Reference signal received power measurement based on peak of earliest path

Abstract

In one scenario, a wireless node (e.g., UE, gNB, etc.) receives a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning on a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path, and measures the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy on the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples from the peak of the earliest path.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This patent application claims priority to Indian Patent Application No. 202141004421, filed on February 2, 2021, entitled “REFERENCE SIGNAL RECEIVED POWER MEASUREMENT BASED ON PEAK OF EARLIEST PATH”, which has been assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The various aspects of this case are broadly related to wireless communication. Prior Technology

[0003] Wireless communication systems have evolved through several generations, including first-generation analog wireless telephony (1G), second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephony (including temporary 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, internet-enabled wireless services, and fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include the Cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).

[0004] The fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), demands higher data transmission speeds, more connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGC), the 5G standard aims to provide tens of megabits per second (Mbps) of data rate for each of tens of thousands of users, and gigabits per second (Gbps) for dozens of workers on an office building floor. To support large-scale sensor deployments, it should support hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections. Therefore, 5G mobile communications should have significantly improved spectral efficiency compared to the current 4G standard. Furthermore, it should also improve signal transmission efficiency and drastically reduce latency compared to existing standards. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The following is a simplified summary relating to one or more states disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered a broad overview relating to all expected states, nor should it be considered an identification of key or important elements relating to all expected states, or a description of categories relating to any particular state. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more states related to the mechanisms disclosed herein before the detailed description provided below.

[0006] In one instance, a method of operating a wireless node includes the steps of: receiving a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path; and measuring the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples from the peak of the earliest path.

[0007] In some cases, at least one number of samples includes a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0008] In some cases, the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) used to calculate RS-P.

[0009] In some states, the number of individual samples is zero, and the total energy includes only the energy of the sample associated with the peak of the earliest path.

[0010] In some cases, a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any sample falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0011] In some cases, the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network.

[0012] In some states, at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, and the first number and the second number of samples are different.

[0013] In some states, the first number of samples includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path, and the second number of samples includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path.

[0014] In some cases, the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples on the side of the peak of the earliest path that is associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0015] In some cases, the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is the first number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path.

[0016] In some cases, RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or RSRP is measured as the average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0017] In some cases, a wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0018] In some cases, RS-P corresponds to the uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0019] In some cases, at least one number of samples or wireless nodes are used to derive parameters for at least one number of samples, which are network-configured.

[0020] In some cases, the method includes the following steps: reporting RSRP to external entities.

[0021] In some cases, the method includes the following steps: reporting another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of energy across multiple paths of RS-P.

[0022] In some cases, the method includes the following steps: deriving angle measurements based on RSRP.

[0023] In some cases, the method includes the following steps: reporting the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

[0024] In some cases, the method includes the following steps: determining the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0025] In some cases, angle measurements include downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0026] In one configuration, the wireless node includes: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path; and measure the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples from the peak of the earliest path.

[0027] In some states, at least one number of samples are taken, including a single number of samples, such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0028] In some states, at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, and the first number and the second number of samples are different.

[0029] In some states, the first number of samples includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path, and the second number of samples includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path.

[0030] In some cases, a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, while a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path that is associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0031] In some cases, the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is the first number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path.

[0032] In some cases, RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or RSRP is measured as the average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0033] In some cases, a wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0034] In some cases, RS-P corresponds to the uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0035] In some cases, at least one number of samples or wireless nodes are used to derive parameters for at least one number of samples, which are network-configured.

[0036] In some cases, at least one processor is further configured to report RSRP to external entities.

[0037] In some cases, at least one processor is further configured to report another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of energy across multiple paths of the RS-P.

[0038] In some cases, at least one processor is further configured to derive angle measurements based on RSRP.

[0039] In some cases, at least one processor is further configured to report derived angle measurements to an external entity.

[0040] In some cases, at least one processor is further configured to determine the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0041] In some cases, angle measurements include downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0042] In one state, according to request item 22 of the wireless node, the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample used to calculate RS-P.

[0043] In one state, according to the wireless node of request item 22, the number of individual samples is zero, and the total energy includes the energy of the samples associated only with the peak of the earliest path.

[0044] In one state, according to the wireless node of request item 22, a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0045] In some cases, the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network.

[0046] In one configuration, the wireless node includes: means for receiving a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path; and means for measuring the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples from the peak of the earliest path.

[0047] In some cases, at least one number of samples includes a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0048] In some cases, the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) used to calculate RS-P.

[0049] In some states, the number of individual samples is zero, and the total energy includes only the energy of the sample associated with the peak of the earliest path.

[0050] In some cases, a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples taken within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0051] In some cases, the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network.

[0052] In some states, at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, and the first number and the second number of samples are different.

[0053] In some states, the first number of samples includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path, and the second number of samples includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path.

[0054] In some cases, a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, while a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path that is associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0055] In some cases, the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is the first number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path.

[0056] In some cases, RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or RSRP is measured as the average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0057] In some cases, a wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0058] In some cases, RS-P corresponds to the uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0059] In some cases, at least one number of samples or wireless nodes are used to derive parameters for at least one number of samples, which are network-configured.

[0060] In some cases, the method includes a component that reports RSRP to external entities.

[0061] In some cases, the method includes components for reporting another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of energy across multiple paths across RS-P.

[0062] In some cases, the method includes components for deriving angle measurements based on RSRP.

[0063] In some cases, the method includes reporting the derived angle measurements to an external entity.

[0064] In some cases, the method includes components for determining the positioning estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0065] In some cases, angle measurements include downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0066] In one state, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions includes one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning on a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path; and measure the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples of the peak from the earliest path.

[0067] In some cases, at least one number of samples includes a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0068] In some cases, the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) used to calculate RS-P.

[0069] In some states, the number of individual samples is zero, and the total energy includes only the sampled energy associated with the peak of the earliest path.

[0070] In some cases, a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any sample falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0071] In some cases, the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network.

[0072] In some states, at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, and the first number and the second number of samples are different.

[0073] In some states, the first number of samples includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path, and the second number of samples includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path.

[0074] In some cases, a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, while a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path that is associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0075] In some cases, the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is the first number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path.

[0076] In some cases, RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or RSRP is measured as the average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0077] In some cases, a wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0078] In some cases, RS-P corresponds to the uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0079] In some cases, at least one number of samples or wireless nodes are used to derive parameters for at least one number of samples, which are network-configured.

[0080] In some cases, one or more instructions may further cause the wireless node to report RSRP to an external entity.

[0081] In some cases, one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to report another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of energy across multiple paths across RS-P.

[0082] In some cases, one or more instructions further lead to the wireless node: deriving angle measurements based on RSRP.

[0083] In some cases, one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to report the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

[0084] In some cases, one or more instructions further lead the wireless node to determine the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0085] In some cases, angle measurements include downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0086] Based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the states disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Simple Explanation of the Diagram

[0087] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe the various forms of this case. The drawings are only for illustrating the forms and are not limited to them.

[0088] Figure 1 illustrates exemplary wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this case.

[0089] Figures 2A and 2B illustrate exemplary wireless network structures according to various aspects of this case.

[0090] Figures 3A to 3C are simplified block diagrams of several exemplary states of elements that can be used in user equipment (UE), base stations, and network entities and configured to support the communications taught herein.

[0091] Figure 4 is a graph showing the time-varying impulse response of the radio frequency (RF) channel according to the various states of this case.

[0092] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary base station communicating with an exemplary UE according to various states of this case.

[0093] Figure 6 illustrates the channel impulse response (CIR) (or channel energy response (CER)) of the reference signal (RS-P) used for localization in the time domain, obtained after performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) of the channel frequency response (CFR) according to one of the states in this case.

[0094] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary process of wireless communication according to one aspect of this case.

[0095] Figure 8 illustrates the CIR (or CER) of RS-P in the time domain obtained after performing an IFFT of CFR according to another state of this case.

[0096] Figure 9 illustrates the time-domain CIR (or CER) of RS-P obtained after performing an IFFT of CFR according to another state of this case.

[0097] Figure 10 illustrates the CIR (or CER) of RS-P in the time domain obtained after performing an IFFT of CFR according to another state of this case. Implementation

[0098] Various embodiments of this invention are provided in the following description and related figures, which are for illustrative purposes only. Alternative embodiments may be designed without departing from the scope of this invention. Furthermore, well-known elements of this invention will not be described in detail or will be omitted to avoid obscuring relevant details of this invention.

[0099] The terms "exemplary" and / or "example" as used herein mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any manner described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or superior to other manners. Similarly, the term "manner of this case" does not require that all manner of this case include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0100] Those familiar with this technology will understand that the information and signals described below can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the following description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, light fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the required design, and in part on the appropriate technology, etc.

[0101] Furthermore, many states are described based on sequences of actions performed, for example, by elements of a computing device. It should be understood that the various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuitry (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), program instructions executed by one or more processors, or a combination of both. Moreover, the sequences of actions described herein can be considered entirely embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions, which, upon execution, will cause or instruct the associated processor of the device to perform the functions described herein. Therefore, the various states of this application can be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which are contemplated as being within the scope of the claimed object. Furthermore, for each state described herein, the corresponding form of any such state can be described herein as, for example, logic "configured" to perform the described actions.

[0102] The terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” as used herein are not specific to or limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT) unless otherwise stated. Generally, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet, laptop, consumer asset tracking device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) through which a user communicates. A UE can be mobile or (e.g., at certain times) stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” can be used interchangeably with “Access Terminal” or “AT”, “Client Equipment”, “Wireless Equipment”, “User Equipment”, “User Terminal”, “User Station”, “User Terminal” or “UT”, “Mobile Equipment”, “Mobile Terminal”, “Mobile Station”, or variations thereof. Typically, a UE can communicate with the core network via the RAN, and via the core network, the UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for the UE to connect to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible, such as via wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, etc.).

[0103] A base station can operate under one of several RATs communicating with the UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, NodeB, Evolved NodeB (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng eNB), New Radio (NR) NodeB (also known as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station is primarily used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting the data, voice, and / or signaling connections of the supported UE. In some systems, the base station can provide purely edge node signaling functions, while in others, it can provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can send signals to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can send signals to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term Traffic Channel (TCH) may refer to the uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0104] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs, which may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be the antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or multiple cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be the antenna array of the base station (e.g., in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or in the case of beamforming at the base station). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Optionally, a non-co-located physical TRP may be the serving base station receiving measurement reports from the UE and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal. Since the TRP is the point at which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used in this document, a reference to a transmission from or a reception at a base station should be understood as referring to the specific TRP of the base station.

[0105] In some implementations that support UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support the UE's data, voice, and / or signaling connections), but it can instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to the UE) and / or a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0106] "Radio frequency (RF) signals" include electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information across space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the multipath propagation characteristics of RF signals, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signals on different paths between the transmitter and receiver can be referred to as "multipath" RF signals.

[0107] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless communication system 100 according to various embodiments of this invention. The wireless communication system 100 (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. Base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one embodiment, a macrocell base station may include an eNB and / or ng-eNB where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or a gNB where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network, or a combination of both, and a small cell base station may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0108] Base station 102 can form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., Evolved Packet Core (EPC) or 5G Core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122 and core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., Location Management Function (LMF) or Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP)). Location servers 172 can be part of core network 170 or external to core network 170. Among other functions, base station 102 can also perform functions associated with one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, non-access stratum (NAS) message distribution, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), user and device tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and warning message delivery. Base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) via backhaul link 134, which can be wired or wireless.

[0109] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station 102 can provide communication coverage for its respective geographic coverage area 110. In one instance, base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via some frequency resources, referred to as carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or others), which may provide access for different types of UEs. Since cells are supported by specific base stations, the term "cell" may refer to one or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting that logical communication entity, depending on the context. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographic coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), as long as the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within certain parts of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0110] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in the delivery area), some geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell (SC) base station 102' may have geographic coverage areas 110' that substantially overlap with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network including small cells and macrocell base stations can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB), which can provide services to a restricted group called a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0111] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be transmitted via one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetrical relative to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0112] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150, which communicates with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform an idle channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0113] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Employing LTE / 5G in unlicensed spectrum can improve access network coverage and / or increase access network capacity. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0114] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies when communicating with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). The EHF band ranges from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz and are also known as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW / near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmission and / or reception) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various states revealed herein.

[0115] Transmit beamforming is a technique that focuses RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectional). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal. To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an antenna array (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that establishes a beam of RF waves that can be "steered" to different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship, causing the radio waves from each antenna to phase and increase radiation in the desired direction while canceling out radiation in undesired directions.

[0116] Transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning that these transmit beams appear to the same parameters to the receiver (e.g., the UE), regardless of whether the transmit antennas of the network node itself are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of the target reference RF signal on the target beam can be derived from information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the target reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the target reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the target reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of type QCL D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of the target reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0117] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify the RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a specific direction to amplify (e.g., increase its gain level) the RF signal received from that direction. Therefore, when a receiver is said to be beamforming in a certain direction, this means that the beam gain in that direction is higher than the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of all other receive beams available to the receiver in that direction. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0118] The receive beam can be spatially correlated. Spatial correlation means that the parameters of the transmission beam of the second reference signal can be derived from information about the receive beam of the first reference signal. For example, the UE can use a specific receive beam to receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), Cell-Specific Reference Signal (CRS), Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), etc.) from the base station. The UE can then form a transmission beam to transmit one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., Uplink Position Reference Signal (UL-PRS), Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to the base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0119] Note that a "downlink" beam can be either a transmission beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming the beam. For example, if a base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmission beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the beam is a receive beam for receiving downlink reference signals. Similarly, an "uplink" beam can be either a transmission beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming the beam. For example, if a base station is forming an uplink beam, the beam is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the beam is an uplink transmission beam.

[0120] In 5G, the spectrum in which radio nodes (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UE 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (450 to 6000 MHz), FR2 (24250 to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In multi-carrier systems (e.g., 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier," "anchor carrier," "primary serving cell," or "PCell," and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers," "secondary serving cells," or "SCell." In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by UE 104 / 182, and the cell in which UE 104 / 182 performs the initial Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all shared and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2), which can be configured after an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier, and can be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only the necessary signaling information and signals; for example, UE-specific signals may not be present on the secondary carrier, as the primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. For example, this can be done to balance the load on different carriers. Because a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier on which a base station is communicating, the terms "cell," "serving cell," "component carrier," and "carrier frequency" are used interchangeably.

[0121] For example, still referring to Figure 1, one of the frequencies used by macrocell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and other frequencies used by macrocell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 can be subcarriers ("SCell"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, compared to a single 20 MHz carrier, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz).

[0122] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macrocell base station 102 via communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0123] In the example of Figure 1, one or more Earth-orbiting Satellite Positioning System (SPS) spacecraft (SV) 112 (e.g., satellites) can be used as independent sources of location information for any of the UEs shown (for simplicity, a single UE 104 is shown in Figure 1). UE 104 may include one or more dedicated SPS receivers specifically designed to receive SPS signals 124 used to derive geographic location information from SV 112. The SPS typically includes a transmitter system (e.g., SV 112) whose positioning enables the receiver (e.g., UE 104) to determine its location on or above the Earth based at least in part on signals received from the transmitter (e.g., SPS signal 124). Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a set of repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. Although the transmitter is typically located in SV 112, it may sometimes be located at a ground control station, base station 102, and / or other UEs 104.

[0124] The use of SPS signal 124 can be enhanced via various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), which may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS may include one or more augmentation systems providing integrity information, differential correction, etc., such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), GPS-assisted Geo-Augmented Navigation, or GPS and Geo-Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN), etc. Therefore, as used herein, SPS may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems and / or augmentation systems, and SPS signal 124 may include SPS, similar SPS, and / or other signals associated with such one or more SPS.

[0125] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). In the example of Figure 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192, through which one of UEs 104 is connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity), and a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 is connected to a WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based internet connectivity). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported by any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE-Direct (LTE-D), WiFi-Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, etc.

[0126] Figure 2A illustrates an exemplary wireless network architecture 200. For example, the 5GC 210 (also known as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally considered as a core network where control plane functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to the data network, IP routing, etc.) work together. A user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and a control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, and specifically to control plane functions 214 and user plane functions 212. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also connect to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to connect to control plane functions 214, and to user plane functions 212 via NG-U 213. Furthermore, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next-generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have only one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. The gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with the UE 204 (e.g., any UE shown in Figure 1). Another optional configuration may include a location server 230, which can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of independent servers (e.g., physically independent servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or each server can correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which can connect to the location server 230 via the core network 5GC 210 and / or via the Internet (not shown). Furthermore, the location server 230 can be integrated into the core network components, or it can be external to the core network.

[0127] Figure 2B illustrates another exemplary wireless network architecture 250. 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in Figure 2A) can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which work together to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect ng-eNB 224 to 5GC 260, specifically to UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively. In an additional configuration, gNB 222 can also connect to 5GC 260 via control plane interface 265 to AMF 264 and user plane interface 263 to UPF 262. Furthermore, ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with gNB 222 via backhaul connection 223, with or without a direct gNB connection to 5GC 260. In some configurations, the NG-RAN 220 may have only one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of the ng-eNB 224 and gNB 222. The gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with the UE 204 (e.g., any UE shown in Figure 1). The base station of the NG-RAN 220 communicates with the AMF 264 via the N2 interface and with the UPF 262 via the N3 interface.

[0128] The functions of AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of Period Management (SM) messages between UE 204 and Period Management Function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of SMS messages between UE 204 and SMS Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Security Anchor Function (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)-based authentication, AMF 264 obtains security material from AAUSF. AMF 264 also includes Security Context Management (SCM). SCM receives a key from SEAF to derive a network-specific access key. The AMF 264 also includes functions for location service management for regulatory services, location service message transmission between UE 204 and LMF 270 (acting as location server 230), location service message transmission between NG-RAN 220 and LMF 270, allocation of Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifiers for interoperability with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, the AMF 264 also supports functions for non-3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0129] The functions of UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (where applicable), acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) communication point for interconnection with a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gate, redirection, traffic direction), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, user plane Quality of Service (QoS) processing (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflected QoS marking in downlink), uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS Flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 can also support the transmission of location service messages between UE 204 and a location server (e.g., SLP 272) via the user plane.

[0130] The functions of SMF 266 include communication period management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, traffic direction configuration at UPF 262 to route traffic to appropriate destinations, partial policy enforcement and QoS control, and downlink data notification. The interface between SMF 266 and AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0131] Another alternative configuration may include an LMF 270, which can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as multiple independent servers (e.g., physically independent servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or each server can correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network 5GC 260 and / or via the Internet (not shown). SLP 272 can support similar functions to LMF 270. However, while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220 and UE 204 via the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to transmit signals to convey messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients via the user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP) (not shown in Figure 2B).

[0132] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several exemplary elements (represented by corresponding blocks) that can be incorporated into UE 302 (which may correspond to any UE described herein), base station 304 (which may correspond to any base station described herein), and network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any network function described herein, including location server 230 and LMF 270) to support the file transfer operations taught herein. It should be understood that such elements can be implemented in different types of devices in different implementations (e.g., in ASICs, system-on-a-chip (SoCs), etc.). The elements shown can also be incorporated into other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include elements similar to those described that provide similar functionality. Furthermore, a given device may include one or more elements. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver elements to enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0133] UE 302 and base station 304 each include wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively providing components (e.g., transmission components, reception components, measurement components, tuning components, transmission avoidance components, etc.) for communication via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as NR networks, LTE networks, GSM networks, etc. WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communication with other network nodes (e.g., other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNB, gNB), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a radio communication medium of interest (e.g., a set of time / frequency resources in a specific spectrum). WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be configured, depending on the specified RAT, to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.), and conversely, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, boot signals, etc.). Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352 for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0134] In at least certain circumstances, UE 302 and base station 304 also include one or more short-range radio transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range radio transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide components (e.g., transmission components, reception components, measurement components, tuning components, transmission avoidance components, etc.) for communication with other network nodes (e.g., other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.) via a wireless communication medium of interest through at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), Vehicle Environment Wireless Access (WAVE), Near Field Communication (NFC), etc.). Short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured, depending on the specified RAT, to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.), and conversely, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, boot signals, etc.), respectively. Specifically, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 each include one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and / or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0135] A transceiver circuit system including at least one transmitter and at least one receiver may, in some implementations, include an integrated device (e.g., transmitter and receiver circuitry implemented as a single communication device), in some implementations, include separate transmitter and receiver devices, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. In one embodiment, the transmitter may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device to perform transmission "beamforming," as described herein. Similarly, the receiver may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one embodiment, the transmitter and receiver may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the corresponding device can only receive or transmit at a given time, rather than simultaneously. The wireless communication equipment of UE 302 and / or base station 304 (e.g., one or both of transceivers 310 and 320 and / or 350 and 360) may also include network eavesdropping modules (NLMs) for performing various measurements.

[0136] At least in certain circumstances, UE 302 and base station 304 also include Satellite Positioning System (SPS) receivers 330 and 370. SPS receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may each provide components for receiving and / or measuring SPS signals 338 and 378 (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc.). SPS receivers 330 and 370 may include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing SPS signals 338 and 378, respectively. SPS receivers 330 and 370 request information and operations from other systems as needed and perform necessary calculations using measurements obtained via any suitable SPS algorithm to determine the location of UE 302 and base station 304.

[0137] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each include at least one network interface 380 and 390, respectively providing components (e.g., transmitting components, receiving components, etc.) for communicating with other network entities. For example, network interfaces 380 and 390 (e.g., one or more network access ports) may be configured to communicate with one or more network entities via a wired or wireless backhaul connection. In some embodiments, network interfaces 380 and 390 may be implemented as transceivers configured to support wired or wireless signal-based communication. This communication may involve, for example, sending and receiving messages, parameters, and / or other types of information.

[0138] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other elements that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 302 includes a processor circuitry implementing processing system 332 for providing, for example, functions related to radio positioning, and for providing other processing functions. Base station 304 includes processing system 384 for providing, for example, functions related to radio positioning disclosed herein, and for providing other processing functions. Network entity 306 includes processing system 394 for providing, for example, functions related to radio positioning disclosed herein, and for providing other processing functions. Therefore, processing systems 332, 384, and 394 can provide processing components, such as components for decision-making, components for calculation, components for receiving, components for transmitting, components for indicating, etc. In one instance, the processing systems 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more processors, such as one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry systems, or various combinations thereof.

[0139] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include memory circuitry that respectively implement memory elements 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Therefore, memory elements 340, 386, and 396 can provide components for storage, components for retrieval, components for maintenance, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may respectively include RSRP modules 342, 388, and 398. RSRP modules 342, 388, and 398 may be part of or coupled to processing systems 332, 384, and 394, respectively, which, when executed, enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functions described herein. In other configurations, RSRP modules 342, 388, and 398 may be external to processing systems 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, RSRP modules 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored respectively in memory elements 340, 386, and 396, which enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functions described herein when executed by processing systems 332, 384, and 394 (or modem processing system, another processing system, etc.). Figure 3A illustrates the possible locations of RSRP module 342, which may be part of WWAN transceiver 310, memory element 340, processing system 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3B illustrates the possible locations of RSRP module 388. RSRP module 388 may be part of WWAN transceiver 350, memory element 386, processing system 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3C illustrates the possible locations of RSRP module 398. RSRP module 398 may be part of network interface 390, memory element 396, processing system 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0140] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to processing system 332 to provide components for sensing or detecting motion and / or orientation information independent of motion data derived from signals received from WWAN transceiver 310, short-range wireless transceiver 320, and / or SPS receiver 330. For example, sensor 344 may include accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Furthermore, sensor 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of multi-axis accelerometers and orientation sensors to provide the ability to calculate position in 2D and / or 3D coordinate systems.

[0141] In addition, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing instructions to the user (e.g., auditory and / or visual instructions) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., after the user activates a sensing device such as a keyboard, touch screen, or microphone). Although not illustrated, base station 304 and network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0142] Referring more specifically to processing system 384, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processing system 384. Processing system 384 can implement the functions of the RRC layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The processing system 384 can provide RRC layer functions associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), RAT inter-ATA mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functions associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functions associated with upper-layer PDU transmission, error correction via Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC Service Data Units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functions associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0143] Transmitter 354 and receiver 352 can implement Layer 1 (L1) functions associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, can include error detection on the transmission channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transmission channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. Transmitter 354 processes the mapping to the signal cluster based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). Decoded and modulated symbols can then be separated into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., a pilot frequency) in the time and / or frequency domains, and then combined using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time-domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from the channel estimator are used to determine the decoding and modulation schemes, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimates can be derived from the reference signal transmitted by UE 302 and / or channel condition feedback. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. Transmitter 354 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate the RF carrier for transmission.

[0144] At UE 302, receiver 312 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 316. Receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to processing system 332. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement Layer 1 functions associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 302, receiver 312 can combine these multiple spatial streams into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. Symbols and reference signals on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal clustering point transmitted by base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decision is then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to processing system 332, which implements Layer 3 (L3) and Layer 2 (L2) functions.

[0145] In the uplink, processing system 332 provides demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the core network. Processing system 332 is also responsible for error detection.

[0146] Similar to the functions described in the downlink transmission description of base station 304, processing system 332 provides RRC layer functions associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functions associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functions associated with upper-layer PDU transmission, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functions associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs to transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), priority processing, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0147] The channel estimator, using a reference signal transmitted from base station 304 or a feedback-derived channel estimate, can be used by transmitter 314 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial stream generated by transmitter 314 can be provided to different antennas 316. Transmitter 314 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate an RF carrier for transmission.

[0148] Uplink transmissions are processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at UE 302. Receiver 352 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 356. Receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to processing system 384.

[0149] In the uplink, the processing system 384 provides demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the processing system 384 can be provided to the core network. The processing system 384 is also responsible for error detection.

[0150] For convenience, Figures 3A to 3C illustrate UE 302, base station 304, and / or network entity 306, which include various elements that can be configured according to the various instances described herein. However, it will be understood that the blocks shown may have different functions in different designs.

[0151] The various components of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 can communicate with each other via data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. The components of Figures 3A to 3C can be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of Figures 3A to 3C can be implemented in one or more circuits, such as one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or include at least one memory element for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide that function. For example, some or all of the functions represented by blocks 310 to 346 can be implemented by the processor of UE 302 and one or more memory elements (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor elements). Similarly, some or all of the functions represented by blocks 350 to 388 can be implemented by the processor of base station 304 and one or more memory elements (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor elements). Furthermore, some or all of the functions represented by blocks 390 to 398 can be implemented by the processor of network entity 306 and one or more memory elements (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor elements). For simplicity, this document describes various operations, actions, and / or functions as being performed "by the UE," "by the base station," "by the network entity," etc. However, as will be understood, such operations, actions, and / or functions can actually be performed by specific elements or combinations of elements of UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as processing systems 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memory elements 340, 386 and 396, RSRP modules 342, 388 and 398, etc.

[0152] Figure 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating the channel impulse response of a multipath channel between a receiver device (e.g., any UE or base station described herein) and a transmitter device (e.g., any other UE or base station described herein) according to various embodiments of this case. The channel impulse response represents the strength of the radio frequency (RF) signal received via the multipath channel as a function of time delay. Therefore, the horizontal axis is in units of time (e.g., milliseconds), and the vertical axis is in units of signal strength (e.g., decibels). Note that a multipath channel is a channel between the transmitter and receiver on which the RF signal follows multiple paths or multiple paths due to the transmission of the RF signal across multiple beams and / or the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., reflection, refraction, etc.).

[0153] In the example of Figure 4, the receiver detects / measures multiple (four) clusters of channel taps. Each channel tap represents a multipath followed by the RF signal between the transmitter and receiver. That is, the channel tap represents the arrival of the RF signal on the multipath. Each cluster of channel taps indicates that the corresponding multipath follows substantially the same path. Different clusters may exist because the RF signals may be propagating on different transmission beams (and therefore at different angles), or due to the propagation characteristics of the RF signals (e.g., due to reflections), or due to both.

[0154] A cluster of all channel taps for a given RF signal represents a multipath channel (or a simple channel) between the transmitter and receiver. In the channel shown in Figure 4, the receiver receives a first cluster of two RF signals at the channel tap at time T1, a second cluster of five RF signals at time T2, a third cluster of five RF signals at time T3, and a fourth cluster of four RF signals at time T4. In the example of Figure 4, since the first RF signal cluster at time T1 arrives first, it is assumed to correspond to the RF signal transmitted on the transmission beam aligned with the LOS or shortest path. The third cluster at time T3 consists of the strongest RF signal and could correspond, for example, to the RF signal transmitted on the transmission beam aligned with the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path. Note that although Figure 4 illustrates clusters consisting of two to five channel taps, as will be understood, clusters can have more or fewer channel taps than shown.

[0155] Figure 5 is a diagram 500 of a base station (BS) 502 (which may correspond to any base station described herein) communicating with a UE 504 (which may correspond to any UE described herein). Referring to Figure 5, the base station 502 may transmit beamforming signals to the UE 504 on one or more transmission beams 502a, 502b, 502c, 502d, 502e, 502f, 502g, 502h, each transmission beam having a beam identifier that can be used by the UE 504 to identify the corresponding beam. In the case where the base station 502 uses a single antenna array (e.g., a single TRP / cell) to perform beamforming toward the UE 504, the base station 502 may perform a "beam scan" by transmitting the first beam 502a, then the subsequent beam 502b, etc., until the last transmission beam 502h. Alternatively, base station 502 can transmit beams 502a-502h in a certain pattern, such as beam 502a, followed by beam 502h, followed by beam 502b, followed by beam 502g, and so on. In the case where base station 502 uses multiple antenna arrays (e.g., multiple TRPs / cells) to beamform toward UE 504, each antenna array can perform beam scanning of a subset of beams 502a-502h. Alternatively, each of beams 502a–502h may correspond to a single antenna or antenna array.

[0156] Figure 5 further illustrates the paths 512c, 512d, 512e, 512f, and 512g followed by beamforming signals transmitted on beams 502c, 502d, 502e, 502f, and 502g, respectively. Each path 512c, 512d, 512e, 512f, and 512g may correspond to a single "multipath," or, due to the propagation characteristics of radio frequency (RF) signals in the environment, may consist of multiple (clusters) of "multipaths." Note that although only the paths of beams 502c–502g are illustrated, this is for simplicity, and the signals transmitted on each beam 502a–502h will follow certain paths. In the example shown, paths 512c, 512d, 512e, and 512f are straight lines, while path 512g reflects obstacles 520 (e.g., buildings, vehicles, terrain features, etc.).

[0157] UE 504 can receive beamforming signals from base station 502 on one or more receive beams 504a, 504b, 504c, and 504d. Note that, for simplicity, the beams shown in Figure 5 represent either transmit or receive beams, depending on which of base station 502 and UE 504 is transmitting and which is receiving. Therefore, UE 504 can also transmit beamforming signals to base station 502 on one or more beams 504a-504d, and base station 502 can receive beamforming signals from UE 504 on one or more beams 502a-502h.

[0158] In one configuration, base station 502 and UE 504 can perform beam training to align their transmit and receive beams. For example, depending on environmental conditions and other factors, base station 502 and UE 504 may determine optimal transmit and receive beams as 502d and 504b, or as 502e and 504c, respectively. The direction of the optimal transmit beam of base station 502 may or may not be the same as the direction of the optimal receive beam; similarly, the direction of the optimal receive beam of UE 504 may or may not be the same as the direction of the optimal transmit beam. However, note that aligning the transmit and receive beams is not necessary for performing downlink angle of arrival (DL-AoD) or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning procedures.

[0159] To perform the DL-AoD positioning procedure, base station 502 can transmit reference signals (e.g., PRS, CRS, TRS, CSI-RS, PSS, SSS, etc.) to UE 504 from one or more of the beams 502a–502h, where each beam has a different transmission angle. The different transmission angles of the beams will result in different received signal strengths (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) at UE 504. Specifically, the received signal strength of the transmission beams 502a–502h that are farther from the line-of-sight (LOS) path 510 between base station 502 and UE 504 will be lower than that of the transmission beams 502a–502h that are closer to the LOS path 510.

[0160] In the example of Figure 5, if base station 502 transmits reference signals to UE 504 on beams 502c, 502d, 502e, 502f, and 502g, then transmission beam 502e is best aligned with LOS path 510, while transmission beams 502c, 502d, 502f, and 502g are misaligned. Therefore, beam 502e may have a higher received signal strength at UE 504 than beams 502c, 502d, 502f, and 502g. Note that reference signals transmitted on some beams (e.g., beams 502c and / or 502f) may not reach UE 504, or the energy reaching UE 504 from such beams may be too low to be detectable or at least negligible.

[0161] UE 504 can report to base station 502 the received signal strength and optionally associated measurement quality of each measured transmission beam 502c–502g, or the identification of the transmission beam with the highest received signal strength (beam 502e in the example of Figure 5). Optionally or additionally, if UE 504 also conducts round-trip time (RTT) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning communications with at least one or more base stations 502, UE 504 can report received transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference or reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurements (and optionally associated measurement quality) to the serving base station 502 or other positioning entity. In any case, the positioning entity (e.g., base station 502, location server, third-party client, UE 504, etc.) can estimate the angle from base station 502 to UE 504 as the AoD of the transmission beam (here, transmission beam 502e) with the highest received signal strength at UE 504.

[0162] In one scenario of DL-AoD-based positioning, with only one involved base station 502, base station 502 and UE 504 can perform a round-trip time (RTT) procedure to determine the distance between base station 502 and UE 504. Therefore, the positioning entity can determine the direction to UE 504 (using DL-AoD positioning) and the distance to UE 504 (using RTT positioning) to estimate the location of UE 504. Note that the AoD with the highest received signal strength is not necessarily located along the LOS path 510, as shown in Figure 5. However, for DL-AoD-based positioning purposes, this is assumed.

[0163] In another scenario of DL-AoD-based positioning, where multiple associated base stations 502 exist, each involved base station 502 can report the determined AoD or RSRP measurement from the corresponding base station 502 to the serving base station 502. The serving base station 502 can then report the AoD or RSRP measurements from the other involved base stations 502 to the positioning entity (e.g., the UE 504 for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning). Using this information and knowledge of the geographic locations of the base stations 502, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE 504 as the intersection of the determined AoDs. For a two-dimensional (2D) positioning solution, there should be at least two involved base stations 502, but as will be understood, the more base stations 502 involved in the positioning procedure, the more accurate the estimated location of the UE 504 will be.

[0164] To perform the UL-AoA positioning procedure, UE 504 transmits uplink reference signals (e.g., UL-PRS, SRS, DMRS, etc.) to base station 502 on one or more uplink transmission beams 504a–504d. Base station 502 receives the uplink reference signals on one or more uplink receive beams 502a–502h. Base station 502 determines the angle of the optimal receive beam 502a–502h for receiving one or more reference signals from UE 504 as its AoA from UE 504. Specifically, each of the receive beams 502a–502h will result in a different received signal strength (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.) for one or more reference signals at base station 502. Furthermore, for the receive beams 502a-502h that are farther from the actual LOS path between base station 502 and UE 504, the channel impulse response of one or more reference signals will be smaller than that of the receive beams 502a-502h that are closer to the LOS path. Similarly, the received signal strength of the receive beams 502a-502h that are farther from the LOS path will be lower than that of the receive beams 502a-502h that are closer to the LOS path. Therefore, base station 502 identifies the receive beams 502a-502h that result in the highest received signal strength and (optionally) the strongest channel impulse response, and estimates the angle from itself to UE 504 as the AoA of that receive beam 502a-502h. Note that, as with DL-AoD-based positioning, the AoA of the receive beams 502a-502h that result in the highest received signal strength (and the strongest channel impulse response, if measured) is not necessarily located along LOS path 510. However, for the purpose of positioning based on UL-AoA in FR2, this can be assumed.

[0165] Note that although UE 504 is shown to be capable of beamforming, this is not necessary for DL-AoD and UL-AoA positioning procedures. Instead, UE 504 can receive and transmit on an omnidirectional antenna.

[0166] When UE 504 is estimating its location (i.e., the UE is the location entity), UE 504 needs to obtain the geographic location of base station 502. UE 504 can obtain the location from, for example, base station 502 itself or a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272). Knowing the distance to base station 502 (based on RTT or timing advance), the angle between base station 502 and UE 504 (based on the UL-AoA of the optimal receive beams 502a–502h), and the known geographic location of base station 502, UE 504 can estimate its location.

[0167] Alternatively, when a positioning entity, such as base station 502 or a location server, is estimating the location of UE 504, base station 502 reports the AoA of the receive beams 502a–502h that produce the highest received signal strength (and optionally the strongest channel impulse response) of the reference signal received from UE 504, or all received signal strengths and channel impulse responses of all receive beams 502 (this allows the positioning entity to determine the optimal receive beams 502a–502h). Base station 502 may also report the Rx-Tx time difference to UE 504. The positioning entity can then estimate the location of UE 504 based on the distance from UE 504 to base station 502, the AoA of the identified receive beams 502a–502h, and the known geographic location of base station 502.

[0168] One approach to Rel-17 3GPP DL-AoD (and UL-AoA) estimation for positioning is measuring the RSRP of the first (or earliest) arriving path. Approaches have been considered, such as how to indicate the earliest path arrival time, reporting one or more additional paths to the first (or earliest) path, supporting OTDOA, and mechanisms for path-based PRS-RSRP between UL-TDOA. However, there is currently no consistent definition of how to measure RSRP.

[0169] Figure 6 illustrates, according to one case, the channel impulse response (CIR) 600 (or channel energy response (CER)) of the reference signal (RS-P) used for positioning in the time domain, obtained after performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the channel frequency response (CFR). CIR 600 may be associated with a specific antenna pair, bandwidth (BW), etc., used to measure RS-P. In Figure 6, the x-axis represents time, and the y-axis represents energy (or channel impulse). RS-P in Figure 6 may correspond to DL-PRS (e.g., from gNB to UE), uplink SRS for positioning (UL-SRS-P) (e.g., from UE to gNB or sidelink UE), or sidelink SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) (e.g., from anchor or reference UE to sidelink UE).

[0170] Referring to Figure 6, channel response 600 includes five peaks associated with samples at 602, 604, 606, 608, and 610. The sample at 602 corresponds to the peak of the earliest path. Numerous energy valleys also exist before, between, or after the peaks of the corresponding paths. Specifically, energy valley 612 is the first energy valley before sample 602 of the peak of the earliest path, and energy valley 614 is the first energy valley after sample 602 of the peak of the earliest path. As used herein, peak samples can be used interchangeably with the peaks themselves, even if the sample may not be perfectly aligned with the maximum absolute high of the corresponding peak.

[0171] Regarding Figure 6, in some systems, RSRP is measured based on samples collected across all paths 602-610. In this case, energy from different paths can only be resolved if the path spacing is proportionally greater than the inverse of the bandwidth (BW).

[0172] The various forms in this case relate to various methods for measuring RSRP of RS-P. Specifically, RSRP can be measured relative to the peak value of the earliest path of RS-P, which is more relevant to UE positioning than other paths (e.g., even if other paths have strong channel impulses or energy). These forms offer various technical advantages, such as improved RSRP measurement, which in turn improves the accuracy of UL-AoA and / or DL-AoD measurements, thereby improving the accuracy of UE positioning.

[0173] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary process 700 of a wireless communication according to one aspect of this case. The process 700 of Figure 7 is performed by a wireless node, which may correspond to a UE such as UE 302 (e.g., which can measure the RSRP of a DL-PRS from a gNB or a sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) from another UE) or a gNB such as BS 304 (e.g., which can measure the RSRP of a UL-SRS-P).

[0174] Referring to Figure 7, at 710, the wireless node (e.g., receiver 312, 322, 352, or 362) receives RS-P over the corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path. In some designs, the components used to perform reception at 710 may include receiver 312, 322, 352, or 362, depending on whether the wireless node corresponds to UE 302 or BS 304.

[0175] Referring to Figure 7, at 720, the wireless node (e.g., processing system 332 or 384, RSRP module 342 or 388, etc.) measures the RSRP associated with the earliest path of RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least a number of samples from the peak of the earliest path. As will be described in more detail below, the number of samples of the sum of energy that contribute to the RSRP measurement can be determined in various ways. In some designs, the components used for measuring 720 may include processing system 332 or 384, RSRP module 342 or 388, etc., depending on whether the wireless node corresponds to UE 302 or BS 304.

[0176] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, at least one number of samples comprises a single sample size such that the sum of energy from the same number of samples on either side of the peak of the earliest path is used to measure the RSRP. For example, the sum of energy can be obtained across the first N samples on either side of the first (or earliest) path. In some designs, the value of "N" is a function of the BW and oversampling factor used to calculate the IFFT. For example, N can increase with an increasing oversampling factor (e.g., higher oversampling means more samples across a given time period). In some designs, N may be equal to zero (i.e., N=0). In this case, the sum of energy used for RSRP measurement includes the energy from samples only associated with the peak of the earliest path (e.g., ignoring the remainder of the sinc function overflow).

[0177] Figure 8 illustrates the CIR 800 (or CER) for RS-P in the time domain obtained after performing the IFFT of the CFR, according to another scenario of this case. The CIR 800 is the same as the CIR 600 in Figure 6, except that Figure 8 illustrates the scenario where N=3, such that the energy of the RSRP measurement at 720 in Figure 7 is summed across peak sample 802, the three (3) samples before peak sample 802, and the three (3) samples after peak sample 802.

[0178] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, the value of N can be determined in several ways. For example, as mentioned above, the number of individual samples (i.e., N) can be derived from a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor used to calculate RS-P. In a particular instance, BW = 100 MHz, oversampling = 4, interval = 2.5 ns, and N = 3. However, N can vary (up or down) depending on some or all of these parameters. In other designs, a time threshold (e.g., X ns) can be defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and RSRP can be measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path. In this case, N is determined as the number of samples that can be accommodated within the time threshold (X ns) on both sides of the peak of the earliest path. In some designs, the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth (e.g., dynamically determined at the wireless node). In other designs, the time threshold can be a parameter of the network configuration.

[0179] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples taken before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples taken after the peak of the earliest path, and the first and second numbers of samples are different. In other words, contrary to Figure 8, the samples that facilitate RSRP measurement do not need to be equal on both sides of the peak 802 of the earliest path.

[0180] Figure 9 illustrates the CIR 900 (or CER) for RS-P in the time domain obtained after performing an IFFT of the CFR according to another state of this case. The CIR 900 is the same as the CIR 600 in Figure 6, except that Figure 9 illustrates the following scenario: the sum of the energy of the RSRP measurement at 720 in Figure 7 across peak sample 902, the six (6) samples before peak sample 902, and the four (4) samples after peak sample 902.

[0181] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, the first number of samples may include one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and the second number of samples may include at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path. This pattern is illustrated in Figure 9 with respect to energy valleys 912 and 914.

[0182] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, the first energy valley (912) before the peak (902) of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, and the first energy valley (914) after the peak (902) of the earliest path is associated with a second energy. RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first and second energies. For example, the side of the peak (902) with higher energy in the first energy valley is likely to be affected by one or more multipath signals, allowing the side with lower energy to be designated for RSRP measurement, as shown in Figure 10. In some designs, if only one side of the peak is used to derive the RSRP measurement, the energy of the non-peak samples can be scaled by 2 (i.e., 2x scaling) because only one direction (starting from the peak) is calculated.

[0183] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, the first energy valley (912) before the peak (902) of the earliest path is the first number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, and the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 10, the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples taken only on the side associated with the lower of the first and second numbers of samples taken from the peak of the earliest path. For example, for LOS or the earliest path, the left side of the peak typically has a lower number of samples taken to the nearest energy valley, although either side may have a lower number of samples taken to the nearest energy valley relative to other peaks. In some designs, if only one side of the peak is used to derive the RSRP measurement, the energy of the non-peak samples can be scaled by 2 (i.e., 2x scaling) because only one direction (starting from the peak) is calculated.

[0184] Figure 10 illustrates, according to another case, the time-domain CIR 1000 (or, CER) for RS-P obtained after performing an IFFT of the CFR. CIR 1000 is the same as CIR 600 in Figure 6, except that Figure 10 illustrates the scenario of summing the energy across peak sample 1002 and the six (6) samples prior to peak sample 1002 for the RSRP measurement at 720 in Figure 7. Energy valleys 1012 and 1014 are shown in Figure 10.

[0185] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs where multiple antennas are used to measure RS-P, the process in Figure 7 can be performed on each observed CIR and then averaged across all antenna pairs. In other designs, the maximum RSRP can be measured on each antenna pair (e.g., instead of averaging). In some designs, the overall RSRP is typically calculated in the frequency domain during implementation. To calculate the RSRP for each path, the overall energy fraction of the desired path can be calculated and then scaled by the measured RSRP for reporting to the network.

[0186] In some designs, the wireless node can report the RSRP to external entities. In some designs, such as with respect to Figure 7, the RSRP for the earliest path can be reported in place of conventional RSRP measurements, or alternatively as a supplement to conventional RSRP measurements (e.g., based on samples associated with multiple paths, rather than the specific earliest path). In some designs, the wireless node can report (e.g., to gNB, LMF, etc.) the wireless node's ability to perform earliest path RSRP measurements, as described with respect to Figure 7.

[0187] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs as described above, the wireless node may correspond to a UE or a base station. Similarly, RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0188] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, at least one number of sampling or wireless nodes are used to derive parameters for at least one number of samplings, which are network-configured (e.g., via gNB and / or LMF).

[0189] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, the radio node can derive angle measurements based on the RSRP measured at 720 in Figure 7 (e.g., DL-AoD, UL-AoA, etc.). In some designs, the radio node can report the derived angle measurements to an external entity (e.g., a location estimation entity, such as the UE used for UE-based positioning, or an LMF, location server, etc. integrated into the RAN or core network). In other designs, the radio node can determine the UE's positioning estimate based on the derived angle measurements (e.g., where the radio node corresponds to a location estimation entity).

[0190] Referring to Figure 7, in some designs, the number of samples used for the RSRP measurement at 720 in Figure 7 and / or the parameters used to derive the number of samples can be determined based on the test procedure. For example, a 2(P) path channel can be established with a tap interval of X ns and a BW of B MHz. The phase of the two paths and the delay between the two paths can be changed during testing. The reported RSRP should be within the specified value (with tolerance).

[0191] As can be seen in the detailed description above, different features are grouped together in the examples. This method of disclosure should not be construed as an intention to have more features than expressly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various forms of this document may include fewer features than those of the single exemplary clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should be considered as included in the specification, where each clause can be considered a separate instance on its own. Although each dependent clause may refer to a specific combination with one of the other clauses in the clause, the form of one or more dependent clauses is not limited to that specific combination. It should be understood that other exemplary clauses may also include combinations of one or more forms of dependent clauses with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or any feature combined with other dependent and independent clauses. The various forms disclosed herein expressly include such combinations unless it is expressly stated or can be readily inferred that a particular combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory forms, such as defining an element as both an insulator and a conductor). Furthermore, various forms of clauses may also be included in any other independent clause, even if that clause does not directly depend on that independent clause.

[0192] The following numbered clauses describe implementation examples:

[0193] Article 1. A method of operating a wireless node, comprising the steps of: receiving a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning on a corresponding bandwidth over one or more paths including the earliest path; and measuring the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least a number of samples of peak values ​​from the earliest path.

[0194] Article 2. According to the method of Article 1, wherein the at least one number of samples comprises a single number of samples, such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0195] Article 3. The method of Article 2, wherein the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample used to calculate the RS-P.

[0196] Article 4. The method of any one of Articles 2 and 3, wherein the number of individual samples is zero, and wherein the total energy includes the sampled energy associated only with the peak of the earliest path.

[0197] Article 5. The method of any one of Articles 2 to 4, wherein a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0198] Article 6. The method in Article 5, wherein the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or wherein the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network configuration.

[0199] Article 7. The method of any one of Articles 1 to 6, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

[0200] Article 8. The method of Article 7, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

[0201] Article 9. The method of any one of Articles 1 to 8, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples on the side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0202] Article 10. According to the method of any one of Articles 1 to 9, wherein the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path.

[0203] Article 11. The method of any one of Articles 1 to 10, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0204] Article 12. The method according to any one of Articles 1 to 11, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0205] Article 13. The method of any one of Articles 1 to 12, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0206] Article 14. The method according to any one of Articles 1 to 13, wherein the at least one number of samples or the parameters used by the wireless node to derive the at least one number of samples are network configured.

[0207] Article 15. The method of any one of Articles 1 to 14 further includes the following steps: reporting the RSRP to an external entity.

[0208] Article 16. The method of Article 15 further includes the following steps: reporting another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of the energy of multiple paths across RS-P.

[0209] Article 17. The method of any one of Articles 1 to 16 also includes the following steps: deriving the angle measurement based on the RSRP.

[0210] Article 18. The method of Article 17 further includes the following steps: reporting the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

[0211] Article 19. The method of any one of Articles 17 to 18 also includes the following steps: determining the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on the derived angle measurement.

[0212] Article 20. The method of any one of Articles 17 to 19, wherein the angle measurement includes downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0213] Article 21. A wireless node comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path; and measure the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least a number of samples of peak values ​​from the earliest path.

[0214] Article 22. The wireless node of Article 21, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a single number of samples, such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0215] Article 23. The wireless node of Article 22, wherein the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor used to calculate the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample of the RS-P.

[0216] Article 24. The wireless node of Article 22, wherein the number of individual samples is zero, and wherein the total energy includes the energy of samples associated only with the peak of the earliest path.

[0217] Article 25. The wireless node of Article 22, wherein a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0218] Article 26. The wireless node of Article 25, wherein the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or wherein the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network configuration.

[0219] Article 27. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 26, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

[0220] Article 28. The wireless node of Article 27, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

[0221] Article 29. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 28, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0222] Article 30. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 29, wherein the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path.

[0223] Article 31. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 30, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0224] Article 32. A wireless node as defined in any one of Articles 21 to 31, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0225] Article 33. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 32, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0226] Article 34. For any of Articles 21 to 33, at least one number of samples or parameters used by the wireless node to derive at least one number of samples are network-configured.

[0227] Article 35. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 34, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to report the RSRP to an external entity.

[0228] Article 36. The wireless node of Article 35, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of energy across multiple paths of RS-P.

[0229] Article 37. A wireless node of any one of Articles 21 to 36, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to derive angle measurements based on the RSRP.

[0230] Article 38. The wireless node of Article 37, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

[0231] Article 39. A wireless node according to any one of Articles 37 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0232] Article 40. Wireless nodes of any one of Articles 37 to 39, wherein the angle measurement includes downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0233] Article 41. A wireless node comprising: means for receiving a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including the earliest path; and means for measuring the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth in at least one number of samples from the peak of the earliest path.

[0234] Article 42. The wireless node of Article 41, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a single number of samples, such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0235] Article 43. The wireless node of Article 42, wherein the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample used to calculate RS-P.

[0236] Article 44. A wireless node of any one of Articles 42 and 43, wherein the number of individual samples is zero, and wherein the total energy includes the energy of samples associated only with the peak of the earliest path.

[0237] Article 45. A wireless node of any one of Articles 42 to 44, wherein a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0238] Article 46. Wireless nodes of Article 45, wherein the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or wherein the time threshold is a parameter configured by the network.

[0239] Article 47. A wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 46, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

[0240] Article 48. The wireless node of Article 47, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

[0241] Article 49. A wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 48, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0242] Article 50. A wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 49, wherein the first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path.

[0243] Article 51. A wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 50, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0244] Article 52. A wireless node as defined in any one of Articles 41 to 51, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0245] Article 53. A wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 52, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) used for positioning.

[0246] Article 54. A wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 53, wherein the at least one number of samples or the parameters used by the wireless node to derive the at least one number of samples are network-configured.

[0247] Article 55. The wireless node of any one of Articles 41 to 54 also includes: the component that reports the RSRP to an external entity.

[0248] Article 56. The wireless node of Article 55 also includes: a component for reporting another RSRP measurement based on the sum of energy across multiple paths of the RS-P.

[0249] Article 57. The wireless node in any of Articles 41 to 56 also includes: components for deriving angle measurements based on the RSRP.

[0250] Article 58. The wireless node in Article 57 also includes: components that report derived angle measurements to external entities.

[0251] Article 59. The wireless node of any one of Articles 57 to 58 also includes: a component for determining the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0252] Article 60. Wireless nodes of any one of Articles 57 to 59, wherein the angle measurement includes downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0253] Article 61. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions, the set of instructions including one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning on a corresponding bandwidth over one or more paths including the earliest path; and measure the reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on the sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples of the peak from the earliest path.

[0254] Article 62. Non-transitory computer-readable media of Article 61, wherein the at least one number of samples comprises a single number of samples, such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path.

[0255] Article 63. Non-transitory computer-readable media of Article 62, wherein the number of individual samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth and oversampling factor of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample used to calculate RS-P.

[0256] Article 64. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any of Articles 62 and 63, wherein the number of individual samples is zero, and wherein the total energy includes the energy of samples associated only with the peak of the earliest path.

[0257] Article 65. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any of Articles 62 to 64, wherein a time threshold is defined relative to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of any samples falling within the time threshold on either side of the peak of the earliest path.

[0258] Article 66. Non-transitory computer-readable media as defined in Article 65, wherein the time threshold is based on the corresponding bandwidth, or wherein the time threshold is a parameter configured in the network configuration.

[0259] Article 67. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 61 to 66, wherein the at least one number of samples comprises a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

[0260] Article 68. Non-transitory computer-readable media of Article 67, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

[0261] Article 69. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 61 to 68, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energies of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first and second energies.

[0262] Article 70. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 61 to 69, wherein the first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, wherein the first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples taken to the peak of the earliest path.

[0263] Article 71. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any of Articles 61 to 70, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

[0264] Article 72. Non-transitory computer-readable media as described in any of Articles 61 to 71, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

[0265] Article 73. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any of Articles 61 to 72, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink sounding reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidechain SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) for positioning.

[0266] Article 74. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 61 to 73, wherein the parameters used by the at least one number of samples or wireless nodes to derive the at least one number of samples are network-configured.

[0267] Article 75. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 61 to 74, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to: report the RSRP to an external entity.

[0268] Article 76. Non-transitory computer-readable media of Article 75, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to: report another RSRP measurement based on the sum of energy across multiple paths of the RS-P.

[0269] Article 77. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 61 to 76, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to derive an angle measurement based on the RSRP.

[0270] Article 78. Non-transitory computer-readable media of Article 77, wherein one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to: report the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

[0271] Article 79. Non-transitory computer-readable media of any one of Articles 77 to 78, wherein the one or more instructions further cause the wireless node to: determine the location estimate of the user equipment (UE) based on derived angle measurements.

[0272] Article 80. Non-transitory computer-readable media as specified in any of Articles 77 to 79, wherein the angle measurement includes downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

[0273] Those familiar with this technology will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips referenced in the foregoing description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, light fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0274] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithmic steps described in conjunction with the various forms disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, the various illustrative elements, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been generally described above in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such implementation decisions should not be construed as deviating from the scope of this work.

[0275] The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described herein can be implemented or executed using general-purpose processors, DSPs, ASICs, FPGAs, or other programmable logic devices, individual gate or transistor logic, individual hardware components, or any combination designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any known processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, a combination of one or more microprocessors with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0276] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the various states disclosed herein can be directly embodied in hardware, a software module executed by a processor, or a combination of both. The software module can reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electronically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage media known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to a processor, enabling the processor to read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium can be the entire processor. The processor and storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal (e.g., a UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium can reside as separate components in the user terminal.

[0277] In one or more exemplary embodiments, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored as one or more instructions or code on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media and communication media, with communication media including any media that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disc storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other media that can be used to carry or store required program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Furthermore, any connection is properly referred to as computer-readable media. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are all included in the definition of media. The magnetic disks and optical disks used herein include CDs, laser discs, optical discs, DVDs, floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs, where magnetic disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while optical discs reproduce data optically using lasers. The above combinations should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0278] While the foregoing disclosure presents an illustrative model of this case, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims. The functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to the various models of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although the content of this case may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural form may also be considered unless expressly restricted to the singular.

[0279] 100: Wireless Communication System 102: Base Station 102': Small Cell (SC) Base Station 104:UE 110: Geographical coverage area 110': Geographical coverage area 112:SV 120: Communication Link 122: Backload Link 124: SPS signal 134: Backload Link 150: WLAN AP 152:WLAN STA 154: Communication Link 164:UE 170: Core Network 172: Location Server 180:mmW Base Station 182:UE 184:mmW communication link 190:UE 192: D2D P2P Link 194: D2D P2P Link 200: Wireless Network Architecture 204:UE 210:5GC 212: User plane function 213: User-defined interface (NG-U) 214: Control Plane Functions 215:NG-C 220: Next-Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 222:gNB 223: Reload Link 224:ng-eNB 230: Location Server 250: Wireless Network Structure 260:5GC 262: User Plane Function (UPF) 263: User Interface 264:AMF 265: Control Plane Interface 266: Communication Management Function (SMF) 270:LMF 272:SLP 302:UE 304: Base Station 306: Network Entity 310: WWAN transceiver 312: Receiver 314: Transmitter 316: Antenna 318: Signal 320: Short-range wireless transceiver 322: Receiver 324: Transmitter 326: Antenna 328: Signal 330: SPS Receiver 332: Processing System 334: Data Bus 336: Antenna 338: SPS signal 340: Memory Components 342: RSRP Module 344: Sensor 346: User Interface 350: WWAN transceiver 352: Receiver 354: Transmitter 356: Antenna 358: Signal 360: Short-Range Wireless Transceiver 362: Receiver 364: Transmitter 366: Antenna 368: Signal 370: SPS Receiver 376: Antenna 378: SPS signal 380: Network Interface 382: Data Bus 384: Processing System 386: Memory element 388: RSRP Module 390: Network Interface 392: Data Bus 394: Processing System 396: Memory Components 398: RSRP Module 400: Figure 500: Figure 502: Base Station 502a: Transmission Beam 502b: Transmission Beam 502c: Transmission Beam 502d: Transmission Beam 502e: Transmission Beam 502f: Transmission Beam 502g: Transmission Beam 502h: Transmission Beam 504:UE 504a: Receiver Beam 504b: Receive beam 504c: Receiver Beam 504d: Receiver beam 510: LOS path 512c: path 512d: path 512e: Path 512f: path 512g: path 600:CIR 602: Path 604: Path 606: Path 608: Path 610: Path 612: Energy Valley 614: Energy Valley 700: Process 710: Steps 720: Steps 800:CIR 802: Peak Sampling 900:CIR 902: Peak Sampling 912: Energy Valley 914: Energy Valley 1000:CIR 1002: Peak Sampling 1012: Energy Valley 1014: Energy Valley LOS: line of sight NLOS: Non-Line of Sight

[0280] Domestic storage information (please note in order of storage institution, date, and number) none Overseas storage information (please note in the order of storage country, institution, date, and number) none

Claims

1. A method of operating a wireless node, comprising the steps of: receiving a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including an earliest path; and measuring a reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on a sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least a number of samples from a peak of the earliest path; wherein the at least a number of samples includes a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of energy of the same number of samples on either side of the peak of the earliest path; wherein the single number of samples is derived from a function of the corresponding bandwidth and an oversampling factor for calculating an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample of the RS-P.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of one or more samples taken only on the side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first energy and the second energy.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

7. The method according to request item 1, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

8. The method of request item 1, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidelink SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) for positioning.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one number of samples or a parameter used by the wireless node to derive the at least one number of samples is network configured.

10. The method according to request item 1 also includes the following steps: Reporting the RSRP to an external entity.

11. The method according to request item 10 also includes the following steps: reporting another RSRP measurement, which is based on a sum of energy across multiple paths of the RS-P.

12. The method according to request item 1 also includes the following steps: deriving an angle measurement based on the RSRP.

13. The method according to request item 12 also includes the following steps: reporting the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

14. The method according to request item 12 also includes the following steps: determining a location estimate of a user equipment (UE) based on the derived angle measurement.

15. The method according to request item 12, wherein the angle measurement includes a downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or an uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

16. A wireless node, comprising: One memory; At least one transceiver; The system includes at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including an earliest path; and measure a reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on a sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least one number of samples from a peak of the earliest path; wherein the at least one number of samples includes a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of energy of the same number of samples on either side of the peak of the earliest path; wherein the single number of samples is derived as a function of the corresponding bandwidth sampled by an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) for calculating the RS-P and an oversampling factor.

17. The wireless node according to claim 16, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

18. The wireless node according to claim 17, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

19. The wireless node according to claim 16, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of one or more samples of the energy on only one side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first energy and the second energy.

20. The wireless node according to claim 16, wherein a first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, wherein a first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path.

21. The wireless node according to request item 16, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

22. The wireless node according to request item 16, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

23. The wireless node according to request item 16, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidelink SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) for positioning.

24. The wireless node according to request item 16, wherein the at least one number of samples or a parameter used by the wireless node to derive the at least one number of samples is network configured.

25. The wireless node according to request item 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report the RSRP to an external entity.

26. The wireless node according to request 25, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report another RSRP measurement, the other RSRP measurement being based on a sum of energy across multiple paths of the RS-P.

27. The wireless node according to request item 16, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: derive an angle measurement based on the RSRP.

28. The wireless node according to request 27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: report the derived angle measurement to an external entity.

29. The wireless node according to request 27, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine a positioning estimate of a user equipment (UE) based on the derived angle measurement.

30. The wireless node according to request item 27, wherein the angle measurement includes a downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or an uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

31. A wireless node, comprising: A component for receiving a reference signal (RS-P) for positioning on a corresponding bandwidth over one or more paths including an earliest path; and a component for measuring a reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on a sum of energy over a corresponding bandwidth within at least a number of samples from a peak of the earliest path; wherein the at least a number of samples includes a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of energy over the same number of samples on both sides of the peak of the earliest path; wherein the single number of samples is derived from a function of the corresponding bandwidth of an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample of the RS-P and an oversampling factor.

32. The wireless node according to claim 31, wherein the at least one number of samples includes a first number of samples before the peak of the earliest path and a second number of samples after the peak of the earliest path, the first number and the second number of samples being different.

33. The wireless node according to claim 32, wherein the first quantity of sampling includes one or more samples from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the second quantity of sampling includes at least one sample from the peak of the earliest path to a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path.

34. The wireless node according to request 31, wherein a first energy valley preceding the peak of the earliest path is associated with a first energy, wherein a first energy valley following the peak of the earliest path is associated with a second energy, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of one or more samples of the energy on only one side of the peak of the earliest path associated with the lower of the first energy and the second energy.

35. The wireless node according to claim 31, wherein a first energy valley before the peak of the earliest path is a first number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, wherein a first energy valley after the peak of the earliest path is a second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path, and wherein the RSRP is measured based on the sum of the energy of one or more samples on the side associated only with the lower of the first number and the second number of samples to the peak of the earliest path.

36. The wireless node according to request item 31, wherein the RSRP is measured per antenna pair, or wherein the RSRP is measured as an average RSRP across multiple antenna pairs.

37. The wireless node according to request item 31, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a base station.

38. The wireless node according to request item 31, wherein the RS-P corresponds to an uplink detection reference signal (UL-SRS-P), a downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS), or a sidelink SRS-P (SL-SRS-P) for positioning.

39. The wireless node according to request 31, wherein the at least one number of samples or a parameter used by the wireless node to derive the at least one number of samples is network configured.

40. The wireless node pursuant to request item 31 also includes: Report the components of the RSRP to an external entity.

41. The wireless node pursuant to request item 40 also includes: A component used to report another RSRP measurement, which is based on the sum of energy across multiple paths of the RS-P.

42. The wireless node pursuant to request item 31 also includes: Based on this RSRP, a component for angle measurement is derived.

43. The wireless node pursuant to request item 42 also includes: The component that derives the angle measurement is reported to an external entity.

44. The wireless node pursuant to request item 42 also includes: A component used to determine a positioning estimate of a user equipment (UE) based on the derived angle measurement.

45. The wireless node according to request item 42, wherein the angle measurement includes a downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) measurement or an uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) measurement.

46. ​​A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) over a corresponding bandwidth on one or more paths including an earliest path; and measure a reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the earliest path of the RS-P based on a sum of energy over the corresponding bandwidth within at least a number of samples from a peak of the earliest path; wherein the at least a number of samples comprises a single number of samples such that the RSRP is measured based on the sum of energy of the same number of samples on either side of the peak of the earliest path; wherein the single number of samples is derived from a function of the corresponding bandwidth and an oversampling factor for calculating an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) sample of the RS-P.

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