combination of the foregoing features can be used to manufacture tires with resonators (referring to actual or "equivalent" resonant grooves), LC and / or resonant circuits, wherein the carbon-containing microstructure itself can resonate in response to transmitted RF signals from a transceiver and / or from energy provided by an advanced energy source, causing other sensors disposed in or on any one or more components of the tire (such as the tread, one or more ply layers, liner, etc.) to exhibit frequency shift or signal attenuation properties or behaviors. The resonator described does not necessarily need to be implemented as an actual circuit and / or integrated circuit (IC). The resonator described can be simply implemented as a tuned carbon-containing microstructure, thus avoiding common degradation problems that can occur when implementing conventional discrete circuits in degradable materials (such as tire tread layers). Such resonators can resonate in response to externally supplied "acoustic pulses" (such as those provided by transceivers located in the wheel wells of a vehicle), or they can respond to being charged by co-location (meaning within the same tire tread layer, but possibly at different locations within that tire tread layer), self-powered, and self-detecting capabilities facilitated by any deformation or any number of electrical or charge generators (such as thermoelectric generators, piezoelectric energy generators, triboelectric energy generators, etc.).

[0100] At any time a tire rolls or otherwise undergoes deformation, any of the aforementioned resonators (and other resonators and / or resonant circuits) may be configured to emit and / or further emit oscillating RF signals (or other forms of electromagnetic radiation, depending on the overall configuration). When a vehicle tire experiences wear due to use (such as highway or off-road driving), the tire tread layer in contact with the pavement or ground (earth) may undergo deformation instantaneously or over time (such as deformation observed from being "squeezed," which refers to at least partial flattening of multiple portions of the exposed vehicle tire tread layer during rotation or rolling, and / or deformation observed during lateral motion experienced during rotation, etc.). Therefore, the resulting signal frequency shift and / or attenuation behavior may change according to such "squeezing," as the associated signal may oscillate within one or more known amplitude ranges. Alternatively, when a tire deforms, the observed signal can oscillate within a known frequency range corresponding to a specific resonator, allowing for precise and accurate identification of the type of degradation occurring as it develops, rather than requiring the driver, passengers, and / or other vehicle occupants to leave the vehicle and observe the tire tread condition while the vehicle is stationary. Such frequency shift oscillations can be observed as a back-and-forth shift between two or more frequencies within a known frequency range.

[0101] Wireless strain sensors located on the side of the liner (such as geometric measurements representing deformation indicating relative displacement between particles in the bulk material, possibly caused by external constraints or loads) can monitor tire conditions for vehicle safety (e.g., by detecting damaged tires). Additionally, tire deformation or strain monitoring can indirectly provide information related to the degree of friction between the tire and the road surface, which can then be used to optimize the vehicle's tire control system. This tire information can be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver (and / or transceiver) located in the wheel hub based on a resonant sensor platform (such as impedance spectroscopy, IS, or other sensors).

[0102] picture

[11] A schematic diagram relating to tire information transmitted via telemetry to a navigation system and an apparatus for manufacturing printed carbon-based materials, according to one embodiment.

[1100] As appropriate, a diagram may be provided.

[1100] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the schematic diagrams...

[1100] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0103] In one embodiment, a schematic diagram

[1100] This may relate to a resonant serial number-based digital coding system for determining vehicle tire wear via ply printing codes. The resonant serial number-based digital coding system may be combined with and / or used in conjunction with currently disclosed systems, methods, and sensors. The resonant serial number-based digital coding system provides a digital code for the tire via ply printing codes, and thus provides cradle-to-grave (i.e., the entire service life) tracking of the tire (and related performance indicators) and its usage profile, without requiring conventional electronic devices in the tire that are susceptible to daily wear.

[0104] In some implementations, digitally encoding a tire's resonant serial number via tread printing facilitates cradle-to-grave tire tracking without necessarily requiring internal electronics within the tire. For example, in conjunction with tire wear sensing via impedance spectroscopy, additional resonators can be digitally encoded onto one or more printed patterns for, for example, a serial number used for telemetry tracking. Thus, a vehicle equipped in this way can track tread wear, mileage (e.g., total), and tire age without requiring radio frequency identification (RFID) technology.

[0105] Along with tire wear sensing via impedance spectroscopy (IS) and / or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), additional resonators can be digitally encoded onto a printed pattern to provide an identifiable serial number for telemetry-based tire performance tracking. By incrementally printing these printed carbon-based resonators onto the main ply and / or tread layers, tires incorporating these resonators may be inherently serializable.

[0106] picture

[12] A schematic diagram illustrating a vehicle tire based on a resonance serial number for digital encoding via printed codes in the tire tread and / or body ply, according to one embodiment.

[1200] As appropriate, a diagram may be provided.

[1200] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the schematic diagrams...

[1200] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0107] As shown in the figure, the serial number "6E" is encoded in a specially prepared array of printed carbon resonators, which is configured according to the "acoustic pulse" stimulus-response diagram.

[1212] This allows for convenient and reliable identification of the specific body ply and / or tread layer of a vehicle tire equipped with such a tire.

[0108] picture

[13] shows a resonance mechanism according to one embodiment.

[1300] This resonance mechanism contributes to the overall phenomenon resulting from different types of resonators present on the proximal side. Depending on the situation, the resonance mechanism...

[1300] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the resonance mechanism

[1300] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0109] In one embodiment, the resonance mechanism

[1300] This can be used to illustrate the use of the split-ring resonator (split-ring resonator) as a resonant device, which contributes to an overall phenomenon caused by different types of resonators present on the proximal side. The figure shows the inner surface of the tire.

[1301] The inner surface has two split-ring resonators (e.g., split-ring resonators). [1303A] and split-ring resonator [1303B),] Each of these split-ring resonators forms a circuit configuration.

[1305] The circuit configuration can be adjusted to attenuate the signal at a specific frequency and / or within a specific frequency range. In this embodiment, the circuit configuration...

[1305] is shown as a geometric pattern corresponding to a generally circular split-ring resonator; however, alternative circuit configurations may have different geometric patterns (e.g., cylindrical, elliptical, rectangular, elliptical, square, etc.), and therefore, any conceivable geometric configuration is possible. Variations of the geometric configuration can be selected based on their effect on the resonant capability of the geometric pattern. Specifically, and as shown, the geometric pattern may include various aggregation modes (e.g., aggregation modes)

[1306] Aggregation mode

[1308] and aggregation mode

[1310] Self-assembling carbon-based particles, any one or more of these aggregation modes can constitute a dense region.

[1304] This dense region may affect the resonance performance of materials incorporating carbon-based microstructures. A single aggregation mode and / or a series of aggregation modes may also affect the resonance performance of materials incorporating carbon-based microstructures.

[0110] In various configurations, carbon-based microstructures can be formed at least partially from graphene. In this context, graphene can refer to an allotrope of carbon, existing as a single layer of atoms in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, with one atom forming each vertex. Co-locating and / or juxtaposing multiple such hexagonal lattices into more complex structures introduces other resonance effects. For example, the juxtaposition of two thin sheets or flakes of graphene.

[1302] They can resonate at a certain frequency, which depends on the length, width, spacing, thickness, spacing shape and / or other physical properties of the sheets or pieces and / or their juxtaposition relative to each other.

[0111] Table 1 illustrates a possible chord for attenuation caused by the overall effect. As shown in the table, each of these structures has a different resonant frequency domain corresponding to its scale marking. [surface] [1:] [Example of overall effect] [structure] [Scale Markers] [Resonance Frequency Domain] Printed patterns (e.g., split-ring resonator geometry) Macro scale lower GHz Aggregation mode Mesoscale higher GHz juxtaposition of graphene sheets or small pieces microscale Very high GHz molecular nanoscale THz

[0112] Any number of different split-ring resonators can be printed onto the tire surface. Furthermore, any number of different sizes of split-ring resonators can be printed onto any surface of the tire. The selection of the material and / or size and / or other structural or dimensional characteristics of a particular split-ring resonator can be used to control the resonant frequency of that particular resonator's split ring. A series of different sizes of split-ring resonators can be printed such that the pattern corresponds to a digitally encoded value. Stimulating a series of different sizes of split-ring resonators via electromagnetic signal communication, for example, sweeping through an 8 GHz to 9 GHz range or similar, and measuring the attenuated response within the return range, may result in an identifiable coded serial number. Many different encoding schemes are possible; therefore, the non-limiting examples in Table 2 are for illustrative purposes only. [surface] [2] Example encoding scheme size (outer diameter) 1mm 2mm 2.5mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 7mm Bit assignment 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Calibrated attenuation point (GHz) 8.890 8.690 8.655 8.570 8.470 8.380 8.350 8.275 Encoded 6E split-ring resonator mode exist exist exist exist exist Encoded 6E-bit pattern 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Encoded 4E split-ring resonator mode exist exist exist exist Encoded 4E bit pattern 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Encoded E1 split-ring resonator mode exist exist exist exist Encoded E1 bit pattern 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

[0113] picture

[14] Example temperature sensor according to one embodiment

[1400] This example temperature sensor includes one or more currently disclosed cracked-ring resonators. Depending on the situation, the example temperature sensor...

[1400] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any previous and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the example temperature sensor

[1400] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0114] In one implementation, an example temperature sensor

[1400] May include a portion of the tire body having multiple tire cord layers.

[1402] (For example, as shown in the figure) [9] shown). Example temperature sensor

[1400] Detectable, for example, incorporating an example temperature sensor.

[1400] Temperature of tire cord layer

[1408] In one embodiment, the tire sensor may include a ceramic material.

[1404] (e.g., tissue as matrix) and one or more split-ring resonators

[1406] , such as the figure [8] and other places shown in this disclosure). One or more split-ring resonators

[1406] Each of them may have a natural resonant frequency (e.g., as shown in the figure).

[16] As shown, this natural resonant frequency can shift in response to one or more of the changes in the elastomeric properties or temperature of individual tires. Conductive layer

[1410] Can be used with one or more split-ring resonators

[1406] Dielectric separation of each split-ring resonator. In some embodiments, an example temperature sensor.

[1400] It can be manufactured and transported without being bonded to a tire, so that it can be subsequently bonded to a tire and / or tire ply.

[0115] Alternatively, or in an alternative embodiment, an example temperature sensor

[1400] This can be combined with configuration to detect tire strain in a vehicle (e.g., as shown in the figure). The system shown in

[16] (Figure)

[14] (not shown). The system may include an antenna (e.g., as discussed in this disclosure with respect to the transmission and / or propagation of electromagnetic signals) disposed on one or more of the vehicle or vehicle assembly. The antenna may be configured to output electromagnetic pulses. The system may also include a body having one or more tire cord layers (e.g., as shown in Figure 14). [9] shown in the tire. Any one or more tire ply layers may include split-ring resonators (split-ring resonators), for example, as discussed in this disclosure. In one embodiment, each split-ring resonator may have a natural resonant frequency configured to be proportionally offset in response to changes in the elastomeric properties (e.g., reversible deformation, stress, and / or strain) of the individual tire ply layers (e.g., as shown in Figure 9).

[16] (as shown in the figure).

[0116] In some embodiments, the described system can be used to detect changes in the physical properties of materials outside of configurations associated with tires and / or vehicles (e.g., automobiles and trucks). For example, the system can detect surface temperature changes in aircraft wings and / or other types of wings (e.g., associated with spacecraft). Furthermore, the system can permit, for example, one or more split-ring resonators.

[1406] In a hospital setting, it can be removably attached to a patient, allowing individual patient temperature readings to be obtained without the use of conventional thermal sensors (e.g., relying on radiative heat transfer techniques). In any of these examples and others, such systems can detect physical properties associated with a surface.

[0117] In one embodiment, the system may include a single antenna configured to output electromagnetic acoustic pulses and one or more flexible substrates. Each flexible substrate may include a first side comprising a plurality of split-ring resonators (e.g., one or more split-ring resonators) disposed on the flexible substrate.

[1406] ). Each split-ring resonator may have a natural resonant frequency that may be proportionally shifted in response to changes in the elastomeric properties of one or more individual tire cord layers (e.g., as shown in Figure 1).

[16] (as shown). The elastomer properties may include one or more of reversible deformation, stress, strain, or temperature. In this way, the system can generate an absorption profile (e.g., a unique variation in the absorption phenomenon of an electromagnetic pulse output by the antenna). The system may include a second side positioned relative to the first side. The second side may be attached to a surface. A single antenna can analyze data associated with the absorption profile and output the morphology of the physical properties.

[0118] picture

[15] A graph showing the intensity of the resonant characteristic signal (in dB) as measured according to one embodiment versus the height of the tire tread layer loss (in mm).

[1500] Depending on the situation, a graph

[1500] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the graphs...

[1500] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0119] As shown here, carbon-containing microstructures and / or microstructure materials can be incorporated into the sensor at a given concentration level or multiple different concentration levels (in each of one or more tire tread layers) or in some configurations into the entire layer of one or more tire tread layers to achieve the unique degradation curves shown. That is, as described herein, the measured resonant characteristics (referring to the identifying "features" of the particular tire tread layer) can be "detected" by one or more RF signals to exhibit the attenuation of the emitted signal as shown.

[0120] The new tire tread layer can be configured to indicate a signal intensity of approximately 0 (measured in dB). This intensity can be changed proportionally to the degree of degradation of the tire tread layer. For example, a 2 mm height loss in the tire tread layer (assuming it is in contact with the pavement) corresponds to the measured resonant characteristic signal intensity curve shown. A 6.7 GHz "acoustic pulse" signal can be measured at an intensity level of approximately 9 dB, and so on.

[0121] Therefore, carbon-containing microstructures with unique concentration levels, chemical properties, dispersion, distribution, and / or similar characteristics can be embedded in the tire tread layer (or, in some cases, placed on one or more surfaces of the tire tread layer) to achieve the unique and easily identifiable metric resonance characteristic signal intensity shown. Thus, users of such systems can immediately know the exact extent and location of tire tread wear during driving, rather than being limited to observing the tire when the vehicle is stationary, a process that can be time-consuming and cumbersome.

[0122] picture

[16] A graph showing the measured resonant characteristic signal intensity (in dB) relative to the natural resonant frequency of a split-ring resonator according to one embodiment.

[1600] This shows the resonant response offset proportional to the deformation of the tire ply. Depending on the situation, the graph...

[1600] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the graphs...

[1600] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0123] In one embodiment, the graph

[1600] The measured resonance feature signal intensity (in dB) according to one embodiment is shown relative to the natural resonant frequency (e.g., as discussed in this disclosure) of a split-ring resonator (split-ring resonator) incorporated in the tire tread and / or tread ply. As shown here, carbon-containing and / or carbonaceous microstructures and / or microstructure materials can be incorporated into the sensor at a given concentration level or multiple different concentration levels (in each of one or more tire tread layers) or in some configurations into the entire layer of one or more tire treads to achieve the unique degradation curve shown. That is, as described herein, the measured resonance feature (referring to the identifying "feature" of the particular tire tread layer) can be "bombarded" by one or more RF signals to exhibit a shift in the emitted signal as shown, for example, representing the degree of reversible tire deformation (e.g., stress and / or strain) (as may be encountered in drift conditions) and / or proportional to the degree of reversible tire deformation. In this way, the "response" signal behavior of the split-ring resonator can be modeled based on tire deformation (e.g., strain) (associated with drift), thereby allowing a complete depiction of tire condition and performance. Real-world scenarios leading to lateral tire static friction loss can include drifting and / or hydroplaning, for example, the phenomenon that occurs when a layer of water forms between the vehicle wheels and the road surface, resulting in loss of traction and thus preventing the vehicle from responding to control inputs. If hydroplaning occurs simultaneously at all contacting wheels, the vehicle effectively becomes an uncontrolled sled. The currently disclosed split-ring resonator and / or resonator, when used in conjunction with antennas and / or signal processing equipment, effectively eliminates the need for reliance on conventional hydroplaning detection techniques (e.g., by using vibration detection units coupled to the tire surface, where tires may deteriorate and become damaged over time). Additionally, Figure...

[16] The spectral response (in decibels) associated with lateral tire movement encountered during static friction loss during drift is shown. In real-world scenarios, temporary static friction loss may be heard as a high-pitched "scream," rather than other sounds heard only during rapid forward rotation. This type of periodic static friction loss (before the drifting vehicle regains static friction and / or traction) can be shown (Figure 16).

[16] (not shown) represents the periodic and / or periodic shift of the natural resonant frequency of the corresponding split-ring resonator. Furthermore, regarding Figure...

[16] The “scream” type of situation can be visually depicted by the small periodic and / or periodic frequency shifts of the various valleys and / or peaks of the curve.

[0124] As can be seen, the instantaneous multimodal resonator supports a method for measuring static friction using sensors containing resonant materials for detecting changes in elastomer properties. In one setup, one or more sensors containing resonant materials for detecting changes in elastomer properties are positioned near the sensor. Stimulus signals can be emitted to excite one or more sensors containing resonant materials for detecting changes in elastomer properties. These emissions include electromagnetic energy spanning a known frequency range. A calibration signal is captured under known static friction conditions. After receiving a return signal that at least partially includes the frequency responding to the stimulus signal, various signal processing techniques are applied to the return signal. For example, various signal processing techniques are applied to the return signal to compare it with the stimulus signal. Whenever the frequency and / or amplitude of the return signal differs from the calibration signal, the corresponding interfacial indirect permittivity (e.g., at the interface between the tire and the driving surface) is calculated. The absolute and / or relative values ​​of the interfacial indirect permittivity are correlated with the static friction value (e.g., using a calibration table). The change in the static friction value over time is then correlated with road and / or tire conditions.

[0125] The static and / or dynamic values ​​constituting the aforementioned calibration signals and / or calibration tables may be at least partially based on the analysis of the stimulus signals and / or the analysis of the environment near the sensor. Furthermore, the aforementioned calibration signals and / or calibration tables may include permittivity calibration signals, permeability calibration signals, temperature calibration signals, vibration calibration signals, doping calibration signals, etc. In one embodiment, the calibration procedure can be performed under known and / or controlled environmental conditions (e.g., dry pavement and clear weather) to generate baseline data at various forward angular velocities (so that the test vehicle moves directly forward without lateral slippage and / or sliding motion). This baseline data is then used as one or more calibration curves, and the deformation values ​​can then be compared with and / or calculated from these calibration curves. In this way, a significant performance change relative to the initial unstretched (baseline) calibration curve can be observed, for example, as shown in the figure. As shown in

[16] .

[0126] Regardless of when or where the returned signal differs from the calibration signal, further analysis of the returned signal relative to the stimulus signal can be used to identify which frequency of the returned signal differs from the calibration signal. These differences can be observed / measured as attenuation relative to one or more frequencies of the calibration signal. Alternatively, these differences can be observed as a peak shift relative to the calibration signal (as shown in the figure).

[16] As shown, the data (such as those stretched at 0.5% as indicated) were observed / measured.

[0127] picture

[17] is a graph showing the signal intensity of a split-ring resonator according to one embodiment as a function of the chirped signal frequency.

[1700] These cracked-ring resonators can resonate in response to an encoded serial number. Depending on the situation, the graph...

[1700] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the graphs...

[1700] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0128] In one embodiment, the graph

[1700] illustrates the use of split-ring resonator structures configured to resonate in a manner corresponding to an encoded serial number. Such patterns of split-ring resonator structures can be printed on tires or other elastomers. As shown, the encoded serial number "E1" is indicated by the presence of four different sizes of split-ring resonators. (Graph)

[1700] EM stimulation is shown in the range of approximately 8 GHz to approximately 9 GHz, while the response is shown to have attenuation in the range of approximately –8 dB to approximately –18 dB. Stimulating the series of split-ring resonators of different sizes via electromagnetic signal communication across this range and measuring the S-parameters of the returned signals across this range results in convenient and reliable identification of the particular printed pattern. Therefore, if a unique pattern is printed on each of a series of tires and if the pattern is associated with an coded serial number, the specific tire can be identified based on the pattern's response to EM queries.

[0129] More specifically, if a unique pattern is printed on each of a series of tires, and if the pattern is associated with a coded serial number, then an EM query for EM stimuli within a range corresponding to the coding scheme can be used to identify the specific tire based on measured S-parameters (e.g., the S-parameter ratio corresponding to attenuation). (See Figure...) In the example of

[17] , the attenuation falls within the range of approximately -8 dB to approximately -18 dB; however, in other measurements, the attenuation falls within the range of approximately -1 dB to approximately -9 dB. In other measurements, the attenuation falls within the range of approximately -10 dB to approximately -19 dB. In other measurements, the attenuation falls within the range of approximately -20 dB to approximately -35 dB. In empirical experiments, the attenuation is substantially independent of the number of resonators configured in different ways and co-located adjacently on the tire surface. More specifically, in some experiments, the attenuation may be particularly significant when the resonators are co-located adjacently on the tire surface, possibly on the tread side of a steel belt (e.g., in a steel belt radial tire).

[0130] The aforementioned coding and printing techniques can be used in tires and other components containing elastomers. In some cases, the printing of resonators is carried out at relatively high temperatures and / or using chemical agents (e.g., catalysts) to form chemical bonds between the carbon atoms of the resonator and the elastomer. The chemical bonds formed between the carbon atoms of the resonator and the elastomer contribute to the overall effect; therefore, calibration curves can be used to account for the type and extent of the aforementioned chemical bonds.

[0131] Elastomers can contain one or more types of rubber. For example, isoprene is a common rubber formulation. Isoprene has its own single C-C bonds and double bonds between other molecular elements in the ligand. The additional double carbon bonds formed by the high-temperature printing of split-ring resonators have an effect that increases electrical conductivity, which can be used to form larger, lower-frequency resonators. Alternatively or additionally, the aggregates can be tuned to a specific size, which will produce overtones that contribute to the overall effect, resulting in very high sensitivity when given an EM interrogation within the tuning range. In some cases, the material's response to an EM interrogation is sufficiently discriminative that the age or other health condition of the elastomer can be determined (e.g., by comparison with one or more calibration curves).

[0132] More specifically, as elastomers age, the intermolecular spacing changes, and energy coupling and / or penetration decrease accordingly. Therefore, as conductive sites become increasingly isolated relative to their neighbors, the response frequency shifts. In some cases, the attenuation and / or return signal strength will change at specific frequencies. These changes can be determined over time, and they can be used to construct calibration curves.

[0133] The tire design supports many possible locations for the printed split ring resonator. For example, the split ring resonator can be located on any inner surface of the tire, including but not limited to the crown belt layer, and / or on or near the steel belt (e.g., on the tread side of the steel belt), and / or on or near the radial ply, and / or on the sidewall, and / or on the bead protector, and / or on the bead, etc.

[0134] The use of split-ring resonator technology is not limited to tires. This technology can be applied to any component containing elastomers, such as belts and hoses. Furthermore, the use of split-ring resonator technology is not limited to vehicles. That is, since consumables exist in organic power systems and / or drive system components in a wide range of motorized devices (e.g., in industrial machinery systems), split-ring resonator technology can also be applied to such consumables. Some forms of wear phenomena are the result of friction, heat, thermal cycling, and corrosion, any of which can cause and / or accelerate changes in the molecular structure of materials. Changes in the molecular structure of materials can be detected under EM interrogation. More specifically, by calculating the frequency shift, the response of a specific sample relative to a calibration curve under a specific EM interrogation mode (e.g., the response of an aged sample), the age or health condition of the material can be assessed based on the magnitude of the frequency shift.

[0135] picture [18A] to Figure [18Y] illustrates a carbonaceous material according to one embodiment, used as a forming material for producing any currently disclosed resonator (e.g., a split-ring resonator). Figure [18Y] is shown as appropriate. [18A] to Figure [18Y] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the figures [18A] to Figure [18Y] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0136] As shown in the figure, Figure [18A] to Figure [18Y] Illustrations of carbon-based materials, growths, agglomerates, aggregates, sheets, particles and / or the like, such as materials that self-nucleate in flight from carbon-containing gaseous substances such as methane (CH4) in a reaction chamber or reactor, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 785,020, filed February 7, 2020, entitled "3D Self-Assembled Multi-Modal Carbon-Based Particle", the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

[0137] The carbon-based nanoparticles and aggregates shown can be characterized by a high degree of "uniformity" (such as a high mass fraction of the desired carbon allotropes), a high degree of "order" (such as a low concentration of defects), and / or a high degree of "purity" (such as a low concentration of elemental impurities), in contrast to particles with lower uniformity, less order, and lower purity that can be achieved by conventional systems and methods.

[0138] Nanoparticles produced using the methods described herein may contain multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs) or linked MWSFs, and possess high homogeneity (e.g., a graphene to MWSF ratio of 20% to 80%), high order (e.g., an ID / IG ratio of 0.95 to 1.05 in Raman characteristics), and high purity (e.g., a carbon-to-other-elements ratio (excluding hydrogen) greater than 99.9%). The nanoparticles produced using the methods described herein contain MWSFs or linked MWSFs, and the MWSFs do not contain a core composed of impurity elements other than carbon. The particles produced using the methods described herein may be aggregates containing the aforementioned nanoparticles with a large diameter (e.g., greater than 10 µm).

[0139] Conventional methods have been used to produce particles containing highly ordered multi-walled spherical fullerenes, but may result in a variety of drawbacks in the final product. For example, high-temperature synthesis techniques result in particles that are a mixture of many carbon allotropes and therefore have low homogeneity (e.g., less than 20% fullerenes relative to other carbon allotropes) and / or small particle size (e.g., less than 1 µm, or in some cases less than 100 nm). Methods using catalysts may result in products containing catalyst elements and therefore also having relatively low purity (meaning less than 95% carbon to other elements). These undesirable properties also typically lead to undesirable electrical properties in the resulting carbon particles (e.g., conductivity less than 1,000 S / m).

[0140] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described in this paper can be characterized by Raman spectroscopy, which indicates a high degree of order and uniformity in the structure. As described below, the uniform, ordered, and / or pure carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described in this paper can be produced using relatively high-speed, low-cost modified thermal reactors and methods.

[0141] The term "graphene," as commonly understood and as mentioned herein, refers to an allotrope of carbon that exists in a two-dimensional, atomically-sized, hexagonal lattice, with one atom forming each vertex. The carbon atoms in graphene are sp(s). [, 2, ] bonded. In addition, the Raman spectrum of graphene has two main peaks: the G mode at about 1580 cm-1 and the D mode at about 1350 cm-1 (when using a 532 nm excitation laser).

[0142] The term "fullerene," as commonly understood and used herein, refers to carbon molecules in the form of hollow spheres, ellipsoids, tubes, or other shapes. Spherical fullerenes may also be called buckminster fullerenes or buckyballs. Cylindrical fullerenes may also be called carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes are structurally similar to graphite, which consists of stacked graphene sheets connected by hexagonal rings. Fullerenes may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.

[0143] The term "multi-walled fullerene," as commonly understood and as used herein, refers to a fullerene having multiple concentric layers. For example, a multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) comprises multiple rolled graphene layers (concentric tubes). A multi-walled spherical fullerene (MWSF) comprises multiple concentric fullerene spheres.

[0144] The term "nanoparticle," as commonly understood and used herein, refers to particles ranging from 1 nm to 989 nm. Nanoparticles may include one or more structural properties (such as crystal structure, defect concentration, etc.) and one or more types of atoms. Nanoparticles can be of any shape, including but not limited to spherical, ellipsoidal, dumbbell-shaped, cylindrical, elongated cylindrical, rectangular and / or prismatic, disk-shaped, linear, irregular, dense (e.g., with very few voids), porous (e.g., with many voids), etc.

[0145] The term "aggregate," as commonly understood and as used herein, refers to a plurality of nanoparticles linked together by van der Waals forces, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds, or other physical or chemical interactions. Aggregates can vary considerably in size, but are typically larger than about 500 nm.

[0146] Carbon nanoparticles may comprise two (2) or more linked multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs) and a graphene layer coated with such linked MWSFs, and may be formed independently of a core composed of impurity elements other than carbon. As described herein, carbon nanoparticles may comprise two (2) or more linked multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs) and a graphene layer coated with such linked MWSFs. In such configurations, the MWSFs do not contain voids at their centers (meaning spaces without carbon atoms larger than about 0.5 nm or about 1 nm). The linked MWSFs may be formed from concentric, highly ordered spheres of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms (a favorable contrast to the conventional spheres of disordered, non-uniform, amorphous carbon particles, which would otherwise not be able to achieve any of the unexpected and advantageous properties disclosed herein).

[0147] The average diameter of the nanoparticles containing the linked MWSF is 5 nm to 500 nm, or 5 nm to 250 nm, or 5 nm to 100 nm, or 5 nm to 50 nm, or 10 nm to 500 nm, or 10 nm to 250 nm, or 10 nm to 100 nm, or 10 nm to 50 nm, or 40 nm to 500 nm, or 40 nm to 250 nm, or 40 nm to 100 nm, or 50 nm to 500 nm, or 50 nm to 250 nm, or 50 nm to 100 nm.

[0148] The carbon nanoparticles described herein form aggregates, in which many nanoparticles aggregate together to form larger units. Carbon aggregates can consist of multiple carbon nanoparticles. The diameter of the carbon aggregates can be 10 µm to 500 µm, or 50 µm to 500 µm, or 100 µm to 500 µm, or 250 µm to 500 µm, or 10 µm to 250 µm, or 10 µm to 100 µm, or 10 µm to 50 µm. As defined above, aggregates can be formed from multiple carbon nanoparticles. Aggregates may contain connected MWSF, and possess high homogeneity indicators (such as a graphene to MWSF ratio of 20% to 80%), high degree of order (such as Raman characteristics of an ID / IG ratio of 0.95 to 1.05), and high purity (such as greater than 99.9% carbon).

[0149] Aggregates of carbon nanoparticles, primarily referring to aggregates with diameters within the aforementioned range, especially particles larger than 10 µm, are generally easier to collect than particles or aggregates smaller than 500 nm. This ease of collection reduces the cost of manufacturing equipment used in carbon nanoparticle production and increases the yield of carbon nanoparticles. Compared to the risks associated with handling smaller nanoparticles (such as potential health and safety risks attributed to inhalation of smaller nanoparticles), particles larger than 10 µm pose fewer safety concerns. These lower health and safety risks further reduce manufacturing costs.

[0150] Referring to the carbon nanoparticles disclosed in this paper, the graphene to MWSF ratio of the carbon nanoparticles is 10% to 90%, or 10% to 80%, or 10% to 60%, or 10% to 40%, or 10% to 20%, or 20% to 40%, or 20% to 90%, or 40% to 90%, or 60% to 90%, or 80% to 90%. The graphene to MWSF ratio of the carbon aggregates is 10% to 90%, or 10% to 80%, or 10% to 60%, or 10% to 40%, or 10% to 20%, or 20% to 40%, or 20% to 90%, or 40% to 90%, or 60% to 90%, or 80% to 90%. The ratio of graphene to linked MWSF in carbon nanoparticles is 10% to 90%, or 10% to 80%, or 10% to 60%, or 10% to 40%, or 10% to 20%, or 20% to 40%, or 20% to 90%, or 40% to 90%, or 60% to 90%, or 80% to 90%.

[0151] Raman spectroscopy can be used to characterize carbon allotropes to distinguish their molecular structures. For example, graphene can be characterized using Raman spectroscopy to determine information such as order / disorder, edges and grain boundaries, thickness, number of layers, doping, strain, and thermal conductivity. MWSF is also characterized using Raman spectroscopy to determine its degree of order.

[0152] Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the structure of MWSFs (MWS) or connected MWSFs used in various tire-related ply layers of tires as discussed in this paper. The dominant peaks in the Raman spectra were the G mode and the D mode. The G mode is attributed to sp... [, 2The D-mode represents the vibrations of carbon atoms in a hybrid carbon network, while the D-mode is associated with the breathing of defective hexagonal carbon rings. In some cases, defects may be present but may not be detectable in Raman spectroscopy. For example, if the crystal structure is orthogonal to the basal plane, the D-peak will show an increase. Alternatively, if a perfectly planar surface parallel to the basal plane is presented, the D-peak will be zero.

[0153] When using 532 nm incident light, the Raman G mode is typically 1582 cm⁻¹ for planar graphite; however, for MWSF or connected MWSF, it may shift downwards (e.g., to 1565 cm⁻¹ or 1580 cm⁻¹). A D mode is observed at approximately 1350 cm⁻¹ in the Raman spectra of MWSF or connected MWSF. The intensity ratio of the D mode peak to the G mode peak (e.g., ID / IG) is related to the degree of order in the MWSF, with a lower ID / IG indicating a higher degree of order. An ID / IG close to or below 1 indicates a relatively high degree of order, while an ID / IG greater than 1.1 indicates a lower degree of order.

[0154] As described herein, when using 532 nm incident light, carbon nanoparticles or carbon aggregates containing MWSF or linked MWSF may have and / or exhibit Raman spectra with a first Raman peak at approximately 1350 cm⁻¹ and a second Raman peak at approximately 1580 cm⁻¹. The ratio (such as ID / IG) of the intensity of the first Raman peak to the intensity of the second Raman peak of the nanoparticles or aggregates described herein may be in the following ranges: 0.95 to 1.05, or 0.9 to 1.1, or 0.8 to 1.2, or 0.9 to 1.2, or 0.8 to 1.1, or 0.5 to 1.5, or less than 1.5, or less than 1.2, or less than 1.1, or less than 1, or less than 0.95, or less than 0.9, or less than 0.8.

[0155] As defined above, carbon aggregates containing or linked to MWSF have high purity. The carbon-to-metal ratio of carbon aggregates containing or linked to MWSF is greater than 99.99%, or greater than 99.95%, or greater than 99.9%, or greater than 99.8%, or greater than 99.5%, or greater than 99%. The carbon-to-other-elements ratio of carbon aggregates is greater than 99.99%, or greater than 99.95%, or greater than 99.9%, or greater than 99.5%, or greater than 99%, or greater than 90%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 60%. The carbon-to-other-elements ratio (excluding hydrogen) of carbon aggregates is greater than 99.99%, or greater than 99.95%, or greater than 99.9%, or greater than 99.8%, or greater than 99.5%, or greater than 99%, or greater than 90%, or greater than 80%, or greater than 70%, or greater than 60%.

[0156] As defined above, carbon aggregates containing or linked MWSF have high specific surface areas. The Bruno, Emmett, and Taylor (BET) specific surface areas of carbon aggregates are 10 to 200 m² / g, or 10 to 100 m² / g, or 10 to 50 m² / g, or 50 to 200 m² / g, or 50 to 100 m² / g, or 10 to 1000 m² / g.

[0157] As defined above, carbon aggregates containing MWSF or linked MWSF have high electrical conductivity. As defined above, carbon aggregates containing MWSF or linked MWSF are compressed into pellets, and the pellets have an electrical conductivity greater than 500 S / m, or greater than 1,000 S / m, or greater than 2,000 S / m, or greater than 3,000 S / m, or greater than 4,000 S / m, or greater than 5,000 S / m, or greater than 10,000 S / m, or greater than 20,000 S / m, or greater than 30,000 S / m, or greater than 40,000 S / m, or greater than 50,000 S / m, or greater than 60,000 S / m, or greater than 70,000 S / m, or 500 S / m to 100,000 S / m, or 500 S / m to 1,000 S / m, or 500 S / m to 10,000 S / m, or 500 S / m to 20,000 S / m. S / m, or 500 S / m to 100,000 S / m, or 1,000 S / m to 10,000 S / m, or 1,000 S / m to 20,000 S / m, or 10,000 to 100,000 S / m, or 10,000 S / m to 80,000 S / m, or 500 S / m to 10,000 S / m. In some cases, the density of the granules is about 1 g / cm³, or about 1.2 g / cm³, or about 1.5 g / cm³, or about 2 g / cm³, or about 2.2 g / cm³, or about 2.5 g / cm³, or about 3 g / cm³. Additionally, tests have been conducted where compressed granules of carbon aggregate materials were formed using compression at 2,000 psi and 12,000 psi and annealing temperatures of 800°C and 1,000°C. Higher compression and / or higher annealing temperatures generally result in granules with a higher degree of electrical conductivity, including those in the range of 12,410.0 S / m to 13,173.3 S / m.

[0158] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be produced using thermal reactors and methods. Further details regarding the thermal reactors and / or methods of use can be found in U.S. Patent No. 9,862,602, entitled "CRACKING OF A PROCESS GAS," published January 9, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Additionally, carbon-containing and / or hydrocarbon precursors (at least methane, ethane, propane, butane, and natural gas) can be used in conjunction with the thermal reactor to produce the carbon nanoparticles and carbon aggregates described herein.

[0159] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregation systems described herein are produced using a thermal reactor at gas flow rates of 1 slm to 10 slm, or 0.1 slm to 20 slm, or 1 slm to 5 slm, or 5 slm to 10 slm, or greater than 1 slm or greater than 5 slm. The carbon nanoparticles and aggregation systems described herein are produced using a thermal reactor at gas resonance times of 0.1 s to 30 s, or 0.1 s to 10 s, or 1 s to 10 s, or 1 s to 5 s, 5 s to 10 s, or greater than 0.1 s, or greater than 1 s, or greater than 5 s, or less than 30 s.

[0160] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be produced using a thermal reactor at production rates of 10 g / hr to 200 g / hr, or 30 g / hr to 200 g / hr, or 30 g / hr to 100 g / hr, or 30 g / hr to 60 g / hr, or 10 g / hr to 100 g / hr, or greater than 10 g / hr, or greater than 30 g / hr, or greater than 100 g / hr.

[0161] Thermal reactors (or other pyrolysis equipment) and thermal reactor methods (or other pyrolysis methods) can be used to refine, pyrolyze, dissociate, or cleave feedstock process gases to produce the carbon nanoparticles and carbon aggregates described herein, as well as other solid and / or gaseous products (such as hydrogen and / or lower hydrocarbon gases). Feedstock process gases generally include, for example, hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), C1 to C10 hydrocarbons, aromatics and / or other hydrocarbon gases, such as natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, saturated / unsaturated hydrocarbon gases, ethylene, propylene, etc., and mixtures thereof. Carbon nanoparticles and carbon aggregates may include, for example, multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSF), linked MWSF, carbon nanospheres, graphene, graphite, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, single-walled nanotubes, multi-walled nanotubes, other solid carbon products, and / or the carbon nanoparticles and carbon aggregates described herein.

[0162] Methods for producing the carbon nanoparticles and carbon aggregates described herein may include pyrolysis methods that utilize elongated longitudinal heating elements, for example, enclosed within an elongated shell, housing, or body of a pyrolysis apparatus, as appropriate. The body may include one or more tubes or other suitable housings, for example, made of stainless steel, titanium, graphite, quartz, or the like. The body of the pyrolysis apparatus is generally cylindrical in shape, with a central elongated longitudinal axis arranged vertically and a feedstock process gas inlet located at or near the top of the body. The feedstock process gas may flow longitudinally downward through the body or a portion thereof. In a vertical configuration, the airflow and gravity facilitate the removal of solid products from the body of the pyrolysis apparatus.

[0163] Heating elements may include any one or more of the following: heating lamps, one or more resistance wires or filaments (or twisted pairs), metal filaments, metal strips or rods, and / or other suitable thermal free radical generators or elements that can be heated to a specific temperature (such as the molecular decomposition temperature) sufficient to thermally decompose the molecules of the raw material process gas. Heating elements may be positioned, located, or arranged to extend centrally along the central longitudinal axis within the body of the pyrolysis equipment. In a configuration with only one heating element, it may be placed at or concentric with the central longitudinal axis; alternatively, in a configuration with multiple heating elements, they may be spaced or offset substantially symmetrically or concentrically near and around the central longitudinal axis and parallel to it.

[0164] Thermopyrolysis for the production of the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be achieved by heating the raw material process gas to or at a specific molecular pyrolysis temperature by allowing the raw material process gas to flow through, contact with, or flow near a heating element in a longitudinally elongated reaction zone. This reaction zone is generated by heat from the heating element and is defined and contained within the main body of the thermopyrolysis equipment.

[0165] The reaction zone can be considered as the area surrounding and sufficiently close to the heating element to allow the feedstock process gas to receive enough heat for its molecules to undergo thermal decomposition. Therefore, the reaction zone is generally aligned with or concentric with the central longitudinal axis of the main body. Thermal decomposition occurs under specific pressure. The feedstock process gas circulates around or across the outer surface of the container of the reaction zone or heating chamber to cool the container or chamber and preheat the feedstock process gas before it flows into the reaction zone.

[0166] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates and / or hydrogen systems described in this article are produced without the use of a catalyst. Therefore, the process can be completely catalyst-free.

[0167] The disclosed methods and systems can be advantageously scaled up or down rapidly as needed for different production levels, such as being scalable to provide independent hydrogen and / or carbon nanoparticle production stations, hydrocarbon sources, or fuel cell stations, to provide higher capacity systems, such as for refineries and / or the like.

[0168] A pyrolysis apparatus for cracking feedstock process gases to produce the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein includes a main body, a feedstock process gas inlet, and an elongated heating element. The main body has an internal volume with a longitudinal axis. The internal volume has a reaction zone concentric with the longitudinal axis. During pyrolysis operation, the feedstock process gas flows into the internal volume through the feedstock process gas inlet. The elongated heating element is disposed along the longitudinal axis within the internal volume and surrounded by the reaction zone. During pyrolysis operation, the elongated heating element is electrically heated to the molecular cracking temperature to create the reaction zone, and the feedstock process gas is heated by heat from the elongated heating element, which causes the molecules of the feedstock process gas within the reaction zone to thermally crack into molecular components.

[0169] A method for pyrolyzing a feedstock process gas to produce the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein may include at least any one or more of the following: (1) providing a pyrolysis apparatus having an internal volume having a longitudinal axis and an elongated heating element disposed along the longitudinal axis within the internal volume; (2) heating the elongated heating element to a molecular pyrolysis temperature by means of electrical energy to produce a longitudinally elongated reaction zone within the internal volume; (3) allowing the feedstock process gas to flow into the internal volume and through the longitudinally elongated reaction zone (e.g., wherein the feedstock process gas is heated by heat from the elongated heating element); and (4) causing the molecules of the feedstock process gas within the longitudinally elongated reaction zone to undergo pyrolysis to their components (e.g., hydrogen and one or more solid products) as the feedstock process gas flows through the longitudinally elongated reaction zone.

[0170] The feedstock process gases used to produce the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein may include hydrocarbon gases. The pyrolysis may further include gaseous hydrogen (such as H2) and various forms of the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein. The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates comprise two or more MWSFs and graphene layers coated on such MWSFs, and / or connected MWSFs and graphene layers coated on such connected MWSFs. Before the feedstock process gases flow into the internal volume, they are preheated (e.g., to 100°C to 500°C) by flowing them through a gas preheating zone between the heating chamber and the outer shell of the pyrolysis equipment. The gas containing the nanoparticles flows into the internal volume and through a longitudinally elongated reaction zone to mix with the feedstock process gases, forming a coating of solid products (such as graphene layers) around the nanoparticles.

[0171] Carbon nanoparticles and aggregates containing multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs) or linked MWSFs, as described herein, can be produced and collected without any post-processing or manipulation. Alternatively, one or more of the MWSFs currently disclosed may undergo some post-processing. Examples of post-processing involved in the manufacture and use of resonant materials include mechanical treatments such as ball milling, wheel milling, sand milling, microfluidization, and other techniques for reducing particle size without damaging the MWSFs. Other examples of post-processing include exfoliation processes (referring to the complete separation of carbon-containing material layers, such as the generation or extraction of graphene layers from graphite, etc.), including shear mixing, chemical etching, oxidation (such as the Hermes process), thermal annealing, doping by adding elements (such as sulfur and / or nitrogen) during annealing, vaporization, filtration, and freeze drying. Examples of post-processing include sintering processes such as spark plasma sintering (SPS), direct current sintering, microwave sintering, and ultraviolet (UV) sintering, which can be carried out under high pressure and high temperature in an inert gas environment. Multiple post-processing methods can be used together or sequentially. Post-processing produces functionalized carbon nanoparticles or aggregates containing multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs) or linked MWSFs.

[0172] Materials can be mixed together in different combinations, quantities, and / or ratios. The different MWSF-containing or linked MWSF carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be mixed together prior to one or more post-processing operations (if any). For example, different MWSF-containing or linked MWSF nanoparticles and aggregates with different properties (such as different sizes, different compositions, different purities, origin from different processing operations, etc.) can be mixed together. The MWSF-containing or linked MWSF carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be mixed with graphene to change the ratio of linked MWSF to graphene in the mixture. The different MWSF-containing or linked MWSF carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be mixed together after post-processing. Different MWSF-containing or linked MWSF carbon nanoparticles and aggregates (such as different sizes, different compositions, different functionalities, different surface properties, different surface areas) with different properties and / or different post-processing methods can be mixed together in any quantity, ratio, and / or combination.

[0173] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein are produced and collected, and subsequently processed by mechanical grinding, milling, and / or exfoliation. Processing (such as mechanical grinding, milling, exfoliation, etc.) reduces the average size of the particles. Processing (such as mechanical grinding, milling, exfoliation, etc.) increases the average surface area of ​​the particles. Processing by mechanical grinding, milling, and / or exfoliation removes a portion of the carbon layer, thereby producing graphite sheets mixed with carbon nanoparticles.

[0174] Mechanical grinding or milling uses ball mills, planetary mills, rod mills, shear mixers, high-shear granulators, autogenous mills, or other types of machines used to break solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting. Mechanical grinding, milling, and / or stripping are carried out dry or wet. Mechanical grinding is performed by grinding for a period of time, followed by idle running for a period of time, and repeating this grinding and idle running cycle a certain number of times. Grinding time is 1 minute to 20 minutes, or 1 minute to 10 minutes, or 3 minutes to 8 minutes, or about 3 minutes, or about 8 minutes. Idle running time is 1 minute to 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes, or about 6 minutes. The number of grinding and idle running cycles is 1 minute to 100 minutes, or 5 minutes to 100 minutes, or 10 minutes to 100 minutes, or 5 minutes to 10 minutes, or 5 minutes to 20 minutes. The total time for grinding and idling is 10 to 1,200 minutes, or 10 to 600 minutes, or 10 to 240 minutes, or 10 to 120 minutes, or 100 to 90 minutes, or 10 to 60 minutes, or about 90 minutes, or about a few minutes.

[0175] The grinding step in the cycle is performed by rotating the mill in one direction (e.g., clockwise) in the first cycle and then in the opposite direction (e.g., counterclockwise) in the next cycle. Mechanical grinding or milling is performed using a ball mill, and the grinding step is performed at a speed of 100 to 1000 rpm, or 100 to 500 rpm, or about 400 rpm. Mechanical grinding or milling is performed using a ball mill with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 20 mm, or 0.1 mm to 10 mm, or 1 mm to 10 mm, or about 0.1 mm, or about 1 mm, or about 10 mm. Mechanical grinding or milling is performed using a ball mill with a milling media composed of metals such as steel, oxides such as zirconium oxide (zirconia), yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, or other hard materials such as silicon carbide or tungsten carbide.

[0176] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein are produced and collected, and subsequently processed using high temperatures (such as thermal annealing or sintering). Processing using high temperatures is carried out in an inert environment (such as nitrogen or argon). Processing using high temperatures is carried out at atmospheric pressure, vacuum, or low pressure. Processing using high temperatures is carried out at the following temperatures: 500°C to 2,500°C, or 500°C to 1,500°C, or 800°C to 1,500°C, or 800°C to 1,200°C, or 800°C to 1,000°C, or 2,000°C to 2,400°C, or about 800°C, or about 1,000°C, or about 1,500°C, or about 2,000°C or about 2,400°C.

[0177] The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein are produced and collected, and then additional elements or compounds are added to the carbon nanoparticles in post-processing operations, thereby incorporating the unique properties of the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates into mixtures of other materials.

[0178] Before or after post-processing, the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein are added to solids, liquids, or slurries of other elements or compounds to form additional material mixtures incorporating the unique properties of the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates. The carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein are mixed with other solid particles, polymers, or other materials.

[0179] In addition to applications related to the manufacture and use of resonant materials, the carbon nanoparticles and aggregates described herein can be used in a variety of applications before or after post-processing. Such applications include, but are not limited to, transportation applications (such as automobile and truck tires, couplings, brackets, elastomer O-rings, hoses, sealants, grommets, etc.) and industrial applications (such as rubber additives, functionalized additives for polymer materials, additives for epoxy resins, etc.).

[0180] picture [18A] and figure [18B] shows a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the synthesized carbon nanoparticles. Figure [18A] (at first magnification) and figure [18B] (at second magnification) shows carbon nanoparticles containing linked multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs), with a graphene layer coated with these linked MWSFs. Due to the relatively short resonance time, the ratio of MWSF to graphene allotropes in this example is approximately 80%. Figure The diameter of the MWSF in [18B] is approximately 5 nm to 10 nm, and using the above conditions, the diameter can be 5 nm to 500 nm. The average diameter of the MWSF is in the following ranges: 5 nm to 500 nm, or 5 nm to 250 nm, or 5 nm to 100 nm, or 5 nm to 50 nm, or 10 nm to 500 nm, or 10 nm to 250 nm, or 10 nm to 100 nm, or 10 nm to 50 nm, or 40 nm to 500 nm, or 40 nm to 250 nm, or 40 nm to 100 nm, or 50 nm to 500 nm, or 50 nm to 250 nm, or 50 nm to 100 nm. No catalyst is used in this process, therefore, there are no central seeds containing contaminants. The particle size of the aggregated particles produced in this example is approximately 10 µm to 100 µm or approximately 10 µm to 500 µm.

[0181] picture [18C] shows the Raman spectrum of the synthesized aggregate in this example, obtained under incident light at 532 nm. The ID / IG of the aggregate produced in this example is approximately 0.99 to 1.03, indicating that the aggregate consists of carbon allotropes with a high degree of order.

[0182] picture [18D] and illustrations [18E] shows an example TEM image of carbon nanoparticles after size reduction by grinding in a ball mill. The ball milling was performed in multiple cycles of 3 minutes of counterclockwise grinding, followed by 6 minutes of idle grinding, followed by 3 minutes of clockwise grinding, followed by 6 minutes of idle grinding. The grinding operation was performed at a speed of 400 rpm. The milling media was zirconium oxide, with a size range of 0.1 mm to 10 mm. The total size reduction processing time was 60 minutes to 120 minutes. After size reduction, the aggregated particles produced in this example had a particle size of approximately 1 µm to 5 µm. The size-reduced carbon nanoparticles were connected MWSFs coated with graphene layers.

[0183] picture [18F] shows the Raman spectra of these aggregates after size reduction, obtained using 532 nm incident light. After size reduction, the ID / IG ratio of the aggregate particles in this example is approximately 1.04. In addition, the size-reduced particles have Bruno, Emmett, and Taylor (BET) specific surface areas of approximately 40 m² / g to 50 m² / g.

[0184] The purity of the aggregates produced in the sample was measured using mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The ratio of carbon to elements other than hydrogen was measured to be 99.86% to 99.98% in 16 different batches, with an average carbon content of 99.94%.

[0185] In this example, a hot-wire processing system is used to produce carbon nanoparticles. The precursor material is methane, and the flow rate is 1 slm to 5 slm. Using these flow rates and tool geometry, the resonant time of the gas in the reaction chamber is approximately 20 to 30 seconds, and the carbon particle production rate is approximately 20 g / hr.

[0186] Further details about such processing systems can be found in the previously mentioned U.S. Patent 9,862,602 entitled “CRACKING OF A PROCESS GAS,” which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. [Example] [1]

[0187] picture [18G], Figure [18H] and diagram [18I] shows a TEM image of the synthesized carbon nanoparticles of this example. These carbon nanoparticles contain linked multi-walled spherical fullerenes (MWSFs), coated with a graphene layer. Due to the relatively long resonance time, thicker or thicker graphene layers are coated with MWSFs; in this example, the ratio of MWSFs to graphene allotropes is approximately 30%. No catalyst is used in this process, therefore, there are no central seeds containing contaminants. The particle size of the synthesized aggregates produced in this example is approximately 10 µm to 500 µm. Figure [18J] shows the Raman spectrum of the aggregate from this example. The Raman characteristics of the synthetic particles in this example indicate a thicker graphene layer coated with MWSF in the synthetic material. Additionally, the synthetic particles have a density of approximately 90 m² / g to 100 m² / g. [, 2 Bruno, Emmett and Taylor (BET) specific surface area per g. [Example] [2]

[0188] picture [18K] and illustrations [18L] shows TEM images of the carbon nanoparticles of this example. Specifically, these images depict carbon nanoparticles after size reduction by grinding in a ball mill. Size reduction process conditions and related figures above. [18G] to the diagram [18J] describes the same process conditions. After size reduction, the particle size of the aggregates produced in this example is approximately 1 µm to 5 µm. TEM images show the MWSFs embedded in the graphene coating after size reduction. Figure [18M] shows the Raman spectra of the aggregates from this example after size reduction, obtained using 532 nm incident light. The ID / IG ratio of the aggregate particles in this example is approximately 1 after size reduction, indicating that the linked MWSFs embedded in the synthesized graphene coating become detectable in Raman after size reduction and are highly ordered. The size-reduced particles have Bruno, Emmett, and Taylor (BET) specific surface areas of approximately 90 m² / g to 100 m² / g. [Example] [3, , ]

[0189] picture [18N] is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of carbon aggregates, showing graphite and graphene allotropes at the first magnification. Figure [18O] is a SEM image of carbon aggregates, showing graphite and graphene allotropes at a second magnification. Layered graphene is clearly shown within the twists (folds) of carbon. The 3D structure of the carbon allotropes is also visible.

[0190] picture [18N] and diagram The particle size distribution of carbon particles of [18O] is shown in the figure. [18P] Mass-based cumulative particle size distribution

[1806] Corresponding to the left y-axis (Q3(x) [%]) in the curve graph. Mass particle size distribution.

[1808] The histogram corresponds to the right axis (dQ3(x) [%]) in the curve graph. The median particle size is approximately 33 μm. The 10th percentile particle size is approximately 9 μm, and the 90th percentile particle size is approximately 103 μm. The particle mass density is approximately 10 g / L. [Example] [4]

[0191] The particle size distribution of carbon particles captured from the multi-stage reactor is shown in the figure. [18Q] Mass-based cumulative particle size distribution

[1814] Corresponding to the left y-axis (Q3(x) [%]) in the curve graph. Mass particle size distribution.

[1816] The histogram corresponds to the right axis (dQ3(x) [%]) in the curve. The captured median particle size is approximately 11 μm. The 10th percentile particle size is approximately 3.5 μm, and the 90th percentile particle size is approximately 21 μm. The graph in [18Q] also shows the left axis (Q) corresponding to the curve in the graph. [, 0 The number base cumulative granularity distribution of , ](x) [%])

[1818] The median particle size is approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 0.2 μm.

[0192] Return to diagram The discussion in [18P] also includes a graph showing the results of the second set of examples. Specifically, in this example, the particle size was reduced by mechanical grinding, followed by processing the reduced-size particles using a cyclone separator. The mass-based cumulative particle size distribution of the reduced-size carbon particles captured in this example is shown.

[1810] Corresponding to the left y-axis (Q3(x) [%]) in the curve graph. Mass-based particle size distribution.

[1812] The histogram corresponds to the right axis (dQ3(x) [%]) in the graph. In this example, the median particle size of the size-reduced carbon particles captured is approximately 6 μm. The 10th percentile particle size is 1 μm to 2 μm, and the 90th percentile particle size is 10 μm to 20 μm.

[0193] Further details regarding the manufacture and use of cyclone separators can be found in U.S. Patent Application 15 / 725,928, filed October 5, 2017, entitled “MICROWAVE REACTOR SYSTEM WITH GAS-SOLIDS SEPARATION,” which is hereby incorporated in its entirety for all purposes.

[0194] In some cases, microwave plasma reactor systems can be used to produce carbon particles and aggregates containing graphite, graphene, and amorphous carbon using precursor materials that contain methane, isopropanol (IPA), ethanol, or concentrated hydrocarbons (such as hexane). In some other examples, the carbon-containing precursor is mixed with a supply gas (such as argon). The particles produced in this example contain graphite, graphene, and amorphous carbon, and are seedless. The carbon content of the particles in this example is approximately 99.5% or greater than that of other elements (excluding hydrogen).

[0195] In one specific example, hydrocarbons are the input material to the microwave plasma reactor, and the reactor's separation output contains hydrogen and carbon particles containing graphite, graphene, and amorphous carbon. The carbon particles are separated from the hydrogen in a multi-stage gas-solid separation system. The solid content from the reactor's separation output ranges from 0.001 g / L to 2.5 g / L. [Example] [5, , ]

[0196] picture [18R], Figure [18S] and illustrations [18T] are TEM images of synthesized carbon nanoparticles. These images show examples of graphite, graphene, and amorphous carbon allotropes. Layers of graphene and other carbon materials are clearly visible in the images.

[0197] The particle size distribution of the captured carbon particles is shown in the figure. [18U] Mass-based cumulative particle size distribution

[1820] Corresponding to the left y-axis (Q3(x) [%]) in the curve graph. Mass particle size distribution.

[1822] The histogram corresponds to the right axis (dQ) in the curve graph. [, 3 , ](x) [%]). In this example, the median particle size captured in the cyclone separator is approximately 14 μm. The 10th percentile particle size is approximately 5 μm, and the 90th percentile particle size is approximately 28 μm. Figure The graph in [18U] also shows the base-cumulative granularity distribution corresponding to the left axis (Q0(x) [%]) in the graph.

[1824] The median particle size in this example is approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 0.2 μm.

[0198] picture [18V], Figure [18W] and illustrations [18X] and illustrations [18Y] is an image showing three-dimensional carbon-containing structures grown onto other three-dimensional structures. Figure [18V] is a 100x magnified view of the three-dimensional carbon structure grown on carbon fibers, and the figure... [18W] is a 200x magnified view of the three-dimensional carbon structure grown on carbon fibers. [18X] is a 1601x magnified view of the three-dimensional carbon structure grown on carbon fibers. It shows the three-dimensional carbon growth on the fiber surface. [18Y] is a 10,000x magnified view of a three-dimensional carbon structure grown on carbon fibers. The image illustrates the growths on the basal surface and the edge plane.

[0199] More specifically, the diagram [18V] to the diagram [18Y] shows an example SEM image of a 3D carbon material grown on fibers using plasma energy from a microwave plasma reactor and thermal energy from a thermal reactor. Figure [18V] shows interlaced fibers

[1831] and fibers

[1832] SEM images of 3D carbon materials

[1830] Grown on the surface of fibers. (Figure) [18W] is used to show the fiber

[1832] Above 3D carbon materials

[1830] higher magnification image (and figure) [18V] compared to 500 μm (scale bar at 300 μm). Figure [18X] To show the fiber surface

[1835] 3D carbon materials A further magnified view of

[1830] (scale bar 40 μm), in which the 3D carbon material can be clearly seen.

[1830] 3D properties. Figure [18Y] shows a close-up view of carbon alone (scale bar 500 nm), showing the fibers.

[1832] The base plane and the edge plane of numerous sub-particles of the 3D carbon material grown on the fiber.

[1834] Interconnection between them. (Figure) [18V] to the diagram [18Y] demonstrates the ability to grow 3D carbon on 3D fiber structures, such as 3D carbon growths grown on 3D carbon fibers.

[0200] 3D carbon growth on fibers can be achieved by introducing multiple fibers into a microwave plasma reactor and using plasma to etch the fibers within the reactor. Etching creates nucleation sites, allowing the growth of 3D carbon structures to begin at these sites when carbon particles and subparticles are generated by hydrocarbon dissociation within the reactor. The direct growth of 3D carbon structures on the fibers (which are themselves three-dimensional) provides a highly integrated 3D structure with pores into which resin can permeate. Compared to composites with conventional fibers having smooth surfaces that are typically delaminated from the resin matrix, this 3D reinforcing matrix (including 3D carbon structures integrated with high aspect ratio reinforcing fibers) in resin composites results in enhanced material properties such as tensile strength and shear strength.

[0201] Carbon materials, such as any one or more 3D carbon materials described herein, may have one or more exposed surfaces prepared for functionalization, such as by promoting adhesion and / or by adding various elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, or hardeners. Functionalization refers to the addition of functional groups to a compound through chemical synthesis. In materials science, functionalization can be used to achieve desired surface properties; for example, functional groups can also be used to covalently link functional molecules to the surface of a chemical device. Carbon materials can be functionalized in situ, that is, in-situ functionalization can be carried out within the same reactor in which the carbon material is produced. Carbon materials can also be functionalized in post-processing. For example, the surface of fullerenes or graphene can be functionalized with oxygen- or nitrogen-containing substances that form bonds with the polymer of a resin matrix, thereby improving adhesion and providing strong bonding to enhance the strength of the composite material.

[0202] The plasma reactors described herein (such as microwave plasma reactors) can be used to process any one or more of the disclosed carbon-based materials (such as CNTs, CNO, graphene, etc.). [3] D-carbon materials, such as [3] D graphene) functionalization surface treatment. Such treatment may include in-situ surface treatment during the production of carbon materials that can bond with binders or polymers in composites, or surface treatment after the production of carbon materials while the carbon materials are still in the reactor.

[0203] Some of the foregoing embodiments include resonators comprising a plurality of three-dimensional (3D) aggregates formed of carbonaceous material embedded within one or more ply layers of the tire. However, some embodiments include resonators that are printed or otherwise disposed on the inner surface of the tire (e.g., on the tire liner).

[0204] picture [19A1] Provides a diagram of one or more cracked ring resonators placed in concrete prior to concrete being poured into a given structural formwork, according to one embodiment. [19A100]. Draw as appropriate. [19A100] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations... [19A100] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0205] As shown in the figure As shown in [19A1], the split-ring resonator can be integrated into the concrete pouring flow.

[1902] In the middle. One split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators.

[1904] It can be mixed into the concrete while the concrete is in the mixing container.

[1906] In the middle, one or more split-ring resonators can be mixed into the concrete during the pouring process when the concrete is in a mid-flow state.

[0206] The split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators

[1904] Can be captured in concrete pouring flow

[1902] Inside. The split-ring resonator can be captured within the template in any orientation, but may be stabilized near the bottom of the structural element; for example, any given split-ring resonator may be oriented such that the normal vector from the plane of the split-ring resonator is substantially vertical, or any given split-ring resonator may be oriented such that the normal vector from the plane of the split-ring resonator is substantially horizontal, or any given split-ring resonator may be oriented such that the normal vector from the plane of the split-ring resonator is at an angle between vertical and horizontal.

[0207] In some cases, the cracked ring resonator will be trapped within the formwork at a location relatively close to the formwork boundary. In other cases, the cracked ring resonator will eventually be located at a location relatively far from the formwork boundary. This is because foreign objects (such as the cracked ring resonator) are trapped within the concrete pouring flow.

[1902] The natural tendency of random positioning within the template (e.g., hydrodynamics). Regardless of the location of the split-ring resonator within the template, techniques for detecting the split-ring resonator with a signal and for receiving the returned signal are feasible. More specifically, due to the wide signal-to-noise ratio (see Figure...)

[17] shows an 18 dB interval, thus allowing the reception and processing of return signals from any given split-ring resonator at any particular location to facilitate comparison with the calibration signal. This technique can be applied to a variety of structures; one such example can be seen in Figure

[17] . [19A1] This figure shows a vertically oriented concrete structural member.

[0208] The foregoing examples relate to vertically oriented concrete structural members; however, the techniques disclosed herein are also applicable when forming horizontally oriented concrete structural members (or concrete structural members at any angle).

[0209] picture [19A2] Provides a diagram of one or more cracked ring resonators placed in concrete prior to concrete being poured into a given structural formwork, according to one embodiment. [19A200]. Draw as appropriate. [19A200] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations... [19A200] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0210] In one embodiment, the diagram [19A2] shows the plate

[1910] It can be combined with the concrete pouring flow during pouring.

[1902] One or more split-ring resonators

[1904] . A split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators.

[1904] It can be mixed into the concrete while the concrete is in the mixing container.

[1906] In either one or multiple split-ring resonators

[1904] It can be mixed into the concrete during the pouring process when the concrete is in a medium-flow state.

[1906]

[0211] The split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators

[1904] Can be captured in concrete pouring flow

[1902] Within, and captured within the template in any orientation. For example, any given split-ring resonator may be oriented such that the normal vector from the plane of the split-ring resonator is substantially perpendicular, or any given split-ring resonator may be oriented such that the normal vector from the plane of the split-ring resonator is substantially horizontal, or any given split-ring resonator may be oriented such that the normal vector from the plane of the split-ring resonator is at an angle between perpendicular and horizontal. In one embodiment, the split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators

[1904] Can be dispersed into concrete structural members that are more closely oriented horizontally.

[1914] The wall. In some embodiments, the split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators.

[1904] The concrete structural member that can ultimately be located within the template is oriented away from the horizontal orientation.

[1914] is located relatively close to the top surface. In some other embodiments, the split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators

[1904] Concrete structural members that can be relatively close to horizontal orientation The bottom surface of

[1914] . Furthermore, this split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators.

[1904] It can be oriented, integrated into the reinforcing steel (or other supporting structure within the concrete member) and / or attached to the reinforcing steel, so that during concrete pouring...

[1902] During the period to the concrete component, the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators can be maintained. The location of

[1904] .

[0212] In various embodiments, Figure [19A1] and figure [19A2] illustrates an embodiment of one or more split-ring resonators placed in concrete before it is poured into a given structural formwork (e.g., a vertically oriented concrete structural member, a horizontally oriented concrete structural member). Furthermore, figures are presented... [19A1] and figure [19A2] To illustrate in one embodiment, one or more split-ring resonators (e.g., annular or cylindrical type) are used before concrete is poured into the formwork.

[1904] (e.g., ring-shaped, cylindrical, or a combination thereof) can be incorporated into the concrete mixture. The template can be of any shape. Strictly speaking, as an example and as shown in the figure As shown in [19A1], the template can be configured to receive concrete structural members for vertical orientation.

[1912] The casting flow (e.g., the column or wall shown)

[1908] Alternatively or alternatively, and as shown in the figure. As shown in [19A2], the template can be configured to receive horizontally oriented concrete structural members.

[1914] casting flow (e.g., the plate shown)

[1910] ).

[0213] Regardless of the location of the cracked ring resonator within the template (e.g., at the top, at the bottom, or within the concrete), the technique for detecting the cracked ring resonator with a signal and for receiving the returned signal remains maintainable and operable. More specifically, due to the wide signal-to-noise ratio (see figure...),

[17] (18 dB interval shown), the return signal from any given split-ring resonator at any particular location can be received and processed to facilitate comparison with the previously captured calibration signal.

[0214] In one embodiment, the aforementioned calibration signal can be captured once the cast flow has solidified. Such calibration signals can be stored in a database and / or in any system that stores specified information. At a later time, the structural member can be interrogated using acoustic pulse signals, and its current return signal can be compared to the corresponding calibration signal. In one embodiment, the difference between the later-captured signal and the calibration signal can indicate a compression variation between the time the calibration signal was captured and the time the interrogation was performed.

[0215] A similar method can be applied when multiple cracked-ring resonators are dispersed throughout the structural member. Specifically, probing in areas of the structural member where numerous cracked-ring resonators are located at substantially the same position will return a calibration signal, which can be stored in a database or any other system capable of storing information. Similarly, at any later time, the structural member can be interrogated with an acoustic pulse signal, and its current return signal can be compared with the corresponding calibration signal. If a difference is determined between the two signals, this phenomenon indicates a change in the structure and its constituent materials. Many possible techniques exist for analyzing changes in response (e.g., due to compression, or due to bending, etc.), as shown in the figure. [19B1] is used to illustrate and describe some of these techniques.

[0216] picture [19B1] shows a diagram of a column containing the split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators according to one embodiment, and an equation for measuring changes within the structural member. [19B00]. As appropriate, draw... [19B00] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations... [19B00] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0217] As shown in the figure, the drawing is... [19B00] illustrates a single or multiple split-ring resonators.

[1904] solidified column and various equations for measuring changes within structural components. Additionally, regarding the cracked ring resonator... Compression Changes of Materials in

[1904]

[1916] This led to changes in the response from the split-ring resonator.

[1922] (as shown in the picture) (As shown in [19B2]). Furthermore, Figure [19B1] shows an example equation, Equation 6, for measuring the degree of compression within a structural member (which varies with compression). In addition, although Equation 6 is shown as relating to compression and Equation 7 (hereinafter) is shown as relating to changes in response, it should be understood that any changes in torsion, humidity measurement (humidity), bending, response, material properties, etc., can be used as a basis for determining and / or measuring changes in the cracked ring resonator.

[0218] In one embodiment, a single-use model can support structural assessments of the concrete foundations of infrastructure (e.g., apartment buildings, residences, hotels). Additionally, a single-use model can generally support structural assessments of building infrastructure, including monitoring steel beams, support columns / pillars, and other aspects of structural health monitoring. Ongoing or periodic monitoring of material integrity over time can indicate whether the materials forming the structure have changed, for example, due to aging, excessive or associated stress, and / or due to structural damage. In some cases, it can prevent impending material failure to avoid disaster. In some cases, multiple structural members can be combined into a load-bearing structure, and the integrity of this load-bearing structure will be monitored over time. For example, calibration and periodic monitoring can be accomplished in a two-step manner. In the first step, a technician operating a signal generator (or similar tool) tunes the signal generator to a selected frequency and transmits a signal near a split-ring resonator in the structural member. The returned signal from the split-ring resonator and / or its characteristics (e.g., attenuation, single-frequency resonance, multi-frequency resonance, etc.) are captured. Technicians store the returned signal and / or its characteristics as calibration points relating to the acoustic pulse at that location and at that given time. The returned signal and / or its characteristics are then used as calibration features corresponding to a baseline state where the material is considered to have structural integrity.

[0219] In a second step performed at any time after the first step, a technician may repeat the probing and feature capture process to collect current data returned by the cracked ring resonator in the structural member. A comparison between the calibration feature and the current data can potentially indicate changes in material integrity. In one embodiment, the response to changes...

[1918] It may only indicate compressive changes. Compressive changes within certain ranges over time may be considered normal and may occur during normal use (e.g., when a structure bends under stress caused by Earth's motion, such as an earthquake). In addition to the aforementioned techniques for measuring compressive changes, other techniques related to measuring bending changes are also presented below.

[0220] picture [19B2] shows a diagram of a column containing the split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators according to one embodiment, and an equation for measuring changes within the structural member. [19B02]. Draw as appropriate. [19B02] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations... [19B02] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0221] In one embodiment, the diagram is shown. [19B02] shows a split-ring resonator or a plurality of split-ring resonators.

[1904] The solidified plate and the example equation for measuring the degree of bending (which varies with bending) within structural members, equation 7. Additionally, regarding the cracked ring resonator...

[1904] Material bending changes

[1920] This leads to changes in the response from the split-ring resonator.

[1922] This results in a signal response that differs from the initially determined signal response. This information is considered essential for monitoring the integrity of the material in its application.

[0222] As previously mentioned in a given case, one or more split-ring resonators.

[1904] This will be implemented in the concrete foundation to allow for material monitoring. This can be accomplished, for example, in a two-step manner. In the first step, a technician operating a signal generator (or similar tool) tunes the signal generator to a selected frequency, which can emit a signal near a cracked ring resonator in the structural member. The return signal and / or its characteristics (e.g., attenuation, single-frequency resonance, multi-frequency resonance, etc.) from the cracked ring resonator are captured. The technician stores the return signal and / or its characteristics as calibration points relating to the acoustic pulse at that location and at that given time. The return signal and / or its characteristics are then used as calibration features corresponding to a baseline state at which the material is considered to have structural integrity.

[0223] When the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators are implemented into the component, the precise orientation and position may be uncontrollable during casting; however, the aforementioned two-step procedure can still be used. This is because, when probing multiple split-ring resonators, the overall effect signal (returns from multiple split-ring resonators) can be used for calibration. Similarly, in the second step, performed at any time after the first step, the technician will repeat the probing and feature capture process to collect current data returned by the split-ring resonators in the structural component. The comparison between the calibration features and the current data can potentially indicate changes in material integrity. On the other hand, responses to changes...

[1918] Only compressive changes may be indicated. Compression changes within certain ranges over time may be considered normal and may occur during normal use (e.g., when a structure bends under stress caused by earth movements such as earthquakes). In addition to the aforementioned techniques for measuring compression changes, other techniques related to measuring bending changes are also presented below.

[0224] If the structural components are already in a given use, then one or more split-ring resonators.

[1904] It can still be implemented on the structural member, regardless of its physical characteristics (e.g., shape, size, location). According to the figure...

[20] to illustrate and describe examples of such situations.

[0225] picture

[20] illustrates the use of a split-ring resonator according to one embodiment on the exterior of structural members of various shapes that are already in use.

[2000] Use as appropriate.

[2000] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the use of

[2000] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0226] In one embodiment, the diagram

[20] also shows examples of possible factors and equations that may be crucial in determining the size, orientation, location, and application of one or more split-ring resonators on a structural member. Additionally, Figure

[20] illustrates the use of a split-ring resonator applied to the exterior of structural members of various shapes. Figure

[20] Examples of possible factors and equations that may be crucial for determining the size, orientation, location and application of the split ring resonator or multiple split ring resonators on a structural member.

[0227] More specifically, the diagram

[20] Draw horizontal components

[2002] Among them, the split-ring resonator

[1904] They can be attached (e.g., using ultrasonic welding) and used in given applications (e.g., axle assemblies, tie rod assemblies, push rods, reinforcing bars, etc.). In addition to horizontally elongated members, the split-ring resonator can also be attached to bending members.

[2004] (For example, handle, suspension components, part of the spring, steel bars, etc.).

[0228] In a specific case, a cracked ring resonator can be made using any known technique.

[1904] Or a plurality of split ring resonators are applied to the reinforcing bars, after which the reinforcing bars may be placed in a template. When concrete or other building composite materials are poured into the template, the juxtaposition of the split ring resonators on the reinforcing bars and the juxtaposition of the split ring resonators in the template remains substantially the same as when the split ring feeder is applied to the reinforcing bars and placed in the template. Thus, the split ring resonators may be positioned such that they are substantially aligned with a horizontally oriented plane (i.e., in the "X" direction), or substantially aligned with a vertically oriented plane (i.e., in the "Y" direction), or substantially aligned with a depth-oriented plane (i.e., in the "Z" direction).

[0229] Alternatively, the split-ring resonator can be attached to a flat structural member.

[2006] (For example, a car hood). In this given application, a split-ring resonator can be used to dynamically measure the curvature of a car hood at any given moment. This method has many advantages compared to measuring the curvature of a car hood using a wind tunnel. This is because, in a wind tunnel setting, the vehicle is stationary, while in a model of the vehicle's actual driving, the real-time response can be calculated. Therefore, this split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators...

[1904] Provides immediate feedback during actual driving conditions.

[0230] The determined size of the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators used for each structural member may depend on the size of the member and the application. This is illustrated by Equation 8. Specifically, the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators of different sizes resonate at corresponding different frequencies. Different sizes may be considered during the initial calibration test.

[0231] In certain situations (e.g., when a split-ring resonator is applied to a straight horizontal member, a curved member, or a flat member), the optimal location (Equation 10) and / or orientation (Equation 9) can be determined or inferred from finite element analysis (e.g., using CAD software such as SOLIDWORKS, AGROS2D, CALCILIX). More specifically, the results of the finite element analysis will produce bending, compression, and expansion vectors depending on the application and the desired properties. Based on the results of the finite element analysis, a specific structural member can be configured to have a split-ring resonator in the corresponding location (Equation 10) and / or orientation (Equation 9).

[0232] picture

[21] A flowchart illustrating the process of implementing a split-ring resonator in a given application according to one embodiment.

[2100] Flowchart, depending on the situation.

[2100] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the flowcharts...

[2100] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0233] As shown in the figure, the first step of this process is to determine whether the scenario permits the internal or external installation of the cracked ring resonator (step...).

[2102] Application within the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators (steps)

[2104] In the case of ), it will be necessary to determine the hybrid technology (steps).

[2106] In one embodiment, the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators may be combined with an aggregate mixture or cement. The aggregate mixture or cement may then be poured into a structure or foundation, and the split-ring resonators will be randomly dispersed throughout the mixture, ultimately forming the component (step).

[2110] ).

[0234] Once the foundation or structure has solidified, the cracked ring resonator can be calibrated, and initial state or calibration characteristics can be collected (steps).

[2114] To achieve calibration characteristics, a unique signal can be used to detect the response from the split-ring resonator. Based on the properties of the medium in which the split-ring resonator is embedded, a response that varies with the parameters of that medium (compression, density, frequency, etc.) can be generated. This initial reading when the structure is in a certain initial state can become a calibration characteristic and reference parameter for future comparisons. Of course, it will be understood that this initial reading can be reset (and / or recalibrated) at subsequent points in time (such as cement recasting, seismic upgrades, etc.).

[0235] In external applications (such as via ultrasonic welding), the split-ring resonator or multiple split-ring resonators will be integrated into the assembly in a manner that does not compromise the accuracy of the split-ring resonator. The orientation, location, and application of the split-ring resonator can be used to collect accurate data from the split-ring resonator (steps).

[2108] (For example, a split-ring resonator is mounted to a locomotive axle). The orientation of the split-ring resonator relative to the shaft can be used to achieve a normal, horizontal, or angular vector relative to the plane of the split-ring resonator. This vector does not degrade the signal-to-noise ratio and allows for operative feedback of calibration features or points. The split-ring resonator's position on the shaft can be placed in fault and fluctuating stress zones to properly monitor shaft integrity. Acoustic welding of the split-ring resonator can be employed (step...).

[2112] The axis is aligned to ensure the accuracy of the cracked ring resonator calibration features and points. Acoustic welding allows for the bonding of different materials without the use of solder or other materials to form weld points that could suppress or alter the cracked ring resonator response. Of course, it should be understood that any type of attachment can be used instead of welding.

[0236] As shown in the flowchart, both external and internal processes converge on the test event (step).

[2116] During the test event, stimulation was applied (steps).

[2118] ), and measurement response (steps)

[2120] Test events are used to collect calibration points and compare them with calibration characteristics (steps).

[2122] After a given period of time, and strictly speaking, for example, a stress event has occurred in the structure or component, or routine maintenance checks or visual observations of the component or structure necessitate testing. When the structure or component may differ in terms of structural integrity, the calibration point returned by this test may be substantially similar to the calibration characteristics acquired later. A two-step technique can be used to obtain the necessary calibration. In the first step (step...) In

[2120] ), a technician operating a signal generator (or similar tool) tunes the signal generator to a selected frequency and transmits a signal near a cracked ring resonator in the structural member. The return signal and / or its characteristics (e.g., attenuation, single-frequency resonance, multi-frequency resonance, etc.) from the cracked ring resonator are captured. The technician stores the return signal and / or its characteristics as calibration points relating to the acoustic pulse at that location and at that given time. The return signal and / or its characteristics are then used as calibration features corresponding to a baseline state where the material is considered to have structural integrity.

[0237] The second step (step) is performed at any time after the first step. In

[2122] ), technicians will repeat the detection and feature capture process to collect current data transmitted back by the cracked ring resonators in the structural components. Comparison between the calibration features and the current data can potentially indicate changes in material integrity. On the other hand, responses to changes...

[1918] Only compressive changes may be indicated. Compression changes within certain ranges over time may be considered normal and may occur during normal use (e.g., when a structure bends under stress caused by terrestrial motion such as an earthquake). In addition to the aforementioned techniques for measuring compression changes, other techniques related to measuring bending changes are also presented below. Regardless of the shape of the component, prior art or any related techniques disclosed herein may be used to collect the necessary information.

[0238] The calibration point is then compared with the calibration characteristics. If the difference between the two signals is outside the acceptable error threshold or tolerance ("Yes" decision option), the decision is made.

[2124] If ), then the "yes" decision branch is adopted.

[2124] , and report (steps)

[2126] Additionally, the diagram... [22A1] to [22A3] illustrates other embodiments that apply the foregoing.

[0239] picture [22A1] to Figure [22A3] is presented to illustrate the use of a plurality of split-ring resonators or a plurality of split-ring resonators in a roadside barrier according to one embodiment. Figure [22A3] is shown as appropriate. [22A1] to Figure [22A3] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the figures [22A1] to Figure [22A3] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0240] As shown in the figure, Figure [22A1] Draws a diagram containing a concrete barrier.

[2206] and / or metal barriers

[2204] Or a road that may contain both of these.

[2202] The concrete barrier and the metal barrier utilize one or more split-ring resonators. Roadside barriers are designed to reduce the severity of potential vehicle accidents (e.g., crossing cliffs, entering water, etc.) by absorbing the forces from oncoming vehicles and preventing vehicles from continuing along their path by allowing the barrier's main body shape to deform. After completion, the integrity of the barrier material may change due to material deformation, and replacement may be necessary. Even if the external solid form of the barrier appears unchanged, deformation may have occurred within the material, causing it to weaken upon impact, thus requiring barrier replacement.

[0241] To determine the possible time and frequency at which a given barrier may need to be replaced, see the figure. As shown in [22A2], the split-ring resonator can be placed within a concrete barrier (e.g., Figure 1). [Example of the technique illustrated in [19A]]. Once the foundation or structure has solidified, the cracked ring resonator can be calibrated, and initial states or calibration characteristics can be collected, for example, by a two-step technique. In the first step, a technician operating a signal generator (or similar tool) tunes the signal generator to a selected frequency and transmits a signal near the cracked ring resonator within the concrete barrier. The return signal and / or its characteristics (e.g., attenuation, single-frequency resonance, multi-frequency resonance, etc.) from the cracked ring resonator are captured. The technician stores the return signal and / or its characteristics as calibration points relating to the acoustic pulse at that location and at that given time. The return signal and / or its characteristics are then used as calibration characteristics corresponding to a baseline state at which the material is considered to have structural integrity.

[0242] The same situation can be applied to graphs. The metal barrier shown in [22A3]. The split-ring resonator can also be achieved through steps...

[2112] The application technique (e.g., ultrasonic welding) is used for attachment. Once attached to the metal barrier, the split-ring resonator can be calibrated, and the initial state or calibration features can be collected using the previous two-step technique. Similarly, multiple split-ring resonators can be used to monitor the integrity of the track barrier, as shown in Figure [ ]. This is illustrated in [22B].

[0243] Of course, it should be understood that split-ring resonators can be embedded in other materials (besides the one shown in the figure). [22A2] Concrete barrier and / or diagram [22A3] Outside of the metal barrier), including but not limited to: aviation-related embodiments (e.g., wings, landing gear, aircraft components, etc.), marine-related embodiments (e.g., sails, masts, buoys, structural steel, etc.), utility-related embodiments (e.g., power line structures, transmission lines, pipelines, etc.), building-related embodiments (e.g., beams, concrete towers, etc.), biomedical-related embodiments (e.g., prostheses, implants, orthotics, etc.), occupational sports equipment-related embodiments (e.g., helmets, protective pads, hand tools, footwear, etc.), forging or smelting-related embodiments (e.g., metals, composite materials). Examples of applications include: power generation-related embodiments (e.g., solar cell arrays, hydroelectric dams, wind turbines, natural gas storage and transportation); automotive-related safety and / or performance embodiments (e.g., engine performance, suspension, chassis and body integrity); manufacturing-related embodiments (e.g., assembly, 3D printing, component merging, testing); agricultural-related embodiments (e.g., growth rate, temperature control, water saturation, ultraviolet irradiation); and / or space travel-related embodiments (e.g., airlock performance, propellant container integrity, launch performance tolerance measurement, cabin / fuselage deformation during flight). In short, using a split-ring resonator to determine the deformation of the material to which it is attached or bonded may be relevant to any application into which it can be embedded and / or attached, wherein any deformation of the substrate to which the split-ring resonator is attached or embedded will indicate a sufficiently durable state of material fatigue.

[0244] In a specific example, drilling platforms are typically exposed to the high temperatures and corrosive environments of offshore applications. Such conditions often lead to drill pipe failure, primarily due to metal fatigue. In one embodiment, embedding a cracked ring resonator within the drill pipe itself allows for the detection of metal fatigue before it causes drill pipe failure (and the inherent complexities arising from such failures). Consistent with the description herein, the cracked ring resonator embedded in the drill pipe can initially be calibrated, where initial states or calibration characteristics can be collected (consistent with two-step techniques). A signal generator (or similar tool) can be tuned to a selected frequency and a signal can be emitted alongside the cracked ring resonator in the drill pipe. Return signals and / or their characteristics can be captured, and these return signals and / or their characteristics can then be stored as calibration characteristics of the current material. At a later time interval (with step...)

[2116] Consistent), stimulation can be applied (according to steps)

[2118] ), and the response can be measured (according to the steps)

[2120] ), and then the response can be compared with the calibration characteristics (following the steps).

[2122] ). It should be understood that stimulation can be applied at any time rate (e.g., per minute, per day, per week, per month, etc.) predetermined by the user. In this way, deformation can be measured within the drill pipe (which can indicate fatigue cracks, crack propagation, etc.) and detected before it actually leads to drill pipe failure.

[0245] picture [22B] Illustration of a roadside barrier used in a race track according to one embodiment. [22B00] illustrates structural components constituting a roadside barrier, in which one or more split-ring resonators may be placed. Depending on the situation, the roadside barrier... [22B00] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, roadside barriers... [22B00] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0246] In one embodiment, roadside barriers [22B00] may include steel and foam energy reduction barriers. As shown in the figure, the track is on one side of the foam absorber (with an internal cracked ring resonator).

[2208] Steel and foam energy-reducing barriers can be used on high-speed sections of certain racetracks, functioning to reduce the severity of accidents by absorbing kinetic energy during impact and to separate spectators from potential hazards and / or prevent hazardous materials from falling into the crowd in the event of a car collision. When the barrier contacts one or more vehicles, the absorbed energy propagates along the sides of the barrier, thereby reducing vehicle damage and preventing spectator injuries.

[0247] In addition, the split-ring resonator array

[2212] Can be placed on push rod steel barrier

[2210] On its surface and / or inside, to obtain the necessary information to determine barrier integrity, for example, after one or more collisions, or within a certain time period. In an exemplary case, a split-ring resonator array

[2212] It can be placed on the front and back of the push rod steel barrier, and / or embedded in the foam absorber and / or placed on any cement wall or in any concrete.

[0248] In one particular embodiment, in a split-ring resonator array

[2212] has been set in (e.g., placed in a resonator with an internal cracked ring resonator)

[2208] The foam absorber and / or placed in the push rod steel barrier.

[2210] The split ring resonator can be calibrated by the two-step technique detailed herein, whether external or internal, and / or placed externally or internally on the foam absorber.

[0249] In the first step, a technician operating the signal generator (or similar tool) tunes the signal generator to the selected frequency, which has an internal or external cracked ring resonator.

[2008] In the foam absorber and / or in the push rod barrier

[2210] A signal is emitted near an external or internal split-ring resonator. The return signal and / or its characteristics (e.g., attenuation, single-frequency resonance, multi-frequency resonance, etc.) from the split-ring resonator are captured. A technician stores the return signal and / or its characteristics as calibration points relating to the acoustic pulse at that location and at that given time. The return signal and / or its characteristics are then used as calibration features corresponding to a baseline state where the material is considered to have structural integrity.

[0250] In the second step, performed at any time after the first step, technicians will repeat the probing and feature capture process to collect current data transmitted back by the cracked ring resonators in the structural components. Comparison between the calibrated features and the current data can potentially indicate changes in material integrity. On the other hand, responses to changes...

[1918] Only compressive changes may be indicated. Compression changes within certain ranges over time may be considered normal and may occur during normal use (e.g., when the structure bends under stress caused by geodynamics such as earthquakes). In addition to the aforementioned techniques for measuring compression changes, other techniques related to measuring bending changes are also presented below. After analyzing the collected data, a report may be created in which it can be determined that the barrier needs to be replaced.

[0251] picture

[23] A diagram showing a cracked ring resonator disposed on the surface of a concrete structure after concrete is poured into a given structural formwork, according to one embodiment.

[2300] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[2300] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[2300] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0252] As shown in the figure, the drawing is...

[2300] Includes placement in a concrete structure (e.g., column or wall) after concrete has been poured into a given structural formwork.

[1908] ) on the surface of a split-ring resonator (e.g., a split-ring resonator) [1904, 1, ]、Cracked Ring Resonator [1904, 2, ]、Cracked Ring Resonator [1904, 3, ]). This type of split-ring resonator (e.g., the surface-applied split-ring resonator shown).

[2302] The placement of the surface-applied cracked ring resonator can be accomplished as a "modification," in some cases long after the casting has cured, and in others long after a building has been constructed using columns and / or walls. Any known technique can be used to complete the surface-applied cracked ring resonator.

[2302] The means of constructing, placing, and attaching to a structure. For example, such surface-applied split-ring resonators can be used.

[2302] Printed or screen-printed onto a rolled substrate, and the rolled substrate or a portion thereof may be applied (possibly with an adhesive) to the surface of a column or wall. In some cases, the substrate is lifted off, leaving a surface-applied split-ring resonator.

[2302] Attached to the surface of a column or wall. In some cases, surface-applied cracked ring resonators.

[2302] It can be printed directly onto the reinforcing steel. In some cases, inkjet or bubble jet printers can be used to print the surface-applied cracked ring resonator.

[2302] Printed onto a substrate. In some cases, surface-applied split-ring resonators can be printed using lithography or printing (e.g., multicolor lithography).

[2302] Printed onto a substrate. In some cases, gravure printing technology can be used to print the surface-applied split-ring resonator.

[2302] Printed onto the substrate.

[0253] Calibration and testing modules

[2301] Can be located in a surface-applied cracked ring resonator

[2302] anywhere near the location. Based on the transmitted RF signal.

[0210] The appearance and return of RF signals

[0212] One or more calibration features corresponding to a specific combination can be transmitted to upstream components via the network.

[0113] . Strictly speaking, as an example in relation to this embodiment and other embodiments, upstream components may include, but are not limited to, modules that perform continuous checks and analyses on the structure, modules combined to function as an early warning system, compliant modules, and / or modules that comply with any regulatory reporting requirements.

[0254] Any of the aforementioned techniques used in the manufacture and use of split-ring resonators can be combined. For example, a surface-applied split-ring resonator can be adapted to the surface of a roadside barrier and / or its components. Additionally, for example, an upstream component may include a track safety monitoring unit. Furthermore, a split-ring resonator of a first geometry (e.g., concentric rings) can be combined with a split-ring resonator of a second geometry (e.g., concentric cylinders) (e.g., proximal juxtaposition). Strictly, as yet another embodiment, a roadside barrier made of steel and / or other barrier components made of steel of another conductive material can be used as a conductive layer, dielectrically isolated (e.g., via adhesive) from any one or more split-ring resonators disposed on the surface of the roadside barrier.

[0255] The foregoing describes various methods for incorporating or otherwise embedding split-ring resonators into the base material forming the desired structural member (e.g., in a cement casting stream). Furthermore, the foregoing describes various methods for attaching split-ring resonators to the surface of structural members (e.g., tie rods in a steering mechanism of an automobile). Additionally, as also discussed herein, it is envisioned to use an RF "horn" to emit a specific signal and measure the response of the embedded split-ring resonator.

[0256] Some methods involve placing (possibly printed) the split-ring resonator on a "ground plane" forming an assembly, which is then applied to the surface of a structural member. This can significantly improve the sensitivity of the split-ring resonator over a wide EM range.

[0257] The aforementioned method supports static nondestructive testing solely by comparing the current response / feature with a previously acquired calibration response / feature and subsequently classifying the differences between the two features. More specifically, certain significant differences between these features may be related to changes in corresponding physical properties. In some cases, changes in physical properties indicate aging (e.g., embrittlement). In other cases, changes in physical properties indicate tension, compression, other deformations, etc.

[0258] In some cases, changes in physical properties indicate changes in the properties of dynamic changes (e.g., vibration). Capturing a series of dynamically acquired responses / characteristics with a previously acquired calibration response / characteristic series supports dynamic nondestructive testing. Significant differences between the two sets of characteristics may be associated with changes in physical properties such as periodic deformation. In some cases, changes in physical properties indicate aging (e.g., changes in the elastic deformation profile). In some cases, changes in physical properties occurring between readings and / or measured when comparing one series of readings with another can indicate elastic deformation versus plastic deformation, which sometimes indicates impending failure. Strictly speaking, as an example, when the measured elasticity profile (e.g., based on a series of readings) is similarly specified as an elasticity profile region prior to a failure event, it can indicate impending component failure.

[0259] picture [24A] Illustration of a sensing stack comprising alternating layers of carbon-containing resin and carbon fibers in contact with each other, according to one embodiment. [24A00]. Sensing stacking, depending on the situation. [24A00] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any previous and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, sensing stacking... [24A00] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0260] As shown in the figure, sensing stack [24A00] Includes a schematic side cross-sectional view comprising multiple layers stacked on top of each other, including (in sequence) carbon-containing resin [2404, 2, ]、 Carbon fiber [2402, 2, ], carbon-containing resin [2404, 1, ] and carbon fiber [2402, 1, ]. In one embodiment, sensing stacking [24A00] can represent relative to the graph [24A] to Figure [24C] describes any sensor discussed. The term "resin" (in polymer chemistry and materials science) generally refers to a solid or highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that can typically be converted into a polymer (a macromolecule or macromolecule composed of many repeating subunits). Synthetic resins can be industrially produced resins, typically viscous substances that are converted into rigid polymers through a curing process. For curing, resins typically contain reactive end groups, such as acrylates or epoxides. The term "carbon fiber" refers to fibers with a diameter of approximately 5 to 10 micrometers (µm) and composed primarily of carbon atoms. Carbon fibers have several advantages, including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature resistance, and low thermal expansion.

[0261] Carbon-containing resin [2404, 2, ]、 Carbon fiber [2402, 2, ], carbon-containing resin [2404, 1, ] and carbon fiber Any one or more of [2402, 1, ] can be tuned by combining any one or more of the aforementioned carbon-containing microstructures at specific concentration levels to exhibit or display one or more specific resonant frequencies when probed using RF signals. The sensing stack can comprise any configuration, orientation, sequence, or layer of carbon-containing resin. [2404, 2, ]、 Carbon fiber [2402, 2, ], carbon-containing resin [2404, 1, ] and carbon fiber Any one or more of [2402, 1, ], and / or fewer or more layers comprising similar or different materials. Additional resin layers may be layered with gaps between the additional carbon fiber layers.

[0262] Each layer of carbon-containing resin can be formulated in different ways to resonate at different expected or desired tuning frequencies. The physical phenomenon of material resonance can be described in terms of corresponding molecular composition. For example, a layer with a first defined structure (such as a first molecular structure) will resonate at a first frequency, while a layer with a second different molecular structure will resonate at a second different frequency.

[0263] Materials with specific molecular structures contained within a layer will resonate at a first tuning frequency when the layer is in a low-energy state, and at a second, different frequency when the material in the layer is in an induced higher-energy state. For example, when the layer is in its natural, undeformed, low-energy state, the material in a layer exhibiting a specific molecular structure can be tuned to resonate at 3 GHz. Conversely, when the layer is at least partially deformed from its natural, undeformed, low-energy state, the same layer can resonate at 2.95 GHz. As a result, this phenomenon can be tuned to detect even the smallest anomalies on tire surfaces, such as those in contact with a road surface (e.g., pavement) and experiencing enhanced wear in a localized contact area, with high fidelity and accuracy. Even under time-sensitive race day conditions, cars racing on demanding tracks (referring to high-tech, windy tracks with sharp corners and rapid elevation changes) can benefit from this information on localized tire wear or degradation, enabling informed tire replacement decisions. As described herein, this phenomenon can be applied to any background and / or application where split-ring resonators can be integrated into or attached to a substrate.

[0264] picture [24B1] and diagram [24B2] illustrates a frequency shift phenomenon according to one embodiment, such as that exhibited by a sensing layer comprising a carbon-tuned RF resonant material. As appropriate, the figure... [24B1] and diagram [24B2] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the figures... [24B1] and diagram [24B2] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0265] See figure [24B1] to [24B2] illustrates and discusses the frequency shift phenomenon mentioned above (see figure). [24A] For example, resonance at a frequency of 3 GHz is transformed into resonance at a frequency of 2.95 GHz. (Figure) [24B2] illustrates the frequency shift phenomenon exhibited in a sensing stack containing a carbon-based tuned resonant material.

[0266] It is well known that atoms emit electromagnetic radiation at the natural frequencies of a given element. That is, atoms of a particular element possess natural frequencies corresponding to the atomic properties. For example, when a cesium atom is stimulated, its valence electrons transition from a lower energy state (such as the ground state) to a higher energy state (such as the excited state). When the electron returns to its lower energy state, it emits electromagnetic radiation in the form of photons. For cesium, the emitted photons are in the microwave frequency range; 9.192631770 THz. Structures larger than atoms, such as molecules composed of multiple atoms, also resonate at predictable frequencies (such as by emitting electromagnetic radiation). For example, a mass of liquid water resonates at 109.6 THz. Water in a state of surface tension (such as on the surface of a water mass, under various surface tension states) resonates at 112.6 THz. Carbon atoms and carbon structures also exhibit natural frequencies that depend on the structure. For example, the natural resonant frequency of a carbon nanotube (CNT) depends on the diameter and length of the CNT. CNTs are grown under controlled conditions to control their diameter and length, thereby controlling the natural resonant frequency of the structure. Therefore, synthesizing or otherwise "growing" CNTs is one way to tune them to the desired resonant frequency.

[0267] Other structures formed from carbon can be formed under controlled conditions. Such structures include, but are not limited to, carbon nanotubes (CNO), carbon lattices, graphene, carbon-containing aggregates or agglomerates, graphene-based materials, other carbon-containing materials, engineered nanoscale structures, and / or combinations thereof, any of which are incorporated into a sensor of a carrier assembly according to the currently disclosed embodiments. Such structures can be formed to resonate at a specific tuning frequency, and / or such structures can be modified in post-processing to obtain desired properties or characteristics. For example, desired properties, such as high reinforcement values, can be achieved by selecting material composition ratios and / or by adding other materials. Furthermore, the co-location of multiple such structures introduces other resonance effects. For example, two graphene sheets can resonate between themselves at a frequency that depends on the length, width, spacing, spacing shape, and / or other physical properties of the sheets and / or their juxtaposition.

[0268] As is known in the art, materials possess specific, measurable properties. This applies to both naturally occurring materials and engineered carbon allotropes. Such engineered carbon allotropes can be engineered to exhibit physical properties. For example, carbon allotropes can be designed to exhibit physical properties corresponding to: (a) a specific configuration of the constituent particles; (b) the formation of aggregates; and (c) the formation of agglomerates. Each of these physical properties influences a specific resonant frequency of the material formed using the corresponding specific carbon allotrope.

[0269] Besides adjusting the specific carbon-based structure to achieve a specific physical configuration corresponding to a specific resonance frequency, carbon-containing compounds can be tuned to a specific resonance frequency (or a set of resonance frequencies). A set of resonance frequencies is called a resonance curve.

[0270] picture [24B1] illustrates a first carbon-containing structure resonating at a first frequency, which may be related to a capacitor C. [ , 1, ] and the equivalent circuit of inductor L1 are related (note that the background of equation 3 provided below can also be found in relation to the figure). [2] The preceding text and / or the figure as explicitly stated [18A] to (Found in the carbon-containing structure of [18Y]). The frequency f1 is given by the following equation: (Equation 3)

[0271] picture [24B2] Illustration [24B1] represents a slight deformation of the first carbon-containing structure. This deformation results in a change in the physical structure, which in turn alters the structure's inductance and / or capacitance. These changes may be related to the equivalent circuit including capacitor C2 and inductor L2. The frequency f2 can be given by the following equation: (Equation 4)

[0272] picture [24B3] To illustrate the idealized variation of RF resonance with deflection according to one embodiment. [24B300]. As appropriate, graph. [24B300] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the graphs... [24B300] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0273] As shown in the figure, the curve graph [24B300] illustrates the idealized variation of the measured resonance with deflection. Depending on the situation, the graph... [24B300] or any one or more variations thereof may be implemented within the context of the embodiments described herein. (Graph) [24B300] (or any of its variants) can be implemented in any environment.

[0274] picture The embodiment shown in [24B3] is merely an example. The graph shown illustrates a state of deformation, particularly deflection. When a component or surface deforms due to deflection (such as bending), this deformation can change the resonant frequency exhibited by the component when detected by a signal (such as an RF signal). The shape of the curve may depend on the characteristics of the component, such as the characteristics of the layers forming the component or surface. The curve may be steep with small changes, while it flattens when the deflection reaches its maximum value. Furthermore, the shape of the curve depends in part on the number of layers, the geometry of the carbon structure, and how the carbon is bonded to the layers, etc.

[0275] picture [24B4] A graph illustrating the variation of RF resonance in 4-layer and 5-layer stacked layers according to one embodiment. [24B400]. As needed, graph. [24B400] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the graphs... [24B400] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0276] As shown in the figure, the curve graph [24B400] Draws a 4-layer stack

[0292] and 5-layer stacked

[0294] The resonance variation. Depending on the situation, the curve... [24B400] or any one or more variations thereof may be implemented in the materials and systems described herein. Materials such as the described laminates can be deployed in a variety of applications. One particular application is for surface sensors, which can be deployed in, on, or on a variety of locations within a vehicle. (See figures...) [24C] is used to illustrate and describe examples of such deployments.

[0277] picture [24C] Illustration of a surface sensor in a carrier according to one embodiment. Deployment in the area of ​​[24C00]. Vehicles, depending on the situation. [24C00] can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the vehicle... [24C00] can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0278] As shown in the figure, the vehicle [24C00] illustrates an example surface sensor deployment at a selected location on a vehicle. Such an example surface sensor deployment, or any form thereof, may be implemented in or on a vehicle exposed to any possible external environmental conditions, such as snow, sleet, hail, etc.

[0279] In the context of durable sensors on various external surfaces of a vehicle, tuned resonant sensing carbonaceous materials can be incorporated into or integrated with automotive features, surfaces, and / or components. As shown in the figure, the vehicle is equipped with surface sensors on the front wing (such as the hood), on the support members of the vehicle, and on the roof of the vehicle. During vehicle operation, each of these aforementioned locations may experience stress and consequent deformation. For example, during vehicle operation (e.g., during forward movement), the surface sensor on the front wing will experience changes in air pressure. Under the influence of air pressure, the material constituting the surface may deform slightly, and according to the figure… [24B1] and diagram The phenomenon described in [24B2] exhibits a change in the material's resonant frequency that is proportional to the degree of change or deformation of the material. Such changes can be detected using the previously described "detection" and observation techniques.

[0280] The observed emitted signals can collectively define the characteristics of a specific material or surface and can be further classified. Specific characteristics of the signals can be isolated for comparison and measurement to determine calibration points corresponding to the isolated specific characteristics. Therefore, the state of the environment surrounding the vehicle can be accurately and reliably determined.

[0281] For example, if deformation of the surface sensor causes a frequency shift from 3 GHz to 2.95 GHz, this difference can be mapped to a calibration curve, from which the air pressure value can be derived. Vehicle components, such as panels, roofs, hoods, trunks, or wing components, can provide relatively large surface areas. In such cases, transceiver antennas can be distributed on the observable side of the component. Several transceiver antennas can be distributed in an array, where each element of the array corresponds to a portion of the large surface area. As shown in the figure, each transceiver antenna can be mounted on the surface sensor deployment. The [24C00] array is stimulated independently on or inside the wheel well by means of acoustic pulses / chirps. In some cases, each element of the array can be stimulated sequentially, while in other cases, each element of the array is stimulated simultaneously. The aerodynamics of the vehicle can be measured over a large surface area by means of signal processing used to distinguish the characteristic returns from the proximal array elements.

[0282] The characteristic returns from a specific array element can be analyzed relative to other environmental conditions and / or other sensed data. For example, the deflection of a specific part of a wing assembly can be compared to the deflection of different parts of the wing assembly, and this comparison can then be analyzed relative to the current temperature, and / or the current tire pressure, and / or any other sensed state of the vehicle or its environment. As previously mentioned, this can be achieved by placing the resonator in the surface plane of the vehicle (e.g., [24C] shown) to implement the resonator circuit (such as the one shown in the image) to implement the resonator circuit [24B1] and [24B2] (shown). Other embodiments are configured to allow the resonator (e.g., a split-ring resonator) to be positioned across the surface of the vehicle. Arrays or matrices of surface sensors of varying sizes can be deployed at or on many locations on the vehicle to analyze the current vehicle condition. As described below, one such deployment can be seen, for example, in Figure […].

[29] in.

[0283] picture [25A] A diagram is provided illustrating the interaction between a vehicle and a cracked ring resonator disposed in and / or on the road asphalt, according to one embodiment.

[2500] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[2500] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[2500] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0284] As shown in the figure, the drawing is...

[2500] May include a vehicle

[2502] Cracked ring resonators located in and / or on the road surface

[2504] and the interaction between the road surface and the vehicle

[2506] In one embodiment, the diagram is drawn.

[2500] This can be used to determine tire static friction (and / or rolling friction). For example, maintaining static contact with the road can control a vehicle (while losing static contact with the road may cause the vehicle to lose control). Cracked ring resonator

[2504] Can be used to measure static friction of a tire (and / or interface) (which varies with tire tread thickness). See figure below.

[27] The process used to determine tire static friction is explained in more detail.

[0285] picture [25B] A diagram is provided illustrating how a split-ring resonator disposed within or on a tire according to one embodiment can be used to measure tire static friction. Where appropriate, the diagram illustrates...

[2500] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[2500] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0286] As shown in the figure, the drawing is...

[2501] May include vehicles

[2502] A ring resonator located in and / or on the tire

[2503] and tire interaction

[2505] In one embodiment, the diagram is drawn.

[2501] This can be used to determine tire static friction (and / or rolling friction). For example, a split-ring resonator located in and / or on the tire.

[2503] It can be used to measure the static friction of a tire (and / or interface) (which varies with the tire tread thickness).

[0287] In various embodiments, a cracked ring resonator is located in and / or on the road surface.

[2504] and a ring resonator located in and / or on the tire.

[2503] This can be used to measure the actual static friction between the tire and the road surface, as well as the actual thickness of the tire on the road surface. Such measurements can be performed instantly, even on the vehicle.

[2502] In operation. In this manner, given the split-ring resonator

[2504] and

[2503] The fact that it does not rely on electronic components (which are more prone to failure and other mechanical problems) allows for the continuous (or almost continuous) measurement of tire static friction with high accuracy.

[0288] For example, in the motorsports industry, in vehicles

[2502] While in motion, the split-ring resonator (located in and / or on the vehicle, such as in the tires, and / or on the road) provides the driver and maintenance personnel with real-time data on the capacitance related to tire static friction. This real-time data allows for immediate feedback on how the tire responds and interacts with the road surface, thereby allowing the driver and maintenance personnel to adjust and fine-tune the vehicle (e.g., tire tread type, tire power, windshield, side wing, spoiler, etc.) to achieve greater tire static friction (to at least maximize vehicle control and performance). Of course, any other fine-tuning of the vehicle can be made to ensure tire static friction.

[0289] In one embodiment, the split-ring resonator functions without relying on electronic components.

[2504] and

[2503] could be a low-cost sensor. Therefore, a split-ring resonator.

[2504] and

[2503] Not only does it improve real-time data collection (with greater accuracy), but it is also less expensive than current alternatives.

[0290] picture

[26] Illustration of the placement of a cracked ring resonator disposed in road asphalt and / or on road surface according to one embodiment.

[2600] Place as needed.

[2600] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, placement

[2600] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0291] As shown in the figure, place

[2600] Includes vehicles

[2602] , split ring resonator

[2604] and vehicle interaction

[2606] Cracked ring resonator The location of

[2604] (as shown in the figure)

[26] (as shown in the image) is arbitrary. This type of split-ring resonator

[2604] The key point about its location is that it can be placed anywhere in or on the road surface. In one embodiment, Figure

[26] It can be applied to racetracks, which would require a larger number of split-ring resonators.

[2604] (For increased data collection and performance fine-tuning). Conversely, in other applications, such as on normal highways or avenues, the split-ring resonator... The positions of

[2604] can be spaced out by a large amount (because performance fine-tuning may not be required).

[0292] As discussed in this article, the split-ring resonator

[2604] This data can be used to collect information related to tire static friction. Such data can then be used to modify parameters associated with the vehicle. Additionally, this data can be used for vehicle and / or road safety. For example, in the case of a split-ring resonator.

[2604] If it is determined that the instantaneous static friction level has decreased (indicating loss of traction), the traffic advisory service can immediately alert other drivers to the dangerous road conditions (and similarly reduce the speed limit in and / or around the area where loss of traction was detected). In this way, the split-ring resonator

[2604] It can be used for traffic management and / or security.

[0293] In addition, split-ring resonators, such as split-ring resonators located in and / or on tires (such as split-ring resonators)

[2503] ), which can be used as an alternative to conventional lock-up braking systems (which typically rely on wheel speed sensors and vehicle speed sensors to determine whether the tires have stopped rotating). Cracked ring resonator

[2503] This can provide more accurate data with less latency (the time between detection and reporting to the control module, such as in milliseconds). Furthermore, again, because of the split-ring resonator...

[2503] It does not rely on electronic devices to function (unlike conventional sensor systems), so it will be less prone to errors and malfunctions.

[0294] In another embodiment, a split-ring resonator

[2604] This data can be used to determine driver competence and / or track driver performance. For example, such data can be used to create a driver profile (of driver performance) if an overly excited driver accelerates rapidly or an aggressive driver brakes hard. For drivers who are training (and require objective feedback), such data can be used to help them train (to learn to drive in a more enjoyable way). Additionally, such data may be relevant to auto insurance companies, where preferential rates may be associated with a less aggressive driving history.

[0295] In this way, the split-ring resonator

[2604] It can be used in various scenarios and in various ways, so that measuring tire static friction can not only be used to better control the vehicle (ensure traction between the vehicle and the road surface), but also based on the data collected in this way, it can be used for safety, driving training, insurance company rates, etc.

[0296] picture

[27] A flowchart illustrating the process of determining tire static friction according to one embodiment.

[2700] Flowchart, depending on the situation.

[2700] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the flowcharts...

[2700] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0297] As shown in the flowchart

[2700] Begins with determining tire tread thickness (step)

[2702] Next, determine the current measurement value (step).

[2704] For example, current measurements may include the deformation of the split-ring resonator at the tire-road contact point. This type of deformation (in the form of a frequency shift) can be measured, and the overall effect (associated with and / or implemented by the action causing the deformation) can be tracked against the capacitance of the surrounding environment, including but not limited to water, tar, asphalt, concrete, etc. If the current measurement matches the baseline measurement (according to decision)

[2706] If the method returns to step (), then the method returns to step ().

[2702] Determine the tire tread thickness and return to step

[2702] .

[0204] To determine the refractive index. When the refractive indices do not match (according to the decision).

[2706] ), then the method

[2700] Proceed to step

[2708] And adjust the vehicle to achieve a match.

[0298] In one embodiment, refractive index can involve measuring the reflectivity of each tire ply (which can be achieved using refractive index) and determining the capacitance of each tire ply. When tire static friction is high, the tread thickness (and therefore reflectivity and capacitance) will increase proportionally. If tire static friction has been lost (i.e., traction has been lost), there will be a mismatch relative to the tire tread thickness (i.e., disproportionate reflectivity and capacitance). In this way, tire static friction can be determined using tire tread thickness based on refractive index (and therefore reflectivity) and capacitance.

[0299] Furthermore, refractive index mismatch in composite materials (especially in tires, asphalt, plastics, rubber, metal alloys, etc.) can be used to detect variations in the scattering parameters (or S-parameters, elements of the scattering matrix, etc.) of static friction levels. These scattering parameters can involve stimulating (via wireless signals) one or more split-ring resonators located in or on the tire (or vehicle, vehicle assembly, road surface, etc.). These one or more split-ring resonators can be used to obtain instantaneous readings of tire tread thickness (which can then be used to determine tire static friction, as described above).

[0300] Furthermore, the use of split-ring resonators (as a basis for determining tire static friction) provides a very economical, compact solution that does not rely on electronic components. Therefore, these factors, combined with high accuracy and low latency, make split-ring resonators a viable solution for many applications.

[0301] picture

[28] illustrates the correlation between measurement frequency and tread thickness according to one embodiment.

[2800] Depending on the circumstances, the relevant

[2800] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the relevant

[2800] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0302] As shown in the picture, the tire

[2802] Includes one or more tire belt layers (to be connected with the tire)

[1002] Consistent method). Combined with tires.

[2802] The carbon-based microstructure within may include a split-ring resonator. Such a split-ring resonator may have natural resonance (e.g., about 1.0 GHz) and respond to external conditions (e.g., driving tires), the tires

[2802] May deform and / or otherwise change. Tire

[2802] Deformation and / or alteration within the ring resonator can be measured as the frequency response of the ring resonator (based on response attenuation).

[0303] Frequency response is shown in the model

[2804] In one embodiment, the model

[2804] This can be correlated with the impedance spectrum energy entering and leaving the tire. This energy (measured based on frequency) can be used to determine tire static friction. For example, tire

[2802] The tire thickness may change, such as between its natural state and its driving condition. During driving conditions, the tire...

[2802] May have static friction (and traction) with the road surface. Such a state (with tire static friction) may be associated with a matching frequency model (in one example, shown in the model).

[2804] (related to this). However, when tire static friction is lost (i.e., tire traction is lost), the corresponding model...

[2804] It may no longer match. For example, when static friction is lost, the permittivity may drop rapidly. Calibration of how static friction works under different conditions allows for comparison of the current reading (and changes in reading) with the calibration curve.

[0304] In this way, impedance spectroscopy can be used to measure frequency samples of cracked-ring resonators found in or on tires. It should be understood that, although related...

[2800] is shown in relation to one embodiment of a tire, but other applications (such as those relating to automotive components, automotive skin, road conditions, metal fatigue conditions, building materials, etc.) can be contemplated in a similar manner.

[0305] Therefore, the split ring resonator can be disposed in and / or on a material (including internal components such as wiring or external components such as road asphalt) and can be used to provide information related to the material in which the split ring resonator is located and / or on.

[0306] picture

[29] A portion of the surface of a vehicle according to one embodiment is shown.

[2900] This includes an array of separately configured split-ring resonators. Depending on the situation, some...

[2900] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, some

[2900] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0307] As shown in the figure, this part of the vehicle surface

[2902] During vehicle operation, stress and subsequent deformation may occur, and the cracked ring resonator (cracked ring resonator) (in Figure)

[29] (shown as F11, F12, F13, F21, F22, F23, up to FNN) can be used to detect possible changes in materials under such environmental stress and deformation. The split ring resonator can be printed or applied to the sponge material of the vehicle (e.g., the vinyl wrapping of the vehicle), and / or a combination of the resonator and the sponge material can be placed on the entire vehicle or on a relevant part of the vehicle surface.

[0308] For example, the split-ring resonator on the front bumper may experience air pressure changes during vehicle operation (e.g., during forward movement, thus exerting a downward force on that part of the vehicle). Under air pressure, the material constituting the surface may deform slightly, and according to the figure... [24B1] and diagram The phenomenon described in [24B2] exhibits a change in the resonant frequency of a material that is proportional to the degree of change or deformation of the material. Although all split-ring resonators will resonate simultaneously, the differences between one or more split-ring resonators can be determined by the pitch changes that can be detected by a stimulus / response comparator, which can be implemented in whole or in part by a speaker / receiver or similar device.

[0309] vehicle surface

[2902] The array or matrix of split-ring resonators above is configured in such a way that the frequency response of any constituent element of the array does not conflict with that of a neighboring split-ring resonator. According to the figure...

[30] to illustrate and describe one such configuration.

[0310] picture

[30] A configuration of a split-ring resonator in a frequency range according to one embodiment is illustrated.

[3000] Configure as needed.

[3000] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, configuration

[3000] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0311] As shown in the figure, the split-ring resonators (shown as F11, F21, up to FNN) can each reside in their respective frequency ranges. Because the surface containing the split-ring resonator undergoes deformation due to deflection, positive or secondary deflection may alter the physical properties of the split-ring resonator, thereby changing the component's natural center frequency. The frequency response variation of the component is shown in the figure.

[30] is represented by the symbol D. As shown in the figure, this resonant frequency variation may not conflict with the neighboring cracked ring resonator even at its maximum value. Measuring cyclic deflection over time helps detect cyclic stresses (e.g., buffeting) occurring on the vehicle surface. According to the figure

[31] To illustrate and describe one such example for detecting time-based changes in deflection.

[0312] picture

[31] A graph showing the detection of time-based deviation changes according to one embodiment is shown.

[3100] As indicated by the time-based variation of the resonant frequency. As appropriate, graphs...

[3100] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the figures...

[3100] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0313] As shown in the figure, the chart

[3100] This illustrates detecting time-based deflection changes by continuously measuring the cyclic deflection of the split-ring resonators, thus allowing analysis of the pressure on a given control surface of a vehicle. For example, combining the aforementioned technique of placing a split-ring resonator array on a control surface vehicle with a technique of analyzing the combined returns from individual split-ring resonators on that control surface allows identification of areas of that surface experiencing cyclic stress (e.g., buffeting). In some cases, changes in physical properties indicate relatively high-frequency, dynamically changing property changes (e.g., vibration). Capturing a series of dynamically acquired responses / characteristics and comparing them with a previously acquired calibrated series of responses / characteristics facilitates dynamic non-destructive testing. Significant differences between the two sets of characteristics may be related to changes in physical properties such as periodic deformation (e.g., buffeting).

[0314] picture

[32] Illustrate a feature classification system according to one embodiment.

[3200] This feature classification system processes signals received by sensors formed from free carbon-containing tuned resonant materials. Depending on the situation, the feature classification system...

[3200] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the feature classification system

[3200] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0315] In one embodiment, feature classification system

[3200] Can be implemented in any physical environment. More specifically, feature classification system

[3200] An example illustrating how signals (such as features) are classified. As shown in the figure, in operation

[3202] The system transmits an acoustic pulse signal at a selected frequency. The acoustic pulse signal generation and transmission mechanisms can be implemented using any known technology. For example, a transmitter module can generate a selected frequency of 3 GHz and radiate the signal using one or more horns and multiple receiving antennas. The design and placement of the tuning antennas can correspond to any tuning antenna geometry, material, and / or location, such that the intensity of the acoustic pulse is sufficient to induce (RF) resonance in a nearby sensor. In some embodiments, several tuning antennas are disposed on or within a structural member near the corresponding sensor (such as when mounted on and / or within one or more wheel wells or vehicles). Therefore, when a nearby surface sensor is stimulated by an acoustic pulse, it may resonate with the feature. During operation...

[3204] The feature can be received and stored in a container that includes the received feature.

[3210] The dataset contains data. A sequence of acoustic pulse transmissions followed by characteristic receptions can be repeatedly looped to capture a set of calibration signals, which can then be used as calibration points.

[3212] To store.

[0316] Decisions can be made repeatedly

[3206] Changing the frequency of the sound pulse (in operation)

[3208] (in Chinese). Therefore, when performing operations in a loop...

[3202] time (via decision)

[3206] ), operation

[3204] Receiveable and subsequently stored features

[3210] (including the first feature) [3210, 1, ]、Second feature [3210, 2, ], up to the Nth feature [3210,N The number of iterations can be determined by the decision.

[3206] Control. When making decisions.

[3206] In the "No" branch (e.g., when no other additional acoustic pulses are to be emitted in the iterative loop), the received features can be provided (operation).

[3214] (To the digital signal processing module. The digital signal processing module is compared with a set of calibration points.)

[3212] Feature classification (operation)

[3216] Calibration points can be configured to correspond to specific acoustic pulse frequencies. For example, calibration points...

[3212] May include a first calibration point that corresponds to a first acoustic pulse and a first return characteristic around 3 GHz. [3212, 1, ], a second calibration point corresponding to the second acoustic pulse and the second return characteristic near 2 GHz. [3212, 2, ], and so on for any integer value "N" calibration point.

[0317] In operation

[3220] The classified signals are then sent to the vehicle's central processing unit. The classified signals can be processed by the vehicle's central processing unit (such as the vehicle's central processing unit).

[0116] ) relayed to upstream storage (such as upstream components)

[0113] ), the upstream repository is configured to host and / or run machine learning algorithms. Thus, a large number of stimuli related to signals, classified signals, and signal responses can be captured for subsequent data aggregation and processing. A database for forming or training a machine learning subsystem (e.g., training a model) can be created by providing a set of sensed measurements that are then correlated with conditions regarding vehicle performance. Once the database is computationally ready or "trained," during vehicle operation, a measured deflection (e.g., air pressure) of a specific portion of the wing assembly can be compared to a calibration point, and this comparison yields a frequency difference corresponding to a change in deflection, which in turn corresponds to a specific air pressure. Other potential conditions or diagnoses can be determined by the machine learning system. These conditions and / or diagnoses and / or supporting data can be used by instruments in the vehicle to complete feedback loops. In some cases, instruments in the vehicle provide visualization that can be operated (e.g., by the pilot or engineer).

[0318] picture

[33] A diagram showing a broken ring resonator disposed in and / or on a drone and / or drone platform according to one embodiment.

[3300] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[3300] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[3300] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0319] As shown in the figure, the drone

[3302] It may include one or more split-ring resonators

[3304] In one embodiment, a drone

[3302] Can be used for transporting parcels

[3306] Of course, it should be understood that drones

[3302] It can be configured to transport other items (such as cameras, weather sensors, animals, medical supplies, food, cargo, goods, payloads, etc.). Additionally, in other embodiments, the drone...

[3302] It can be configured for military or tactical purposes (including being configured as an unmanned combat aerial vehicle). Furthermore, as described below, the UAV...

[3302] Configured as a manned unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and / or an autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV). In one embodiment, the UAV...

[3302] It may be capable of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) and / or electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL).

[0320] In addition, drone landing sites are provided.

[3308] The drone landing site may include one or more split-ring resonators.

[3312] Also provides tools for enabling drones.

[3302] and drone landing site

[3308] Target position to be aligned

[3310] .

[0321] In various embodiments, the one or more split-ring resonators

[3304] can be used to promote the use of drones

[3302] Entity status and / or drone

[3302] Real-time sensing of external environmental conditions. Such real-time sensing can occur every millisecond and can be used in drones.

[3302] Detect structural changes before they become a problem, and / or modify the drone.

[3302] The route to reach the intended destination (such as the target location)

[3310] ). For example, in one embodiment, if the drone

[3304] If the propeller experiences material fatigue (and is prone to breakage), the cracked ring resonator located on the propeller can be used to determine structural changes (based on frequency changes). Additionally, it can monitor drones.

[3302] Any element that allows such changes to be detected before any negative effects of structural changes are observed.

[0322] In another embodiment, the drone

[3302] Can be used at drone landing sites

[3308] Takeoff or landing begins. For drones Real-time sensing of the state of

[3302] (via the one or more cracked ring resonators)

[3304] ) can protect drones

[3302] and / or drone landing site

[3308] . In this manner, one or more split-ring resonators

[3304] Changes can be detected before and / or after takeoff. Please note the drone landing site.

[3308] One or more of the above-mentioned split-ring resonators

[3312] It can also be used to sense the landing field.

[3308] Status and / or Drone The location of

[3302] (regardless of the drone)

[3302] Whether or not the one or more split-ring resonators are present

[3304] ). Furthermore, when landing, the drone...

[3302] One or more of the above-mentioned split-ring resonators

[3304] or drone landing site

[3308] One or more of the above-mentioned split-ring resonators

[3312] can be used near its drone landing site

[3308] Instantly determine the drone The precise location of

[3302] . In this way, one or more split-ring resonators

[3304] and / or

[3312] can be used to achieve precision landing capabilities.

[0323] Drone landing site

[3308] One or more split-ring resonators

[3312] Can also be used to determine the landing site of a drone.

[3308] This condition allows material fatigue and / or component failure to be detected before they become visually apparent.

[0324] In another scenario, after landing, one or more split-ring resonators can be used.

[3304] Receive health-related data to evaluate drones The state of

[3302] . For example, a drone.

[3302] A drone health system capable of broadcasting wireless signals. One or more split-ring resonators.

[3304] Each of these can provide a frequency response, which can be used with the drone.

[3302] Structural health (based on material fatigue and component failure) is addressed. In this way, a cracked ring resonator can be used.

[3304] To detect drones before, during and after takeoff and / or landing.

[3302] Health status. This health status can be used to alert humans / users and / or autonomous systems and / or transmit to humans / users and / or autonomous systems.

[0325] This approach enables an autonomous system for health checks on a drone fleet. When a drone arrives at its landing location, it can be inspected and evaluated. If a cracked ring resonator indicates a structural problem within the drone, further inspection (e.g., manual inspection) and / or repair can be performed. If no problems are found, the drone receives a "health" rating and is ready for re-deployment. This method allows for continuous management of drones relative to the health and integrity of the fleet, thereby meeting legal and social constraints on drone use, particularly in consumer airspace.

[0326] picture

[34] A diagram showing a broken-ring resonator disposed in and / or on an aircraft according to one embodiment.

[3400] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[3400] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[3400] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0327] As shown in the figure, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

[3402] It may include the main body of the flight vehicle

[3404] Structural components

[3406] and / or propeller assembly

[3408] The split-ring resonator is located on the drone. It should be understood, of course, that the split-ring resonator can be located on the drone.

[3404] in any and / or all components and / or on.

[0328] In various embodiments, the split-ring resonator (such as one located in the main body of the flight vehicle)

[3404] , structural components

[3406] and / or propeller assembly

[3408] The above-mentioned cracked ring resonator can be used to obtain a connection with unmanned aerial vehicles.

[3402] Associated instantaneous (in millisecond time granularity) measurements, including but not limited to vibration, strain, changes in size and / or material properties, pressure and temperature.

[0329] For example, regarding vibration, the split-ring resonator can read vibration frequencies (Hz to hundreds of kHz). Alternatively, in one embodiment, accelerometers and other non-contact displacement sensors can be used to measure low- to high-frequency vibrations (e.g., from extremely low frequencies in the low-hertz range (such as in bridge-like structures) to higher vibrations found in supersonic applications—up to hundreds of kilohertz). Regarding strain, the split-ring resonator can detect component bending / torsion and structural fatigue / failure. Regarding changes in size and / or material properties, the split-ring resonator can determine whether elastomeric components (such as those found in tires, belts, hoses, etc.) need replacement (due to wear and aging). Furthermore, changes in size and / or material properties can be used to determine the distance to the landing surface (as shown in the figure above).

[33] As described. Regarding pressure, a split-ring resonator can be used to detect air pressure, differential air pressure, and / or periodic changes in air pressure. In addition, regarding temperature, a split-ring resonator can detect surface temperature and internal temperature of the component.

[0330] Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicles can be used.

[3402] The broken ring resonator found in or above the component is used to detect unmanned aerial vehicles.

[3402] Parameter measurements associated with the health status. Furthermore, more than one measurement can be received simultaneously. For example, each split-ring resonator can provide a frequency response in response to a wireless acoustic pulse. In one case, such a frequency response can be calibrated for a pressure measurement, while in another case, another frequency response can be calibrated for a change in material properties. Therefore, responses from all split-ring resonators can be received, thereby providing a response to unmanned aerial vehicles.

[3402] Simultaneous results of all associated sensor parameters.

[0331] picture

[35] A diagram showing a split-ring resonator and a landing position sensor disposed in and / or on an aircraft according to one embodiment.

[3500] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[3500] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[3500] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0332] As shown in the figure, unmanned aerial vehicle

[3502] It may be capable of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL and / or eVTOL). It should be understood that, in other embodiments, the unmanned aerial vehicle...

[3502] Other takeoff capabilities (e.g., conventional takeoff and landing, short takeoff and landing, etc.) can be configured.

[0333] Can be used in unmanned aerial vehicles

[3502] One or more cracked ring resonators were found, including those located on the main body of the flight vehicle.

[3504] Structural components

[3506] and / or landing gear

[3508] Above. Of course, with the diagram.

[34] Consistent, the one or more split-ring resonators may be located on an unmanned aerial vehicle.

[3502] anywhere (and in any quantity) above, and can be used to provide sensor-related information.

[0334] As an example, located in unmanned aerial vehicles

[3502] The split-ring resonator can be distributed across the entire surface. Additionally, lightweight antennas can be further distributed throughout the unmanned aerial vehicle.

[3502] Above. In one embodiment, the split-ring resonator and antenna can be redundant (especially for critical components, for safety constraints, etc.). Such a split-ring resonator can provide instantaneous simultaneous sensing (in milliseconds). Furthermore, conditional characteristics can be associated with the simultaneous feedback response from the split-ring resonator. For example, conditional characteristics can be associated with component failure, external conditions (weather, flight mode, etc.), etc. In addition, the split-ring resonator can be arranged to allow triangulation positioning to aid in accurate landing (as shown in the figures herein).

[33] consistent with the description.

[0335] Therefore, the split-ring resonator may include a position sensor.

[3512] It can be used to calculate landing gear bending.

[3510] Surface bending

[3518] Propeller bending

[3514] and / or air pressure

[3516] As highlighted elsewhere, split-ring resonators can be used with unmanned aerial vehicles.

[3502] Any capability related to takeoff, flight, landing, management, etc., including but not limited to torsion, tire wear, airspeed, air pressure, and bending of vehicle components.

[0336] In one embodiment, a position sensor

[3512] Can be used to precisely locate the position for a precise landing. Furthermore, located on the ground...

[3520] Middle and / or upper split-ring resonators

[3522] It can also be used to help achieve precise landings.

[0337] picture [36A] and figure [36B] Two illustrations of a split-ring resonator disposed in and / or on an aircraft according to one embodiment are shown.

[3600] Depending on the situation, two diagrams are drawn.

[3600] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, both illustrations...

[3600] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0338] As shown in the picture, the airplane

[3602] Including those located on the aircraft

[3602] One or more split-ring resonators in and / or on various locations, including but not limited to engines

[3604] (Jet aircraft, propellers, etc.), wings

[3606] Horizontal stabilizer

[3608] ,body

[3610] and / or tires

[3612] It should be understood that it is possible to do so on an airplane.

[3602] Any number of split-ring resonators can be found on it, and the purpose of the split-ring resonators may be different. For example, located on an aircraft

[3602] The front-mounted split-ring resonator can be used to collect external weather conditions (air pressure, temperature, wind speed, etc.), the split-ring resonator located on the tire can be used to determine tread life and condition, and / or the split-ring resonator located in the engine can be used to ensure safety and avoid material fatigue. In some embodiments, conditional features can be created and correlated with known conditions (weather patterns, signs of material fatigue, etc.). In addition, the frequency from the split-ring resonator can be used for more than one conditional feature simultaneously. For example, the split-ring resonator can be used to determine tread thickness and can also be used for static friction measurement, hydroplaning detection, etc.

[0339] It should be understood that, although in the two illustrations

[3600] illustrates a commercial aircraft, but any aircraft (commercial, military, personal, etc.) is applicable. Furthermore, the use of a split-ring resonator in an aircraft can provide continuous millisecond-level variations before takeoff, during flight, and during landing. Such variations can include changes in structural parameters (e.g., fatigue thresholds, impending component failures, etc.), which can then trigger alerts to systems and individuals. For example, triggering an alert can cause the aircraft to swerve or land safely before an impending failure event occurs.

[0340] picture [37A] shows a diagram of a split-ring resonator disposed in and / or on a rocket according to one embodiment.

[3700] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[3700] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[3700] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0341] As shown in the figure, the spaceship

[3702] It may include spacecraft

[3702] One or more split-ring resonators at various locations, including but not limited to the wing

[3704] Elevator

[3714] ,engine

[3708] Flight deck

[3710] and / or warehouse

[3708] . It should be understood that it is possible to use it on a spaceship.

[3702] Find any number of split-ring resonators.

[0342] The use of split-ring resonators in spacecraft can provide continuous, millisecond-level changes before liftoff, during flight, and during reentry. Such changes can include variations in structural parameters (e.g., fatigue limits, impending component failure, etc.), which can then trigger alerts to systems and personnel. Furthermore, spacecraft (often referred to as orbiters) are typically attached to rocket boosters. Generally, a structural failure of any component on a spacecraft or rocket booster would usually result in the complete failure of both the spacecraft and the booster. However, the use of split-ring resonators ensures that any changes in structural parameters (to either the spacecraft or the booster) can be detected before they affect the spacecraft or the booster. In some embodiments, changes in structural parameters may cause the spacecraft to detach from the booster to preserve one or the other (based on the identified structural parameter changes).

[0343] picture [37B] A diagram showing a broken-ring resonator disposed in and / or on a rocket and / or landing platform according to one embodiment.

[3701] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[3701] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[3701] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0344] As shown in the figure, the spaceship

[3709] Can be attached to rocket boosters

[3707] Broken-ring resonators can be located and seen in spacecraft.

[3709] and rocket boosters

[3707] on each of them. Furthermore, examples for spacecraft are shown.

[3709] and rocket boosters

[3707] The launch pad, including the launch platform

[3703] Flame Pit

[3711] Platform architecture

[3713] and / or launch service structure

[3705] The split-ring resonator can be located and seen in the illustration.

[3701] At each component of the launch pad. In this way, cracked ring resonators located in and / or on various parts of the launch pad can be used to detect changes in structural parameters (e.g., fatigue thresholds, impending component failures, etc.), which can then lead to alerts to the system and personnel. For example, a structural failure (in any component) may cause launch abort. In addition, a structural failure may also cause launch abort after launch has begun (but before liftoff). Therefore, any structural failure (at any point) can serve as a basis for launch abort and / or corrective action.

[0345] In this way, the early warning system can be based on cracked ring resonators found on the launch pad, spacecraft and / or rocket boosters and / or any related components, and can obtain real-time data to ensure the safe repair of any detected changes.

[0346] Furthermore, for any type of air vehicle, the split-ring resonator can be used as a low-cost resonant sensor to ensure safety. For example, the split-ring resonator can be used to detect excessive vibration in components, detect and monitor microcracks in materials, monitor localized temperatures on the surface of non-metallic components (providing instantaneous values ​​and historical / periodic changes), monitor localized temperatures within non-metallic components (providing instantaneous values ​​and historical / periodic changes), provide precise positioning accuracy (e.g., for accurate landing), and / or can be installed in materials, on surfaces, and / or under surfaces (such as painted surfaces).

[0347] picture [38A] is a flowchart relating to the reporting of feedback from a cracked ring resonator according to one embodiment.

[3800] Flowchart, depending on the situation.

[3800] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the flowcharts...

[3800] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0348] flow chart

[3800] This relates to one embodiment in which sensor data is received from one or more split-ring resonators, and in response, one or more actions are taken.

[0349] As shown in the flowchart

[3800] Begin receiving sensor data from the self-calibrated sensor (step)

[3802] The calibrated sensor may include one or more cracked ring resonators calibrated based on natural resonance. Decision-making.

[3804] The method checks whether the sensor data is within a predetermined range. For example, the sensor data may be related to condition characteristics (where known deviations are related to known faults and / or conditions). If the sensor data is within the range (or within the permissible condition characteristics), the method returns to continuously receiving sensor data (according to the steps).

[3802] Of course, the time interval for receiving sensor data can be predetermined and / or adjusted as needed.

[0350] If the sensor data is out of range, then the flowchart...

[3800] Proceed to reduce the test time interval (step)

[3806] In one embodiment, the steps

[3806] This may be optional. For example, the test time interval may already be almost continuous (according to the steps).

[3802] ), in this case, it may not be necessary to reduce the test time interval. (Responding to step...)

[3806] (or simultaneously with this step), an alarm may be triggered (step)

[3808] ), and can generate reports (steps)

[3810] ).

[0351] In some embodiments, alarms and / or reports relating to out-of-range sensor data can be used to notify and / or alert humans (e.g., operators, supervisors, etc.), save to a repository (e.g., storage device, etc.), notify and / or alert organizations (e.g., environmental protection agencies, motor vehicle departments, etc.). It is envisioned that such out-of-range sensor data can also be used to trigger automated actions (e.g., AI-integrated systems, etc.), cause changes to the automated settings of a vehicle (or the device in which the split-ring resonator is located), and / or take any other automated actions (without human intervention).

[0352] picture [38B] A flowchart relating to the landing of an aircraft and / or drone using a split-ring resonator according to one embodiment.

[3812] Flowchart, depending on the situation.

[3812] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the flowcharts...

[3812] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0353] flow chart

[3812] This relates to one embodiment of receiving sensor data from one or more split-ring resonators (located in the field) to aid in precise landing capabilities. It should be understood that a similar process can be created for the use of split-ring resonators located on an aircraft (rather than relying on in-field sensors).

[0354] As shown in the flowchart

[3812] Begins when the flight vehicle is approaching the landing site (step)

[3814] Determine whether the aircraft is within a set range (such as a predetermined distance from the landing site) (Decision).

[3816] In one embodiment, it is determined whether the flight vehicle is within a set range (according to a decision).

[3816] ) can at least partially depend on a split-ring resonator located on the flight vehicle.

[0355] Once the aircraft is within the set range, it can receive data from the field sensors (steps)

[3818] Data from such field sensors can be transmitted to the aircraft, enabling position adjustments (decision-making).

[3820] When the location does not require further change, the aircraft can land (step).

[3822] Of course, it should be understood that decision-making...

[3820] This can occur continuously as the aircraft approaches the landing site, allowing for real-time adjustments to the aircraft's position.

[0356] In one embodiment, a field sensor can be used (following the steps)

[3818] ) to perform triangulation to determine the exact location of the flight vehicle. As can be seen, the flowchart...

[3812] Provides only one example of how a split-ring resonator can be used and to help a flight vehicle land.

[0357] picture

[39] A diagram showing a special material in a dielectric matrix and its associated circuitry according to one embodiment is shown.

[3900] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[3900] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[3900] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0358] In the context of this specification, special materials may include any material designed to have physical properties not found in naturally occurring materials.

[0359] As shown in the figure, in the SEM image

[3902] In this context, specific materials can be modified within the dielectric matrix. For example, specific materials can be selected for frequency-selective properties, including cases where specific materials are inherently modified or constructed for application. Furthermore, specific materials can provide frequency-selective conductivity, rather than direct current conductivity. Moreover, such specific materials can conduct electricity and maintain connection without contact (unlike standard conductive inks / sheets / coatings that require contact to conduct electricity and maintain connection).

[0360] Can be achieved via lumped circuit

[3904] This illustrates the arrangement of specific metals within the dielectric matrix (based on SEM images).

[3902] ), wherein a series resistor with minimum impedance at the resonant frequency or a parallel resistor with maximum impedance at the resonant frequency can be achieved. It should be understood that the arrangement of special materials can be arranged as series and / or parallel resistors.

[0361] In various embodiments, a special material in the dielectric matrix can be arranged in the split-ring resonator.

[3906] In this context, the split-ring resonator can be represented in a circuit-type configuration.

[3908] In the middle. This type of configuration.

[3908] This may include an inductor associated with the ring and a capacitor associated with the gap of the split-ring resonator. Such a configuration should be referenced in the diagram discussed above. [24B1] and diagram [24B2] Understand in a consistent way.

[0362] Using specialized materials as frequency-selective materials allows for continuous bending without degrading conductivity. Furthermore, frequency tuning allows for an increased signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in better detection and resolution. Additionally, other parameters (temperature, stress, strain, etc.) can be directly measured via tensile, deformation, and / or temperature readings of the dielectric matrix.

[0363] In this way, specialized materials can be used in and / or on split-ring resonators, thereby providing frequency-selective conductivity rather than DC conductivity. Furthermore, the high-frequency conductivity of the specialized materials allows for their use in split-ring resonators.

[0364] picture

[40] A diagram showing a split-ring resonator embedded in an open-pore or closed-pore material according to one embodiment.

[4000] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[4000] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[4000] This can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0365] As shown in the figure, the split-ring resonator

[4006] Can be embedded in the first layer

[4002] With the second layer

[4004] Between. In various embodiments, the materials of the first and / or second layers may include open-cell or closed-cell (selectively coated) materials. Such materials may have a specific capacitance, which is the mixed capacitance of the material and the air in the pores within the material itself, such that when the airflow is compressed, the foam expels the air, and the total capacitance becomes the capacitance of the material (open-cell or closed-cell foam). Since the capacitance of the material is much higher than that of air, compression of the material will cause a frequency shift.

[0366] To describe this from a self-substitution perspective, the split-ring resonator...

[4006] Embedding in a foam-based material allows for a larger resonant frequency (compared to the case where a split-ring resonator responds alone). This larger resonant frequency is at least partly attributable to the deformation of the foam-based material, and when deformation occurs, it is directly and significantly correlated with the change in the permittivity of the foam-based material.

[0367] In another embodiment, the split-ring resonator can be printed onto the top of an open-cell or closed-cell foam material, with a ground plane on the back side and the foam material between the top and ground plane layers. The distance between the front sensor and the ground plane (with the foam in the middle) can cause a frequency shift (like a capacitor). In this way, the foam material can act as a pressure sensor, and the presence of the foam can be used to shift the resonant frequency up or down. For example, if the foam element deforms or deflects (pulled in or pulled out), the change in the split-ring resonator can be used to measure the foam element.

[0368] Therefore, as detailed in this paper, split-ring resonators can provide a response to wireless acoustic pulses / chirps / interrogations. Furthermore, using a foam-based material to enclose the split-ring resonator amplifies its response. Similarly, the deformation of foam-based materials is greater than, for example, that of semi-rigid materials, which in turn translates into a larger difference in permittivity (again, comparing foam-based materials with semi-rigid materials). (See Figure...) In the context of [24B4], foam-based materials can have a similar type of response (using y-axis coordinates to measure permittivity rather than frequency). Additionally, in one embodiment, such permittivity can be unipolar or bipolar. For example, in some cases (e.g., under turbulent conditions), positive and negative pressures may exist on the surface. In the context of this specification, semi-rigid materials refer to stiff materials that can be bent. Foam-based materials refer to porous sponge materials. Comparing semi-rigid materials to foam-based materials, foam-based materials can achieve greater compression and deformation (given their sponge-like form). Therefore, combining foam-based materials with split-ring resonators (as detailed herein) allows for greater response amplification (which may in turn relate to instruments that can operate at lower frequency and power levels).

[0369] Therefore, the combination of the split-ring resonator with the accompanying materials and / or substrate (e.g., semi-rigid materials, foam-based materials, concrete, rubber, polymers, etc.) may have a global effect. In the context of this specification, the global effect refers to the frequency response of the split-ring resonator combined with the accompanying materials and / or substrate.

[0370] picture

[41] A diagram showing a pressure sensor using an open-pore or closed-pore material according to one embodiment is shown.

[4100] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[4100] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[4100] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0371] Functionally, the wave pulse can originate from the antenna (located on the carrier).

[4104] The wave pulse propagates (and / or onto surrounding objects / locations), and can then strike objects (such as unoptimized sensors).

[4104] ) The object has real and virtual physical material components that reflect or absorb energy. This can then generate a form of analog telemetry via wireless communication (where the transmission of temperature, pressure and / or other measurements can be carried out by reflection or absorption of wave pulses), which in turn provides low-cost remote parameter sensing of the real world.

[0372] Using sensor data for the vehicle

[4102] The actual tests conducted are shown in the figure.

[42] in.

[0373] picture

[42] A diagram showing wind pressure sensing data using open-pore or closed-pore materials according to one embodiment.

[4200] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[4200] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any preceding and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[4200] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0374] As shown in the figure, the drawing is...

[4200] relates to vehicles (such as vehicles)

[4102] ) Wind pressure sensing data. The wind pressure sensor can be used with the figure

[40] To understand in a consistent way. In addition, it should be understood that the figure

[42] A single use case scenario (for wind pressure) is shown. Similar sensing data can be obtained for other metrics (temperature, pressure, speed, etc.).

[0375] Draw

[4200] Three use case scenarios are shown: (1) based on the frequency at which the vehicle does not move; (2) based on the frequency of the vehicle accelerating along a straight track; and (3) based on the frequency of the vehicle decelerating while turning. As can be observed, each use case scenario produces a separate and different frequency measurement. As mentioned above, such frequency measurements may be related to conditional characteristics. In addition, the number of stars found on each line indicates the maximum / minimum data points.

[0376] picture

[43] A diagram showing the path and circuit related to frequency-selective conductivity according to one embodiment is provided.

[4300] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[4300] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[4300] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0377] As shown in the figure, the drawing is...

[4300] Includes current materials

[4302] and special materials

[4304] images

[4301] As can be observed, current materials require a direct connection to a DC current that allows current flow. Such current-carrying materials can be produced by circuits.

[4306] This indicates that, in contrast to such conventional systems, specialized materials are used.

[4304] Conductivity can be achieved via resistive and reactive paths. Such paths can be based on indirect connections (where each path and / or node does not need to be in contact) to conduct electricity. Circuit

[4308] This indicates the use of special materials to establish electrical conductivity.

[0378] picture

[44] Illustrations are shown of many industries that may be suitable for using a broken ring resonator according to one embodiment.

[4400] As appropriate, draw the diagram.

[4400] This can be implemented within the context of any one or more embodiments illustrated in any prior and / or subsequent figures and / or their descriptions. However, of course, the illustrations...

[4400] It can be implemented in any desired environment. Furthermore, the above definitions also apply to the following description.

[0379] As shown in the figure, the drawing is...

[4400] Including a variety of exemplary industry applications worldwide, the resonant frequency shift associated with the split-ring resonator can provide early detection capabilities for hundreds of potential scenarios, thus providing the ability to remedy and adjust where potential problems may be found. Data associated with the resonant frequency shift of the split-ring resonator can be applied to virtually every industry and market, including but not limited to: utilities, space travel and exploration, agriculture, power generation, manufacturing, vehicle safety, commercial tire dynamics, professional sports, forging, construction, molecular analysis and degradation, biomedicine, battery composition, flight and / or aviation, marine, consumer packaging, bridges and roads, etc. Some of these industries (and the applicability of the split-ring resonator) are detailed herein.

[0380] To be as accurate as possible, and to illustrate the potential applicability of the use of the split-ring resonator (and its associated resonant frequency shift) to many other industries, additional material is provided below.

[0381] As previously discussed, split-ring resonators can be embedded in or printed onto other materials (other than the concrete barrier of Figure 22A2 and / or the metal barrier of Figure 22A3), covering a wide range of applications across the global industry. In this way, measurements of resonant frequency shifts can be performed in virtually any application where split-ring resonators can be embedded or printed (on surfaces, within materials, etc.). Furthermore, split-ring resonators can be used not only to determine resonant frequency shifts (which may be associated with characteristics indicating physical conditions) but also to control states in response to such inputs. For example, a temperature sensor may have a split-ring resonator embedded therein, enabling the activation of external units (air conditioners, heaters, vents, etc.) when a predetermined temperature is reached, until the ambient temperature reaches the predetermined temperature. In some cases, action may be dependent on a processor that interprets data on resonant frequency shifts from the split-ring resonator and, in response, initiates action (e.g., commands to modify environmental conditions). In other embodiments, action can be taken without using an external processor. For example, items that must be kept within a predetermined range can be transported. To ensure the integrity of temperature during the transport of goods, a temperature sensor embedded with a split-ring resonator can be attached to the item. If the temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, deformation of the sensor may result in physical changes (color changes, deformed indicators, etc.). Therefore, environmental changes or behavior may be directly related to the state of the split-ring resonator.

[0382] In one embodiment, aviation-related applications may include detecting material stress, temperature, or vibration levels approaching or exceeding known tolerances when an aircraft is experiencing subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic speeds. Using split-ring resonators within and above the surfaces of wings (including ailerons, elevators, and rudders) can detect pressure increases and decreases, surface distortion, and even potential material fractures or failures above and below the wing surface. This provides an opportunity to alert pilots and ground personnel to potential hazards before any catastrophic event occurs and allows sufficient time to respond and correct airspeed, lift, flight attitude, payload unloading, etc. Alternatively, applicable embodiments may include fixed wing structures integrated with wing blades, using split-ring resonators within and above these blades to measure pressure above and below the wing surface to determine optimal wing extension or retraction, thus providing an opportunity to adjust flight parameters and maximize aircraft performance. In another embodiment of aviation, a split-ring resonator is used on and within the surface of the wing (including ailerons, elevators, and rudders) to detect at what point the harmonics or geometry of the wing surface begin to deform and turn smooth air into turbulence.

[0383] In another embodiment, aviation-related applications may include tolerance measurement of aircraft jet engines, turbofans, and propeller engines, as well as potential hazards exceeding these tolerances. For example, a split-ring resonator can be used in virtually every engine component (including the casing and cowling) to provide measurements of temperature changes, increases and decreases in vibration frequency, material bending or twisting, intake, fuel intake, combustion, manifold pressure, oil pressure, compression, and / or exhaust. For instance, a split-ring resonator on the surface area of ​​an engine propeller can detect and provide indications of general measurements (such as angular rotational speed, axial and / or centrifugal airflow, and torque) ...

Claims

1. A flexible substrate comprising: at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator disposed on a surface of the flexible substrate; wherein the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator comprises a plurality of first carbon particles configured to resonate uniquely to an electromagnetic acoustic pulse based at least in part on a concentration level within the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator; wherein the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator is configured to resonate at a first frequency to the electromagnetic acoustic pulse when the flexible substrate is in a first state, and is configured to resonate at a second frequency to the electromagnetic acoustic pulse when the flexible substrate is in a second state.

2. The flexible matrix of claim 1, wherein the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator comprises at least one open-ring resonator (SRR).

3. The flexible matrix of claim 1, wherein the resonance is an electromagnetic feedback signal indicating the state of one of the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonators.

4. The flexible matrix of claim 3, wherein the state of the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator indicates exposure to at least one of an analyte, a biological material, or radiation.

5. The flexible matrix of claim 3, wherein the state of the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator is correlated to indicate a maximum value of exposure to at least one of an analyte, exposure to a biological material, or exposure to radiation.

6. The flexible substrate of claim 3, wherein the state includes absorption or absorption into the flexible substrate.

7. The flexible substrate of claim 1, wherein the flexible substrate is configured to generate a first electromagnetic feedback signal in response to the electromagnetic pulse to indicate a degree of absorption into the flexible substrate, and is configured to generate a second electromagnetic feedback signal in response to the electromagnetic pulse to indicate no absorption into the flexible substrate.

8. The flexible matrix of claim 2, wherein one of the at least one SRRs comprises a plurality of first carbon particles configured to respond uniquely to the electromagnetic pulse based at least in part on a sensed concentration level of one of the first analytes.

9. The flexible matrix of claim 8, wherein one of the second groups of the at least one SRR comprises a plurality of second carbon particles configured to respond uniquely to the electromagnetic pulse at least in part based on the concentration level of one of the second analytes.

10. The flexible matrix of claim 9, wherein at least one of the following: each of the plurality of first carbon particles and each of the plurality of second carbon particles is chemically bonded to the flexible matrix; each of the plurality of first carbon particles comprises a first aggregate forming a first porous structure; or the second carbon particles comprise a second aggregate forming a second porous structure.

11. The flexible substrate of claim 1, wherein at least three instances of the flexible substrate are used to triangulate a location of one of the flexible substrates.

12. The flexible substrate of claim 1, wherein the flexible substrate is configured to be used in one of the following: a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, a drone, a passenger drone, a commercial aircraft, a military aircraft, a vehicle, a robot, a body, a box, a personal electronic device, a toolbox, a household appliance, or a rocket.

13. The flexible matrix of claim 1, wherein the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator is formed of a composite material comprising a 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth.

14. The flexible matrix of claim 13, wherein one of the tuned resonant frequencies of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth is at least partially based on one or more physical properties of the flexible matrix.

15. The flexible matrix of claim 13, wherein one of the resonant frequencies of the 3D monolithic carbonaceous growth is at least partially based on either or both of the permittivity and permeability of the flexible matrix.

16. The flexible substrate of claim 3, wherein the electromagnetic return signal has a first frequency and a second electromagnetic return signal has a second frequency different from the first frequency.

17. The flexible substrate of claim 1, wherein the flexible substrate further includes a protective layer on the flexible substrate.

18. The flexible matrix of claim 1, wherein the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonator comprises an array of one or more open-ring resonators.

19. The flexible matrix of claim 18, wherein each open-ring resonator in the array is configured to detect at least one of a specific predetermined analyte, a biological agent, a radioisotope, or a specific predetermined volatile substance.

20. The flexible matrix of claim 1, wherein the resonance is an electromagnetic feedback signal indicating a state of one of the at least one mesoscale or microscale resonators, wherein the state includes absorption or absorption into the flexible matrix.

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