Apparatus for data placement in a storage device

Abstract

An apparatus may include a storage device, the storage device may include at least one storage medium and a controller configured to control the at least one storage medium, wherein the controller may be configured to: receive a write command, wherein the write command may instruct a recycling unit handle; select a recycling unit for the at least one storage medium based on the recycling unit handle and based on the operation or state of the storage device; and store data to the recycling unit based on the write command. The at least one storage medium may include a first recycling group including a first recycling unit and a second recycling group including a second recycling unit, and selecting the first recycling unit may include selecting the first recycling group.

Description

Systems, Methods, and Apparatus for Placing Data in a Storage Device This disclosure generally relates to storage devices, and more particularly to systems, methods, and apparatus for placing data in a storage device. Storage devices, such as solid state drives (SSDs), can store data in a storage medium constructed using nonvolatile memory (NVM). In some nonvolatile memories, data can be updated by erasing the memory in which the data is stored and rewriting new data in the erased memory. Some nonvolatile memories can be written to and / or read from in units of pages, but erased in units of blocks, which may include multiple pages. Thus, to update data stored in a page of nonvolatile memory, valid data stored in other pages in the same block can be copied to a different block to prevent loss of valid data when the block is erased. The above information disclosed in this background section is only for enhancing the understanding of the background of the principles of the present invention, and thus may include information that does not constitute prior art. An apparatus may include a storage device, the storage device may include at least one storage medium and a controller, the controller being configured to control the at least one storage medium, wherein the controller may be configured to: receive a write command, wherein the write command may indicate a reclaim unit handle (RUH); select a reclaim unit (RU) of the at least one storage medium based on the reclaim unit handle and based on an operation or a condition of the storage device; and store data to the reclaim unit based on the write command. The reclaim unit may be a first reclaim unit, the at least one storage medium may include a first reclaim group (RG) of the at least one storage medium including the first reclaim unit and a second reclaim group including a second reclaim unit, and the selection of the first reclaim unit may include selecting the first reclaim group. The selection of the first reclaim unit may be based on a namespace, and the namespace may include the first reclaim unit and the second reclaim unit. The controller may be configured to receive a placement identifier together with the write command, the placement identifier may include a placement handle, and the selection of the first reclaim unit may be based on the placement handle. The placement handle may correspond to the reclaim unit handle, and the reclaim unit handle may correspond to the first reclaim unit and the second reclaim unit. An operation of the storage device may include at least one of a programming operation of the at least one storage medium, a read operation of the at least one storage medium, or an erase operation of the at least one storage medium. An operation of the storage device may include a command queuing operation for the at least one storage medium. An operation of the storage device may include a completion status of a programming operation of the at least one storage medium. The storage device may include a write buffer operation for the at least one storage medium. An operation of the storage device may include an open block operation. A condition of the storage device may include a wear state of at least a portion of the at least one storage medium. The at least one processor may be configured to determine a condition of the storage device based on a behavior of at least a portion of the at least one storage medium. The at least one processor may be configured to receive an indication from a host and select a reclaim unit based on the indication. The indication may include at least one of bandwidth (BW) information of the data or quality of service (QoS) information of the data. The indication may include access information of the data. The indication may include allocation information of the data. A method may include: receiving, at a storage device, a write command, where the storage device may include at least one storage medium, and the write command may indicate a recycle unit handle of the at least one storage medium; performing a selection of a recycle unit of the at least one storage medium based on the recycle unit handle and based on an operation or condition of the storage device; and storing data in the recycle unit based on the write command. The recycle unit may be a first recycle unit, the at least one storage medium may include a first recycle group including the first recycle unit and a second recycle group including a second recycle unit, and performing the selection of the first recycle unit may include performing a selection of the first recycle group. A device may include at least one processor configured to send a write command indicating a recycle unit handle of a recycle unit of at least one storage medium and to send an indication regarding data to be stored in the recycle unit based on the write command. The indication may include one or more of bandwidth information of the data, quality of service information of the data, access information regarding the data, or allocation information regarding the data. A device may include a storage device, where the storage device may include at least one storage medium and a controller configured to: control the at least one storage medium; receive a data operation request; receive an indication of a recycle unit of the at least one storage medium; and perform a data operation associated with the recycle unit based on the data operation request, where the data operation is based on an operation or condition of the storage device. The data operation may include a write operation. The data operation may include a sanitize operation. The indication of the recycle unit may include a recycle unit handle. The indication of the recycle unit may include an indication of the recycle unit handle. The indication of the recycle unit may include an indication of a recycle group. The data operation may include at least one of the following: a write operation, a read operation, a copy operation, a deallocate operation, a sanitize operation, an erase operation, a format operation, or a compare and write operation. The storage device may implement a flexible data placement (FDP) scheme, and the flexible data placement scheme may enable a host to arrange data into one or more recycle units (RUs) in the storage device. The recycle unit may be constructed using a portion of the physical storage medium that can be erased as a unit (e.g., one or more erase blocks (EBs)). This may reduce write amplification, for example, by enabling the host to place data that may be deallocated simultaneously in the same recycle unit. However, depending on the implementation details, one or more ongoing operations and / or conditions of the storage device may adversely affect one or more operations involving the reclaim unit. For example, the host may send a write command that specifies a reclaim unit for storing data associated with the write command. However, the storage device may have constructed the specified reclaim unit using a physical storage medium (e.g., nonvolatile memory (NVM) die) that may be busy with a read operation. Thus, the write operation requested by the host may be delayed until the read operation is completed. In a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the storage device may select a reclaim unit based on one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device. For example, if the storage device receives a write command that specifies a reclaim unit for storing data associated with the write command, and the specified reclaim unit is constructed using a physical storage medium that is busy with a read operation, the storage device may select a different reclaim unit for storing the data associated with the write command. Depending on the implementation details, this may reduce or eliminate the delay in processing the write command associated with waiting for the read operation to complete. In some embodiments, the reclaim unit may appear to the host as a logical representation of the storage medium identified by the reclaim unit handle. The storage device may use a physical storage medium determined by the storage device to construct the reclaim unit corresponding to the reclaim unit handle. In some embodiments, one or more recovery units may be arranged in one or more recovery groups (RGs). In such embodiments, the host may use a recovery group identifier (e.g., a recovery group identifier that may indicate a recovery group) and a recovery unit handle (e.g., a recovery unit handle that may indicate a recovery unit within a recovery group) to specify a recovery unit. Additionally, in such embodiments, a recovery unit handle may map to corresponding recovery units in more than one recovery group. For example, a recovery unit handle may map to a recovery unit in each recovery group. Thus, in some embodiments with recovery groups, if the storage device receives a command that specifies a recovery unit handle but does not specify a valid recovery group indicator, the storage device may select a recovery unit by selecting a recovery group and using the recovery unit within the selected recovery group to which the recovery unit handle maps. In some embodiments, the command may indirectly specify a recovery unit handle, for example, using a placement handle, which in turn may map to a recovery group and a recovery unit handle. Additionally or alternatively, if the storage device receives a command that does not specify a recovery group or a recovery unit handle, the storage device may select a recovery unit, for example, using a default recovery unit handle and / or a default placement handle. Additionally or alternatively, if the storage device receives a command that specifies a valid recovery group and / or a valid recovery unit handle, but the recovery group does not include an available recovery group (e.g., because all recovery units in the recovery group have been used), the storage device may select a recovery group and / or a recovery unit, for example, using a default recovery group, a default recovery unit handle, and / or a default placement handle. In some embodiments, the storage device may select a recovery group based on one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device, and may thus select a corresponding recovery unit within the selected recovery group. In some embodiments, the storage device may select a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group based on ongoing operations (such as die operations, channel operations, storage device controller operations, and / or similar operations). For example, if the storage device receives a write command that specifies a reclaim unit handle that is currently mapped to a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group constructed from physical storage media that are currently busy with operations (such as write, read, and / or erase) that may delay the write command, the storage device may select a different reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group that may be available more quickly for the write command. As another example, if the reclaim unit handle is currently mapped to a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group that has a relatively long command queue, the storage device may select a different reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group that may have a command queue that does not have pending commands or has fewer pending commands. As yet another example, to service a write command, the storage device may select a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group based on an opportunistic status, such as an NVM die approaching the completion of a programming cycle, an associated write buffer approaching a full word line, and / or an open block timer approaching expiration. As yet another example, if the storage device receives a write command that specifies a reclaim group that does not have enough available space in one or more reclaim units to store new write data (such as the reclaim group has run out of empty reclaim units), the storage device may select a different reclaim group (and one or more reclaim units that have the selected reclaim group). Additionally or alternatively, the storage device may select a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group based on the condition of the storage media that the reclaim unit and / or the reclaim group may use. For example, in some embodiments, the storage device may avoid selecting a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group in which the NVM die may exhibit end-of-life (EOL) behavior, such as relatively low operating speed, relatively high bit error accumulation rate, sense voltage shift, and / or similar behavior. Additionally or alternatively, to service a write command, the storage device may select a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group in which the physical storage media may exhibit relatively young behavior. Alternatively or as another option, the storage device may select a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group based on one or more indications received from the host. For example, to service a write command received from the host, the storage device may consider any number of the following indications received from the host to select a reclaim unit and / or a reclaim group: emphasis on read service quality (QoS), emphasis on read bandwidth (BW), emphasis on write bandwidth, read and / or write bandwidth throttle target, whether any write data associated with the write command is relatively hot and / or relatively cold, whether some or all of the write data associated with the write command can be deallocated together, and / or similar indications. This disclosure encompasses many inventive principles related to flexible data placement. The principles disclosed herein may have independent utilities and may be implemented individually, and not every embodiment may utilize every principle. Additionally, the principles may also be implemented in various combinations, and some of the various combinations may amplify some of the benefits of the individual principles in a synergistic manner. For illustrative purposes, some embodiments may be described in the context of specific implementation details, such as a storage device constructed using a solid state drive (SSD) utilizing a not-AND (NAND) flash memory, a Nonvolatile Memory Express (NVMe) protocol, and / or a similar protocol. However, the inventive principles of the present invention are not limited to these or any other implementation details. For example, some embodiments may utilize flash memory, magnetic media, storage class memory (SCM), and / or similar media, or any combination thereof, to construct a storage medium. In some embodiments in which a storage medium may be constructed using flash memory at least in part, a reclaim unit may refer to one or more erase blocks, NVM devices (e.g., NVM dies), and / or similar devices, or any combination thereof, and a reclaim group may refer to one or more reclaim units, one or more NVM device partitions (e.g., planes), one or more NVM devices (e.g., NVM dies), one or more storage devices (e.g., storage drives), and / or similar devices, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments where a storage medium can be constructed using at least in part a magnetic medium (e.g., shingled magnetic recording (SMR) medium), a reclaim unit can refer to one or more shingled segments, zones, sectors, tracks, and / or similar devices, or any combination thereof, and a reclaim group can refer to one or more disks (e.g., drives), platters, tracks, zones, sectors, shingled segments, and / or similar devices, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments where a storage medium can be constructed using at least in part a storage-class memory (e.g., magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), resistive random-access memory (ReRAM), phase change memory (PCM), cross-gridded nonvolatile memory, memory with bulk resistance change, and / or similar memory), a reclaim unit can refer to one or more memory banks, programmed groups, and / or similar devices, or any combination thereof, and a reclaim group can refer to one or more dies, memory banks, programmed groups, and / or similar devices, or any combination thereof. As another example, the principles of the present invention are not limited to use with write commands, but can be applied, for example, to any type of request for a data operation involving data locality in any type of scheme for placing data that can be based on a logical to physical mapping (e.g., a logical representation of a physical storage medium, such as a logical block address (LBA) to a physical block address (PBA) (LBA-to-PBA or L2P) mapping). For example, a storage device can receive any type of data operation request, such as a request for a write operation (e.g., a write command, write zero, write one, write uncorrectable, and / or similar operations), a copy operation, a deallocation operation (e.g., unmap, trim, and / or similar operations), a cleaning operation, an erase operation, a format operation, a compare-and-write operation (which can be referred to as a fused command, e.g., a pair of commands that can include a read command for reading data for a comparison operation and a write command that can be executed based on the result of the comparison operation), and / or similar operations. In some embodiments, the data operation request can include an indication related to data locality in a storage medium (e.g., a reclaim unit handle, a reclaim group, and / or similar media). Based on receiving a data operation request having an indication related to data locality in a storage medium, the storage device can perform a corresponding data operation based on one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device. FIG. 1A shows an embodiment of a data placement scheme of a storage device in a first data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 1B shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a second data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 1C shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a third data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 1D shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a fourth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 1E shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a fifth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, and / or 1E can be collectively referred to as and / or can be individually referred to as FIG. 1. The embodiment shown in FIG. 1 may include a host 102 and a storage device 104 that communicate using a communication connection 105. The storage device 104 may include storage media in an NVM subsystem 106, and the NVM subsystem 106 has memory blocks 108 arranged in a superblock 110. The memory blocks 108 may be constructed using non-volatile memory, and the non-volatile memory can be erased in units of the blocks shown in FIG. 1, and thus can also be referred to as erase blocks. The memory blocks 108 can be programmed (e.g., written) and / or read in units of pages and / or word lines that can be smaller than the memory blocks. The memory blocks 108 can be erased before the pages and / or word lines of data can be written into the memory blocks 108. The memory blocks 108 can be arranged in the superblock 110 to, for example, simplify the management of the blocks 108. Thus, the non-volatile memory shown in FIG. 1 can be erased in units of the superblock 110. The storage device 104 can receive input and / or output (I / O or IO) requests (which can also be referred to as commands) from the host 102, so that the host can access the NVM subsystem 106 (e.g., write data to the storage media and / or read data from the storage media). The host 102 can divide the data into namespaces represented by different types of shading shown in FIG. 1. Specifically, data belonging to the first namespace (which can be represented as namespace identifier (NSID) 1 (NSID 1)) can be represented by shading with a diagonal line from the upper right to the lower left, data belonging to the second namespace (which can be represented as NSID 1) can be represented by shading with a diagonal line from the upper left to the lower right, and data belonging to the third namespace (which can be represented as namespace identifier NSID 3) can be represented by cross-hatched shading. In some embodiments, in addition to and / or as an alternative to namespaces, the host 102 can also divide and / or arrange the data into groups based on logical block address (LBA), one or more applications that can use the data, host write traffic threads, and / or similar elements, for separating and / or managing the data based on reclaim unit handles, reclaim units, erase units, and / or similar devices. Referring to FIG. 1A, as indicated by the absence of shading, the memory block 108 may initially be in an erased state. The NVM subsystem 106 may identify an erased superblock (e.g., superblock 0 represented by solid shading) in which the write data can be placed. The storage device 104 may receive a first write command along with write data belonging to NSID 3. The NVM subsystem 106 may place the data belonging to NSID 1 (represented by the number 1 in the rounded rectangle) in the first memory block 108a of superblock 0 as shown in FIG. 1A. (The number 1 may represent the order in which the data can be placed, rather than the NSID.) Referring to FIG. 1B, the storage device 104 may continue to receive additional write commands from the host 102 along with write data belonging to various namespaces. The NVM subsystem 106 may fill the memory blocks 108a to 108d in superblock 0 by placing the write data in the order represented by the numbers in the rounded rectangles. In some cases, the amount of write data is greater than the remaining space in the memory block. Thus, the first portion of the write data may be placed to fill the remaining space in the first memory block, and the second portion may be placed in an empty memory block. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B, based on receiving the second write command, the first portion 2a of the data belonging to NSID 2 may be used to fill the remaining space in the memory block 108a, and the second portion 2b of the data belonging to NSID 2 may be placed in the memory block 108b. The NVM subsystem 106 may continue to place the write data into superblock 0 as shown in FIG. 1B until superblock 0 is full or nearly full. Referring to FIG. 1C, the storage device 104 may receive a sixth write command along with data belonging to NSID 3, which is too large to fit into the remaining space in the memory block 108d in superblock 0. Thus, the NVM subsystem 106 may select a new empty superblock (e.g., superblock 2 represented by solid shading) in which the write data can be placed. The NVM subsystem 106 may use the first portion 6a of the data belonging to NSID 3 to fill the remaining space in the memory block 108d, and the second portion 6b of the data belonging to NSID 3 may be placed in the memory block 108e in superblock 2. The NVM subsystem 106 may continue to place the write data into superblock 2 as shown in FIG. 1D, and then into superblock 1, with data belonging to different namespaces being mixed within one or more superblocks. Data belonging to different namespaces may be mixed within the block 108 and / or superblock 110, for example, because the host 102 may not know and / or may not be able to control the way the NVM subsystem 106 places the data within the block 108 and / or superblock 110. The host 102 can divide data into namespaces to provide isolation, for example, between data sources such as applications, processes, logical block address (LBA) ranges, and / or similar data sources. Thus, the host 102 can, for example, deallocate some or all of the data belonging to a namespace when an application terminates. FIG. 1E shows an example where the host 102 has deallocated data belonging to the namespace represented as NSID 3, which is shown with solid shading after deallocation. Reusing the deallocated storage space may involve erasing the deallocated storage space. However, since the superblock 110 can be erased as a unit, the NVM subsystem 106 can move the remaining valid data in the superblock to a different superblock to prevent loss of valid data when the superblock is erased. Depending on the implementation details, this may result in write amplification that may reduce the useful life of the storage medium. FIG. 2A shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme of a storage device in a first data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2B shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 2A in a second data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2C shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 2A in a third data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 2D shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 2A in a fourth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and / or 2D may be collectively referred to as and / or may be individually referred to as FIG. 2. The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 may include some components such as a host 202, a storage device 204, a communication connection 205, and / or a memory block 208. In some aspects, these components may operate in a manner similar to the corresponding components in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the memory blocks 208 in the NVM subsystem 212 may be arranged in one or more reclaim units 214, and the one or more reclaim units 214 may be erased as a unit and may include one or more memory blocks 208. The reclaim unit 214 may be constructed using, for example, one or more erase blocks, super blocks, and / or similar elements. In addition, the reclaim unit 214 may be identified by a corresponding reclaim unit handle 236, and the reclaim unit handle 236 may enable the host 202 to specify (e.g., in a field of a write command) a particular reclaim unit 214 for storing write data associated with the write command. In some embodiments, some or all of the reclaim units 214 may be arranged in one or more reclaim groups 218, and the host may also specify the one or more reclaim groups 218, for example, using one or more corresponding reclaim group identifiers (e.g., in a field of a write command). In some embodiments, the reclaim unit handle 236 may identify more than one reclaim unit 216. For example, the reclaim unit handle 236 may identify (e.g., map to) one or more (e.g., each) reclaim units 216 in one or more reclaim groups 218 (e.g., in a manner similar to the manner shown in FIG. 4) Thus, by specifying a particular reclaim unit 214 and / or reclaim group 218 for storing data associated with a write command, the host 202 may cause the NVM subsystem 212 to store data belonging to one or more particular namespaces only in the one or more reclaim units 214 and / or reclaim groups 218. For example, referring to FIG. 2A, the host 202 may instruct the NVM subsystem 212 to store the data belonging to the namespaces represented by NSID 1, NSID 2, and NSID 3 in the reclaim units 0, 1, and 2, respectively, in the order indicated by the numbers in the rounded rectangles in FIG. 2A and the numbers in the following brackets. For example, the data [1] of the first write command associated with NSID 1 may be written to the first part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 0. The first part of the data [2a] of the second write command associated with NSID 1 may be written to the remaining part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 0, and the second part of the data [2b] of the second write command associated with NSID 1 may be written to the first part of the second memory block 208 starting from the top of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 0. The data [3] of the third write command associated with NSID 2 may be written to the first part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 1 of the reclaim group 0. The data [4] of the fourth write command associated with NSID 3 may be written to the first part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 1. The data [5] of the fifth write command associated with NSID 3 may be written to the next part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 1. The data [6] of the sixth write command associated with NSID 1 may be written to the next part of the second memory block 208 starting from the top of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 0. The first part of the data [7a] of the seventh write command associated with NSID 1 may be written to the remaining part of the second memory block 208 starting from the top of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 0, and the second part of the data [7b] of the seventh write command associated with NSID 1 may be written to the first part of the third memory block 208 starting from the top of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 0. The first part of the data [8a] of the eighth write command associated with NSID 2 may be written to the remaining part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 1 of the reclaim group 0, and the second part of the data [8b] of the eighth write command associated with NSID 2 may be written to the first part of the second memory block 208 starting from the top of the reclaim unit 1 of the reclaim group 0. The first part of the data [9a] of the ninth write command associated with NSID 3 may be written to the remaining part of the top memory block 208 of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 1, and the second part of the data [9b] of the ninth write command associated with NSID 3 may be written to the first part of the second memory block 208 starting from the top of the reclaim unit 0 of the reclaim group 1. Referring to FIG. 2B, host 202 may continue to send write commands and associated write data. Host 202 may instruct NVM subsystem 212 to store the associated write data in the reclaim units corresponding to the respective namespace in the order indicated by the numbers in the rounded rectangles using the write commands, and the numbers in the rounded rectangles may correspond to the data of the associated write commands. Referring to FIG. 2C, the host may deallocate some or all of the data belonging to NSID 1 as indicated by the solid shading. For example, the data associated with any one of the first write command, the second write command, the sixth write command, the seventh write command, the thirteenth write command, the fourteenth write command, and / or the seventeenth write command may be deallocated at different times (with various amounts of time therebetween), deallocated in various combinations at different times, or deallocated all at once. Depending on the implementation details, this may enable NVM subsystem 212 to erase reclaim unit 0 (shown as unshaded in FIG. 2D) without moving the data belonging to other namespaces, thereby reducing or eliminating write amplification. Although FIG. 2D may show reclaim unit handle 236 referring to reclaim unit 214 having one or more memory blocks 208 that can be erased, in some embodiments, one or more deallocated memory blocks 208 may return to the pool of available memory before being erased. Thus, in some embodiments, the memory blocks 208 represented as erased in FIG. 2D may not be the same memory blocks represented as deallocated in FIG. 2C, but may be other memory blocks that may have been previously erased and arranged into a new (e.g., empty) reclaim unit 214. In some embodiments, in addition to or as an alternative form of the namespace, the data may also be partitioned and / or arranged into groups based on logical block address (LBA), one or more applications that can use the data, host write traffic threads, and / or similar elements for separating and / or managing the data based on reclaim unit handles, reclaim units, erase units, and / or similar means. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme with namespaces corresponding to reclaim groups according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, storage device 304 may include a storage medium constructed using non-volatile memory devices (e.g., NVM dies) 320 disposed in one or more channels 322. The non-volatile memory devices 320 may be controlled by a storage device controller 326, which may also be referred to as a controller. Storage device 304 may communicate with a host using communication interface 328. The storage device 304 can implement a flexible data placement scheme, in which the host can specify a reclaim group and / or a reclaim unit for storing data associated with a write command sent from the host to the controller 326. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, one or more namespaces 324 can be associated with one or more NVM devices 320 (e.g., each namespace 324 can be associated with a corresponding NVM device 320). One or more reclaim groups 318 can be associated with one or more namespaces 324 (e.g., each reclaim group 318 can be associated with a corresponding namespace 324). In some embodiments, for example, as shown in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the reclaim group 318 can be constructed using one or more reclaim units. In some embodiments, the reclaim unit 324 can be constructed using two erase blocks, e.g., one erase block per plane on a dual-plane NVM device 320. Depending on the implementation details, the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 can enable the host to spread write data across the channels 322 in any manner that the host can determine. For example, the host can write data to multiple reclaim groups 318 simultaneously to improve the write bandwidth. As another example, the host (e.g., using application data) and / or an application, process, and / or similar process running on the host can place data that may be deallocated together (e.g., due to similarly aging, being associated with the same application, and / or similar factors) in one or more shared namespaces 324, reclaim groups 318, and / or similar devices. As yet another example, the host (e.g., using application data) and / or an application, process, and / or similar process running on the host can place data in the namespaces 324, reclaim groups 318, and / or similar devices in a manner that improves the read bandwidth and / or QoS. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme with a reclaim unit handle according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment shown in FIG. 4 can include a controller 426 and an NVM subsystem 412. The NVM subsystem 412 can include P reclaim groups 418 identified as reclaim group 0 to reclaim group P-1. The reclaim groups 418 can include one or more reclaim units 414. The controller 426 can receive I / O commands 430 from the host through the communication interface 428. The I / O commands 430, which can be write commands in the example shown in FIG. 4, can include a namespace identifier (NSID) 432 and / or a placement identifier 434. The placement identifier 434 can include a reclaim group identifier 415 and / or a placement handle 416. The reclaim group identifier 415 and / or the placement handle 416 can enable the host to specify the reclaim group 418 and / or the reclaim units 414 within the reclaim group 418, respectively, for storing the data associated with the write command 430. Therefore, in some embodiments, the solution shown in FIG. 4 can enable the host to align the data that can be deallocated together (e.g., the data belonging to the namespace) with one or more reclaim units 414 that can be erased as a unit. In some embodiments, the placement handle 416 can be mapped to a reclaim unit handle (RUH) 436, and the reclaim unit handle (RUH) 436 can reference one or more reclaim units 414 in one or more reclaim groups 418 (e.g., the reclaim unit handle can be mapped to one reclaim unit 414 in each reclaim group 418 as shown in the exemplary mapping in FIG. 4). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the controller can use N reclaim unit handles 436 identified as reclaim unit handle 0 to reclaim unit handle N - 1. In some embodiments, the reclaim unit handle 436 can be characterized as a controller resource. The controller 426 can use a placement handle list 438 to map one or more placement handles 416 to one or more RUH identifiers (RUH ID) 440, and the one or more RUH identifiers 440 can in turn identify the corresponding reclaim unit handles 436. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the placement handle list 438 can include M placement handles identified as placement handle 0 to placement handle M - 1. In some embodiments, the range of the placement handle 416 can be determined as the namespace 424 (in this example, the namespace identified as namespace A). The namespace can in turn encompass one or more (e.g., all) reclaim units 414 referenced by the one or more reclaim unit handles 436 identified (e.g., by the RUH ID 440) in the placement handle list 438. In some embodiments, the placement handle list 438 can be created, populated, revised, maintained, and / or otherwise operated on by the host, the storage device (e.g., the controller 426), or any other entity or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the use of the placement handle 416 and / or the reclaim unit handle 436 enables the flexible data placement scheme shown in FIG. 4 to present a reclaim unit to the host as a logical representation of physical non-volatile storage within a reclaim group that can be physically erased, for example, by the controller 426, without disturbing other reclaim units 414. The controller 426 can utilize physical storage media (e.g., one or more erase blocks on an NVM die) to construct a logical reclaim unit specified by the host (e.g., using the placement identifier 434), and the physical storage media can be selected by the controller 426 and erased as a unit. In some embodiments, the selection of the reclaim unit 414 and / or the reclaim group 418 can be performed at least in part by the controller 426. For example, if the controller 426 receives a write command 430 that does not indicate a placement identifier 434, the controller can use the reclaim unit handle 436 mapped by a default placement handle 416 (e.g., placement handle 0), and can select the reclaim group 418, thereby selecting the reclaim unit 414 located within the selected reclaim group 418 and referenced by the reclaim unit handle 436 mapped by the default placement handle 416. As another example, if the controller 426 receives a write command 430 having a placement identifier that includes a placement handle 416 but does not include a reclaim group identifier 415, the controller 426 can select the reclaim unit 414 located within the selected reclaim group 418 and referenced by the reclaim unit handle 436 mapped by the placement handle 416 provided with the write command 430 by selecting the reclaim group 418 and using the reclaim unit 414. In some embodiments, the flexible data placement scheme shown in FIG. 4 may be implemented at least in part using the NVMe protocol. In such an embodiment, the placement identifier 434 may be constructed as part of the command 430 (e.g., the directive portion of an NVMe command); M, N, and / or P may be parameters that can be configured, for example, using NVMe namespace management commands; the controller 426 may be constructed using one or more NVMe controllers; and / or the NVM subsystem 412 may be constructed as an NVMe subsystem, a durability group (which, in some embodiments, may be coextensive with the storage device), an NVMe domain, and / or a similar system, or any combination thereof. In embodiments implemented at least in part using the NVMe protocol, the directive specific (DSPEC) field may be used to provide the placement identifier (e.g., the reclaim group (which may be indicated by a reclaim group identifier) and the placement handle). For example, in embodiments where the directive type (DTYPE) field may be used to indicate that the flexible data placement feature is being used, the DSPEC field may be used. In such an embodiment, an invalid and / or default (e.g., all zeros) value of the DSPEC field may indicate the absence of a reclaim group indicator and / or a placement handle. In embodiments of the flexible data placement scheme shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and / or 4, the reclaim unit may be constructed (at least from the host's perspective) as a logical representation of an underlying portion of the physical storage medium. Thus, the host may be shielded from knowing and / or may be unaware of one or more ongoing operations and / or conditions of the storage device, which may adversely affect one or more operations related to the physical implementation of the logical reclaim unit selected by the host. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the host may send a write command 430 with a placement identifier 434 that includes a reclaim group identifier 415 and a placement handle 416, and the placement handle 416 may specify a particular reclaim unit 414 for storing the data associated with the write command. However, the controller 426 may have constructed the specified reclaim unit 414 using a physical storage medium (e.g., a non-volatile memory (NVM) die) that may be busy with a read operation. Thus, the write operation requested by the write command 430 may be delayed until the read operation is complete. Other examples of ongoing operations and / or conditions in a storage device that may be unknown to a host and may adversely affect one or more operations involving the physical implementation of logical recovery units selected by the host may include: NVM die management conflicts; programming operations involving programming data from a write buffer in a controller to a recovery unit selected by the host; erase operations performed by a die containing a recovery unit selected by the host; garbage collection operations involving a recovery unit selected by the host; and / or similar operations. As another example, a recovery group may not have sufficient free space in the recovery units within the recovery group (e.g., the available recovery units in the recovery group may already contain too much host user data in this NVM) due to, for example, the loss of one or more erase blocks due to end-of-life and / or error conditions. In addition, to the extent that a host can be aware of one or more operations of a physical storage medium underlying the flexible data placement scheme shown in FIG. 4 by observing behavior (e.g., NVM die programming latency, erase latency, and / or similar behavior), the host's awareness may be delayed, for example, due to NVM channel latency, controller latency, communication connection latency (e.g., PCIe latency), host central processing unit (CPU) latency, and / or similar latencies. In a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a storage device selects a recovery unit and / or a recovery group based on one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device (e.g., for storing data associated with a write request). For example, as described above, in some cases (e.g., when the controller 426 receives a write command 430 that does not include the placement handle 416 or includes the placement handle 416 but does not include the recycle group identifier 415), the controller 426 may select the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418 for storing the data associated with the write command. In such a case, the controller 426 may select the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418 based at least in part on one or more operations of the storage device that may affect the performance of the write operation associated with the write command. For example, the controller 426 may select the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418, where the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418 is constructed using physical storage media (e.g., NVM dies) that are not currently busy with programming (e.g., writing) operations, read operations, erase operations, garbage collection operations, and / or similar operations. As another example, the controller 426 may select the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418 that has a command queue with no outstanding commands or relatively few outstanding commands. As yet another example, the controller may select the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418 based on an opportunistic state, such as an NVM die approaching the end of a programming cycle, an associated write buffer approaching a full word line, and / or an open block timer approaching expiration. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 426 may select the recycle unit 414 and / or the recycle group 418 based at least in part on one or more conditions of the storage device that may affect the performance of the write operation associated with the write command. For example, the controller 426 may avoid selecting a recycle unit and / or a recycle group in which the NVM die may exhibit end-of-life (EOL) behavior, such as relatively low operating speed, relatively high bit error accumulation rate, voltage shift, and / or similar behavior. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 426 may select a recycle unit and / or a recycle group in which the physical storage media may exhibit relatively young behavior. In some embodiments, the operation of the storage device may refer to an ongoing operation that is currently being performed, such as a read operation, a write operation, and / or an erase operation, a command queue that currently contains a relatively large number of commands, a write buffer that is currently close to the full character line, and / or similar operations. In some embodiments, the ongoing operation may be contrasted with previous operations, such as a previous selection of a reclaim unit based on a round-robin technique or a wear leveling technique. In some embodiments, the wear leveling technique may manage the behavior of the NVM to attempt to equalize (at least approximately equalize) the number of program and / or erase (P / E) cycles on one or more (e.g., each) erase blocks of the NVM. In some embodiments, one or more modifiers may change the attempt to equalize the P / E cycles, for example, based on one or more ongoing behaviors and / or conditions of the NVM (e.g., fewer P / E cycles may be performed on an erase block that may have an indication of relatively high wear). FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the storage device 504 may include a storage medium constructed using non-volatile memory devices (e.g., NVM dies) 520 disposed in one or more channels 522. The non-volatile memory device 520 may be controlled by a controller 526. The storage device 504 may communicate with a host using a communication interface 528. The storage device 504 may implement a flexible data placement scheme in which the host may specify a reclaim group and / or a reclaim unit for storing data associated with a write command sent from the host to the controller 526. One or more reclaim groups 518 may be associated with one or more NVM devices 520 in a manner similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 (e.g., each reclaim group 518 may be associated with a corresponding NVM device 520). However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, one or more namespaces (e.g., namespace 1, namespace 2, and / or namespace 3) may encompass at least a portion of more than one reclaim group 518. In some embodiments, in addition to or as an alternative to namespaces, data associated with a write command may also be partitioned and / or arranged into groups based on logical block address (LBA), one or more applications for which the data may be used, a host write traffic thread, and / or similar factors, for separating and / or managing the data based on a reclaim unit handle, a reclaim unit, an erase unit, and / or similar means. For example, in some embodiments, namespace 524 may encompass at least part of each recycle group 518. However, one namespace 524 (e.g., namespace 1) may be separated from other namespaces (e.g., namespace 2 and / or namespace 3) based on one or more recycle units and / or recycle unit handles. For example, if the recycle unit handle scheme shown in FIG. 4 is used to implement the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, one or more recycle unit handles associated with a second namespace (e.g., namespace B) may only reference recycle units 414 that may not be referenced by any of the recycle unit handles 436 associated with namespace A. In some embodiments, a recycle unit handle dedicated to a namespace (e.g., specified by a host) may be resolved by controller 526 into more than one recycle unit handle across multiple recycle groups 518. For example, the recycle unit handle RUH 0 associated with namespace NSID 1 may be translated into the allowed recycle unit handles RUH A in recycle group RG 0, RUH B in RG1, ..., and / or RUH F in RG5, where RUH A through RUH F may be unique RUH IDs within storage device 504. In some embodiments, the host may configure the one or more namespaces 524 to have unique recycle unit handles on one or more (e.g., each) recycle groups 518. As an alternative or in addition, the host may share one or more recycle unit handles between two or more namespaces 524. FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a method for servicing write commands using a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The method shown in FIG. 6 may be implemented, for example, using the storage device 504 shown in FIG. 5; however, the principles of the present invention are not limited to these or any other implementation details. Referring to FIG. 6, the method may begin at operation 642, where the host may send a write command indicating a reclaim unit handle and a namespace (e.g., RUH A and NSID 1) to a controller at a storage device. At operation 644, the controller may decode the reclaim unit handle and the namespace into an acceptable set of corresponding internal unique reclaim unit handles (e.g., RUH A, RUH B, …, RUH F) corresponding to reclaim groups (e.g., RG 0, RG 1, …, RG 5, respectively), which may be used to store data associated with the write command. At operation 646, the controller may select a reclaim unit referenced by one of the reclaim unit handles. In some embodiments, the selection may be based on one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device. At operation 648, the controller may write the data associated with the write command to the selected reclaim unit. At operation 650, the controller may send a completion to the host. In some embodiments, the write operation 648 may be performed in parallel with operation 650 as a background task. In some embodiments, in addition to and / or as an alternative form of the namespace, the host may also partition and / or arrange the data into groups based on logical block address (LBA), one or more applications that may use the data associated with the write command, host write traffic threads, and / or similar elements, for separating and / or managing the data based on reclaim unit handles, reclaim units, erase units, and / or similar devices. FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a storage device with flexible data placement in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The storage device 704 shown in FIG. 7 may include a storage medium 713 and a controller 726. The storage medium 713 may include two or more reclaim units 714. In some embodiments, some or all of the reclaim units 714 may be arranged in reclaim groups. The controller 726 may include a reclaim unit selection logic 752 (which may also be referred to as selection logic), and the reclaim unit selection logic 752 may select one or more of the reclaim units 714 for storing data associated with a write command that may be received, for example, using the communication interface 728. In some embodiments, the selection logic 752 may select one or more of the reclaim units 714 at least in part based on a reclaim unit handle that may be indicated by the write command (e.g., using a placement identifier). In some embodiments, the selection logic 752 may use logics 754 and / or 764 to select one or more of the reclaim units 714 at least in part based on the operation and / or condition of the storage device 704. Logic 754 may include logic that enables controller 726 to select one or more of the recovery units 714 based at least in part on the operation of storage device 704. For example, logic 754 may include one or more of various types of logic (including logic 756, 758, 760, 762, and / or similar logic). Logic 756 may select recovery unit 714 based on the current state of write operations, read operations, erase operations, and / or similar operations. For example, logic 756 may select recovery unit 714, which may include physical storage media (e.g., NVM dies) that are not currently busy or likely to be busy soon with write operations (e.g., programming operations), read operations, erase operations, and / or similar operations. Logic 758 may select recovery unit 714 based on the state of one or more command queues associated with the recovery unit. For example, logic 758 may avoid selecting recovery unit 714 that would cause the command queue in controller 726 to have any outstanding commands (or a relatively large number of commands). For example, recovery unit 714 may be avoided because it may not be able to service write commands before the corresponding command queue for recovery unit 714 is emptied. Logic 760 may select recovery unit 714 based on the programming state of the physical storage media (e.g., NVM dies) available for constructing recovery unit 714. In some embodiments, this may be configured as an opportunistic determination. For example, if the programming segment is nearing completion, logic 760 may select a recovery unit having physical storage media that is currently being programmed (e.g., written). Depending on the implementation details, this may enable write data to be programmed into recovery unit 714 immediately or soon after the current programming segment is completed. Logic 762 may select recovery unit 714 based on the state of the write buffer associated with recovery unit 714 (e.g., whether the write buffer is nearing a full word line (e.g., for a particular recovery group)). Alternatively or in addition, logic 764 may include logic that enables controller 726 to select one or more of the recovery units 714 based at least in part on the condition of storage device 704. For example, logic 764 may include one or more of various types of logic (including logic 766, 768, and / or similar logic). Logic 766 may select recovery unit 714 based on the condition (e.g., wear condition) of the physical storage media (e.g., NVM die) used to construct recovery unit 714. For example, logic 766 may observe one or more behaviors of the NVM die to determine whether the NVM die is approaching end-of-life (EOL). Behaviors that logic 766 may observe may include programming speed, read speed, erase speed, and / or similar speeds, bit error accumulation rate, one or more sense voltage offsets, behavior as a function of temperature, and / or similar behaviors. In some embodiments, logic 766 may emphasize selecting one or more recovery units 714 that exhibit relatively young (e.g., low wear) behavior for programming with write data to achieve relatively uniform wear of different recovery units, thereby providing better performance for write data and / or providing a similar effect. Logic 768 may select recovery unit 714 based on the state of the open block timer of the physical storage media used to construct recovery unit 714. For example, if the open block timer of recovery unit 714 is approaching expiration, logic 768 may preferably select the recovery unit to prevent the timer from ending blocks with a lower usage percentage. Depending on the implementation details, this may improve overall storage media utilization, capacity, and / or similar properties. FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a storage device with flexible data placement according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The storage device 804 shown in FIG. 8 may include one or more components, which in some aspects may be similar to the components in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, and similar components are denoted by reference numerals ending with the same number. However, the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 may additionally or alternatively include logic 870, which may select one or more of the recovery units 714 based at least in part on one or more indications provided by a host. For example, the logic 870 may include one or more of various types of logic (including logic 872, 874, 876, 878, 880, and / or similar logic). The logic 872 may select the recovery unit 814 based on the ability of the recovery unit 814 to enhance (e.g., optimize) the read QoS and / or read bandwidth of the data stored in the recovery unit 814. For example, the logic 872 may select the recovery unit 814 based on the ability of the recovery unit 814 to enhance the read QoS by distributing the data in units of write units (e.g., 4-kilobyte write units) across one or more dies. As another example, the logic 872 may select the recovery unit 814 based on the ability of the recovery unit 814 to enhance the read bandwidth by distributing the data in units of word lines (e.g., full word lines) across one or more dies. The logic 874 may select one or more recovery units 814 based on one or more data access patterns (e.g., whether the write data associated with a write command is hot data or cold data). For example, relatively cold data may be placed in a recovery unit 814 having an erase block (EB), which may exhibit relatively old and / or high levels of wear. In some embodiments, this may be constructed using one or more unique recovery unit handles replicated in a recovery group. For example, one recovery unit handle in a recovery group may refer to a recovery unit with older behavior, and another recovery unit handle in the recovery group may refer to a recovery unit with younger behavior (e.g., a recovery unit that may have undergone relatively few programming and / or erase (P / E) cycles). The logic 876 may select one or more recovery units 814 based on one or more data deallocation patterns. For example, data that may be deallocated together may be written to the same recovery unit and / or recovery group (e.g., the data does not further propagate). The logic 878 may select one or more recovery units 814 to enhance (e.g., optimize) the write bandwidth and / or QoS. For example, the recovery unit 814 may be selected in a manner of one recovery unit handle per recovery group, so as to write data in units of word lines (e.g., full word lines). Logic 880 may select one or more recovery units 814 to accommodate one or more write throttling goals. For example, a host may attempt to limit the number of recovery unit handles on one or more recovery groups to meet one or more bandwidth limitations that may be less than the total number of recovery groups available (e.g., for maximum bandwidth). Each of the various logic components shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 may have independent utility and may be implemented independently without any of the other logic components. Thus, some embodiments may omit one or more of the logic components or may include other logic components. In some embodiments, various combinations of the logic components may provide synergistic results. FIG. 9A shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme with reference modification in a first data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 9B shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 9A in a second data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 9C shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 9A in a third data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 9D shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 9A in a fourth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, and / or 9D may be collectively referred to as and / or may be individually referred to as FIG. 9. The embodiment shown in FIG. 9 may include a host 902 and a storage device 904 that communicate using a communication connection 905. The storage device 904 may include a controller 926 (which may control the overall operation of the storage device 904) and a storage medium that includes recovery units 914 arranged in one or more recovery groups 918. One recovery group 918, referred to as recovery group 0, is shown in FIG. 9, but the recovery units 914 may be arranged in any number of recovery groups 918. For illustrative purposes, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, recovery group 0 may include five recovery units 914 identified as RU 0, RU 1, RU 2, RU 3, and RU 4, and each of RU 0, RU 1, RU 2, RU 3, and RU 4 may have a storage capacity of five data pages, but recovery units of any number and / or size may also be used. For example, in an actual implementation, a recovery unit may include one, two, four, or more erase blocks, and each of the erase blocks may have a storage capacity measured in megabytes or gigabytes and a page size measured in kilobytes. One or more recycle unit handles 936 may reference corresponding recycle units 914. For example, as shown in FIG. 9A, the first recycle unit handle 936, identified as recycle unit handle 0 (or RUH 0), may reference RU 1 as indicated by arrow 917. The second recycle unit handle 936, identified as recycle unit handle 1 (RUH 1), may reference RU 4 as indicated by arrow 919a. Referring to FIG. 9A, storage device 904 may be shown in an initial state in which, as indicated by the diagonal shading of RU 1 and RU 4, two data pages may be stored in recycle unit 914 identified as RU 1, and four data pages may be stored in recycle unit 914 identified as RU 4. Host 902 may use communication connection 905 to send write command 930 and data page 921 (or an address, pointer, or other indicator of the location of data page 921) to storage device 904. Command 930 may include a placement identifier 934, and placement identifier 934 may include a recycle group identifier 915 and / or a recycle unit handle 936. In the example shown in FIG. 9, recycle group identifier 915 and recycle unit handle 936 may instruct storage device 904 to store data page 921 at recycle unit 914 referenced by recycle unit handle 1 in recycle group 0. In some embodiments, command 930 and / or placement identifier 934 may use different techniques to specify the recycle unit to which data page 921 is to be written. For example, command 930 and / or placement identifier 934 may include, for example, a placement handle that can specify a recycle unit handle as shown in the embodiments described with reference to FIG. 4, rather than directly providing recycle unit handle 936. Referring to FIG. 9B, controller 926 may receive write command 930 and / or data page 921. Based on recycle group identifier 915 and recycle unit handle 936 in placement identifier 934 included in write command 930, controller 926 may determine that data page 921 should be stored in recycle unit 914 referenced by recycle unit handle 1 in recycle group 0. In the example shown in FIG. 9B, recycle unit handle 1 may reference recycle unit 914 identified as RU 4, and thus, controller 926 may store data page 921 in RU 4 as shown in FIG. 9C. Referring to FIG. 9D, data page 921 may have filled recycle unit 914, represented as RU 4 (as indicated by diagonal shading). Thus, as indicated by arrow 919b, controller 926 may modify recycle unit handle 1 to reference a different (e.g., empty) recycle unit 914 within recycle group 0, such as RU 2. Controller 926 may then continue to fill RU 2 with data received from host using write command 930, which specifies recycle unit handle 1 in placement identifier 934. Figure 10 shows an embodiment of an initial isolation scheme of a flexible data placement scheme for a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment shown in Figure 10 may include three reclaim unit handles 1036 identified as RUH X, RUH Y, and RUH Z. The reclaim unit handle RUH X currently may reference a reclaim unit 1014 identified as RU A. The reclaim unit RU A may be partially filled with data (as shown by a single diagonal shading with a line extending from the upper right to the lower left). The reclaim unit handle RUH X may have previously referenced reclaim units 1014' identified as RU A'_0, RU A'_1, and RU A'_2. For example, when the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' was referenced by RUH X, the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' may have been filled with data in a manner similar to the way the reclaim unit 314 (identified as RU 4) was filled with data when referenced by the reclaim unit handle 1 (RUH 1) (as shown in Figures 3B and 3C) (as shown by a single diagonal shading with a line extending from the upper right to the lower left). Although not currently referenced by RUH X, the previously referenced reclaim units RU A'_0, RU A'_1, and RU A'_2 may still be associated with RUH X, for example, using a data structure such as a reclaim unit association table. The reclaim unit handle RUH Y currently may reference a reclaim unit 1014 identified as RU B. The reclaim unit RU B may be partially filled with data (as shown by diagonal cross-hatching). The reclaim unit handle RUH Y may have previously referenced reclaim units 1014' identified as RU B'_0, RU B'_1, and RU B'_2. For example, when the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' was referenced by RUH Y, the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' may have been filled with data (as shown by diagonal cross-hatching). Similarly, the reclaim unit handle RUH Z currently may reference a reclaim unit 1014 identified as RU C. The reclaim unit RU C may be partially filled with data (as shown by a single diagonal shading with a line extending from the upper left to the lower right). The reclaim unit handle RUH Z may have previously referenced reclaim units 1014' identified as RU C'_0, RU C'_1, and RU C'_2. For example, when the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' was referenced by RUH Z, the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' may have been filled with data (as shown by a single diagonal shading with a line extending from the upper left to the lower right). In some embodiments, a controller within a storage device may perform one or more operations (e.g., maintenance operations) on data stored in a previously referenced reclaim unit 1014'. For example, some or all of the data stored in the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' may be deallocated (e.g., by a host), resulting in unused storage capacity in the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014'. This is illustrated in FIG. 10, in which the portion of the previously referenced reclaim unit 1014' containing deallocated (e.g., invalid) data is shaded with relatively thin lines. In some embodiments, the controller may perform one or more maintenance operations so that the unused storage capacity in a previously applied reclaim unit 1014' can be erased, reused, repurposed, and / or undergo similar operations. For example, the controller may perform a garbage collection operation in which valid data (e.g., data that has not been deallocated) in one or more of the previously referenced reclaim units 1014' is copied to different reclaim units so that the one or more of the previously referenced reclaim units 1014' can be erased and reused. The embodiment shown in FIG. 10 may implement an initial isolation scheme in which data written to reclaim units currently or previously referenced by different reclaim unit handles 1036 may be initially isolated from each other. (In some embodiments, if a reclaim unit storing data only includes data written to the reclaim unit using the same reclaim unit handle, the data may be considered isolated.) Thus, reclaim units RU A, RU A'_0, RU A'_1, and RU A'_2 may only include data written when those reclaim units are referenced by RUH X. Similarly, reclaim units RU B, RU B'_0, RU B'_1, and RU B'_2 may only include data written when those reclaim units are referenced by RUH Y, and reclaim units RU C, RU C'_0, RU C'_1, and RU C'_2 may only include data written when those reclaim units are referenced by RUH Z. However, as part of the controller operation, data from the memory units written using different memory unit handles can be combined in a single memory unit. This is illustrated in FIG. 10, where the controller can read valid data from the previously referenced memory units RU A'_0, RU B'_0, and RU C'_0 and write the valid data to a memory unit 1082 identified as RU α. Since the valid data copied from the previously referenced memory units RU A'_0, RU B'_0, and RU C'_0 can be the last remaining valid data in one or more of those memory units, one or more of the memory units RU A'_0, RU B'_0, and / or RU C'_0 can be erased, for example, as part of a garbage collection operation, to be reused to store other data. Memory units that have been erased (e.g., have undergone garbage collection) can be removed from the memory unit association table that may have listed the memory units. In some embodiments, the isolation scheme shown in FIG. 10 can be referred to as an initial isolation scheme because data written using different memory unit handles 1036 can be initially isolated in different memory units but can ultimately be combined, for example, by subsequent operations such as garbage collection operations, media management operations (e.g., reprogramming, read disturbance), and / or similar operations. In some embodiments, the isolation scheme shown in FIG. 10 can be referred to as a host isolation scheme because the host can determine (e.g., using the memory unit handle) the placement of data in the isolated memory units. Table 1 Although one memory group 1018 is shown in FIG. 10, the memory units 1014 can be arranged in any number of memory groups. In some embodiments, data from memory units in different memory groups (e.g., valid data from previously referenced memory units in different memory groups) can be combined in the same memory unit. FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of a continuous isolation scheme of a flexible data placement scheme of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment shown in FIG. 11 can include three memory unit handles 1136 identified as RUH X, RUH Y, and RUH Z, which can be used to write data to currently referenced memory units 1114 and / or previously referenced memory units 1114' in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 10. However, compared to the embodiments described above with reference to FIG. 10, the isolation scheme shown in FIG. 11 may involve more isolation of data written using different recycle unit handles. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, in the controller operation that may move data from the previously referenced recycle unit 1114', data written using different recycle unit handles may not be combined in a single recycle unit. This is shown in FIG. 11, where the controller may read valid data from the previously referenced recycle units RU A'_0, RU A'_1, and / or RU A'_2 that are written using the same recycle unit handle RUH X (e.g., only from) and may write the valid data to the recycle unit 1182 identified as RU α. However, in some embodiments, the recycle unit RU α may not be able to receive data from recycle units written using other recycle handles such as RUH Y and / or RUH Z. Similarly, the controller may read valid data from the previously referenced recycle units RU B'_0, RU B'_1, and / or RU B'_2 that are written using the same recycle unit handle RUH Y (e.g., only from) and may write the valid data to the recycle unit 1182 identified as RU β. The controller may also read valid data from the previously referenced recycle units RU C'_0, RU C'_1, and / or RU C'_2 that are written using the same recycle unit handle RUH Z (e.g., only from) and may write the valid data to the recycle unit 1182 identified as RU γ. Thus, in some embodiments, the data written to one or more of the recycle units 1182 may be read from one or more recycle units written using the same recycle unit handle (e.g., only from the one or more recycle units). If the valid data read from any of the previously referenced recycle units 1114' is the last remaining valid data in the recycle unit, the recycle unit may be erased, for example, as part of a garbage collection operation, to be reused to store other data. In some embodiments, the isolation scheme shown in FIG. 11 may be referred to as a persistent isolation scheme because the isolation between data written using different recycle unit handles may continue to include one or more garbage collection operations and / or other controller operations in addition to, for example, write operations and / or deallocation operations. In some embodiments, the isolation scheme shown in FIG. 11 may be referred to as a fully isolated scheme or a totally isolated scheme because the isolation between data written using different recycle unit handles may persist throughout the entire life cycle of the data in the storage device. Although a reclaim group 1118 may be shown in FIG. 11, the reclaim unit 1114 may be arranged in any number of reclaim groups. In some embodiments, data from reclaim units in different reclaim groups (e.g., valid data from the previously referenced reclaim units in different reclaim groups) may be combined in the same reclaim unit. As described above, a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may perform data operations based on requests rather than write commands. For example, the storage device may receive a request for a cleaning operation. The request may be associated with an indication related to data locality in a storage medium (e.g., a reclaim unit handle, a reclaim group, and / or a similar device). In some embodiments, the storage device may perform the requested data operation in a manner that may be affected by one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device. For example, the storage device may adjust the timing, order, and / or similar elements of the requested cleaning operation to accommodate busy reclaim units, avoid reclaim units that may have a relatively small number of valid estimated P / E cycles remaining within their expected lifetimes, and / or achieve similar effects. In some exemplary embodiments, the storage device may receive a request for a cleaning operation (e.g., a cleaning command), and the request may include an indication of two or more reclaim units (e.g., at least one placement identifier, a reclaim group identifier, a placement handle, a reclaim unit handle identifier, a reclaim unit handle, a reclaim group, and / or a similar indication). For illustrative purposes, in an exemplary embodiment, the storage device may receive a cleaning command that may identify two reclaim groups (RG 0 and RG 1) and three reclaim unit handles (RUH 0, RUH 1, and RUH 3) in each of RG 0 and RG 1. Thus, the cleaning command may request a cleaning operation on six reclaim units. In a case where there is no ongoing operation on any of the six reclaim units when the storage device receives the cleaning command (e.g., none of the six reclaim units are busy), the storage device may execute the cleaning command by cleaning all six reclaim units in parallel, by cleaning each of the six reclaim units sequentially (e.g., one reclaim unit at a time), by cleaning each of the three reclaim units in each reclaim group sequentially but cleaning the two reclaim groups in parallel (e.g., two reclaim units at a time), or in any other way that may be independent of the ongoing operations and / or conditions of any of the six reclaim units. However, if one or more of the six reclaim units are busy with an ongoing operation (e.g., read, write, erase, garbage collection, and / or similar operations), the storage device can change the timing, order, and / or similar elements of the cleaning operation so that the one or more busy reclaim units can complete the ongoing operation. For example, if in the absence of busy reclaim units, the storage device would clean all reclaim units in parallel, and when the storage device receives a cleaning command, RUH 3 in RG 1 is busy with an ongoing erase operation, the storage device can delay the cleaning operation for the reclaim units in RG 1 so that the erase operation can be completed. FIG. 12A shows a first exemplary embodiment of cleaning command execution for a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12A, time can progress from left to right. Reclaim units (RG 0_RUH 0), (RG 0_RUH 1), and (RG 0_RUH 3) can represent the reclaim units in RG 0 referenced by RUH 0, RUH 1, and RUH 3 respectively, and reclaim units (RG 1_RUH 0), (RG 1_RUH 1), and (RG 1_RUH 3) can represent the reclaim units in RG 1 referenced by RUH 0, RUH 1, and RUH 3 respectively. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12A, the reclaim groups RG 0 and RG 1 can be constructed using separate NVM dies, but other arrangements can also be used. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12A, when the storage device receives a cleaning command requesting a cleaning operation for six reclaim units, at time t 0 there may be no ongoing operation being performed on any of the reclaim units. Therefore, the storage device can clean the all size reclaim units in parallel until time t 2 is reached. FIG. 12B shows a second exemplary embodiment of cleaning command execution for a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment shown in FIG. 12B can be constructed using a storage device similar to the storage device shown in FIG. 12A. However, when the storage device receives a cleaning command requesting a cleaning operation for six reclaim units, the reclaim unit (RG 0_RUH 3) may be undergoing a read operation at time t 0 Therefore, the storage device can delay the cleaning operation for the reclaim units in RG 1 until time t 1up to such that the read operation on (RG 0_RUH 3) can continue. The storage device can perform a cleaning operation on (RG 1_RUH 0), (RG 1_RUH 1), and (RG 1_RUH 3) in parallel with the read operation on (RG 0_RUH 3), and the cleaning operation can be completed at time t 2 be completed. At time t 1 at, the read operation on (RG 0_RUH 3) can be completed, and the storage device can start a cleaning operation on (RG 0_RUH 0), (RG 0_RUH 1), and (RG 0_RUH 3), and the cleaning operation can be completed at time t 3 be completed. FIG. 13A shows a third exemplary embodiment of the execution of a cleaning command of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment shown in FIG. 13A can be constructed using a storage device similar to the storage device shown in FIG. 12A. However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A, when the storage device receives a cleaning command requesting a cleaning operation on the six recovery units, in the case where there is no ongoing operation on any of the recovery units at time t 0 at, the storage device can sequentially clean each of the three recovery units in each recovery group but can clean two recovery groups in parallel (e.g., two recovery units at a time). Therefore, the storage device can clean (RG 0_RUH 0) and (RG 1_RUH 0) in parallel between time t 0 and t 1 between, clean (RG 0_RUH 1) and (RG 1_RUH 1) in parallel between time t 1 and t 2 between, and clean (RG 0_RUH 3) and (RG 1_RUH 3) in parallel between time t 2 and t 3 between. FIG. 13B shows a fourth exemplary embodiment of the execution of a cleaning command for a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment shown in FIG. 13B may be constructed using a storage device similar to the storage device shown in FIG. 13A. However, when the storage device receives a cleaning command requesting a cleaning operation on six reclaim units, the reclaim unit (RG 0_RUH 0) may be busy with an ongoing operation at time t 0 Therefore, the storage device may reorder the cleaning operations so that the ongoing operation on (RG 0_RUH 0) can be completed at time t 2 before (RG 0_RUH 0) is cleaned. Specifically, the storage device may clean (RG 0_RUH 1) between time t 0 and t 1 , clean (RG 0_RUH 3) between time t 1 and t 2 , and clean (RG 0_RUH 0) between time t 2 and t 3 . Some embodiments of a storage device implementing a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may implement a cleaning command that may be associated with an indication of one or more reclaim groups and / or one or more reclaim unit handles. The cleaning command may perform a cleaning operation on one or more reclaim units in one or more reclaim groups and / or indicated by the one or more reclaim unit handles (e.g., portions of storage media in a storage drive). In some embodiments, the cleaning operation may involve erasing the one or more reclaim units. In some embodiments, the cleaning operation may further involve rewriting at least a portion of the one or more reclaim units with data such as zeros, random data, scrambled data, and / or similar data. In some embodiments, the cleaning command may be accompanied by a list of one or more LBAs, while in some other embodiments, the cleaning command may not be accompanied by an LBA list. In some embodiments in which a sanitization command may be accompanied by an indication of one or more reclaim groups and / or one or more reclaim unit handles instead of an LBA list, the storage device may perform a sanitization operation (e.g., by erasing the one or more reclaim units) on the one or more reclaim units in the one or more reclaim groups and / or indicated by the one or more reclaim unit handles (e.g., portions of the storage media in a storage drive). In some embodiments, the storage device may further rewrite at least a portion of the one or more reclaim units with data such as zeros, random data, scrambled data, and / or the like. If the sanitization command is used with a reclaim unit handle of an initial isolation type, the storage device may perform a sanitization operation on the one or more reclaim units that may currently be referenced by the reclaim unit handle (e.g., only one or more reclaim units). If the sanitization command is used with a reclaim unit handle of a persistent isolation type, the storage device may perform a sanitization operation only on the one or more reclaim units that may currently be and / or may previously have been referenced by the reclaim unit handle. As an alternative or in addition, in some embodiments in which a sanitization command may not be accompanied by an LBA list, the storage device may be provided with an indication of one or more reclaim groups instead of reclaim unit handles. In such embodiments, the storage device may perform a sanitization operation on the one or more reclaim groups (e.g., on the one or more complete reclaim groups). In some embodiments in which a sanitization command may be accompanied by a list of one or more LBAs and one or more reclaim groups and / or one or more reclaim unit handles, the storage device may perform a check (e.g., an error check) based on the LBA list and the one or more reclaim groups and / or the one or more reclaim unit handles. For example, prior to performing a sanitization operation, the storage device may determine whether the one or more LBAs on the list are the only LBAs in the one or more reclaim groups and / or the one or more reclaim units indicated by the one or more reclaim unit handles. In some embodiments, if the one or more reclaim groups and / or the one or more reclaim unit handles include one or more LBAs that are not in the LBA list, the storage device may not perform a sanitization operation, or may perform a sanitization operation on the LBAs that are in the LBA list and are also in the one or more reclaim groups and / or the one or more reclaim units indicated by the one or more reclaim unit handles. In some embodiments, if the storage device does not perform a sanitization operation on at least a portion of the reclaim units in the indicated reclaim groups and / or indicated by the one or more reclaim unit handles, the storage device may incorrectly complete the sanitization command. In some embodiments in which a sanitization command may be accompanied by a list of one or more LBAs, if the sanitization command is used with a reclaim unit handle of an initial isolation type, the storage device may perform a check on the reclaim unit that may currently be referenced by the RUH associated with the sanitization command (e.g., only one reclaim unit). In some embodiments where a trim command may be accompanied by a list of one or more LBAs, if the trim command is used with a reclaim unit handle of a persistent isolation type, the storage device may perform a check on one or more reclaim units that may currently be and / or may previously have been referenced by the reclaim unit handle associated with the trim command. As an alternative or in addition, in some embodiments where a trim command may be accompanied by a list of LBAs and an indication of one or more reclaim groups and / or one or more reclaim unit handles, if the storage device determines that one or more of the reclaim units in the one or more reclaim groups and / or indicated by the one or more reclaim unit handles are or are not in the LBA list, the storage device may move or copy (e.g., move or copy to a different reclaim unit) the LBAs that are not in the LBA list before performing the trim operation. In some such embodiments, the storage device may move or copy the LBAs that are not in the LBA list regardless of whether the LBAs that are not in the list are in a reclaim unit currently referenced by an associated reclaim unit handle (e.g., for an initially isolated type and / or persistent isolation type of reclaim unit handle) or previously referenced by an associated reclaim unit handle (e.g., for a persistent isolation type of reclaim unit handle). As an alternative or in addition, some embodiments may adjust the timing, order, and / or similar aspects of a requested trim operation to accommodate one or more reclaim units that may be in a state with relatively low or relatively high wear (which may take more or less time to trim). FIG. 14 shows another embodiment of a storage device with flexible data placement in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The storage device 1404 shown in FIG. 14 may include a storage medium 1413 and a controller 1426. The storage medium 1413 may include two or more reclaim units 1414. In some embodiments, some or all of the reclaim units 1414 may be arranged in reclaim groups. The controller 1426 may include data operation logic 1484, and the data operation logic 1484 may receive any type of data operation request, such as requests for write operations (e.g., write commands, write zeros, write ones, write uncorrectable, and / or similar operations), copy operations, deallocation operations (e.g., unmapping, trimming, and / or similar operations), trim operations, erase operations, format operations, compare-and-write operations, and / or similar operations. The data operation logic 1484 may receive the data operation requests, for example, using the communication interface 1428. In some embodiments, a data operation request may include an indication related to data locality in a storage medium (such as a reclaim unit handle, a reclaim group, and / or similar devices). Based on receiving a data operation request having an indication related to data locality in a storage medium, data operation logic 1484 may perform corresponding data operations based on one or more operations and / or conditions of the storage device, such as performing corresponding data operations on one or more of the reclaim units 1414. For example, as described above with reference to FIGS. 12A, 12B, 13A, and / or 13B, data operation logic 1484 may receive a trim command and perform a trim operation on one or more of the reclaim units 1414. Any of the storage devices, storage media, and / or similar devices disclosed herein may be constructed using any type of non-volatile storage medium based on solid-state media, magnetic media, optical media, and / or similar media. For example, in some embodiments, a compute storage device may be constructed as a solid-state drive (SSD) based on NAND flash memory, a persistent memory such as a crossbar non-volatile memory, a memory with resistive change in the body, a phase change memory (PCM), and / or similar memories, or any combination thereof. Any connector configuration such as Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) (Serial ATA, SATA), Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), U.2, and / or similar configurations may be used to construct any of the storage devices disclosed herein in any form factor such as 3.5 inches, 2.5 inches, 1.8 inches, M.2, Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor (EDSFF), NF1, and / or similar form factors. Any of the storage devices disclosed herein may be constructed in whole or in part using a server chassis, a server rack, a data room, a data center, an edge data center, a mobile edge data center, and / or any combination thereof and / or may be used in conjunction with a server chassis, a server rack, a data room, a data center, an edge data center, a mobile edge data center, and / or any combination thereof. Any one of the hosts disclosed in this document can be constructed using: any component or combination of components, such as a computing server, a storage server, a network server, a cloud server, and / or similar servers; nodes, such as storage nodes; computers, such as workstations, personal computers, tablets, smartphones, and / or similar devices; or multiple of them and / or combinations thereof. Any one of the communication connections and / or communication interfaces disclosed herein may be constructed using any type of interface and / or protocol, leveraging one or more interconnections, one or more networks, a network composed of networks (e.g., the Internet), and / or similar technologies, or a combination thereof.Examples may include Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe), NVMe, NVMe-over-fabric (NVMe-oF), Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP), Direct Memory Access (DMA), Remote DMA (RDMA), RDMA over Converged Ethernet (ROCE), FibreChannel, InfiniBand, Serial ATA (SATA), Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), Internet Wide Area RDMA Protocol (iWARP), Compute Express Link (CXL), and / or coherent protocols (such as CXL.mem, CXL.cache, CXL.IO, and / or similar protocols, Gen-Z, Open Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (OpenCAPI), Cache Coherent Interconnect for Accelerators (CCIX), and / or similar protocols), Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI), any generation of wireless network including 2nd generation (2G), 3rd generation (3G), 4th generation (4G), 5th generation (5G), 6th generation (6G), and / or similar networks, any generation of wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, near-field communication (NFC), and / or similar technologies, or any combination thereof. Any of the functionality described herein (including any of host functionality, storage device functionality, and / or similar functionality (e.g., any of storage device controllers, logic, and / or similar functionality)) can be constructed using hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof that executes instructions stored in any type of memory, the hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof including, for example, hardware and / or software combination logic, timing logic, timers, counters, registers, state machines, volatile memory (such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and / or static random access memory (SRAM)), non-volatile memory (including flash memory, persistent memory (such as crossbar non-volatile memory), memory with body resistance change, PCM, and / or similar memory, and / or any combination thereof), complex programmable logic device (CPLD), field programmable gate array (FPGA), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), central processing unit (CPU) (including complex instruction set computer (CISC) processors (such as x86 processors) and / or reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors (such as advanced RISC machine (ARM) processors), graphics processing unit (GPU), neural processing unit (NPU), tensor processing unit (TPU), and / or similar processing devices. In some embodiments, one or more components can be constructed as a system-on-chip (SOC). In embodiments implemented at least in part using a storage device having a flash translation layer (FTL), any of the functionality described herein (e.g., any of storage device controllers, logic, and / or similar functionality) can be constructed at least in part using the FTL. FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a host device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, and the host device can be used to construct any one of the host functionalities disclosed herein. The host device 1500 shown in FIG. 15 may include a processor 1502, and the processor 1502 may include a memory controller 1504, a system memory 1506, a host control logic 1508, and / or a communication interface 1510. Any or all of the components shown in FIG. 15 may communicate via one or more system buses 1512. In some embodiments, one or more of the components shown in FIG. 15 may be constructed using other components. For example, in some embodiments, the host control logic 1508 may be constructed by the processor 1502 that executes instructions stored in the system memory 1506 or other memory. FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, and the storage device can be used to construct any one of the storage device functionalities disclosed herein. The storage device 1600 may include a device controller 1602, a media translation layer 1604 (e.g., FTL), a storage medium 1606, a feature logic 1616 (which can be used, for example, to construct any one of the logics disclosed in FIGS. 7 and / or 8), and a communication interface 1610. The components shown in FIG. 16 may communicate via one or more device buses 1612. In some embodiments where flash memory is used for some or all of the storage medium 1606, the media translation layer 1604 may be partially or fully constructed as a flash translation layer (FTL). FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of a method for flexible data placement of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The method may begin at operation 1702. At operation 1704, the method may receive a write command at the storage device, where the storage device may include at least one storage medium, and the write command may indicate a recycle unit handle of the at least one storage medium. For example, the recycle unit handle may be indicated by a recycle unit handle identifier (e.g., the recycle unit handle 436 may be indicated by the recycle unit handle identifier 440 shown in FIG. 4), the recycle unit handle identifier may be indicated by a placement handle (e.g., the placement handle 416 shown in FIG. 4), and the placement handle may in turn be included in a placement identifier that the write command may include (e.g., the placement handle 416 may be indicated by the placement identifier 434 included in the write command 430). At operation 1706, the method may perform a selection of a recovery unit for the at least one storage medium based on a recovery unit handle and based on an operation or condition of the storage device. For example, the selection may be based on a recovery unit handle (e.g., recovery unit handle 436 shown in FIG. 4) and based on an operation of the storage device (e.g., a write operation, a read operation, or an erase operation), a command queue state, a programming state, a write buffer state, and / or a similar state (e.g., constructed by logic 754 shown in FIG. 7) or based on a condition of the storage device (e.g., wear condition of a recovery unit, an open block timer, and / or a similar device) (e.g., constructed by logic 764 shown in FIG. 7) to select a recovery unit (e.g., recovery unit 414 shown in FIG. 4). At operation 1708, the method may store data to a recovery unit (e.g., the recovery unit selected by recovery unit selection logic 752 shown in FIG. 7) based on a write command. The method may end at operation 1710. The embodiment shown in FIG. 17 and all other embodiments described herein are exemplary operations and / or components. In some embodiments, some operations and / or components may be omitted, and / or other operations and / or components may be included. Additionally, in some embodiments, the temporal order and / or the spatial order of the operations and / or components may be varied. Although some components and / or operations may be shown as separate components, in some embodiments, some components and / or operations shown separately may be integrated into a single component and / or operation, and / or some components and / or operations shown as a single component and / or operation may be constructed using multiple components and / or operations. Some of the embodiments disclosed above have been described in the context of various implementation details, but the principles of this disclosure are not limited to those or any other specific details. For example, some functionality has been described as being implemented by certain components, but in other embodiments, the functionality may be distributed among different systems and components located in different positions and having various user interfaces. Some embodiments have been described as having specific processes, operations, etc., but such terms also encompass embodiments in which a specific process, operation, etc. can be implemented using multiple processes, operations, etc. or embodiments in which multiple processes, operations, etc. can be integrated into a single process, step, etc. A reference to a component or element may refer only to a part of the component or element. For example, a reference to a block may refer to the entire block or one or more sub-blocks. A reference to a component or element may refer to one or more of the component or element, and a reference to a plurality of components or elements may refer to a single component or element. For example, a reference to a resource may refer to a plurality of resources, and a reference to a resource may refer to a single resource. Unless otherwise apparent in the context, terms such as "first" and "second" used in this disclosure and the claims may be used only to distinguish the elements modified by the terms and may not indicate any spatial or temporal order. In some embodiments, a reference to an element may refer to at least a part of the element, e.g., "based on" may refer to "at least partially based on" and / or the like. A reference to a first element may not imply the existence of a second element. The principles disclosed herein have independent utility and can be implemented separately, and not every embodiment can utilize every principle. However, the principles can also be implemented in various combinations, some of which can synergistically amplify the benefits of the individual principles. According to the inventive principles disclosed in this patent, various details and embodiments described above can be combined to produce additional embodiments. Since the inventive principles disclosed in this patent can be arranged and detailed modified without departing from the concept of the invention, such changes and modifications are considered to fall within the scope of the following claims. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6: Data 2a: First Part / First Part Data 2b: Second Part / Second Part Data 6a: First Part 6b: Second Part 7a, 8a, 9a: First Part Data 7b, 8b, 9b: Second Part Data 102, 202, 902: Host 104, 204, 304, 504, 704, 804, 904, 1404, 1600: Storage Device 105, 205, 905: Communication Connection 106, 212, 412: NVM Subsystem 108: Block / Memory Block 108a: Memory Block / First Memory Block 108b, 108c, 108d, 108e, 208: Memory Block 110: Superblock 214, 414, 714, 814, 914, 1014, 1014', 1082, 1114, 1114', 1182, 1414, (RG 0_RUH 0), (RG 0_RUH 1), (RG 0_RUH 3), (RG 1_RUH 0), (RG 1_RUH 1), (RG 1_RUH 3), RU 0, RU 1, RU 2, RU 3, RU 4, RU A, RU A'_0, RU A'_1, RU A'_2, RU B, RU B'_0, RU B'_1, RU B'_2, RU C, RU C'_0, RU C'_1, RU C'_2, RU α, RU β, RU γ: Recycling Unit 218, 318, 418, 518, 918, 1018, 1118: Recycling Group 236, 436, 936, 1036, 1136, RUH X, RUH Y, RUH Z: Recycling Unit Handle 320: NVM Device / Dual-Plane NVM Device 322, 522: Channel 324: Namespace / Shared Namespace 326: Storage Device Controller 328, 428, 528, 728, 1428, 1610: Communication Interface 415, 915: Recycling Group Identifier 416: Placement Handle 424, 524: Namespace 426, 526, 726, 926, 1426: Controller 430: Command / I / O Command / Write Command 432: Namespace Identifier 434, 934: Placement Identifier 438: Placement Handle List 440: Recycling Unit Handle (RUH) Identifier (RUH ID) 520: Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) Device 642, 644, 646, 650, 1702, 1704, 1706, 1708, 1710: Operation 648: Operation / Write Operation 713, 1413, 1606: Storage Medium 752: Selection Logic / Recycling Unit Selection Logic754, 756, 758, 760, 762, 764, 766, 768, 870, 872, 874, 876, 878, 880: Logic 917, 919a, 919b: Arrow 921: Data Page 930: Command / Write Command 1484: Data Manipulation Logic 1500: Host Device 1502: Processor 1504: Memory Controller 1506: System Memory 1508: Host Control Logic 1512: System Bus 1602: Device Controller 1604: Media Translation Layer 1612: Device Bus t 0 , t 1 , t 2 , t 3 : Time The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in all the figures, for illustrative purposes, elements having similar structures or functions may generally be represented by the same reference numeral or a portion thereof. Each figure is only intended to facilitate the illustration of various embodiments described herein. Each figure does not illustrate every aspect of the teachings disclosed herein and does not limit the scope of the claims. To prevent the drawings from becoming unclear, not all components, connections, and similar structures may be shown, and not all components may have reference numerals. However, by reading the drawings, the pattern of component configuration may be obvious. The accompanying drawings, together with this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and, together with the description, are used to explain the principles of the disclosure. FIG. 1A shows an embodiment of a data placement scheme of a storage device in a first data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 1B shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a second data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 1C shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a third data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 1D shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a fourth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 1E shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 1A in a fifth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 2A shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme of a storage device in a first data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 2B shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 2A in a second data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 2C shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 2A in a third data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 2D shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 2A in a fourth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme having a namespace corresponding to a reclaim group according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme having a reclaim unit handle according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a method of using a flexible data placement scheme to service a write command according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a storage device having flexible data placement according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a storage device having flexible data placement according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 9A shows an embodiment of a flexible data placement scheme with reference modification in a first data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 9B shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 9A in a second data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.FIG. 9C shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 9A in a third data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 9D shows an embodiment of the data placement scheme shown in FIG. 9A in a fourth data placement state according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 10 shows an embodiment of an initial isolation scheme of a flexible data placement scheme of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of a continuous isolation scheme of a flexible data placement scheme of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 12A shows a first exemplary embodiment of the execution of a cleanup command of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 12B shows a second exemplary embodiment of the execution of a cleanup command of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 13A shows a third exemplary embodiment of the execution of a cleanup command of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 13B shows a fourth exemplary embodiment of the execution of a cleanup command of a flexible data placement scheme according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 14 shows another embodiment of a storage device with flexible data placement according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 15 shows an exemplary embodiment of a host device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 16 shows an exemplary embodiment of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 17 shows an embodiment of a method for flexible data placement of a storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. 102: Host 104: Storage device 105: Communication connection 106: NVM subsystem 108: Block / memory block 108a: Memory block / First memory block 110: Superblock

Claims

1. An apparatus for storing data in a storage device, comprising: A storage device includes: at least one storage medium and a controller configured to control the at least one storage medium; wherein the controller is configured to: receive a write command, wherein the write command includes a namespace identifier and indicates a reclaim unit handle, wherein at least a portion of data on the storage device is managed based on the namespace identifier and a logical block address; translate the namespace identifier and the address into a set of reclaim unit handles on the storage device, the set of reclaim unit handles including at least one first reclaim unit handle indicating a first reclaim unit on the storage device and a second reclaim unit handle indicating a second reclaim unit on the storage device; perform selection of the second reclaim unit based on the translation of the reclaim unit handle of the write command and a conflict between the first reclaim unit and the write command; and store data in the second reclaim unit based on the selection of the second reclaim unit.

2. The device as described in claim 1, wherein: The at least one storage medium includes a first recycling group containing the first recycling unit and a second recycling group containing the second recycling unit; and the selection of the second recycling unit includes performing a selection of the second recycling group.

3. The device as described in claim 2, wherein: The selection of the second recycling unit is based on a namespace; and the namespace includes both the first recycling unit and the second recycling unit.

4. The device as described in claim 2, wherein: The controller is configured to receive a placement identifier along with the write command; the placement identifier includes a placement handle; and the selection of the second recycling unit is based on the placement handle.

5. The device as claimed in claim 4, wherein: The placement handle corresponds to the second recycling unit handle.

6. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command is based on the operation of the storage device, the operation of the storage device including at least one of a programmed operation of the at least one storage medium, a read operation of the at least one storage medium, or an erase operation of the at least one storage medium.

7. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command is based on the operation of the storage device, the operation of the storage device including command queuing operation for the at least one storage medium.

8. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command is based on the operation of the storage device, the operation of the storage device including the completion status of the programmed operation of the at least one storage medium.

9. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command is based on the operation of the storage device, the operation of the storage device including write buffering operations for the at least one storage medium.

10. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command is based on the operation of the storage device, the operation of the storage device including open block operation.

11. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command is based on the condition of the storage device, the condition of the storage device including at least a portion of the wear and tear of the at least one storage medium.

12. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determine the conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command based on the behavior of at least a portion of the at least one storage medium.

13. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to: receive an instruction from a host; and perform the selection of the recycling unit based on the instruction.

14. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the indication includes at least one of bandwidth information of the data or quality of service information of the data.

15. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the indication includes access information for the data.

16. The device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the indication includes allocation information for the data.

17. An apparatus for storing data in a storage device, comprising: At least one processor is configured to: select a recycling unit of at least one storage medium in the storage device, the selected recycling unit being used to store data; send a write command to a controller of the storage device, the write command including a namespace identifier and indicating a recycling unit handle of the recycling unit of the at least one storage medium, wherein the recycling unit handle is mapped to a set of recycling unit handles based on the namespace identifier, the set of recycling unit handles being selected by the storage device and including at least one first recycling unit handle indicating a first recycling unit of a first recycling group on the storage device and a second recycling unit handle indicating a second recycling unit of a second recycling group on the storage device, wherein at least a portion of the data on the storage device is managed based on the namespace identifier and logical block addresses; and send an instruction regarding the intention to store the data based on the write command, storing the data in the second recycling unit based on a conflict between the first recycling unit and the write command.

18. The device as claimed in claim 17, wherein the indication includes one or more of the following: bandwidth information of the data, quality of service information of the data, access information of the data, or allocation information of the data.

19. A storage device for storing data in a storage device, comprising: At least one storage medium; And a controller, configured to: control the at least one storage medium; Receive a data operation request, wherein the data operation request includes a namespace identifier and indicates a reclaim unit handle, wherein at least a portion of the data on the storage device is managed based on the namespace identifier and a logical block address; translate the namespace identifier and the reclaim unit handle of the data operation request into a set of reclaim unit handles on the storage device, the set of reclaim unit handles including at least a first reclaim unit handle indicating a first reclaim unit on the storage device and a second reclaim unit handle indicating a second reclaim unit on the storage device; and perform a data operation associated with the second reclaim unit based on the data operation request, wherein the data operation is based on the selection of the second reclaim unit, and the selection of the second reclaim unit is based on a conflict between the first reclaim unit and the write command.

20. The storage device of claim 19, wherein the data operation includes at least one of the following: a write operation, a read operation, a copy operation, a deallocation operation, a cleanup operation, an erase operation, a format operation, or a compare-and-write operation, and the logical block address is different from the namespace identifier.

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