A radiation sensing material

Abstract

A radiation sensing material is disclosed. This radiation sensing material is represented by the following formula (I): (M1'8-2aM2'a)(M”14-(4b / 3)M'''b)O24(X2-dcdX'nc-):M'''' Formula (I). Furthermore, an apparatus and application of the radiation sensing material represented by formula (I) are disclosed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to a radiation sensing material. This disclosure also relates to the apparatus, material, and use of the radiation sensing material. Prior Technology

[0002] Photochromism is considered a reversible color change of a chemical species between two forms that absorb electromagnetic radiation, with the two forms having different absorption spectra. That is, photochromism can be described as a reversible color change upon exposure to radiation. Photochromism is often used to describe compounds that undergo a reversible photochemical reaction, in which the intensity or wavelength of the absorption band in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum changes significantly. Reversible photochromic materials can be used in toys, cosmetics, clothing, and industrial applications. Besides photochromism, another possibility is that it can be a luminescent material. "Luminescence" refers to the property of a material to emit light without being heated. For example, luminescent materials can be used in lighting applications. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This disclosure provides a radiation sensing material. The radiation sensing material is represented by formula (I): (M1'8-2aM2'a)(M”14-(4b / 3)M'''b)O24(X2-dcdX'n c-):M'''' Formula (I) in, M1' represents a monovalent monatomic cation selected from Group 1 alkali metals in the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such cations; M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation selected from alkaline earth metals in Group 2 of the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such cations; "M" indicates a trivalent monoatomic cation or any combination of such cations selected from elements in Group 13 of the IUPAC periodic table; M''' represents a monatomic cation or any combination of such cations selected from elements in Group 14 of the IUPAC periodic table; X represents an anion of a halogen element selected from Group 1 of the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such anions; X' represents an anion of one or more chalcogenides selected from Group 16 of the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such anions; M'''' represents any combination of rare earth metals selected from the IUPAC periodic table, transition metals selected from the IUPAC periodic table, or Ba, Sr, Tl, Pb, or Bi, or such cations; or, wherein the M'''' system does not exist; and Values ​​of the a series ranging from 0.05 to 4; Values ​​from 1 to 10 in series b; The values ​​of c-series 1, 2, 3, or 4; d-values ​​greater than 0 to 2; n is a number that is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0004] This specification further discloses a device including the radiation sensing material.

[0005] This specification further discloses a material derived from the radiation sensing material.

[0006] This specification further discloses the use of the radiation sensing material for indicating the presence and / or intensity of ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, infrared radiation, near-infrared radiation and / or particle radiation.

[0007] This specification further discloses the use of the radiation sensing material as a light source in consumer computer products, in security devices, in detection, in imaging, in image acquisition, in displays, screen windows or touch screen solutions, in medicine, in drug development and / or in diagnostics.

[0008] This specification further discloses the use of the radiation sensing material in detecting diseases in antibodies or staining entities, in biomarker test kits, in screening platforms, and / or in combination with other materials. Simple Explanation of the Diagram

[0009] The accompanying drawings are provided to further understand the provided embodiments and form part of this specification. The illustrations, together with the following description, will help explain the above principles. In the drawings: Figures 1a and 1b show the results of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements; Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c show the results of the reflectance measurements; Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c show the results of tenebrescence color rise measurements; Figures 4a and 4b show the results of the photoluminescence measurements; Figures 5a and 5b show the results of the continuous emission measurement; Figure 6 shows the results of the thermoluminescence measurement; Figure 7 is a photograph of photochromic yellowing. Figure 8 shows photographs of near-infrared photochromism. Figures 9a, 9b and 10 show the results of the dual-excitation emission simulation test. Implementation

[0010] This disclosure relates to a radiation sensing material. The radiation sensing material is represented by the following formula (I): (M1'8-2aM2'a)(M”14-(4b / 3)M'''b)O24(X2-dcdX'n c-):M'''' Formula (I) in, M1' represents a monovalent monatomic cation selected from Group 1 of the alkali metals in the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such cations; M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation selected from alkaline earth metals in Group 2 of the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such cations; "M" indicates a trivalent monoatomic cation or any combination of such cations selected from elements in Group 13 of the IUPAC periodic table; M''' represents a monatomic cation or any combination of such cations selected from elements in Group 14 of the IUPAC periodic table; X represents an anion of a halogen element selected from Group 1 of the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such anions; X' represents an anion of one or more chalcogenides selected from Group 16 of the IUPAC periodic table, or any combination of such anions; M'''' represents a rare earth metal selected from the IUPAC periodic table, or a transition metal selected from the IUPAC periodic table, or a doped cation of Ba, Sr, Tl, Pb, or Bi, or any combination of such cations, or wherein the M'''' system does not exist; and Values ​​of the a series ranging from 0.05 to 4; Values ​​from 1 to 10 in series b; The values ​​of c-series 1, 2, 3, or 4; d-values ​​greater than 0 to 2; n is a number that is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0011] In one embodiment, a refers to a value from 0.05 to 4, or 0.1 to 4, or 0.2 to 4, or 0.3 to 4, or 0.4 to 3, 0.5 to 2, or 0.6 to 1. In one embodiment, a refers to a value from 0.2 to 2, or 0.28 to 1.5, or 0.28 to 1, or 0.3 to 1, or 0.32 to 0.8. In one embodiment, a refers to a value from 1 to 4, or 1.3 to 3, or 1.5 to 2.

[0012] In one embodiment, b is a value of 1 to 10, or 2 to 9, or 3 to 8, or 4 to 7, or 5 to 6, or 6.

[0013] In one implementation, c is a value of 1, 2, 3 or 4; or 1, 2 or 3; or 1 or 2.

[0014] In one implementation, d is a value greater than 0 to 2, or 0.05 to 2, or 0.1 to 2.

[0015] In one implementation, n is a value of 1, 2, 3 or 4.

[0016] In one embodiment, in equation (I), “dc” is at most 2. That is, the value of “dc” cannot be higher than 2.

[0017] In one implementation sample, The charge of M1' is 1+; The charge of M2” is 2+; The charge of M” is 3+; The charge of M''' is 4+; The charge of X is 1-; The charge of X' is 0.5- to 3.5-.

[0018] In one embodiment, the charge of X' is 1 to 3. In one embodiment, the charge of X' is 1, 2, or 3.

[0019] Radiation sensing materials can be ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, infrared radiation, near-infrared radiation and / or particle radiation sensing materials.

[0020] In one embodiment, the particle radiation is alpha radiation, beta radiation, neutron radiation, proton radiation, or any combination thereof.

[0021] Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 10 nm (30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz). The electromagnetic spectrum of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can be subdivided into several ranges defined by ISO standard ISO-21348, including ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultraviolet C (UVC). Generally, the wavelengths of UVA are considered to be 315 to 400 nm, UVB to 280 to 320 nm, and UVC to 100 to 290 nm. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.01 nm to 10 nm. Gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 0.000001 nm to 0.01 nm. Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 700 nm to 2500 nm. Near-infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 750 to 2500 nm. Radiation sensing materials can sense wavelengths ranging from 1 zm to 2500 nm, or 1 zm to 2000 nm, or 1 zm to 5 μm, or 1 zm to 3 μm, or 1 zm to 8 μm, or 1 zm to 15 μm, or 1 zm to 1 mm, or 1 fm to 2500 nm, or 1 fm to 2000 nm, or 1 fm to 5 μm, or 1 fm to 3 μm, or 1 fm to 8 μm, or 1 fm to 15 μm, or 1 fm to 1 mm, or 1 pm to 2500 nm, or 1 pm to 2000 nm, or 1 pm to 5 μm, or 1 pm to 3 μm, or 1 pm to 8 μm, or 1 pm to 15 μm, or 1 pm to 1 mm, or 0.01 nm to 2500 nm, or 1 nm to 2000 nm. Radiation with wavelengths ranging from 10 nm to 5 μm, or from 100 nm to 3 μm, or from 1 μm to 8 μm, or from 2 μm to 15 μm, or from 5 μm to 1 mm.

[0022] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material is a photochromic material. In another embodiment, the radiation sensing material is a photochromic material that changes color from white to yellow when exposed to radiation.

[0023] The inventors were surprised to discover that it was feasible to create a radiation-sensing material that could change color from white to yellow when exposed to radiation. The yellow color can be attributed to absorption in the UVA-green region of the electromagnetic spectrum (i.e., 350 to 580 nm).

[0024] The inventors were surprised to discover that the absorption at the F-center in radiation-sensing materials prepared using a substantial amount of calcium, for example, was not in the expected location. Ca²⁺ has a similar size to Na⁺, and can at least partially replace the structure of radiation-sensing materials. Therefore, one would expect the absorption band of the F-center in radiation-sensing materials containing a substantial amount of Ca²⁺ to be located in the same position as radiation-sensing materials containing only Na⁺, i.e., within the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus causing the material to appear purple. However, surprisingly, the presence of calcium may cause absorption at the F-center in the blue region of the spectrum, thus causing the material to appear yellow when exposed to radiation.

[0025] The inventors were surprised to discover that a second absorption band can be observed in the near-infrared (NIR) region, corresponding to the photochromic change in NIR radiation absorption after the radiation-sensing material is exposed to, for example, ultraviolet radiation. In one embodiment, the radiation-sensing material is a material that changes from a non-absorbent region to a near-infrared region that absorbs electromagnetic spectrum when exposed to radiation (e.g., ultraviolet radiation). In another embodiment, the radiation-sensing material is a material that absorbs radiation in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

[0026] The near-infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum is considered to range from 750 nm to 2500 nm. The inventors surprisingly discovered that this radiation-sensing material can be fabricated to absorb radiation in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. That is, the radiation-sensing material exhibits an absorption band in the near-infrared region.

[0027] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material is a luminescent material, a material that displays persistent luminescence, and / or a material that displays afterglow.

[0028] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material is a synthetic material. In another embodiment, the radiation sensing material is synthesized.

[0029] In this specification, unless otherwise specified, the term "monoatomic ion" should be understood as an ion composed of a single atom. If an ion contains more than one atom, even if these atoms belong to the same element, it should be understood as a polyatomic ion. Therefore, in this specification, unless otherwise specified, the term "monoatomic cation" should be understood as a cation composed of a single atom.

[0030] The result of exposure to radiation is that the radiation sensing material represented by equation (I) has the additional effect of changing its color from white to yellow.

[0031] In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr. In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr, or any combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of Na, Li, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr. In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of Na, Li, K, Rb, and Cs. In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of Li, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr. In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na.

[0032] In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na, or a monovalent monoatomic cation of Li, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr. In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na.

[0033] In one embodiment, M1' represents a combination of a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na with a monovalent monoatomic cation of Li, a monovalent monoatomic cation of K, a monovalent monoatomic cation of Rb, or a monovalent monoatomic cation of Cs. In another embodiment, M1' represents a combination of a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na and a monovalent monoatomic cation of K.

[0034] In one embodiment, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or Ra. In one embodiment, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or Ra, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra. In one embodiment, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra, or any combination thereof.

[0035] In one embodiment, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Be, or a divalent monoatomic cation of Mg, or a divalent monoatomic cation of Ca, or a divalent monoatomic cation of Sr, or a divalent monoatomic cation of Ba, or a divalent monoatomic cation of Ra. In one embodiment, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Ca.

[0036] In one embodiment, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na, and M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Ca. In another embodiment, M1' represents a combination of a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na and a monovalent monoatomic cation of K, and M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Ca.

[0037] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material contains 16 to 31 mol-% or 24 to 29 mol-% M1'.

[0038] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material contains 0.7 to 14 mol-% or 2 to 7 mol-% M2'.

[0039] In one embodiment, (M1'8-2aM2'a) contains 0 to 99.4 wt%, or 1 to 98 mol%, or 5 to 97 mol%, or 10 to 96 mol%, or 20 to 95 mol%, or 30 to 90 mol%, or 40 to 85 mol%, or 50 to 80 mol%, or 60 to 70 mol% of Na monatomic cations. In another embodiment, (M1'8-2aM2'a) contains 75 to 99 mol%, or 78 to 98 mol%, or 80 to 97.5 mol%, or 83 to 97 mol%, or 85 to 96 mol%, or 87 to 94 mol% of Na monatomic cations.

[0040] In one embodiment, M” represents a trivalent monoatomic cation selected from the group consisting of metals of Al and Ga, or a trivalent monoatomic cation of B, or any combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M” represents a trivalent monoatomic cation selected from the group consisting of metals of Al and Ga, or a combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M” represents a trivalent monoatomic cation of B.

[0041] In one embodiment, M''' represents a monatomic cation selected from the group consisting of Si and Ge, or a combination of such cations.

[0042] In one embodiment, X represents an anion selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, and At, or any combination of such anions. In one embodiment, X represents an anion selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I, or any combination of such anions. In one embodiment, X does not exist.

[0043] In one embodiment, X' represents an anion of an element selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, and Te, or any combination of such anions. In one embodiment, X' represents an anion of one or more elements selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, and Te, or any combination of such anions. In one embodiment, X' represents a monoatomic or polyatomic anion selected from one or more elements selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, and Te, or any combination of such anions. In one embodiment, X' represents the anion of S. In one embodiment, X' is (SO4)2-. In one embodiment, X' is absent.

[0044] In one embodiment, either X or X' exists, or both X and X' exist. In one embodiment, at least X' exists.

[0045] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material is doped with at least one transition metal ion. In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material is represented by formula (I), where M'''' represents a cation of a transition metal element selected from the IUPAC periodic table, or a cation of Ba, Sr, Tl, Pb, or Bi, or any combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a cation of an element from the group consisting of Yb, Er, Tb, and Eu, or a cation of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, W, and Zn, or any combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a cation of a transition metal element selected from the f-block of the IUPAC periodic table. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a cation of a transition metal element selected from the d-block of the IUPAC periodic table. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a cation of an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, W, and Zn, or any combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a Ti cation. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a dopant cation selected from rare earth metals in the IUPAC periodic table. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a cation selected from the group consisting of Yb, Er, Tb, and Eu, or any combination of such cations. In one embodiment, M'''' represents a combination of two or more dopant cations.

[0046] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material is represented by equation (I), where M'''' is absent. In this embodiment, the radiation sensing material is undoped.

[0047] In one embodiment, the radiation sensing material represented by formula (I) contains M'''' in an amount of 0.001 to 10 mol-%, or 0.001 to 5 mol-%, or 0.1 to 5 mol-%, based on the total amount of radiation sensing material.

[0048] Radiation sensing materials can be synthesized by means of the reactions taught by Norrbo et al. (Norrbo, I.; Głuchowski, P.; Paturi, P.; Sinkkonen, J.; Lastusaari, M., Persistent Luminescence of Tenebrescent Na8Al6Si6O24(Cl,S)2: Multifunctional Optical Markers. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 7717-7724), the above references being based on Armstrong & Weller (Armstrong, JA; Weller, JAStructural Observation of Photochromism. Chem. Commun. 2006, 1094-1096), but using different amounts of initial materials. For example, 3 Å or 4 Å molecular sieves or zeolite A; sulfates, such as Na₂SO₄ and / or Na₂SeO₃; and salts, such as CaCl₂, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, and / or RbCl, can be used as starting materials. Other examples of salts that can be used are: NaBr, NaI, CaBr₂, CaI₂, LiBr, LiI, KBr, KI, RbBr, RbI, CsBr, and CsI. By way of example only, the starting material may comprise 52.1 mol-% of 3 Å or 4 Å molecular sieves, 0.0 to 41.2 mol-% of NaCl, 2.2 to 43.4 mol-% of CaCl₂·6H₂O, and 4.5 mol-% of Na₂SO₄. At least one dopant may be added as an oxide, such as TiO₂, chloride, sulfide, bromide, phosphate, or nitrate. The material can be prepared as follows: 3 Å or 4 Å molecular sieves or zeolite A can be dried at 500 °C for 1 hour. The initial mixture is then heated in air to 850 °C for, for example, 2 hours, 5 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 ​​hours, or 72 hours. The product can then be allowed to cool freely to room temperature and ground. Finally, the product can be reheated at 850 °C for 2 hours in a flowing atmosphere of 12% H₂ + 88% N₂. If necessary, the prepared material can be washed with water to remove any excess impurities. Purity can be verified by X-ray powder diffraction measurement.

[0049] Molecular sieves are materials with uniformly sized pores or micropores. These pore sizes are similar to the size of small molecules, so large molecules cannot enter or be adsorbed, while smaller molecules can. The diameter of molecular sieves is measured in angstroms (Å) or nanometers (nm). The chemical formula of a 3Å molecular sieve is approximately ((K₂O)₂ / ₃(Na₂O)₁ / ₃)‧Al₂O₃‧2SiO₂‧9 / 2H₂O. A 4Å molecular sieve can be considered to have the chemical formula Na₂O‧Al₂O₃‧2SiO₂‧9 / 2H₂O.

[0050] This disclosure relates to devices comprising radiation-sensing materials as defined in this specification. Such devices may be sensors, detectors, or indicators.

[0051] The sensor can be either an active or passive sensor. An active sensor is a sensing device that requires an external power source to operate. Active sensors contrast with passive sensors, which detect and respond to some type of input from the physical environment. Passive sensors do not require an external power source to operate.

[0052] The detector can be an image detector. This image detector can be used, for example, as a detector based on radiation imaging technology. This detector can be used in industrial, non-destructive testing and / or welding imaging. This detector can also be used, for example, for point-of-care analysis or point-of-care testing. Point-of-care testing (POCT), also known as bedside testing, can be defined as medical diagnostic testing performed at or near the point of care, i.e., at the time and place of patient care. This is the opposite of testing, where all or most of the testing is confined to a medical laboratory, requiring the sample to be sent from the point of care and then waiting, for example, hours or days, for results.

[0053] This indicator can be applied, for example, to the label of a skin cream or sunscreen, where a color change serves as a reminder to the user to apply sunscreen. The material can also be used, for example, outside windows, to indicate the intensity of ultraviolet radiation before residents go outside. Radiation-sensing materials can also be mixed as powder into raw materials used in the production of plastic bottles, stickers, glass, and similar products, which will be supplied, for example, ultraviolet indicators. Radiation-sensing materials can also be used in clothing, for example, swimwear, where a color change may indicate excessive ultraviolet radiation, reminding the user to seek shade. Products containing radiation-sensing materials can also be envisioned as jewelry. Radiation-sensing materials can be used as the display part of meters, corrected for shadows.

[0054] The sensor, detector, or indicator is reusable. Radiation-sensing materials have the added benefit of their color being restored to colorless (white) by visible light or heating, i.e., decolorization, thus enabling their reuse. In other words, because radiation-sensing materials are reusable, the same sensor, detector, or indicator can be reused once or multiple times.

[0055] This disclosure relates to using radiation-sensing materials as defined in this specification as a light source in consumer products, safety devices, detection, imaging, image acquisition, displays, screens, windows, touch screen solutions, medicine, drug development, and / or diagnostics.

[0056] As disclosed in this specification, the radiation sensing material can be used to detect diseases, such as in antibodies or stains, in biomarker test kits, in screening platforms, and / or in combination with another material.

[0057] The light source can be selected from any group of displays, such as screens used to display alphanumeric and graphic information, backlight units, front light units, lighting elements, decorative elements, spatial applications, and fluorescent lamps. Ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, or gamma radiation in the space can be used as a light source to produce blue and red light or combinations thereof, for example, by embedding color and light into displays, head-up displays (HUDs), screens, or windows.

[0058] The security device can be selected from a group consisting of free ink, thread, paper, aluminum foil, hologram, and powder. The powder can be mixed with, for example, paint, polymers, and liquids. In one embodiment, the security device is used on banknotes, passports, or identity cards.

[0059] The safety device can be used in commercial products. It can also be used on works of art or historical artifacts.

[0060] This radiation-sensing material can be used to diagnose samples received from or directly diagnose human or animal bodies. The sample can be selected from groups consisting of bodily fluids, teeth, bones, and tissues. The sample may include blood, skin, tissues, and / or cells. The radiation-sensing material can be used for in vivo imaging or in vivo diagnostics. The imaging may be medical imaging.

[0061] This radiation-sensing material can also be used for imaging, such as stimulated emission elimination (STED) imaging, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging, or dynamic imaging.

[0062] This disclosure relates to the use of radiation sensing materials as defined in this specification for indicating ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, infrared radiation, near-infrared radiation, and / or particle radiation.

[0063] The radiation sensing material described in this specification has the ability to retain radiant energy, meaning that the radiation sensing material can capture the radiation it is exposed to. The retained radiation can be released from the radiation sensing material at a predetermined time point. The radiation sensing material may emit visible light due to changes, such as increasing or decreasing its temperature and / or as a result of optical stimulation.

[0064] A radiation-sensing material can be configured to retain radiation exposed thereto for a predetermined period of time. The radiation-sensing material can be set to release the retained radiation as visible light upon being subjected to heat treatment and / or light stimulation. The irradiated radiation can be retained in the radiation-sensing material for a predetermined period of time. This predetermined period of time can be at least 1 minute, or at least 2 minutes, or at least 5 minutes, or at least 10 minutes, or at least 15 minutes, or at least 0.5 hours, or at least 1 hour, or at least at least 2 hours, or at least 5 hours, or at least 6 hours, or at least 8 hours, or at least 12 hours, or at least 18 hours, or at least 24 hours, or at least 1 week, or at least 1 hour per month. The predetermined period of time can be up to 3 months, or up to 1 month, or up to 24 hours. The predetermined period of time can be from 1 minute to 3 months, or 10 minutes to 1 month, or 0.5 hours to 1 week. In one embodiment, the predetermined period of time is from 0.5 hours to 3 months.

[0065] Then, the radiation-sensing material can be stimulated, for example, by heat and / or light, to release retained radiation from the radiation-sensing material. Light stimulation of the radiation-sensing material may include applying electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 310 to 1400 nm to the radiation-sensing material. In one embodiment, the light stimulation of the radiation-sensing material includes applying visible light, ultraviolet radiation, and / or near-infrared radiation to the radiation-sensing material. The light stimulation of the radiation-sensing material can be achieved by using lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), micro-LEDs, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes (AMOLEDs), incandescent lamps, halogen lamps, any other light-stimulated light source, or any combination thereof.

[0066] This radiation-sensing material can be used in thermal luminescent dosimeters or optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters. Therefore, a device including the radiation-sensing material can be a thermal luminescent dosimeter or an optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter.

[0067] The amount of visible light emitted by the sensor material can be determined by optical imaging, photography, thermoluminescence, and / or photoluminescence. The amount of visible light emitted by the sensor material can be determined visually.

[0068] Radiation-sensing materials have the added benefit of displaying color intensity in proportion to the dose of radiation exposed, due to the radiation they are exposed to.

[0069] This radiation-sensing material can be used to determine the intensity of present radiation. For example, it can be used to represent the intensity of ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. The intensity of radiation can be measured by, for example, methods including: a) Provide the radiation sensing material disclosed in this specification; b) Apply radiation to the radiation sensing material provided in step a); c) Determine the color change of the material due to radiation; and d) Compare the material’s color with a reference that indicates the correlation between the radiation intensity and the color of the radiation-sensing material. Step c) can be performed by visually determining the change in material color. Reference could be, for example, a card or similar indicating the correlation between radiation intensity and the color intensity of the radiation-sensing material. The color intensity of the radiation-sensing material can be used to indicate a numerical value, such as the ultraviolet index.

[0070] Therefore, this disclosure relates to the use of a radiation-sensing material represented by formula (I) as disclosed in this specification, for indicating the amount or intensity of radiation present in the environment. This radiation-sensing material has the additional utility of changing color upon exposure to radiation. The intensity of the color depends on the amount of radiation (e.g., ultraviolet radiation) exposed to the radiation-sensing material. The color change of the radiation-sensing material can be based on photochromism. Radiation can induce color centers in the radiation-sensing material. The more radiation impacting the material, the more color centers are formed, resulting in a deeper color. In one embodiment, the radiation-sensing material is a photochromic material.

[0071] In use, the radiation sensing material can be exposed to radiation for a predetermined period of time, such as 0.01 seconds to 24 hours, or 0.05 seconds to 1 hour, or 0.1 seconds to 20 minutes, or 1 second to 10 minutes, or 5 seconds to 5 minutes, or 30 seconds to 1 minute. The permitted exposure time of the radiation sensing material may depend on the application in which it is used, and thus on the amount of radiation the material will be exposed to.

[0072] This disclosure relates to materials derived from the radiation sensing materials disclosed herein. That is, the radiation sensing materials disclosed herein can be used to derive or produce further materials.

[0073] Radiation sensing materials have the added utility of detecting the presence of radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, infrared radiation, near-infrared radiation, and / or particle radiation. Furthermore, the radiation sensing material has the added utility of indicating the intensity of radiation irradiating it.

[0074] Radiation sensing materials have the added benefit of being low-cost materials and can be used in different devices for various applications. [Example]

[0075] Various embodiments will now be discussed in detail, with examples shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0076] The following description discloses in detail some embodiments so that those skilled in the art can utilize them based on the disclosed embodiments. Not all steps or features of the embodiments are discussed in detail below, as many steps or features will be obvious to those skilled in the art. [Example 1 - Material Preparation]

[0077] In this embodiment, the radiation sensing material, represented by the formula Na8-x-yKxCay(AlSi)6O24(Cl,S)2 (where x = 0 to 6, y can vary and can be 0.28 to 1, and is 0.36 in this embodiment), is prepared as follows: 0.7 g of dry 3 Å molecular sieve (Purmol® 3ST from Zeochem), 0.06 g of dry Na2SO4, 0.197 g of dry NaCl, and 0.162 g of CaCl2‧6 H2O are measured, mixed, and ground. The mixture is placed in an alumina boat and heated at 850°C in air for 5 hours. Then, the mixture is reground and returned to the alumina boat for reduction. Reduction is carried out at 850°C for 2 hours under a flowing H2 / N2 atmosphere. The product is then ground again.

[0078] Radiation sensing materials represented by the formula Na8-2yCay(AlSi)6O24(Cl,S)2 (where y = 0.28 to 1) were prepared in a similar manner, except that 4Å molecular sieves (Purmol® 4ST from Zeochem) were used instead of 3Å molecular sieves.

[0079] Radiation sensing materials represented by the molecular formula Na8-2yCay(AlSi)6O24(Cl,S)2 (where y = 0.28 to 1) were prepared in a similar manner, except that zeolite A (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS # 1318-02-1) was used instead of 3Å molecular sieve. [Example 2 - Preparation of Different Materials]

[0080] The following materials were prepared using the following starting materials, as described in Example 1: [Example 3 - Preparation of Different Materials]

[0081] In this embodiment, a radiation sensing material represented by the formula Na7.32Ca0.34(AlSi)6O24(Cl,S)2 was prepared as follows: 0.4 g of dry NaAlO2, 0.3 g of SiO2, 0.06 g of dry Na2SO4, 0.199 g of dry NaCl, and 0.153 g of CaCl2·6H2O were ground together and placed in an autoclave containing approximately 20 ml of distilled water. The autoclave was placed in an oven at 180°C for 48 hours. The autoclave was cooled to room temperature, and the sample was then removed from the autoclave and dried at 100°C for 15 minutes. The resulting dry powder was ground and placed in an alumina boat for reduction. Reduction was carried out at 850°C for 2 hours under a flowing 12% H2 / 88% N2 atmosphere. After cooling, the product was collected. [Example 4 - Preparation of Different Materials]

[0082] The following materials were prepared using the following starting materials, as described in Example 3: [Example 5 - Testing the Sample of the Prepared Material]

[0083] The prepared material samples were tested in the following manner:

[0084] X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was measured using a Huber G670 detector and copper Kα1 radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å). See Figures 1a and 1b. The XRD patterns indicate that the increased calcium content reduces the sodalite type of the structure.

[0085] The elemental composition of the prepared material was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements using a PANalytical Epsilon 1 device with internal Omnian correction and Na 1h measurement program.

[0086] The photochromic properties of the material were measured using an Avantes SensLine AvaSpec-HS-TEC spectrometer connected to an optical fiber. A reference spectrum of the material was measured before irradiation. The material was then irradiated for 5 minutes under a 254 nm UV lamp, and the final reflectance spectrum was measured after irradiation. See Figures 2a, 2b, and 2c. The F-center at 426 nm induced a yellow change.

[0087] The tenebescence color rise curve was measured using an Avantes SensLine AvaSpec-HS-TEC spectrometer connected to an optical fiber and a LOT-QuantumDesign monochromator. The sample was irradiated with a 254 nm UV lamp, and reflectance was measured every 4 seconds for 10 minutes. The same settings were used to measure the tenebescence excitation spectrum. Reflectance was measured every 20 nm between 200 nm and 300 nm, and every 25 nm between 300 nm and 450 nm. See Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c. The graphs show that the color change depends on the dose of UV radiation.

[0088] The luminescence properties (see Figures 4a and 4b) and continuous luminescence properties (see Figures 5a and 5b) of the samples were measured using a Varian Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with a Hamamatsu R928 photomultiplier and a 150W xenon lamp. For the continuous luminescence spectrum, the material was excited with a 254 nm UV lamp for 5 minutes, and the spectrum was measured after a 30-second delay following irradiation.

[0089] The optical energy storage properties of the material were studied using a MikroLab Thermoluminescent Materials Laboratory Reader RA'04 thermoluminescence measurement instrument. See Figure 6.

[0090] Figure 7 shows a yellow photochromic photograph of the material. The left side shows the same sample as Na7.28Ca0.36(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2 after coloring (top) and before coloring (bottom). The right side shows two additional samples after coloring. Sample 32 represents Na6.72-xKxCa0.64(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2, and sample 35 represents Na6.6-xKxCa0.7(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2.

[0091] Figure 8 shows near-infrared photochromic photographs of the materials. The areas above the dashed lines in each image were colored by exposure to 254 nm UV for approximately 15 minutes. The areas below the lines were uncolored. These photographs were taken under 900 nm light using an 8-second exposure time on the camera. Image contrast was enhanced to show the difference between the colored and colorless areas. Sample a is Na6.72-xKxCa0.64(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2, and sample b is Na6.6-xKxCa0.7(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2.

[0092] Figures 9a and 9b, and Figure 10, show the results of the following dual-excitation emission simulations: a sample of Na7.4-xKxCa0.3(AlSiO4)6(Cl,S)2 (using a 3 Å molecular sieve) was excited with a 302 nm UV lamp, and its emission spectrum was recorded. The same material was excited with a 365 nm UV lamp, and its emission spectrum was recorded. To simulate the dual-excitation setup of 302 and 365 nm UV lamps, the percentage-weighted average spectrum using each UV lamp was calculated. The calculated spectra were plotted, and the CIEXY color coordinates for this series were calculated using Osram Color Calculator software. The results show that, under dual excitation, the emission color can be controlled to blue and red, as well as all hues and combinations thereof.

[0093] As is obvious to those skilled in the art, the basic concept can be realized in various ways with the advancement of technology. Therefore, the embodiments are not limited to the above-described examples; rather, they can vary within the scope of the claims.

[0094] The embodiments described above can be used in any combination with each other. Several embodiments can be combined together to form another embodiment. The radiation sensing materials, devices, or uses disclosed herein may include at least one of the embodiments described above. It should be understood that the above benefits and advantages may apply to one or more embodiments. The embodiments are not limited to embodiments that solve any or all of the described problems, or embodiments that have any or all of the described benefits and advantages. It will be further understood that references to "an" refer to one or more of those items. The terms "comprising" or "including" are used in this specification to indicate that a feature or action is included thereafter, but do not exclude the presence of one or more additional features or actions.

Claims

1. A radiation sensing material, the radiation sensing material being represented by the following formula (I): (M1'8-2aM2'a)(M''14-(4b / 3)M'''b)O24(X2-dcdX'nc-):M'''' Formula (I) Wherein, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation or any combination thereof selected from alkali metals of Group 1 of the IUPAC periodic table; M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation or any combination thereof selected from alkaline earth metals of Group 2 of the IUPAC periodic table; M'' represents a trivalent monoatomic cation of metals selected from the group consisting of Al and Ga, or a trivalent monoatomic cation of B, or any combination thereof; M''' represents a monoatomic cation or a combination thereof selected from the group consisting of Si and Ge; X represents an anion or any combination thereof selected from halogens of Group 17 of the IUPAC periodic table. X' represents a monoatomic or polyatomic anion or any combination thereof selected from one or more elements in the group consisting of O, S, Se, and Te; M'''' represents a doped cation selected from rare earth metals in the IUPAC periodic table, or a doped cation selected from transition metals in the IUPAC periodic table, or a doped cation of Ba, Sr, Tl, Pb, or Bi, or any combination thereof, or, wherein, The M series does not exist; and the a series has values ​​from 0.05 to 2; the b series has values ​​from 1 to 10; the c series has values ​​of 1, 2, 3, or 4; the d series has values ​​greater than 0 to 2; and the n series has values ​​of 1, 2, 3, or 4.

2. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1, wherein, The charge of M1' is 1+; the charge of M2' is 2+; the charge of M'' is 3+; the charge of M''' is 4+; the charge of X is 1-; the charge of X' is 0.5- to 3.5-.

3. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, M1' represents a monovalent, single-atom cation of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or Fr.

4. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or Ra.

5. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, M1' represents a monovalent monoatomic cation of Na, and M2' represents a divalent monoatomic cation of Ca.

6. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, X represents an anion of an element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, and At, or any combination of such anions.

7. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, M'''' represents a cation of an element in the group consisting of Yb, Er, Tb and Eu, or a cation of an element in the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, W and Zn, or any combination of such cations.

8. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The radiation sensing material is a sensing material for ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, infrared radiation, near-infrared radiation and / or particle radiation.

9. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The radiation sensing material is a photochromic material, which changes its color from white to yellow when exposed to radiation.

10. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The radiation sensing material is a material that absorbs radiation in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

11. The radiation sensing material as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The radiation sensing material is a luminescent material, a material that displays persistent luminescence, and / or a material that displays afterglow.

12. A radiation sensing device, wherein, The device includes a radiation sensing material as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. A radiation sensing material, which is a further material derived from the radiation sensing material defined in any one of claims 1 to 11.

14. Use of a radiation sensing material as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11 for indicating the presence and / or intensity of ultraviolet radiation, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, infrared radiation, near-infrared radiation and / or particle radiation.

15. Use of a radiation sensing material as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11, as a light source in consumer computer products, in security devices, in detection, in imaging, in image acquisition, in displays, screen windows or touch screen solutions, in medicine, in drug development and / or in diagnostics.

16. Use of a radiation-sensing material as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11 for detecting diseases in antibodies or stained entities, in biomarker test kits, in screening platforms, and / or in combination with another material.

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