Computing system and operating method thereof

Abstract

This disclosure provides a computing system comprising multiple computing devices. Each computing device includes a computing module and an optical interconnect device, and each optical interconnect device includes an optical signal interface and an electrical signal interface. The multiple computing devices include a first, second, and third computing device. A first optical signal interface of a first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device is physically connected to an optical signal interface of a first portion of the optical interconnect device of the second computing device via an optical transmission device, and a second optical signal interface of the first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device is physically connected to an optical signal interface of a first portion of the optical interconnect device of the third computing device via an optical transmission device. The first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device enables the first computing device to selectively communicate with the second or third computing device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the fields of optoelectronic communication and computing, and specifically to computing systems including optical interconnect devices and methods of operating such computing systems. Prior Technology

[0002] With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), AI accelerator interconnects have become crucial for enhancing the computing power of computing hardware. In traditional AI accelerator interconnects, multiple computing modules are interconnected point-to-point on a printed circuit board (PCB) via PCB traces. However, due to distance limitations on the PCB, the computing scale of a single node is limited, typically to eight computing modules. Moreover, because the PCB traces are fixed, the interconnections between computing modules cannot be reconfigured.

[0003] Furthermore, for current compute supernodes composed of converged Ethernet-based RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) networks (also known as RoCE networks) (e.g., a single supernode consisting of 32 or 64 compute modules), when a compute module fails during model training, the entire supernode, including the failed module, typically needs to be replaced with a backup supernode. This deployment model requires backup supernodes as the smallest unit, increasing deployment costs. Moreover, as the number of compute modules used to process large models increases, data communication latency may occur, leading to a decrease in model floating-point utilization (MFU). Summary of the Invention

[0004] This disclosure provides a way to quickly and flexibly change the communication topology between computing modules to achieve millisecond-level topology switching.

[0005] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a computing system is provided, comprising a plurality of computing devices, wherein each computing device includes a plurality of computing modules and a plurality of optical interconnect devices. Each optical interconnect device includes an optical signal interface and an electrical signal interface, and is used to convert an optical signal received from the optical signal interface into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface, and to convert an electrical signal received from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the optical signal interface, or to convert it into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The electrical signal interface of the optical interconnect device of each computing device is physically connected to a computing module within each computing device, and the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect device of each computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect device of at least one other computing device among the plurality of computing devices, such that each computing module of each computing device communicates with at least one computing module within each computing device and / or communicates with at least one computing module of at least one other computing device among the plurality of computing devices. The plurality of computing devices includes a first computing device, a second computing device, and a third computing device, wherein the optical signal interface of each optical interconnect device of the first computing device includes a first optical signal interface and a second optical signal interface. Each optical interconnect device of the first computing device is used to convert an optical signal received from a first optical signal interface or a second optical signal interface into an electrical signal output from an electrical signal interface, and to convert an electrical signal received from an electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the first optical signal interface or the second optical signal interface, or to convert it into an electrical signal output from an electrical signal interface via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The first optical signal interfaces of the first portion of the optical interconnect devices of the first computing device are physically connected to the optical signal interfaces of the first portion of the optical interconnect devices of the second computing device via optical transmission devices, and the second optical signal interfaces of the first portion of the optical interconnect devices of the first computing device are physically connected to the optical signal interfaces of the first portion of the optical interconnect devices of the third computing device via optical transmission devices. The first portion of the optical interconnect devices of the first computing device enables the first computing device to selectively communicate with the second computing device or the third computing device.

[0006] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a method for operating the aforementioned computing system is provided, comprising: setting at least one of the plurality of computing devices as a standby device, and setting the remaining computing devices of the plurality of computing devices as working devices in normal operation, wherein the working devices form at least one supernode, each supernode being formed by at least one computing device in the working devices, and each computing device in each supernode communicating only with the computing devices in each supernode; and when at least one computing device in the working devices fails, isolating the communication of the at least one working device that failed, and connecting at least one computing device in the standby device to a computing device in the computing system that has not failed, thereby forming a new supernode.

[0007] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, the communication connection topology between computing modules can be changed quickly and flexibly through a computing system including optical interconnect devices. Supernodes can be flexibly combined or divided in milliseconds according to a specific artificial intelligence model. Furthermore, the data communication latency between computing modules can be greatly reduced through the communication connection topology of the two-dimensional torus of the computing modules. Simple Explanation of the Diagram

[0008] Figure 1 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the communication connection topology between computing modules according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 3 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 4 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 5 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 9 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 11 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 12 shows a schematic diagram of the communication connection topology between computing modules of a computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 13A shows a schematic plan view of an example of an optical interconnect device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 13B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of an optical interconnect device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 13C shows a schematic plan view of an example optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 14 shows a schematic plan view of another example of the first switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 15A shows a schematic plan view of an example of a second optical switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 15B shows a schematic plan view of an example optical switching unit of the first optical switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 15C shows a schematic plan view of an example optical switching unit of the second optical switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Implementation

[0009] Embodiments of this disclosure will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. While some embodiments of this disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that this disclosure should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided to provide a more thorough and complete understanding of this disclosure. It should be understood that the accompanying drawings and embodiments of this disclosure are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this disclosure.

[0010] It should be noted that the various components or parts described in the various embodiments disclosed herein are merely illustrative. In some cases, some components or parts may be omitted, or some components or parts may be replaced with other components or parts that have the same or similar functions, or additional components or parts may be added.

[0011] Furthermore, the various components or assemblies described in the different embodiments of this disclosure are merely for ease of description and do not imply actual physical separation or combination, nor do they imply that such separation or combination is necessary. Those skilled in the art can arbitrarily disassemble or combine the various components or assemblies according to actual needs.

[0012] Without departing from the inventive concept disclosed herein, any of the above variations or combinations fall within the protection scope of this disclosure.

[0013] Figure 1 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the communication connection topology between computing modules according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] Referring to FIG1, a computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of computing devices 10. Each computing device 10 may include a plurality of computing modules M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, and M8, and a plurality of optical interconnect devices O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, and O8. The plurality of computing modules M1-M8 and the plurality of optical interconnect devices O1-O8 may be arranged on a first printed circuit board (PCB) 101. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first PCB 101 may be a universal base board (UBB), and the plurality of computing modules M1-M8 may be connected to the plurality of optical interconnect devices O1-O8 through conductive channels (e.g., PCB traces) 103 on the first PCB 101. The plurality of computing devices 10 may be connected through an optical transmission device 20.

[0015] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the plurality of computing modules M1-M8 may be OCP Accelerator Modules (OAM) launched by the Open Compute Project (OCP), but this disclosure is not limited thereto. Any one of the plurality of computing modules M1-M8 may be of various other types, such as, but not limited to, graphics processing units (GPUs), neural network processors (NPUs), tensor processors (TPUs), intelligent processors (IPUs), deep learning processors (DPUs), etc.

[0016] According to embodiments disclosed herein, each of the optical interconnect devices O1-O8 may include an optical signal interface and an electrical signal interface, and is used to convert an optical signal received from the optical signal interface into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface, and to convert an electrical signal received from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the optical signal interface, or to convert it into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The internal structure of the optical interconnect devices will be described in more detail later with reference to Figures 13A to 13C. Computation modules M1-M8 may include a high-speed, long-distance SerDes interface for communication with the electrical signal interfaces of the optical interconnect devices O1-O8 (e.g., electrical signal interface 650, which will be described later with reference to Figure 13A).

[0017] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the optical transmission device 20 may include optical fiber and an optical switch. Alternatively, the optical transmission device 20 may include only optical fiber, avoiding the use of external electrical and optical switches, thereby saving interconnection costs. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and the optical transmission device 20 may also include any other type of device capable of transmitting optical signals.

[0018] In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, there are eight computing modules and eight optical interconnect devices, and each computing module includes eight electrical signal interfaces. The first electrical signal interface of each of the eight electrical signal interfaces in computing modules M1-M8 is connected to the first optical interconnect device O1, the second electrical signal interface of each of the eight electrical signal interfaces in computing modules M1-M8 is connected to the second optical interconnect device O2, and so on. However, the number of optical interconnect devices and the number of computing modules and their electrical signal interfaces shown in Figure 1 are merely examples, and this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0019] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, the electrical signal interface of the optical interconnect device of each computing device 10 is physically connected to a computing module within each computing device, and the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect device of each computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interfaces of the optical interconnect devices of other computing devices among the plurality of computing devices, such that each computing module of each computing device communicates with at least one computing module within each computing device and / or communicates with at least one computing module of at least one other computing device among the plurality of computing devices. Specifically, in order to enable communication between corresponding computing modules in each computing device 10, the optical interconnect device connected to the output computing module can be controlled to convert the electrical signal received from the output computing module from the electrical signal interface of the optical interconnect device into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface to the target computing module. Furthermore, in order to enable communication between a computing module in one computing device 10 and a corresponding computing module in another computing device 10, an optical interconnect device connected to an output computing module in the computing device 10 can be controlled to convert an electrical signal received from the output computing module from the electrical signal interface of the optical interconnect device into an optical signal transmitted from the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect device to an optical interconnect device in another computing device 10 connected to a target computing module.

[0020] Referring to Figure 2, in each computing device 10, the communication connection topology between multiple computing modules M1-M8 can be reconfigured via an optical interconnect device. For example, the communication connection topology between computing modules M1-M8 can be changed in real time to be fully interconnected externally (Figure 2(a)), fully interconnected internally (Figure 2(b)), a ring (Figure 2(c)), or point-to-point (Figure 2(d)).

[0021] For example, to implement the communication connection topology shown in Figure 2(a), all optical interconnect devices in each computing device 10 can be controlled to convert electrical signals from computing modules M1-M8 in that computing device 10 into optical signals transmitted from the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect device to other computing devices 10. As another example, to implement the communication connection topologies shown in Figures 2(b)-(d), all optical interconnect devices in each computing device 10 can be controlled to convert electrical signals from one computing module in that computing device 10 into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interface of the optical interconnect device to a target computing module in that computing device 10.

[0022] Therefore, the communication bandwidth between the first computing module M1 and the second computing module M2 can be switched in real time between bandwidth B (Figure 2(b): full interconnection), bandwidth 4B (Figure 2(c): ring), and bandwidth 8B (Figure 2(d): point-to-point), which can match the bandwidth requirements of different communication algorithms, improve bandwidth utilization, and thus improve the overall operating efficiency of the artificial intelligence computing system.

[0023] It should be understood that the communication connection topology between computing modules is not limited to the topology shown in Figure 2. Various other forms of communication connection topologies can be implemented by controlling the optical interconnect devices according to actual needs.

[0024] In this disclosure, changing the communication connection topology does not require manually altering the physical connections between different computing modules. Instead, it only requires controlling the optical interconnect device to switch the link conduction, making it more convenient and faster, and enabling millisecond-level communication connection topology switching delays.

[0025] Figure 3 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] Referring to FIG3, the computing system 3 may include a plurality of computing devices, each of which may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to FIG1, therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here.

[0027] The plurality of computing devices may include a first computing device 31, a second computing device 32, and a third computing device 33. Each optical interconnect of the first computing device 31 may include a first optical signal interface and a second optical signal interface. Each optical interconnect of the first computing device 31 may be used to convert an optical signal received from the first or second optical signal interface into an electrical signal output from an electrical signal interface, and to convert an electrical signal received from an electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the first or second optical signal interface, or to convert it into an electrical signal output from an electrical signal interface via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The first optical signal interface of the first portion of the optical interconnect of the first computing device 31 may be physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first portion of the optical interconnect of the second computing device 32 via an optical transmission device 35. The second optical signal interface of the first portion of the optical interconnect of the first computing device 31 may be physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first portion of the optical interconnect of the third computing device 33 via an optical transmission device 35. The first portion of the optical interconnect of the first computing device 31 enables the first computing device 31 to selectively communicate with the second computing device 32 or the third computing device 33.

[0028] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, each optical interconnect device of the first computing device 31 can be used to convert an optical signal received from the second computing device 32 from the first optical signal interface into an electrical signal transmitted to a computing module in the first computing device 31, and to convert an electrical signal received from the computing module in the first computing device 31 from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the first optical signal interface to the second computing device 32, or into an electrical signal output from the telecommunications interface to other computing modules in the first computing device 31. Alternatively, each optical interconnect device of the first computing device 31 can be used to convert an optical signal received from the third computing device 33 from the second optical signal interface into an electrical signal transmitted to a computing module in the first computing device 31, and to convert an electrical signal received from the computing module in the first computing device 31 from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the second optical signal interface to the third computing device 33, or into an electrical signal output from the telecommunications interface to other computing modules in the first computing device 31.

[0029] Although Figure 3 only shows the first optical signal interfaces of the four optical interconnects of the first computing device 31 connected to the optical signal interfaces of the four optical interconnects of the second computing device 32 via optical transmission devices 35, and the second optical signal interfaces of the four optical interconnects of the first computing device 31 connected to the optical signal interfaces of the four optical interconnects of the third computing device 33 via optical transmission devices 35, it should be understood that each optical interconnect of each of the first to third computing devices 31, 32, and 33 that is not shown to be connected can be connected to other optical interconnects. For example, the other four optical interconnects of computing device 31 can be connected to optical interconnects of other computing devices besides the first to third computing devices 31, 32, and 33. Furthermore, it should be understood that the number of optical interconnects connected between the first computing device 31 and the second and third computing devices 32 and 33 is not limited to the four shown in Figure 3, and can be one, two, three, or any other feasible number. For example, the first optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the first computing device 31 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the second computing device 32 through the optical transmission device 35, and the second optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the first computing device 31 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the third computing device 33 through the optical transmission device 35.

[0030] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, in a first operating state of the computing system 3, the first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 31 can enable the first computing device 31 to communicate with the second computing device 32, and when the second computing device 32 fails, the first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 31 can enable the first computing device 31 to communicate with the third computing device 33.

[0031] Specifically, as shown in Figure 3(a), in the first operating state of the computing system 3, the first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 31 can convert the electrical signal received from the computing module in the first computing device 31 from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the first optical signal interface but not from the second optical signal interface, and receive the optical signal from the first optical signal interface but not from the second optical signal interface, so that the first computing device 31 can communicate with the second computing device 32. As shown in Figure 3(b), when the second computing device 32 fails, the first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 31 can convert the electrical signal received from the computing module in the first computing device 31 from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the second optical signal interface but not from the first optical signal interface, and receive the optical signal from the second optical signal interface but not from the first optical signal interface, so that the first computing device 31 can communicate with the third computing device 33. In Figure 3, the solid lines represent optical links with communication connections, and the dashed lines represent optical links with communication disconnected.

[0032] Figure 4 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] Referring to Figure 4, the computing system 4 includes multiple computing devices, each of which may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to Figure 1; therefore, repeated descriptions are omitted here. The optical signal interface of each optical interconnect of each computing device may include a first optical signal interface and a second optical signal interface, similar to the first computing device 31 described with reference to Figure 3. The multiple optical interconnects of each computing device enable each computing device to selectively communicate with one of the remaining computing devices via the first optical signal interface or with another of the remaining computing devices via the second optical signal interface.

[0034] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the plurality of computing devices may include m computing devices, where m is an integer greater than or equal to 5.

[0035] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the t1-th computing device (not shown) through the optical transmission device 45, and the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the t2-th computing device (not shown) through the optical transmission device 45, wherein 3≤j≤m-2. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the j-th computing device is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the t3-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the t4-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device 45.

[0036] When j=1, t1=m, t2=2, t3=m-1, t4=3. When j=2, t1=1, t2=3, t3=m, t4=4. When j=m-1, t1=m-2, t2=m, t3=m-3, t4=1. When j=m, t1=m-1, t2=1, t3=m-2, t4=2. When 3≤j≤m-2, t1=j-1, t2=j+1, t3=j-2, t4=j+2.

[0037] That is, the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the first computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the m-th computing device through the optical transmission device 45, and the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the first computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the second computing device through the optical transmission device 45. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the first computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the (m-1)th computing device through the optical transmission device 45. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the first computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the third computing device through the optical transmission device 45.

[0038] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the second computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the third computing device through an optical transmission device 45. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the second computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the m-th computing device through an optical transmission device 45. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the second computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the fourth computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device 45.

[0039] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (m-1)th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (m-2)th computing device (not shown) via optical transmission device 45. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the (m-1)th computing device can also be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the m-th computing device via optical transmission device 45. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the (m-1)th computing device can also be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (m-3)th computing device (not shown) via optical transmission device 45.

[0040] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the m-th computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the (m-2)-th computing device (not shown) via optical transmission device 45.

[0041] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j-1)-th computing device (not shown) through the optical transmission device 45. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j+1)-th computing device (not shown) through the optical transmission device 45. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the j-th computing device is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j-2)-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j+2)-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device 45.

[0042] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, the number of the first group of optical interconnect devices and the number of the second group of optical interconnect devices can each be half the number of optical interconnect devices in each computing device. For example, when each computing device includes 8 optical interconnect devices as shown in FIG4, each computing device may include 4 optical interconnect devices in both the first group and the second group of optical interconnect devices.

[0043] Figure 5 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0044] Referring to Figure 5, the computing system 5 includes multiple computing devices 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 56. Each computing device may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to Figure 1; therefore, repeated descriptions are omitted here. Furthermore, the physical connection relationships between the multiple computing devices 51-56 of the computing system 5 are the same as those between the multiple computing devices of the computing system in Figure 4; therefore, repeated descriptions are omitted here. Moreover, it should be understood that the number of computing devices shown in Figure 5 is for illustrative purposes only, and the number of computing devices included in the computing system 5 is not limited to six.

[0045] When at least one of the computing devices 51-56 fails, the at least one computing device that has failed is communication isolated, and the communication connections between the remaining computing devices that have not failed are formed into a new communication connection topology by changing the communication links of their respective optical interconnect devices. Here, "communication isolation" of a computing device means that the computing device is communicationally isolated from other computing devices, that is, the communication connection between the computing device and other computing devices is disconnected.

[0046] For ease of explanation, the following example uses a one-dimensional ring-shaped communication connection topology to illustrate the change in communication connections between computing devices. It should be understood that changes in communication connections between computing devices can also be applied to computing systems with multiple computing devices, including other communication connection topologies.

[0047] As shown in Figure 5, running a certain computing task requires four computing devices. When all computing devices are in a normal, fault-free state, all computing modules of four of the computing devices in computing system 5 form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology, with the other two computing devices serving as backup computing devices. Solid lines in Figure 5 represent optical links for communication connections, while dashed lines represent optical links where communication is interrupted. It should be noted that the optical interconnects between the first computing device 51 and the fourth computing device 54 ensure that only two computing modules in each of the first and fourth computing devices 51 communicate with an external computing device. Therefore, although the first computing device 51 and the last computing device 56, the fourth computing device 54 and the fifth computing device 55, and the fifth computing device 55 and the last computing device 56 are physically connected via optical transmission devices, the communication connections between them are interrupted by adjusting the optical interconnects of the first computing device 51, the fourth computing device, the fifth computing device, and the last computing device 56.

[0048] For example, as shown in Figure 5(b), when two discontinuous computing devices 52 and 54 fail, the failed computing devices 52 and 54 are communicationally isolated. That is, the communication connection established between computing device 52 and computing devices 51 and 53 through the first optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnects is disconnected, and the communication connection established between computing device 54 and computing devices 53 and 55 through the first optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnects is disconnected. The non-faulty computing devices 51 and 53 establish a communication connection through the second optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnects, and the non-faulty computing devices 53 and 55 establish a communication connection through the second optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnects, so that the remaining non-faulty computing devices 51, 53, 55, and 56 re-form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology.

[0049] For example, as shown in Figure 5(c), when two consecutive computing devices 52 and 53 fail, the faulty computing devices 52 and 53 are communicationally isolated. That is, the communication connection established between computing devices 51 and 52 through the first optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnect devices is disconnected, and the communication connection established between computing devices 53 and 54 through the first optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnect devices is disconnected. The optical interconnect device of computing device 51 enables two communication modules that were originally directly connected to computing device 52 to communicate directly with each other, and enables two other computing modules that were originally directly connected to each other to communicate directly with computing device 56 through the first optical signal interface. The optical interconnect device of computing device 54 enables two communication modules that were originally directly connected to computing device 53 to communicate directly with each other, and the optical interconnect device of computing device 56 enables two cloud computing modules that were originally directly connected to each other to communicate directly with computing device 51 through the first optical signal interface. Therefore, the remaining computing devices 51, 54, 55, and 56 that have not failed re-form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology.

[0050] Therefore, the communication connection topology of the computing modules of the computing system can be changed in real time as needed through optical interconnect devices without changing the physical connection, thereby improving the overall operating efficiency of the computing system.

[0051] Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0052] Referring to Figure 6, the computing system 6 includes multiple computing devices, each of which may have a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to Figure 1; therefore, repeated descriptions are omitted here. The computing system 6 may include at least one supernode, each supernode consisting of at least one computing device. Each computing device within each supernode communicates only with the remaining computing devices within that supernode.

[0053] As shown in Figure 6(a), the computing system 6 may include one supernode, and all computing modules within this supernode form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology. As shown in Figure 6(b), the computing system 6 may include multiple supernodes, each supernode consisting of at least one computing device, and all computing modules within each supernode forming a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology. Different supernodes may include the same number of computing devices. As shown in Figure 6(c), the computing system 6 may include multiple supernodes, each supernode consisting of at least one computing device, and all computing modules within each supernode forming a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology. Different supernodes may include different numbers of computing devices. As shown in Figure 6(d), the computing system 6 may include multiple supernodes, which may include supernodes with different communication connection topologies, such as a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology supernode, a TP16 (FC) supernode, or a TP16 (3D) supernode. For example, a TP16 (FC) supernode may include computing device 1 and computing device 2. By controlling the optical interconnection device of computing devices 1 and 2, all computing modules within computing devices 1 and 2 can form a fully connected pairwise communication structure, and corresponding computing modules of computing devices 1 and 2 can communicate with each other through optical transmission devices (e.g., computing module M1 of computing device 1 and computing module M1 of computing device 2 communicate directly through optical fiber). For example, a TP16 (3D) supernode may include computing device 3 and computing device 4. By controlling the optical interconnection device of computing devices 3 and 4, all computing modules within computing devices 3 and 4 can be divided into two groups within the same computing device, each consisting of half the number (e.g., 4) of computing modules. Each group constitutes a first-layer computing module with a fully connected structure that communicates with each other in pairs. The corresponding computing modules of the first-layer computing modules communicate with each other to form a second-layer computing module. The corresponding computing modules of the two second-layer computing modules communicate with each other through optical interconnection devices to form a third-layer computing module.

[0054] The communication topology between computing modules can be reconfigured using optical interconnects, allowing for real-time switching between different topologies. Each supernode can also switch in real-time according to different computing and application requirements, matching the bandwidth demands of different communication algorithms, improving bandwidth utilization, and thus enhancing the overall operating efficiency of the computing system. Furthermore, when a single computing device fails and needs replacement, the computing system can automatically switch the communication topology between computing devices on each supernode in real-time by controlling the optical interconnects, enabling any consecutive number of computing devices to form a new supernode, thereby improving the overall operating efficiency of the computing system.

[0055] Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0056] The computing system 7 according to the embodiments of this disclosure may include a plurality of computing devices. Each computing device may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to FIG1, therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here. Furthermore, the physical connection relationships between the plurality of computing devices in the computing system 7 are the same as those between the plurality of computing devices in the computing system of FIG4, therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here.

[0057] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, at least one of the plurality of computing devices in the computing system 7 can be configured as a standby device, while the remaining computing devices can be configured as operating devices. During normal operation of the computing system 7, the standby device does not communicate with the operating devices. Each operating device can form at least one supernode, and each supernode can be formed by at least one computing device within the operating device. Each computing device within each supernode communicates only with the computing devices within that supernode. When at least one computing device in the operating device fails, the failed at least one computing device can be communicationally isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby device can communicate with the operating devices in the computing system 7 that have not failed, thereby forming a new supernode.

[0058] As shown in Figure 7(a), computing devices S13-S14 are configured as standby devices, and computing devices S1-S12 are configured as working devices. Computing devices S1-S12 can form 3 supernodes. Each supernode can be formed by 4 computing devices. Computing devices S1-S4 can form 1 supernode, computing devices S5-S8 can form 1 supernode, and computing devices S9-S12 can form 1 supernode.

[0059] As shown in Figure 7(b), when computing devices S4 and S8 fail, the faulty computing devices S4 and S8 are communicationally isolated, and the standby computing devices S13 and S14 are communicatively connected to the non-faulty computing devices in computing system 7, thus forming new supernodes. Specifically, computing devices S1, S2, S3, and S5 form new supernodes, computing devices S6, S7, S9, and S10 form new supernodes, and computing devices S11-S14 form new supernodes. Due to the physical connection relationships between the multiple computing devices in computing system 7, each computing device can choose to connect to either the nearest or the next nearest computing device. Therefore, when one computing device or multiple discontinuous computing devices in the computing system fail, the optical interconnect device of the computing device closest to the faulty computing device can choose to skip the faulty computing device to maintain an uninterrupted communication link. The faulty computing devices S4 and S8 can be set as new standby computing devices in computing system 7 after repair.

[0060] As shown in Figure 7(c), when computing device S8 and two adjacent computing devices S4 and S5 fail, the failed computing devices S4, S5, and S8 are communicatively isolated, and computing devices S13 and S14 in the standby devices are communicatively connected to the non-failed computing devices in computing system 7, thereby forming new supernodes. Specifically, computing devices S1-S3 and another computing device (not shown) adjacent to S1 form new supernodes, computing devices S6, S7, S9, and S10 form new supernodes, and computing devices S11-S14 form new supernodes. The failed computing devices S4, S5, and S8 can be set as new standby computing devices in computing system 7 after repair.

[0061] The number of supernodes, the number of computing devices included in each supernode, and the number of backup devices shown in Figure 7 are examples, and this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0062] When a computing device in the computing system malfunctions and needs replacement, the system can automatically switch the communication topology between the computing devices on each supernode in real time by controlling the optical interconnect device. This allows any consecutive number of computing devices to form a new supernode, enabling flexible and rapid combination / splitting of supernodes, thus improving the overall operating efficiency of the computing system. Moreover, since the smallest unit for replacing a faulty computing device is the computing device itself, rather than a supernode, deployment costs can be reduced.

[0063] Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0064] Referring to FIG8, the computing system 8 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure may include a plurality of computing devices. Each computing device may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to FIG1, therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here.

[0065] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, at least one of the plurality of computing devices in the computing system 8 can be configured as a standby device, while the remaining computing devices can be configured as operating devices. During normal operation of the computing system 8, the standby device does not communicate with the operating devices. Each operating device can form at least one supernode, and each supernode can be formed by at least one computing device within the operating device. Each computing device within each supernode communicates only with the computing devices within that supernode. All computing modules of each supernode can form a one-dimensional ring-shaped communication connection topology. When at least one computing module of an operating device fails, the failed at least one computing module can be communicationally isolated, and at least one computing module in the standby device can communicate with the non-failed computing modules in the computing system, thereby forming a new supernode in the one-dimensional ring-shaped communication connection topology.

[0066] For example, as shown in Figure 8(a), in computing system 8, computing device 16 is set as a standby device, and the remaining computing devices 1 to 15 are set as working devices. The working devices may include a supernode TP16 of a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology formed by computing devices 1 and 2, a supernode TP8 of a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology formed by computing device 3, and supernodes TP32_1, TP32_2, and TP32_3 of three one-dimensional ring communication connection topologies formed by computing devices 4-7, 8-11, and 12-15, respectively. When at least one computing module of the working device (the eight computing modules shown in Figure 8(b)) fails, the failed computing module can be communicationally isolated, and an equal number of computing modules in the standby computing device 16 (the entire computing device 16 including the eight computing modules shown in Figure 8(b)) can communicate with the unfailed computing modules in the computing system, thereby forming new supernodes. Specifically, computing device 16 forms a new one-dimensional ring communication connection topology supernode TP8, a portion of computing modules of computing device 3 and computing devices 1 and 2 form a new one-dimensional ring communication connection topology supernode TP16, another portion of computing modules of computing device 3, computing devices 4-6 and a portion of computing modules of computing device 7 form a new one-dimensional ring communication connection topology supernode TP32_1, and another portion of computing modules of computing device 7 and computing devices 8-11 form a new one-dimensional ring communication connection topology supernode TP32_2.

[0067] Furthermore, according to the embodiments disclosed herein, all computing modules of the operating device of the computing system 8 can form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology. When at least one computing module in the operating device fails, the failed computing module can be communicationally isolated, and at least one computing module in the standby device can communicate with the non-failed computing module in the computing system 8, thereby re-forming a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology.

[0068] Therefore, the communication topology of the computing modules in a computing system can be changed in real time as needed via optical interconnects without altering the physical connections, thereby improving the overall operating efficiency of the computing system. Furthermore, using computing modules as the smallest unit for replacement further reduces the number of backup devices, thus further decreasing deployment costs.

[0069] Figure 9 shows a schematic plan view of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0070] Referring to FIG9, the computing system 9 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of computing devices. Each computing device may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to FIG1, therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here.

[0071] The plurality of computing devices in the computing system 9 may include a first computing device 91, a second computing device 92, a third computing device 93, a fourth computing device 94, and a fifth computing device 95. The optical signal interface of each optical interconnect of the first computing device 91 may include a first optical signal interface, a second optical signal interface, a third optical signal interface, and a fourth optical signal interface. Each optical interconnect of the first computing device 91 may be used to convert optical signals received from the first, second, third, and fourth optical signal interfaces into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interfaces, and to convert electrical signals received from the electrical signal interfaces into optical signals output from the first, second, third, and fourth optical signal interfaces, or to convert them into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interfaces via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The first optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the second computing device 92 via an optical transmission device 99. The second optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the third computing device 93 via an optical transmission device 99. The third optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the fourth computing device 94 via an optical transmission device 99. The fourth optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the fifth computing device 95 via an optical transmission device 99. The first optical interconnect of the first computing device 91 enables the first computing device 91 to selectively communicate with the second computing device 92, the third computing device 93, the fourth computing device 94, or the fifth computing device 95.

[0072] Although Figure 9 only shows the physical connections of four optical interconnects of the first computing device 91 to four optical interconnects of each of the second to fifth computing devices 92 to 95, it should be understood that each optical interconnect not shown in the figure can be connected to other optical interconnects. For example, the other four optical interconnects of the first computing device 91 can be connected to optical interconnects of other computing devices besides the first to fifth computing devices 91 to 95. Furthermore, it should be understood that the number of optical interconnects connected between the first computing device 91 and the second to fifth computing devices 92 to 95 is not limited to the four shown in Figure 3. For example, the first optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the second computing device 32 through the optical transmission device 99; the second optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the third computing device 93 through the optical transmission device 99; the third optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the fourth computing device 94 through the optical transmission device 99; and the fourth optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the first computing device 91 can be physically connected to the optical signal interface of all optical interconnects of the fifth computing device 95 through the optical transmission device 99.

[0073] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, in a first operating state of the computing system 9, a first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 91 enables the first computing device 91 to communicate with the second computing device 92. When the second computing device 92 malfunctions, the first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 91 enables the first computing device 91 to communicate with one of the third to fifth computing devices 93 to 95. When the second and third computing devices 92 and 93 malfunction, the first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 91 enables the first computing device 91 to communicate with one of the fourth and fifth computing devices 94 and 95. When the second to fourth computing devices 92 to 94 malfunction, the first portion of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 91 enables the first computing device 91 to communicate with the fifth computing device 95.

[0074] Similar to the selective communication connection of the computing system shown in Figure 3, the selective communication connection between the first computing device 91 and one of the second to fifth computing devices 92 to 95 can be achieved by controlling the optical interconnect device of the first computing device 91 so that the optical signal is selectively transmitted through one of the first to fourth optical signal interfaces.

[0075] Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0076] Referring to FIG10, the computing system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of computing devices. Each computing device may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to FIG1, and therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here. The optical signal interface of each optical interconnect of each computing device of the computing system 100 may include first to fourth optical signal interfaces, just as the first computing device 91 described with reference to FIG9, and the plurality of optical interconnects of each computing device enable each computing device to selectively communicate with one of the remaining computing devices through one of the first to fourth optical signal interfaces.

[0077] The physical connection relationships between the multiple computing devices in the computing system 100 are similar to those in the computing system of Figure 4. For example, the computing system 100 may include m computing devices, where m is an integer greater than or equal to 5. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j-1)-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) in the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j+1)-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device, where 3≤j≤m-2. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j-2)-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the (j+2)-th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The third optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the third optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-3rd computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The third optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the third optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the j+3rd computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The fourth optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the fourth optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-4th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device. The fourth optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects (e.g., O5-O8) of the j-th computing device can be physically connected to the fourth optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects (e.g., O1-O4) of the plurality of optical interconnects of the j+4th computing device (not shown) through an optical transmission device.

[0078] Following this pattern and combining it with the physical connections shown in Figure 4, the physical connections of the optical signal interfaces of the 1st, 2nd, (m-1)th, and mth computing devices can be obtained. Repeated descriptions are omitted here.

[0079] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, at least one of the plurality of computing devices in the computing system 100 can be configured as a standby device, while the remaining computing devices can be configured as operating devices. During normal operation of the computing system 100, the standby device does not communicate with the operating devices. Each operating device can form at least one supernode, and each supernode can be formed by at least one computing device within the operating device. Each computing device within each supernode communicates only with the computing devices within that supernode. When at least one computing device in the operating device fails, the failed at least one computing device can be communicatively isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby device can communicate with the operating devices in the computing system 100 that have not failed, thereby forming a new supernode.

[0080] As shown in Figure 10(a), computing devices S13-S14 are configured as standby devices, and computing devices S1-S12 are configured as working devices. Computing devices S1-S12 can form 3 supernodes. Each supernode can be formed by 4 computing devices. Computing devices S1-S4 can form 1 supernode, computing devices S5-S8 can form 1 supernode, and computing devices S9-S12 can form 1 supernode.

[0081] As shown in Figure 10(b), when computing devices S4-S6 and S9 fail, the failed computing devices S4-S6 and S9 are communicationally isolated, and computing devices S13 and S14 in the backup device are communicatively connected to the computing devices in the computing system 100 that have not failed, thereby forming new supernodes. Specifically, computing devices S1-S3 and S7 form new supernodes, computing devices S8 and S10-S12 form new second supernodes, and computing devices S13 and S14, along with their adjacent computing devices, form new supernodes. Due to the physical connection relationships between the multiple computing devices in the computing system 100, each computing device can choose which of the three sequentially adjacent computing devices to connect to. Therefore, when one computing device, multiple discontinuous computing devices, or two or three consecutive computing devices in the computing system fail, the optical interconnect device of the computing device most adjacent to the failed computing device can choose to skip up to three consecutive failed computing devices to maintain an uninterrupted communication link. The malfunctioning computing devices S4-S6 and S9 can be set up as new backup computing devices in computing system 100 after maintenance.

[0082] As shown in Figure 10(c), when computing devices S4-S7 fail, the failed computing devices S4-S7 are communicationally isolated, and computing devices S13 and S14 in the standby devices are communicatively connected to the non-failed computing devices in the computing system 100, thereby forming new supernodes. Specifically, computing devices S1-S3 and other computing devices (not shown) adjacent to S1 form new supernodes, computing devices S8-S11 form new supernodes, and computing devices S12-S14 and the following computing devices form new supernodes. The failed computing devices S4-S7 can be set up as new standby computing devices in the computing system 100 after repair.

[0083] The number of supernodes, the number of computing devices included in each supernode, and the number of backup devices shown in Figure 10 are examples, and this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0084] Compared to computing system 7 shown in Figure 7, computing system 100 has a more flexible communication connection topology, which can greatly reduce the number of redundant servers in the cluster and save costs.

[0085] Figure 11 shows a schematic diagram of an example computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0086] Referring to FIG11, the computing system 110 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of computing devices. Each computing device may include a structure substantially the same as that of the computing device 10 described with reference to FIG1, therefore repeated descriptions are omitted here.

[0087] The computing system 110 may include n×m computing devices, where n and m are both integers greater than or equal to 5. Each optical interconnect of each computing device may include a first optical signal interface and a second optical signal interface. The multiple optical interconnects of each computing device enable each computing device to selectively communicate with one of the remaining computing devices via the first optical signal interface or with another of the remaining computing devices via the second optical signal interface. The physical connection relationships between the computing devices in each row or first column of the n×m computing devices are similar to the physical connection relationships between the multiple computing devices in the computing system of Figure 4.

[0088] In n×m computing devices, the computing devices most adjacent to the computing device in the i-th row (3≤i≤n-2) can be the computing devices in the (i-1)-th and (i+1)-th rows, and the computing devices second to the computing devices in the i-th row can be the computing devices in the (i-2)-th and (i+2)-th rows; the computing devices most adjacent to the computing devices in the first row can be the computing devices in the second and last rows, and the computing devices second to the last row can be the computing devices in the third and second to last rows; the computing devices second to the last row can be the computing devices in the fourth and last rows; the computing devices second to the last row can be the computing devices in the first row; the computing devices most adjacent to the computing devices in the last row can be the computing devices in the second and last rows, and the computing devices second to the last row can be the computing devices in the third and second rows. Similarly, the computing devices most adjacent to the computing device in column j (3≤i≤m-2) can be the computing devices in columns j-1 and j+1, and the computing devices next adjacent to the computing device in column j can be the computing devices in columns j-2 and j+2; the computing devices most adjacent to the computing device in column 1 can be the computing devices in column 2 and the penultimate column, and the computing devices next adjacent to the computing device in column 1 can be the computing devices in column 3 and the penultimate column; the computing devices next adjacent to the computing device in column 2 can be the computing devices in column 1 and the penultimate column; the computing devices next adjacent to the computing device in column 2 can be the computing devices in column 1 and the penultimate column; the computing devices most adjacent to the computing device in column 1 can be the computing devices in column 2 and the penultimate column, and the computing devices next adjacent to the computing device in column 1 can be the computing devices in column 3 and the penultimate column.

[0089] The first optical signal interface of each computing device and the first optical signal interface of the computing device adjacent to each computing device can be physically connected through an optical transmission device. Similarly, the second optical signal interface of each computing device and the second optical signal interface of the computing device next to each computing device can be physically connected through an optical transmission device. Specifically, the first or second row of computing devices can be physically connected to the penultimate or second-to-last row of computing devices through an optical transmission device, or they can be not physically connected, meaning the corresponding optical signal interfaces are left unconnected.

[0090] Specifically, the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-1-th column through an optical transmission device, and the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j+1-th column through an optical transmission device, wherein 3≤i≤n-2, 3≤j≤m-2.

[0091] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i, column j can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i-2, column j through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i, column j can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i+2, column j through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i, column j can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i, column j-2 through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i, column j can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row i, column j+2 through an optical transmission device.

[0092] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and j column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j-1 column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j-1 column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j+1 column through an optical transmission device.

[0093] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j-2th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j+2th column through an optical transmission device.

[0094] The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j-1 column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j+1 column through an optical transmission device.

[0095] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and j column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j-2 column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j+2 column through an optical transmission device.

[0096] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (j) can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (j) through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (j) can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (j-1) through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (j) can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (j+1) through an optical transmission device.

[0097] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row (n-1) and column j can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row (1) and column j through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row (n-1) and column j can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row (n-1) and column j-2 through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row (n-1) and column j can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in row (n-1) and column j+2 through an optical transmission device.

[0098] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and jth column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j-1th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j+1th column through an optical transmission device.

[0099] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and jth column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j-2th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j+2th column through an optical transmission device.

[0100] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1st column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1st column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1st column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1st column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device.

[0101] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and (m-1)-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0102] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2nd column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device, and the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2nd column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device.

[0103] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2nd column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2nd column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2nd column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0104] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and m-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and m-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0105] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and m-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and m-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column can be left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0106] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column can be left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0107] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column can be physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0108] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and first column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and first column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and first column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and m column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and first column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column via an optical transmission device.

[0109] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device.

[0110] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and second column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and second column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and second column through an optical transmission device.

[0111] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and m column through an optical transmission device.

[0112] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device.

[0113] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m-1 column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m-1th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and 1st column through an optical transmission device.

[0114] The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and m column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and m column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and 1st column through an optical transmission device.

[0115] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device.

[0116] The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and first column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and second column through an optical transmission device.

[0117] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and first column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device.

[0118] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and second column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column through an optical transmission device.

[0119] The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and m-1 column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and m-1 column via an optical transmission device.

[0120] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m-1 column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and m-1 column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m-1 column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and 1 column through an optical transmission device.

[0121] The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and 1 column via an optical transmission device.

[0122] The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and m column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device.

[0123] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column via an optical transmission device.

[0124] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and first column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device.

[0125] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and second column via an optical transmission device.

[0126] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and second column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m column through an optical transmission device.

[0127] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device.

[0128] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (1)th row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (1)th column through an optical transmission device.

[0129] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (m) can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (m) via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (m) can be left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row (n-1) and column (1) via an optical transmission device.

[0130] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and mth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and mth column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device.

[0131] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and 1st column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device.

[0132] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and 1st column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and (m-1)th column through an optical transmission device.

[0133] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device.

[0134] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column through an optical transmission device.

[0135] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and m-1th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column can be physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-th column through an optical transmission device.

[0136] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and m-1th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column through an optical transmission device.

[0137] The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and mth column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column through an optical transmission device.

[0138] The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and mth column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column can be left floating, or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column through an optical transmission device.

[0139] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, the number of the first group of optical interconnect devices, the number of the second group of optical interconnect devices, the number of the third group of optical interconnect devices, and the number of the fourth group of optical interconnect devices can each be one-quarter of the number of the plurality of optical interconnect devices in each computing device.

[0140] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, when at least one of the n×m computing devices fails, the at least one computing device that has failed can be communicationally isolated, and the communication connections between the remaining computing devices that have not failed are formed into a new communication connection topology by changing the communication links of their respective optical interconnects. For example, when the computing device in the k-th row and j-th column fails, the communication connection between the computing device in the k-th row and j-th column and the surrounding computing devices is disconnected. The computing device in the k-th row and (j-1)-th column can directly communicate with the computing device in the k-th row and (j+1)-th column through the second optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnects, and the computing device in the (k-1)-th row and j-th column can directly communicate with the computing device in the (k+1)-th row and j-th column through the second optical signal interface of their respective optical interconnects. For example, as shown in FIG11, when computing device SER6F fails, computing device SER6F can be communicationally isolated, computing devices SER5F and SER7F can directly communicate with each other, and computing devices SER6E and SER6G can directly communicate with each other.

[0141] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, at least one of the n×m computing devices can be designated as a standby device, and the remaining computing devices can be designated as operating devices. During normal operation of the computing system, the standby device does not communicate with the operating devices. Each operating device can form at least one supernode, and each supernode can be formed by at least one computing device within the operating devices. Each computing device communicates only with the remaining computing devices within the same supernode. When at least one computing device in the operating devices fails, the failed at least one computing device can be communicatively isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby devices can communicate with the non-failed computing devices in the computing system, thereby forming a new supernode. The manner in which a standby device becomes a new operating device is similar to that described with reference to Figures 7 and 10. For example, at least one computing device in each of the n rows of the computing system 110 can be set as a standby device, and at least one computing device in each of the m columns of the computing system 110 can be set as a standby device. When at least one computing device in the working device fails, the at least one computing device that fails can be communicationally isolated, and the number of computing devices in the standby devices in the row and column of the faulty computing device is equal to or all of the faulty computing devices in that row and column are communicationally connected to the computing devices in the computing system that have not failed, thereby forming a new supernode.

[0142] Figure 12 shows a schematic diagram of the communication connection topology between computing modules of a computing system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0143] Referring to FIG12, the computing system 120 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include n×m computing devices. The physical connection relationship between the n×m computing devices of the computing system 120 may be the same as the physical connection relationship between multiple computing devices in the computing system of FIG11. At least one of the n×m computing devices of the computing system 120 may be set as a standby device, and the remaining computing devices may be set as working devices in normal operation. In the normal operation state of the computing system 120, the standby device is not communicatively connected to the working devices. All computing modules of the working devices may form a two-dimensional toroidal communication connection topology. When at least one computing device in the working devices fails, the at least one computing device that has failed may be communicatively isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby devices may be communicatively connected to the computing devices in the computing system 120 that have not failed, thereby restoring the two-dimensional toroidal communication connection topology.

[0144] The number of computing devices and the number of computing modules in each computing device shown in Figure 12 are examples, and this disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0145] When a computing device in the computing system malfunctions and needs replacement, the system can automatically switch the communication topology between the computing devices on each supernode in real time by controlling the optical interconnect device. This allows any consecutive number of computing devices to form a new supernode, enabling flexible and rapid combination / splitting of supernodes, thus improving the overall operating efficiency of the computing system. Moreover, since the smallest unit for replacing a faulty computing device is the computing device itself, rather than a supernode, deployment costs can be reduced.

[0146] Furthermore, for large-scale supernodes, the two-dimensional connections shown in Figures 11 and 12 can significantly reduce communication latency between computing modules compared to the one-dimensional connections shown in Figure 4. For example, for a supernode containing 256 computing modules, when these 256 modules form a one-dimensional ring communication topology, the maximum data transmission interval between two computing modules is 128 (from the 1st computing module to the 129th computing module). However, when these 256 computing modules form a two-dimensional torus communication topology, the maximum data transmission interval between two computing modules is 16 (from the 1st row, 1st column computing module to the 9th row, 9th column computing module), thus greatly reducing the latency between computing modules.

[0147] Figure 13A shows a schematic plan view of an example of an optical interconnect device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 13B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of an optical interconnect device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 13C shows a schematic plan view of an example of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0148] Referring to Figures 13A to 13C, the optical interconnect device 1300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a second printed circuit board (PCB) 1301; one or more optical interconnect modules 1370 disposed on the second PCB 1301, each optical interconnect module 1370 including a photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, a transceiver chip 1373, and a packaging substrate 1375; an electrical signal interface 1350 connected to the transceiver chip 1373 of the optical interconnect module 1370; and a first optical signal interface 1341 and a second optical signal interface 1342 connected to the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 of the optical interconnect module 1370. For example, the optical interconnect device 1300 may include the form of an expansion card, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

[0149] The optical interconnect module 1370 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 and a transceiver chip 1373 electrically connected to the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the optical interconnect module 1370 may further include a packaging substrate 1375, and the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 is disposed on the packaging substrate 1375, with the transceiver chip 1373 flip-chip mounted on the surface of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 facing away from the packaging substrate 1375. The transceiver chip 1373 can receive electrical signals from outside the optical interconnect module 1370 and transmit electrical signals to outside the optical interconnect module 1370 through conductive vias 1372 in the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371.

[0150] The transceiver chip 1373 can be used to convert a first electrical signal from the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 into a second electrical signal output to the outside of the optical interconnect module 1370, and to convert a third electrical signal from the outside of the optical interconnect module 1370 into a fourth electrical signal sent to the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. For example, the transceiver chip 1373 can convert a first analog electrical signal from the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 into a first digital electrical signal output to the outside of the optical interconnect module 1370, and convert a second digital electrical signal from the outside of the optical interconnect module 1370 into a second analog electrical signal sent to the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. The photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may include an optical signal input port and an optical signal output port, and can communicate optically with external devices through an optical fiber 1377 connected to the optical signal input port and the optical signal output port.

[0151] At the electrical connection between the power receiving / generating chip 1373 and the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, bumps can be provided on the power receiving / generating chip 1373 and / or the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 to achieve a good electrical connection. At the electrical connection between the photonic integrated circuit chip 1373 and the packaging substrate 1375, bumps can be provided on the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 and / or the packaging substrate 1375 to achieve a good electrical connection.

[0152] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the material forming the photonic integrated circuit wafer 1371 may include silicon, silicon nitride, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, lithium niobate, or combinations thereof, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the conductive vias 1372 in the photonic integrated circuit wafer 1371 can be formed by etching the photonic integrated circuit wafer 1371 using an etching process to form through-holes in the photonic integrated circuit wafer 1371, and then filling the through-holes with conductive material using processes such as electroplating, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, etc.

[0153] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may include an electro-optic conversion section 112, a first optical exchange section 114, a second optical exchange section 116, and a photoelectric conversion section 118.

[0154] The electro-optic conversion section 112 can generate an optical signal output to the first optical switching section 114 based on the fourth electrical signal output from the transceiver chip 1373. According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the electro-optic conversion section 112 may include a plurality of optical modulators 1121, which modulate the optical carrier L1 input to the plurality of optical modulators 1121 into an optical signal output to the first optical switching section 114 based on the fourth electrical signal output from the transceiver chip 1373. According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may also include a light source input port, through which the optical carrier L1 is input to the plurality of optical modulators 1121. The optical modulators 1121 can modulate the amplitude, phase, and other characteristics of the optical carrier L1, thereby modulating the information carried in the electrical signal output from the transceiver chip 1373 onto the optical carrier L1 to form an optical signal provided to the first optical switching section 114. Optionally, the optical carrier L1 modulated by the optical modulators 1121 can be generated internally within the optical interconnect module 100. In this configuration, the optical interconnect module 1370 may not include a light source input port, but may instead include an optical emitter for transmitting the optical carrier to be modulated. For example, the optical emitter may be disposed within the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. Typical examples of the optical modulator 1121 may include integrated photonic modulators made of silicon-based, indium phosphide, thin-film lithium niobate, or polymer materials, and structurally may be microring modulators, Mach-Zehnder modulators, or electroabsorption modulators. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and the optical modulator 1121 may be implemented using any suitable components in the art.

[0155] According to embodiments disclosed herein, a first optical switching section 114 may include a plurality of first optical switching input ports, a plurality of first optical switching output ports, a plurality of second optical switching output ports, and a plurality of third optical switching output ports. An optical signal input from each first optical switching input port is selectively output from a corresponding port among the plurality of first optical switching output ports, a corresponding port among the plurality of second optical switching output ports, or a corresponding port among the plurality of third optical switching output ports. The plurality of first optical switching input ports of the first optical switching section 114 may be connected to an electro-optical conversion section 112 to receive optical signals from the electro-optical conversion section 112. The plurality of first optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 may be connected to a second optical switching section 116 to selectively transmit optical signals to the second optical switching section 116. A photonic integrated circuit chip 110 includes a first optical signal output port and a second optical signal output port. The plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 can be connected to the first optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 110 to selectively transmit optical signals to the outside of the optical interconnect module 100 (e.g., another optical interconnect module), and the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 can be connected to the second optical signal output ports of the photonic integrated circuit chip 110 to selectively transmit optical signals to the outside of the optical interconnect module 100 (e.g., yet another optical interconnect module). Although FIG. 13C shows the first optical switching section 114 including eight first optical switching input ports, eight first optical switching output ports, eight second optical switching output ports, and eight third optical switching output ports, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The first optical switching section 114 may include other numbers of first optical switching input ports and a number of first to third optical switching output ports corresponding to the number of first optical switching input ports.

[0156] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may further include a first optical coupler 1191 and a second optical coupler 1192. The first optical coupler 1191 may be connected between the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 and the first optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, and outputs the optical signal output from the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 via the first optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 through an external optical fiber to the outside of the optical interconnect module 1370 (e.g., another optical interconnect module). The second optical coupler 1192 may be connected between the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 and the second optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, and outputs the optical signal output from the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114 via the second optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 through an external optical fiber to the outside of the optical interconnect module 1370 (e.g., yet another optical interconnect module).

[0157] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the second optical switching section 116 may include a plurality of second optical switching input ports and a plurality of fourth optical switching output ports connected via reconfigurable optical path connections, each of the plurality of second optical switching input ports of the second optical switching section 116 being connected to a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the second optical switching section 116 may be configured to selectively output an optical signal input from any one of the plurality of second optical switching input ports via at least one of the plurality of fourth optical switching output ports to change the output path of the optical signal, thereby changing the communication connection topology of the optical transmission network. Although FIG13C shows the second optical switching section 116 including eight second optical switching input ports and eight fourth optical switching output ports, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The second optical switching section 116 may include a number of second optical switching input ports and fourth optical switching output ports corresponding to the number of first optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114.

[0158] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the photoelectric conversion section 118 may include a plurality of first optical input ports and a plurality of first electrical output ports. Optical signals input from the plurality of first optical input ports can be converted into electrical signals output from the plurality of first electrical output ports to the transceiver chip 1373. First portions of the plurality of first optical input ports are respectively connected to the plurality of fourth optical switching output ports of the second optical switching section 116 to selectively receive optical signals from the second optical switching section 116. The photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may include a first optical signal input port and a second optical signal input port. Second portions of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 may be connected to the first optical signal input ports of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 to selectively receive optical signals from outside the optical interconnect module 1370 (e.g., another optical interconnect module). Third portions of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 may be connected to the second optical signal input ports of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 to selectively receive optical signals from outside the optical interconnect module 1370 (e.g., yet another optical interconnect module).

[0159] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may further include a third optical coupler 1193 and a fourth optical coupler 1194. The third optical coupler 1193 may be connected between a second portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 and a first optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, and transmit optical signals input from outside the optical interconnect module 1370 (e.g., another optical interconnect module) via external optical fiber through the first optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 to the second portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118. The fourth optical coupler 1194 can be connected between the third portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 and the second optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, and transmits the optical signal input from outside the optical interconnect module 1370 (e.g., another optical interconnect module) via an external optical fiber through the second optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 to the third portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118.

[0160] The photoelectric conversion section 118 can convert optical signals from the external optical interconnect module 1370 or the second optical switching section 116 into electrical signals provided to the transceiver chip 1373. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the photoelectric conversion section 118 may include a plurality of photodetectors 1181. The plurality of photodetectors 1181 can be used to convert optical signals input from the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 into electrical signals output to the transceiver chip 1373. The photodetectors 1181 may include microring detectors or various types of photodiodes, such as photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), silicon photomultiplier tubes (SiPMs), etc. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and the photodetectors 1181 may be implemented using any suitable components in the art.

[0161] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, as shown in FIG13C, each first optical switching input port or each first optical switching unit 1141 of the first optical switching section 114 may correspond to one optical modulator 1121 in the electro-optical conversion section 112 and three photodetectors 1181 in the photoelectric conversion section 118. One of the three photodetectors 1181 is connected to the second optical switching section 116 to receive an optical signal from the second optical switching section 116, another of the three photodetectors 1181 is connected to the third optical coupler 1193 to receive an optical signal from outside the photonic integrated circuit chip 110, and the remaining one of the three photodetectors 1181 is connected to the fourth optical coupler 1194 to receive another optical signal from outside the photonic integrated circuit chip 110. Although FIG13C shows that the electro-optical conversion section 112 includes eight optical modulators 1121 and the photoelectric conversion section 118 includes 24 photodetectors 1181, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The number of optical modulators and photodetectors can be changed as needed.

[0162] In this disclosure, the first optical switching section 114 of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 includes multiple first optical switching output ports connected to the second optical switching section 116, multiple second optical switching output ports connected to the first optical coupler 1191, and multiple third optical switching output ports connected to the second optical coupler 1192, allowing for a variety of transmission paths for the optical signals entering the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. Therefore, in the context of large-scale computing systems, the optical interconnect module 1370 can provide more flexible connectivity, reducing the number of redundant devices in the computing system and thus saving costs.

[0163] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, as shown in FIG13C, the first optical switching section 114 may include a plurality of first optical switching units 1141 and a plurality of second optical switching units 1142. Each first optical switching unit 1141 may include a first optical switching input port, a first optical switching output port, and a fifth optical switching output port. Optical signals input from the first optical switching input port may be selectively output from either the first optical switching output port or the fifth optical switching output port. Each second optical switching unit 1142 may include a third optical switching input port, a second optical switching output port, and a third optical switching output port. Optical signals input from the third optical switching input port may be selectively output from either the second optical switching output port or the third optical switching output port. The third optical switching input port of each second optical switching unit 1142 may be connected to the fifth optical switching output port of a corresponding first optical switching unit 1141 among the plurality of first optical switching units 1141. The internal structure of the first optical switching section 114 is not limited to the structure shown in FIG13C, and may include various other configurations.

[0164] Figure 14 shows a schematic plan view of another example of the first switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0165] Referring to FIG14, in addition to the first to third optical switching output ports, the first optical switching section 114B according to the embodiment of the present disclosure may further include a plurality of sixth optical switching output ports and a plurality of seventh optical switching output ports. Optical signals input from each first optical switching input port of the first optical switching section 114B can be selectively output from a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of second optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of third optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports, or a corresponding one of the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports. In this case, compared to the embodiment shown in FIG13C, the optical signals entering the photonic integrated circuit chip have more selectable transmission paths, allowing the optical interconnect module 1370 to provide more flexible interconnection, thereby further reducing the number of redundant devices in the computing system and further saving costs.

[0166] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, as shown in FIG14, the first optical switching section 114B of the embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of first optical switching units 1141B, a plurality of second optical switching units 1142B, a plurality of third optical switching units 1143B, and a plurality of fourth optical switching units 1144B. Each first optical switching unit 1141B may include a first optical switching input port, a first optical switching output port, and a fifth optical switching output port. An optical signal input from the first optical switching input port may be selectively output from either the first or fifth optical switching output port. Each second optical switching unit 1142B may include a third optical switching input port, an eighth optical switching output port, and a ninth optical switching output port. An optical signal input from the third optical switching input port may be selectively output from either the eighth or ninth optical switching output port. The third optical switching input port of each second optical switching unit 1142B may be connected to the fifth optical switching output port of a corresponding first optical switching unit 1141B among the plurality of first optical switching units 1141B. Each third optical switching unit 1143B may include a fourth optical switching input port, a second optical switching output port, and a third optical switching output port. Optical signals input from the fourth optical switching input port can be selectively output from either the second or third optical switching output port. The fourth optical switching input port of each third optical switching unit 1143B can be connected to the eighth optical switching output port of a corresponding second optical switching unit 1142B among a plurality of second optical switching units 1142B. Each fourth optical switching unit 1144B may include a fifth optical switching input port, a sixth optical switching output port, and a seventh optical switching output port. Optical signals input from the fifth optical switching input port can be selectively output from either the sixth or seventh optical switching output port. The fifth optical switching input port of each fourth optical switching unit 1144B can be connected to the ninth optical switching output port of a corresponding second optical switching unit 1142B among a plurality of second optical switching units 1142B.

[0167] In the photonic integrated circuit chip including the first optical switching section 114B, in addition to the first to fourth optical couplers 1191 to 1194, a fifth optical coupler 1195, a sixth optical coupler 1196, a seventh optical coupler (not shown), and an eighth optical coupler (not shown) may also be included. Furthermore, in the photonic integrated circuit chip including the first optical switching section 114B, in addition to the first and second optical signal output ports and the first and second optical signal input ports, a third and fourth optical signal output port and a third and fourth optical signal input port may also be included.

[0168] The fifth optical coupler 1195 can be connected between the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114B and the third optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip, and outputs the optical signal output from the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114B through the third optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip to the outside of the optical interconnect module via an external optical fiber. The sixth optical coupler 1196 can be connected between the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114B and the fourth optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip, and outputs the optical signal output from the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section 114B through the fourth optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip to the outside of the optical interconnect module via an external optical fiber. A seventh optical coupler (not shown) can be connected between the fourth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 and the third optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip, and transmits the optical signal input from outside the optical interconnect module via an external optical fiber through the third optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip to the fourth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118. An eighth optical coupler (not shown) can be connected between the fifth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118 and the fourth optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip, and transmits the optical signal input from outside the optical interconnect module via an external optical fiber through the fourth optical signal input port of the photonic integrated circuit chip to the fifth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section 118.

[0169] It should be understood that the first optical switching section shown in Figures 13C and 14 is merely an example, and this disclosure is not limited thereto; the first optical switching section may include other structures.

[0170] Referring back to Figures 13A and 13B, the electrical signal interface 1350 of the optical interconnect device 1300 can be disposed on the second PCB 1301 and can be used to receive and / or transmit digital electrical signals. The first and second optical signal interfaces 1341 and 1342 can be connected to the optical signal input port and optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. In the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, the plurality of second and third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section can be connected to the first and second optical signal output ports, respectively; the first portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section can be connected to the plurality of fourth optical switching output ports of the second optical switching section; and the second and third portions of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section can be connected to the first and second optical signal input ports, respectively. The first and second optical signal interfaces 1341 and 1342 can be disposed on the second PCB 1301. Specifically, the first optical signal interface 1341 can be connected to the second portion of the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching portion of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 and the second portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion portion of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371; the second optical signal interface 1342 can be connected to the third portion of the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching portion of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 and the third portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion portion of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. Although FIG13A shows two optical interconnect modules 1370 sharing one first optical signal interface 1341 and one second optical signal interface 1342, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The optical interconnect device 1300 according to the embodiments of this disclosure may include other numbers of optical interconnect modules 1370, and furthermore, the first optical signal interface and the second optical signal interface may be configured separately for each optical interconnect module 1370.

[0171] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the optical interconnect device 1300 may further include a third optical signal interface (not shown) and a fourth optical signal interface (not shown). The first optical switching section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 may include a plurality of first optical switching input ports, a plurality of first optical switching output ports, a plurality of second optical switching output ports, a plurality of third optical switching output ports, a plurality of sixth optical switching output ports, and a plurality of seventh optical switching output ports. An optical signal input from each first optical switching input port of the first optical switching section is selectively output from a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of second optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of third optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports, or a corresponding one of the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports. The third optical signal interface may be connected to a fourth portion of the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 and the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section. The fourth optical signal interface can be connected to the fifth part of the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 and the fifth part of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section.

[0172] Furthermore, although Figure 13A shows the first and second optical signal interfaces 1341 and 1342 connected to the optical signal input port and optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, respectively, this disclosure is not limited to this. It may also include two additional optical signal interfaces, with each optical signal interface connected only to the optical signal input port or optical signal output port of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. For example, the first optical signal interface 1341 may be connected to the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371; the second optical signal interface 1342 may be connected to the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371; the fifth optical signal interface (not shown) may be connected to the second part of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371; and the sixth optical signal interface (not shown) may be connected to the third part of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371.

[0173] According to embodiments disclosed herein, each optical interconnect device 1300 can receive control signals from an external optical switching control chip (not shown) via an electrical signal interface 1350 for controlling the first and second optical switching portions in each optical interconnect module 1370. The control signals can control the transmission path of optical signals in the first and second optical switching portions. For example, when the optical switching units of the first and second optical switching portions are Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) optical path switching units, the control signals can control the external electric field or heat applied to the phase shifter of the MZI optical path switching unit to control the transmission path of the optical signals.

[0174] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the optical interconnect device 1300 may further include one or more re-timers 1310. The one or more re-timers 1310 may be arranged on a second PCB 1301, connected between the electrical signal interface 1350 and the one or more optical interconnect modules 1370, and used to convert a fifth electrical signal received from the electrical signal interface 1350 into a third electrical signal output to the one or more optical interconnect modules 1370, and to convert a second electrical signal received from the one or more optical interconnect modules 1370 into an eighth electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface 1350. The re-timer 1310 can be used to solve signal attenuation and jitter problems in high-speed data transmission, ensuring signal quality, thereby maintaining the reliability and stability of data transmission.

[0175] Each retimer 1310 may include multiple channels, and the electrical signal interface 1350 may also include multiple channels. The total number of channels of one or more retimer 1310s may be equal to the total number of channels of the electrical signal interface 1350. One or more retimer 1310s may be connected to one or more optical interconnect modules 1370 via conductive channels 1303 on or in the second PCB 1301. Although Figure 13A shows two retimer 1310s and one electrical signal interface 1350, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The optical interconnect device 1300 may include other numbers of electrical signal interfaces 1350s and retimer 1310s, and the number of retimer 1310s may vary depending on the total number of channels of the electrical signal interfaces 1350s and the number of channels of each retimer 1310. For example, if the electrical signal interface 1350 of the optical interconnect device 1300 includes 64 channels and each retimer 1310 includes 16 channels, the optical interconnect device 1300 may include 4 retimer 2s.

[0176] Similar to the configuration of the number of retimer 1310, the total number of channels of the electrical interface of the optical interconnect module 1370 can be equal to the total number of channels of the electrical signal interface 1350, and the number of optical interconnect modules 1370 can be changed according to the total number of channels of the electrical signal interface 1350 and the number of channels of the electrical interface of each optical interconnect module 1370.

[0177] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the optical interconnect device 1300 may further include a light source module 1360 disposed on a second PCB 1301 for generating an optical carrier. The light source module 1360 may be connected to the electro-optic conversion section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 of each optical interconnect module 1370, such that the generated optical carrier is output to the electro-optic conversion section and converted into an optical signal output to the first optical switching section of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. The light source module 1360 may be optically connected to the optical interconnect module 1370 via an optical fiber 1377 to input an optical carrier to the optical interconnect module 1370. Although Figure 13A shows two light source modules 1360, this disclosure is not limited thereto. The optical interconnect device 1300 may include only one light source module 1360, which may be connected to one or more optical interconnect modules 1370 via an optical fiber.

[0178] According to the embodiments disclosed herein, the electrical signal interface 1350 can receive electrical signals from external devices (e.g., a computing module) of the optical interconnect device 1300. These electrical signals can be reshaped and / or amplified by a re-timer 1310. The reshaped and / or amplified electrical signals can be transmitted to the optical interconnect module 1370 via conductive channels 1303 on or within the second PCB 1301, and further transmitted to the corresponding transceiver chip 1373 via conductive channels in the packaging substrate 1375 of the optical interconnect module 1370 and conductive vias 1372 in the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. The transceiver chip 1373 can transmit the received electrical signals to the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. The photonic integrated circuit chip 1371 can modulate the electrical signals output by the transceiver chip 1373 onto an optical carrier generated by the light source module 1360 via an electro-optic conversion section (e.g., an optical modulator), thereby generating an optical signal carrying information. After optical path reconstruction by the first and second optical switching sections in the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371, the optical signal is output to the communication peer (e.g., another computing module connected to the optical interconnect device 1300) via optical fiber 1377 and optical signal interfaces 1341 and 1342. Conversely, the optical signal received via optical signal interfaces 1341 and 1342 and optical fiber 1377 can undergo photoelectric conversion by the photoelectric conversion section (e.g., photodetector) of the photonic integrated circuit chip 1371. The converted electrical signal can then be transmitted to the receiving end (e.g., the aforementioned computing module) via the transceiver chip 1373, the timer 1310, and the electrical signal interface 1350. Optical path reconstruction via the optical interconnect module 1370 of the optical interconnect device 1300 can change the connection relationships between multiple external devices (e.g., multiple computing modules) connected to the optical interconnect device 1300.

[0179] According to embodiments disclosed herein, the optical interconnect device 1300 may further include a first voltage regulation module 1320 (e.g., 54V to 12V) and a second voltage regulation module 1330 (12V to voltage rail (i.e., maximum voltage input range)) for regulating the voltage of the electrical signal transmitted between the electrical signal interface and the optical interconnect module 1370.

[0180] Figure 15A shows a schematic plan view of an example of a second optical switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 15B shows a schematic plan view of an example of an optical switching unit of a first optical switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 15C shows a schematic plan view of an example of an optical switching unit of a second optical switching portion of an optical interconnect module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0181] Referring to FIG15A, the second optical switching section 116 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of sixth optical switching units 1161. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the second optical switching section 116 may be an 8×8 strictly non-blocking optical switch, which consists of 64 2×2 sixth optical switching units 1161. By controlling the signal output port of each sixth optical switching unit 1161, any path combination between the eight input channels and eight output channels in FIG15A can be realized, and the insertion loss on each path is path-independent. Therefore, the communication connection topology from input to output can be changed. Furthermore, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the 8×8 strictly non-blocking optical switch can be further laterally repeated to meet greater bandwidth switching requirements. It should be understood that the structure of the second optical switching section 116 shown in FIG15A is merely an example; depending on actual needs, the second optical switching section 116 can be configured as any n×n non-blocking optical switch. The second optical switching section 116 can realize reconfigurable optical interconnects to change the network topology for different artificial intelligence applications, thereby optimizing data migration efficiency and improving computing system performance.

[0182] Referring to FIG15B, the optical switching unit of the first optical switching section according to the embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., the first to fourth optical switching units described with reference to FIGS. 13C and 14) may be a 1×2 optical switching unit. According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, the optical switching unit of the first optical switching section may be a MEMS optical path switching unit or a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) optical path switching unit. For example, as shown in FIG15B, the first optical switching unit is an MZI optical path switching unit, and each optical switching unit of the first optical switching section may include a first beam splitter 1501, a second beam splitter 1502, and two phase shifters 1503. The first beam splitter 1501 may include a fourth optical input port and two fourth optical output ports, the second beam splitter 1502 may include two fifth optical input ports and two fifth optical output ports, and the two phase shifters 1503 may be respectively connected between the two fourth optical output ports of the first beam splitter 1501 and the two fifth optical input ports of the second beam splitter 1502. According to embodiments disclosed herein, each phase shifter 1503 may be an electro-optic or thermo-optic phase shifter. By controlling the external electric field or heat applied to each phase shifter 1503 to change the refractive index of the optical material included in the phase shifter 1503, the phase of the optical signal transmitted therein is controlled, and the output port of the optical signal is selected using interference effects.

[0183] Referring to FIG15C, the optical switching unit of the second optical switching section according to an embodiment of the present disclosure (e.g., the sixth optical switching unit 1161 described with reference to FIG15A) may be a 2×2 optical switching unit. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the optical switching unit of the second optical switching section may be an MZI optical path switching unit. For example, as shown in FIG15C, each optical switching unit of the second optical switching section may include a third beam splitter 1504, a fourth beam splitter 1505, and two phase shifters 1506. The third beam splitter 1504 may include two sixth optical input ports and two sixth optical output ports, the fourth beam splitter 1505 may include two seventh optical input ports and two seventh optical output ports, and the two phase shifters 1506 may be respectively connected between the two sixth optical output ports of the third beam splitter 1504 and the two seventh optical input ports of the fourth beam splitter 1505. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, each phase shifter 1506 may be an electro-optic or thermo-optic phase shifter. The phase of the optical signal transmitted therein is controlled by changing the refractive index of the optical material included in each phase shifter 1506 by controlling the external electric field or heat applied to each phase shifter 1506, and the output port of the optical signal is selected by using the interference effect.

[0184] According to embodiments disclosed herein, each computing device in the computing system may include multiple optical interconnect devices described with reference to Figures 13A to 15C, making the communication connections between computing modules in the computing system no longer fixed but field-reconfigurable. The communication connection topology of the computing system can be flexibly changed by controlling the reconfigurable optical interconnect devices based on a specific artificial intelligence model or the presence or absence of computing module failures, achieving millisecond-level topology switching. For large-scale supernodes, arranging computing modules into a two-dimensional toroidal communication connection topology can significantly reduce communication latency between computing modules. Furthermore, computing devices in the computing system can be connected solely through optical interconnect devices and optical fibers, avoiding the use of external electrical and optical switches and saving interconnection costs.

[0185] In the foregoing description, embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the above embodiments are merely illustrative, and those skilled in the art should understand that the combination of constituent elements and processes of the present embodiments can be modified in various ways, and such modifications also fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0186] 10,31,32,33,51~56,S1~S14,91~95,SER1A~SER1H,SER2A~SER2H,SER3A~SER3H,SER4A~SER4H,SER5A~SER5H,SER6A~SER6H,SER7A~SER7H,SER8A~SER8H: Computing devices M1~M8: Calculation Modules O1~O8, 1300: Optical interconnect devices 101, 1301: Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 103, 1303: Conductive channels 20,45,99: Optical transmission devices B: Bandwidth 650: Electrical signal interface 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,100,110,120: Computing System 35: Optical transmission device TP16, TP8, TP32, TP32_1, TP32_2, TP32_3, TP64, TP12, TP20: Supernodes 1370: Optical interconnect module 1371: Photonic Integrated Circuit Chip 1373: Transmitter / Receiver Chip 1375: Packaging substrate 1350: Electrical signal interface 1341, 1342: Optical signal interface 1372: Conductive via 1377: Fiber Optic 112: Electro-optical conversion section 114, 114B, 116: Optical switching section 118: Photoelectric conversion section 1121: Optical Modulator L1: Optical carrier 1191~1196: Optical Coupler 1181: Photodetector 1141, 1142, 1141B~1144B, 1161: Optical switching unit 1360: Light Source Module 1320, 1330: Voltage regulation module 1501, 1502, 1504, 1505: Beam splitters 1503, 1506: Phase shifters

Claims

1. A computing system comprising a plurality of computing devices, wherein: Each computing device includes multiple computing modules and multiple optical interconnects. Each optical interconnect includes an optical signal interface and an electrical signal interface, and is used to convert optical signals received from the optical signal interface into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interface, and to convert electrical signals received from the electrical signal interface into optical signals output from the optical signal interface, or to convert them into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interface via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The electrical signal interface of the optical interconnect of each computing device is physically connected to the computing modules within each computing device, and the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect of each computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the optical interconnect of at least one other computing device among the multiple computing devices, such that each computing module of each computing device communicates with at least one computing module within each computing device, and / or communicates with at least one computing module of at least one other computing device among the multiple computing devices. The multiple computing devices include a first computing device, a second computing device, and a third computing device. The optical signal interface of each optical interconnect of the first computing device includes a first optical signal interface and a second optical signal interface. Each optical interconnect device of the first computing device is used to convert an optical signal received from the first optical signal interface or the second optical signal interface into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface, and to convert an electrical signal received from the electrical signal interface into an optical signal output from the first optical signal interface or the second optical signal interface, or to convert it into an electrical signal output from the electrical signal interface through electro-optical-photoelectric conversion. The first optical signal interface of the first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first part of the optical interconnect device of the second computing device through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first part of the optical interconnect device of the third computing device through an optical transmission device. The first part of the optical interconnect device of the first computing device enables the first computing device to selectively communicate with the second computing device or the third computing device.

2. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the first portion of the optical interconnect of the first computing device enables the first computing device to communicate with the second computing device, and when the second computing device malfunctions, the first portion of the optical interconnect of the first computing device enables the first computing device to communicate with the third computing device.

3. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the optical signal interface of each optical interconnect of each computing device includes a first optical signal interface and a second optical signal interface, and the plurality of optical interconnects of each computing device enables each computing device to selectively communicate with one of the remaining computing devices via the first optical signal interface or with another of the remaining computing devices via the second optical signal interface.

4. The computing system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plurality of computing devices comprises m computing devices, wherein, m is an integer greater than or equal to 5. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the t1-th computing device through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the j-th computing device is physically connected to the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the t2-th computing device through an optical transmission device, where 1≤j≤m. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the j-th computing device is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the t3-th computing device through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the j-th computing device is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the t4-th computing device through an optical transmission device. When j=1, t1=m, t2=2, t3=m-1, t4=3. When j=2, t1=1, t2=3, t3=m, t4=4. When j=m-1, t1=m-2, t2=m, t3=m-3, t4=1. When j=m, t1=m-1, t2=1, t3=m-2, t4=2. And when 3≤j≤m-2, t1=j-1, t2=j+1, t3=j-2, t4=j+2.

5. The computing system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the number of the first group of optical interconnects and the number of the second group of optical interconnects are each half the number of the plurality of optical interconnects in each computing device.

6. The computing system as claimed in claim 4, wherein when at least one of the m computing devices fails, the at least one that has failed is communication isolated, and the communication connections between the remaining computing devices that have not failed are formed into a new communication connection topology by changing the communication links of their respective optical interconnects.

7. The computing system as claimed in claim 4, wherein at least one of the m computing devices is configured as a standby device, and the remaining m computing devices are configured as operating devices in normal operation, wherein in the normal operation of the computing system, the standby device does not communicate with the operating devices, the operating devices form at least one supernode, each supernode being formed by at least one computing device in the operating devices, each computing device in each supernode communicating only with the computing devices in that supernode, and when at least one computing device in the operating devices fails, the failed at least one computing device is communicationally isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby device communicates with the non-failed computing devices in the computing system, thereby forming a new supernode.

8. The computing system as claimed in claim 4, wherein at least one of the m computing devices is configured as a standby device, and the remaining m computing devices are configured as operating devices in normal operation, wherein in the normal operation state of the computing system, the standby device is not communicatively connected to the operating devices, all computing modules of the operating devices form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology, and when at least one computing module in the operating devices fails, the failed at least one computing module is communicatively isolated, and at least one computing module in the standby device is communicatively connected to the non-failed computing modules in the computing system, thereby re-forming a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology.

9. The computing system as claimed in claim 4, wherein at least one of the m computing devices is configured as a standby device, and the remaining m computing devices are configured as operating devices in normal operation. In the normal operation state of the computing system, the standby device does not communicate with the operating devices. Each operating device forms at least one supernode, each supernode being formed by at least one computing device in the operating device. Each computing device within each supernode communicates only with the computing devices within that supernode. All computing modules of each supernode form a one-dimensional ring communication connection topology. When at least one computing module of the operating device fails, the failed at least one computing module is communicationally isolated, and at least one computing module in the standby device communicates with the non-failed computing modules in the computing system, thereby forming a new supernode in the one-dimensional ring communication connection topology.

10. The computing system as claimed in claim 7 or 9, wherein the at least one supernode comprises a first supernode and a second supernode, and the number of computing devices or communication connection topologies in the first supernode and the second supernode are the same or different.

11. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the optical signal interface of each optical interconnect of the first computing device further includes a third optical signal interface and a fourth optical signal interface, each optical interconnect of the first computing device is configured to convert optical signals received from the first optical signal interface, the second optical signal interface, the third optical signal interface, and the fourth optical signal interface into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interface, and to convert electrical signals received from the electrical signal interface into optical signals output from the first optical signal interface, the second optical signal interface, the third optical signal interface, and the fourth optical signal interface, or to convert them into electrical signals output from the electrical signal interface via electro-optical-photoelectric conversion, wherein the plurality of computing devices further includes a fourth computing device and a fifth computing device. The first optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the second computing device via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the third computing device via an optical transmission device. The third optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the fourth computing device via an optical transmission device. The fourth optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the first part of the first computing device is physically connected to the optical signal interface of the first optical interconnect of the fifth computing device via an optical transmission device. Furthermore, the first optical interconnect of the first computing device enables the first computing device to selectively communicate with the second computing device, the third computing device, the fourth computing device, or the fifth computing device.

12. The computing system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the plurality of computing devices comprises n×m computing devices, wherein, Both n and m are integers greater than or equal to 5. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and j-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and j-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j+1-th column through an optical transmission device, where 3≤i≤n-2, 3≤j≤m-2. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and j column via an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and j column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and j-1 column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and j column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and j+1 column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j-2th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and j+2th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j-1 column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j+1 column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and j column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j-2 column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and j+2 column via an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-1th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j+1th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and j-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-2th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and j+2th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column j is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row 1, column j via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column j is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column j-1 via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column j is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column j+1 via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row n, column j is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in row 2, column j via an optical transmission device.The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j-2th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and jth column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and j+2th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and 1-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and 1-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and (m-1)-th column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and 2-th column through an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and 2-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the i-th row and 2-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and 2-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the i-th row and 2-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and 2-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 2-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and m-1-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and m-1-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and m-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and m-1-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-1-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects among the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column through an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i-1)-th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (i+1)-th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the i-th row and 1-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (i-2)-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (i+2)-th row and m-th column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the i-th row and m-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects in the computing device in the i-th row and 2-th column through an optical transmission device.

13. The computing system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and first column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and first column via an optical transmission device, and the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and first column is connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and first column via an optical transmission device. The transmission device is physically connected, and the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnect devices in the plurality of optical interconnect devices of the computing device in the first row and first column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnect devices in the plurality of optical interconnect devices of the computing device in the first row and m column through an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnect devices in the plurality of optical interconnect devices of the computing device in the first row and first column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnect devices in the plurality of optical interconnect devices of the computing device in the first row and second column through an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and first column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and first column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and second column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column is also left floating.Alternatively, the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m column is physically connected via an optical transmission device; the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1) column is left floating; or the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and (m-1) column is physically connected via an optical transmission device; the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1) column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the second row and (m-1) column is physically connected via an optical transmission device; and the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1) column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m column is physically connected via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. Similarly, the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (m-1)th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and (1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and mth column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and mth column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and mth column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and mth column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m column is left floating, or is physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects of the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m column through an optical transmission device; the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects of the computing device in the first row and m column is left floating.Alternatively, the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row, second column can be physically connected via an optical transmission device, while the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, first column is left unconnected. Alternatively, the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, m column can be physically connected via an optical transmission device, while the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, first column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, second column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, first column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row, first column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, first column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, second column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row, second column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, second column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row, (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m-1 column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m-1 column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m-1 column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and m-1 column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m-1 column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and 1st column via an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the nth row and m column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and m column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the second row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and first column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row, 1st column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row, 1st column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row, 1st column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row, 1st column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row, 2nd column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row, 2nd column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row, 2nd column is left floating.Alternatively, the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the first row and second column can be physically connected via an optical transmission device, while the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and second column is left unconnected. Or, the second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m column can be physically connected via an optical transmission device, while the first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column, and the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column, via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (1)th row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (m-1)th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and (1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the computing device in the (n-1)th row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and m-th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and m-1th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the (n-1)th row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and 2nd column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 2nd column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and mth column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and (m-1)th column is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 1st row and (m-1)th column via an optical transmission device.The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column is physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the 2nd row and m-1th column via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and m-1th column is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in the nth row and 1st column via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column m is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row 1, column m via an optical transmission device. The first optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column m is either left floating or physically connected to the first optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column 1 via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the second group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column m is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the first group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row 2, column m via an optical transmission device. The second optical signal interface of the fourth group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column m is either left floating or physically connected to the second optical signal interface of the third group of optical interconnects in the plurality of optical interconnects of the computing device in row n, column 2 via an optical transmission device.

14. The computing system of claim 12, wherein the number of the first group of optical interconnects, the number of the second group of optical interconnects, the number of the third group of optical interconnects, and the number of the fourth group of optical interconnects are each one-quarter of the number of the plurality of optical interconnects in each computing device.

15. The computing system of claim 12, wherein when at least one of the n×m computing devices fails, the at least one computing device that has failed is communication isolated, and the communication connections between the remaining computing devices that have not failed are formed into a new communication connection topology by changing the communication links of their respective optical interconnects.

16. The computing system of claim 12, wherein at least one of the n×m computing devices is configured as a standby device, the remaining computing devices of the n×m computing devices are configured as working devices in normal operation, the standby device does not communicate with the working devices in normal operation of the computing system, the working devices form at least one supernode, each supernode is formed by at least one computing device in the working devices, each computing device communicates only with the remaining computing devices within the same supernode, and when at least one computing device in the working devices fails, the failed at least one computing device is communicationally isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby device communicates with the non-failed computing devices in the computing system to form a new supernode.

17. The computing system of claim 12, wherein at least one of the n×m computing devices is configured as a standby device, the remaining computing devices of the n×m computing devices are configured as operating devices, in the normal operating state of the computing system, the standby device is not communicatively connected to the operating devices, all computing modules of the operating devices form a two-dimensional torus communication topology, and when at least one computing device in the operating devices fails, the failed at least one computing device is communicatively isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby device is communicatively connected to the non-failed computing devices in the computing system, thereby restoring the two-dimensional torus communication topology.

18. The computing system of claim 1, wherein each optical interconnect of the first computing device further comprises one or more optical interconnect modules, each optical interconnect module comprising a photonic integrated circuit chip and a transceiver chip electrically connected to the photonic integrated circuit chip, the photonic integrated circuit chip comprising an electro-optic conversion section, a first optical switching section, a second optical switching section, and a photoelectric conversion section, the electro-optic conversion section generating an optical signal output to the first optical switching section based on an electrical signal output from the transceiver chip, the first optical switching section comprising a plurality of first optical switching input ports, a plurality of first optical switching output ports, a plurality of second optical switching output ports, and a plurality of third optical switching output ports, wherein an optical signal input from each first optical switching input port is selectively output from a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of second optical switching output ports, or a corresponding one of the plurality of third optical switching output ports, the second optical switching section comprising a plurality of second optical switching input ports and a plurality of fourth optical switching output ports connected via reconfigurable optical paths, each of the plurality of second optical switching input ports of the second optical switching section being connected to a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section. The photoelectric conversion section includes multiple first optical input ports and multiple first electrical output ports. Optical signals input from the multiple first optical input ports are converted into electrical signals output from the multiple first electrical output ports to the transceiver chip. The first portions of the multiple first optical input ports are respectively connected to the multiple fourth optical switching output ports of the second optical switching section. The multiple second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section and the second portions of the multiple first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section are connected to the first optical signal interface. Furthermore, the multiple third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section and the third portions of the multiple first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section are connected to the second optical signal interface.

19. The computing system of claim 18, wherein the photonic integrated circuit chip further comprises a first optical coupler, a second optical coupler, a third optical coupler and a fourth optical coupler, the first optical coupler being connected to the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section, the second optical coupler being connected to the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section, the third optical coupler being connected to the second portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section, and the fourth optical coupler being connected to the third portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section.

20. The computing system of claim 11, wherein each optical interconnect of the first computing device further comprises one or more optical interconnect modules, each optical interconnect module comprising a photonic integrated circuit chip and a transceiver chip electrically connected to the photonic integrated circuit chip, the photonic integrated circuit chip comprising an electro-optic conversion section, a first optical switching section, a second optical switching section, and a photoelectric conversion section, the electro-optic conversion section generating an optical signal output to the first optical switching section based on an electrical signal output from the transceiver chip, the first optical switching section comprising a plurality of first optical switching input ports, a plurality of first optical switching output ports, a plurality of second optical switching output ports, a plurality of third optical switching output ports, a plurality of sixth optical switching output ports, and a plurality of seventh optical switching output ports, wherein an optical signal input from each first optical switching input port is selectively output from a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of second optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of third optical switching output ports, a corresponding one of the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports, or a corresponding one of the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports. The second optical switching section includes a plurality of second optical switching input ports and a plurality of fourth optical switching output ports connected via reconfigurable optical paths. Each of the plurality of second optical switching input ports of the second optical switching section is connected to a corresponding one of the plurality of first optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section. The photoelectric conversion section includes a plurality of first optical input ports and a plurality of first electrical output ports. Optical signals input from the plurality of first optical input ports are converted into electrical signals output from the plurality of first electrical output ports to the transceiver chip. First portions of the plurality of first optical input ports are respectively connected to the plurality of fourth optical switching output ports of the second optical switching section. Second portions of the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section and the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section are connected to the first optical signal interface. Third portions of the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section and the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section are connected to the second optical signal interface. The plurality of sixth optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section and the fourth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section are connected to the third optical signal interface, and the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section and the fifth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section are connected to the fourth optical signal interface.

21. The computing system of claim 20, wherein the photonic integrated circuit chip further comprises a first optical coupler, a second optical coupler, a third optical coupler, a fourth optical coupler, a fifth optical coupler, a sixth optical coupler, a seventh optical coupler, and an eighth optical coupler, wherein the first optical coupler is connected to the plurality of second optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section, the second optical coupler is connected to the plurality of third optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section, the third optical coupler is connected to the second portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section, the fourth optical coupler is connected to the third portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section, the fifth optical coupler is connected to the plurality of sixth optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section, the sixth optical coupler is connected to the plurality of seventh optical switching output ports of the first optical switching section, and the seventh optical coupler is connected to the fourth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section, and the eighth optical coupler is connected to the fifth portion of the plurality of first optical input ports of the photoelectric conversion section.

22. The computing system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the optical transmission device is an optical fiber.

23. A method of operating a computing system as described in claim 4 or 12, comprising: At least one of the plurality of computing devices is designated as a standby device, and the remaining computing devices are designated as operating devices. Each operating device forms at least one supernode, and each supernode is formed by at least one computing device in the operating device. Each computing device in each supernode communicates only with the computing devices in that supernode. When at least one computing device in the operating device fails, the communication of the failed at least one operating device is isolated, and at least one computing device in the standby device is connected to the operating computing device in the computing system to form a new supernode.

Images