Structural wall with a structure exogenous to the longitudinal axis thereof for enabling the inside of the wall to be filled on site

Abstract

Disclosed is a structural wall with a frame made of wood, metal, plastic, polycarbonate or other resistant material, which does not have stiffening diagonal braces or noggings in the longitudinal axis thereof or, alternatively, has a reticulated and / or articulated structure. This wall is provided with the necessary rigidity by means of a structure external to the longitudinal axis thereof by means of different diagonal elements secured to the studs or pillars and plates, so as to allow the inside of the wall to be filled with materials that enable same to provide features of habitability, such as thermal inertia, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, and fire resistance, by using very economical fillings such as soil from the site or simple mixtures such as mud and straw, mud with expanded polystyrene, lightweight concrete, earth with would shavings, earth and volcanic ash, or even using industrial waste such as punctured tyres or other elements, some difficult to recycle. In summary, a wide range of fillings can be used, according to the specific need. This manner of structuring, by enabling on-site filling of the inside of the wall, allows the features of habitability provided by the walls to be ostensibly improved, in a simple, fast and economical manner, the structure being easy to prefabricate and industrialisable, and with a large variety of applications in dwellings and various types of buildings.

Description

STRUCTURAL WALL WITH AN EXOGENOUS STRUCTURE TO ITS LONGITUDINAL AXIS TO ALLOW ITS INTERIOR FILLING ON SITE DESCRIPTIVE MEMORANDUM The present invention relates to a structural wall with lattice elements, whether or not external to the longitudinal axis of the wall, which allows for the pouring of its internal fill on-site. This is applicable to a wide range of variations, thicknesses, and materials. The use of the present invention allows for the industrialization of infill placement on-site in walls that previously could not be filled due to internal structural elements. STATE OF THE ART Construction systems for walls and partitions made of wood, metal, or other materials are widely known. These systems typically feature pillars or uprights, stiffening diagonals, sills, and purlins along a single axis. Usually, some type of insulation (expanded polystyrene, fiberglass, polyurethane foam, or other materials) is placed within this framework before one side of the wall is closed or sheathed. Among the known prior art walls that bear some resemblance to the wall of the presented invention is one designated as US patent 2004237425 (Worrell, Szerdi) from 2004, which possesses great complexity and a variety of structural elements. Its interior is filled after the placement of vertical battens, lateral mesh, insulation on both sides, and horizontal reinforcing bars. The fundamental differences between the present invention and the wall of the 2004 US patent lie in the fact that the wall of the present invention does have internal pillars or uprights, essential for transmitting loads to the base of the wall and for securing its cladding. Furthermore, it can be constructed with thicknesses much less than those mentioned in Worrell's patent (a minimum of approximately 40 centimeters). The wall of the present invention is also prefabricatable, which is clearly not the case with the wall of Worrell's invention. Another document, CL1416-92, an abandoned patent application from 1992, discloses a self-supporting panel (not a load-bearing wall) to be placed on a concrete slab. This panel lacks pillars (referring instead to boards reinforcing the panel in the middle), diagonals, and internal ties, but fails to describe its structure. It assigns the structural role to a layer of expanded polystyrene, its metal mesh covering, and subsequent stucco. Clearly, there are significant differences between this self-supporting panel invention and the present one: a structural wall capable of bearing loads. It is important to note that the differences lie not only in the materials used and their arrangement but also in the concept itself; that is, the basic concept or inventive unit of the presented invention is absent from the abandoned patent application. The Chilean patent CL-49055 (same author of this invention, Bravo Valenzuela Ricardo) from 2013, although it has several common elements that are used or applied in conjunction with the present invention to the designed wall, does not incorporate the invention of the reticulated structure and the elimination of the interior diagonal that constitutes the key to the present invention. The CL-49055 wall is a structure of impregnated wood with a foundation of expanded polystyrene and concrete blocks at its base, which is filled with branches or adobe bricks and not with bulk fill as in the case of the present invention. structural wall capable of receiving loads. It is important to note that the differences are not only in the materials used and their arrangement, but also conceptual; that is, the basic concept or inventive unit of the presented invention is not present in the abandoned patent application. The Chilean patent CL-49055 (same author of this invention, Bravo Valenzuela Ricardo) from 2013, although it has several common elements that are used or applied in conjunction with the present invention to the designed wall, does not incorporate the invention of the reticulated structure and the elimination of the interior diagonal that constitutes the key to the present invention. The CL-49055 wall is a structure of impregnated wood with a foundation of expanded polystyrene and concrete blocks at its base, which is filled with branches or adobe bricks and not with bulk fill as in the case of the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has a clear concept and adheres to a single, defined inventive unit, which distinctly differentiates it from any other previously known wall: a wall with structural elements that are reticulated or exogenous to the longitudinal axis of the wall, allowing for the pouring of its internal fill on-site. This is applicable to a large number of wall variants and alternatives, so that the wall using this invention can be constructed in an infinite number of thicknesses. The use of the present invention allows for the industrialization of the placement of fill on-site. DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNICAL PROBLEM BEING SOLVED The wall of the present invention solves the following problems: 1. It solves the problem of insufficient mass in construction: Mass or physical weight is what provides a dwelling with its stability or thermal inertia, as well as thermal and acoustic insulation and fire resistance. This implies a significant conversion from emergency or temporary housing to permanent housing. 2. Expanded polystyrene, which acts as and / or replaces the foundation, insulates or separates the ground from the wall, preventing thermal bridges and the rise of moisture by capillary action. 3. The placement of "biscuits" or concrete cylinders 3 to 5 centimeters thick at the base of those pillars that transmit the greatest load to the ground (in order to distribute it and prevent the sinking of the pillars) solves, replaces and / or avoids the construction of a foundation. 4. The distribution of the structural elements allows its interior to be filled with materials that provide different qualities: thermal, acoustic, fire resistance and thermal inertia. 5. It produces significant savings in material transportation; the soil used for fill is obtained from the site itself. Due to the nature of its materials, its minimal impact on the environment, and its environmentally friendly nature, this wall should rightfully be called "ecological," since its main components are renewable materials such as wood and soil. 6. It provides a quality solution to construction problems resulting from natural disasters, as it enables the reuse of materials from the demolition of damaged homes and the use of low-cost and easily obtainable materials. 7. It solves labor problems since the construction of this wall does not require much specialization and its learning is simple and also innate to a large number of cultures that have built similar walls since time immemorial. 8. It solves a time problem, as it is highly industrializable (it can be prefabricated and uses efficient, high-performance machinery) and its fill material can be transported in bulk or by concrete mixer truck. 9. It solves a problem of construction limitations due to weather conditions, since, for example, compared to adobe, which needs a lot of sun and water during periods when water is usually scarce, this system does not have this limitation and can be used at any time of year. 10. It solves logistical problems since it uses very few materials and consequently very little transport. 11. This construction solution has a very low carbon footprint, which means very low energy consumption and minimal pollution. 12. Its low cost, high quality, and excellent insulation and living performance make it possible to build larger, higher-quality homes for the same price compared to traditional construction. 13. It significantly reduces the final construction cost, due to the low price of its construction elements and the use of economical fill materials. 14. Because it is modular, foldable, and stackable, it saves space, facilitates storage, and reduces transportation costs. 15. It can be filled in on-site once its exterior and interior vertical surfaces are in place, which is not possible with traditional walls. 16. Compared to traditional reinforced masonry construction systems, this wall uses only a tiny fraction of the sand and aggregates they require, and in areas with little rainfall, it may not even need cementitious plaster. This is a very important factor, since sand is currently a very scarce material worldwide, and many countries no longer have access to it. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1A is an elevation view of wall type A, which constitutes the application of the present invention to a wattle and daub type wall with individual pillars located on the axis of the wall Figure 2A is a view showing a vertical cross-section of wall A. Figure 3A is a view showing a horizontal cross-section of wall A. Figure 1B is an elevation view of wall type B, which is the application of the present invention to a wattle and daub wall constructed with more than one pillar on the same transverse axis (double, triple, etc. pillars) arranged in a grid or in such a way as to allow the free passage of fill into the interior of the wall. Figure 2B is a view showing a vertical cross-section of wall type B. Figure 3B is a view showing a horizontal cross-section of wall type B. Figure 1C is a view showing an elevation of the C-type wall, which is the application of the invention to a typical, but not exclusively, prefabricated wooden wall, with single or reticulated pillars; diagonals, ties and / or reticulated sills. Figure 2C is a view showing a vertical cross-section of wall type C. Figure 3C is a horizontal cross-section view of wall type C. Figure 1D is an elevation view of the D-type wall showing the application of the present invention to a prefabricated structural wall (or panel), typically but not exclusively of metal structure, with single or continuous lattice pillars that allow the passage of the fill through its interior. Figure 2D is a view showing a vertical cross-section of wall type D. Figure 3D is a horizontal cross-section view of wall D. Figure 4D is a view showing a detail of the anchoring of the type D wall to the pavement. Figure 1 E is an elevation view of the E-type wall showing the application of the present invention to a prefabricated, foldable wall (or panel) of metal structure or other material that provides sufficient tensile and compressive strength in small thicknesses, such as carbon fibers or PVC, with single or continuous reticulated articulated pillars that allow the passage of the filling through its interior. Figure 2E represents a vertical cross-sectional view of wall type E. Figure 3E represents a horizontal cross-sectional view of wall type E. Figure 4E represents a typical module at different stages of folding. Figure 1F is an elevation view of the F-type wall showing the application of the present invention to a prefabricated, foldable, stackable, modular, prefabricated and fillable wall (or panel); typically but not exclusively made of plastic or metal structure, with articulated and reticulated interior elements, single or continuous, that allow the passage of the fill through its interior and with lateral walls that form a structural assembly. Figure 2F shows a vertical cross-sectional view of wall type F and details. Figure 3F shows a horizontal cross-sectional view of wall type F and details. Figure 4F shows a typical module at different stages of folding. NOMENCLATURE OF WALL ELEMENTS A AL- Foundation. A2.- Concrete block to distribute loads to the ground. A3.- Structural pillar of impregnated wood, metal, PVC or other of cross-section according to calculation. A3a.- Supplement on pillar. A4.- Foundation made of expanded polystyrene, boulders or concrete to prevent capillarity. A5.- Lower floor / Upper floor, external to the plane of the pillars. A5a.- On the base. A6.- Intermediate chain, external to the plane of the pillars. A7.- Obstacles. A7a.- Wire ties, fastenings. A8.- Stiffening diagonal slatting. A9.- Formwork spacer strip A10.- Pass-through tube for tie bolt. A11.- Interior wall filling made of mud with straw, expanded polystyrene and / or other components according to insulation needs. A12.- Wall covering composed of plaster, cementitious plaster, gypsum, lime mortar, planking or cladding. A13.- Final wall finish. AM.- Temporary mold NOMENCLATURE OF WALL ELEMENTS B B1.- Foundation. B2.- Concrete block for load distribution or foundation footing. B3.- Multiple pillars (double, quadruple, etc.) together or separate, made of wood, metal or petroleum derivatives, arranged on the same transverse axis of the wall. B3a.- Supplement on pillar. B4.- Foundation made of expanded polystyrene, boulders or concrete to prevent capillary action. B5.- Lower and upper slabs external to the plane of the pillars. B5a.- On the sill. B6.- Intermediate chain. B7.- Ties between sills and chains at the same height of the wall. B7a.- Wire Ties. B8.- Diagonal strips (or horizontal strips in case of placement of an interior diagonal in case of separate pillars). B9.- Mold separator strip. B10.- Tube for passing tie bolt or mold fixing. B11.- Interior wall filling of composition according to need. B12.- Interior or exterior cladding composed of cementitious plaster or rendering, gypsum, lime plaster, planking, or slab. B13.- Final wall finish, paint, wallpaper etc. BM.- Temporary mold. NOMENCLATURE OF WALL ELEMENTS C C1.- Slab or foundation. C3.- Structural pillar of impregnated wood, metal, PVC or other of cross-section according to specific calculation. C4.- Foundation made of expanded polystyrene or other insulating material. C5.- Floor slab, lower between pillars and upper over the pillars. C5a.- Overleaf. C6.- Intermediate chain or sill between pillars. C7.- Ties and / or fastenings between sills and between chains at the same height of the wall. C7b.- Diagonal or horizontal braces between lattice pillars. C11.- Interior wall filling of mud straw composition, mud with expanded polystyrene and / or other components according to insulation needs. C12.- Cladding composed of planking, wood panel, metal, or any other material supported by structural calculations. C13.- Final wall finish, paint, wallpaper etc. C14.- Base coating for wet areas made of fiber cement or similar water resistant, optional for application in case of application in prefabricated wooden wall. C15.- Strips to confine foundation wall as an alternative to application to prefabricated wood, PVC or other similar wall. C16.- Cladding fixing system. C17.- Polyethylene film between structure and outer coating to prevent swelling of the wood. C18.- Wall to pavement joining piece. C19.- Wall to pavement anchoring system. NOMENCLATURE OF WALL ELEMENTS D D1.- Foundation, concrete slab or footing. Single reticulated or continuous perforated hair removal. D3b, Rib or reinforcements of the pillar in the case of a continuous wall. D4.- Expanded polystyrene foundation. D11.- Interior wall filling of mud straw composition, mud with expanded polystyrene and / or other components according to insulation needs. D12.- Structural cladding composed of planking, wood board, metal, or any other material supported by calculation. D13.- Final wall finish, paint, wallpaper etc. D18.- Reinforcements and / or bends at the base and top of the wall for anchoring to pavement or roof. D19.- Pavement anchoring system. NOMENCLATURE ELEMENTS OF THE WALL E EL- Foundation, slab, foundation or footing. E3.- Single reticulated or continuous perforated pillar. E3b.- Rib or reinforcement of the pillar in the case of a continuous wall. E4.- Foundation made of expanded polystyrene or other material that provides moisture insulation and ensures good performance. E11.- Interior wall filling of mud straw composition, mud with expanded polystyrene and / or other components according to insulation needs. E12.- Interior or exterior structural cladding composed mainly, but not exclusively, of metal, plastic, PVC or polycarbonate, which is optionally covered with planking, wood board, fiber cement, plaster, wood or metal mesh with expanded polystyrene. E13.- Final wall finish, paint, wallpaper etc. E18.- Reinforcements and / or bends at the base and top of the wall for anchoring to pavement or roof. E19.- Pavement anchoring system. E20.-Articulated joint between walls. E21. - Folding modular block. E22.-Fixing clip between module. NOMENCLATURE OF WALL ELEMENTS F F1.- Foundation, slab, footing or foundation. F3.- Single reticulated or continuous perforated pillar. F4.- Foundation made of expanded polystyrene or other material that provides water insulation and ensures good performance. F10.- Formwork spacers that may or may not be an integral part of the prefabricated piece. F11 - Interior wall filling made of mud straw, mud with expanded polystyrene and / or other components according to insulation needs. F12.- Exterior and / or interior plaster composed of lime plaster or other material that provides some impermeability or resistance to rain. F13.- Final wall finish, paint, wallpaper etc. F18.- Reinforcements and / or bends at the base of the wall for anchoring to pavement. F18b.-Reinforcements and / or bends for receiving roof loads at the top of the wall. F19 - Pavement anchoring system. F20.- Articulated joint between walls. F21.- Folding modular block. F22 - Fixing clip between modules. F23.- Vertical and diagonal ribs and reinforcements of the folding block. F24.- Tensioners for diagonal bracing. FM.- Temporary formwork. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION. The present invention relates to a structural wall and consists of replacing the typical stiffening elements of a wall (pillars, diagonals and ties) that are traditionally located, according to the state of the art, on the longitudinal axis of the wall and that prevent the pouring or placement of its filling on site, with reticulated stiffening structural elements that allow the passage of this filling within the wall to its full width, length and height, allowing its pouring on site; and / or with an external structure to the longitudinal axis of the wall that transforms its cladding into a stiffening structure with the same objective: to allow the filling or pouring of different types of mixtures inside the wall to obtain qualities of thermal and acoustic insulation, thermal inertia, and fire resistance.The aforementioned properties can be obtained at minimal cost by using mud plaster; however, the invention allows the use of a multitude of fillings such as concrete with expanded polystyrene beads, soil with expanded polystyrene beads, volcanic ash, sands, soil mixtures with cement, sawdust, wood chips, sands or any available material that provides the wall with the required characteristics. The present invention has a single inventive unit but is applicable to an indeterminate number of walls and a variety of materials. Six cases will be detailed, which are: Wall Alternative A, represented by Figures 1A, 2A, and 3A, which shows the application of the present invention to a wall of individual pillars located on the wall axis. The alternative wall B, represented by Figures 1B, 2B and 3B, shows the application of the present invention to a wall commonly of greater thickness, built by more than one pillar on the same transverse axis (double, triple pillars, etc.) reticulated or arranged in such a way as to allow the free passage of the filling into the interior of the wall. The alternative wall C, represented by Figures 1C, 2C and 3C, shows the application of the present invention to a typical, but not exclusively, prefabricated wooden wall, with single or reticulated pillars; diagonals, chains and / or reticulated sills. The alternative wall D, represented by Figures 1D, 2D, 3D and 4D, shows the application of the present invention to a prefabricated wall (or panel), typically but not exclusively of metal structure, with single or continuous lattice pillars that allow the passage of the fill through its interior. The alternative wall E, represented by figures 1E, 2E, 3E and 4E, shows the application of the present invention to a prefabricated foldable wall (or panel), typically but not exclusively of metal structure, with single or continuous articulated reticulated pillars that allow the passage of the filling through its interior. The alternative wall F, represented by figures 1F, 2F, 3F, 4F, shows the application of the present invention to a prefabricated, foldable, stackable, modular, prefabricable and fillable wall (or panel) on site; typically but not exclusively made of plastic, wood, PVC, fiberglass, carbon fibers or metal structure, with articulated and reticulated interior elements, single or continuous, that allow the passage of the filling through its interior and with lateral walls that together form a supporting structure. Alternative wall A: represented by Figures 1A, 2A, and 3A, which show the application of the present invention to a wall of individual pillars located along the wall axis. It is formed by pillars (A3) of impregnated wood, metal, PVC, or other suitable material, arranged along the wall axis. The pillars (A3) are founded on a traditional foundation or footing (A1) or directly on concrete blocks (A2), which are concrete cylinders of varying diameter and thickness that distribute the loads to the bottom of the excavation. The distance between pillars (A3) is determined by architectural requirements and structural calculations.Horizontally, at the base of the wall and between the pillars (A3), there is a lightweight foundation consisting of a block of expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, or similar material (A4). This foundation serves to isolate the wall from the ground, preventing rising damp and also providing thermal insulation for the structure, thus avoiding thermal bridging. The dimensions of this expanded polystyrene block (A4) are determined by the width of the wall to be built, and its height by the climatic characteristics of the area where the wall will be constructed. Nailed horizontally and externally to the pillars (A3) at their upper, lower, and possibly mid-height ends on both sides of the wall are the sills (A5) and tie beams (A6). Diagonally to the pillars (A3), sills (A5), and tie beams (A6) on both sides of the wall are battens or supports (A8) that serve to triangulate and stiffen the structure externally to the axis of the pillars (A3). These battens or supports (A8) are nailed or fixed on either side of the wall to vertical brackets (A3b) that are attached to the pillars (A3) and are the same size as the sills (A5) and tie beams (A6). Within the interior space defined by the structure of pillars (A3), tie beams (A6), sills (A5), and diagonal supports (A8), the width of which depends on the length of a form spacer (A9) that also determines the thickness of the cover for the slats or supports (A8), the fill material (A11) is poured on site. This fill material and composition are specified according to the required insulation. This form spacer (A9) is sufficiently resistant to compression to withstand the tightening of bolts that join both sides of the form and pass through the inside of tubes (A10) positioned next to the form spacer (A9). A suitable choice for a spacer is a piece of slat or support (A8). The spacer (A9) is nailed or fixed to the pillars (A3), tie beams (A6), and sills (A5) near the tubes (A10), which are of the same length. The bolts that secure the form will pass through these tubes. For the wall cladding, a troweled or milled lime stucco (A12) is considered, over which the final wall finish (A13) is applied. The method for constructing wall alternative A is as follows: In the excavations, of a depth determined by specific calculations, the following are installed (directly at the bottom, on a cylinder) (thin concrete footing) to distribute loads (A2), on a foundation pier or footing (A1) or on a small concrete bed), the pillars (A3) plumb and spaced according to architectural and structural calculations. It is advisable to first place the end pillars (A3) of the wall so that these can serve to tie string lines and place, plumb and according to this layout, the rest of the pillars. Next, horizontally and externally to the pillars, at their top, the upper bond beams (A5) and middle tie beam (A6) are placed; then, between pillars (A3), the foundation wall (A4) is placed and externally to the pillars (A3) on the level of the foundation wall (A4) the lower bond beams (A5) are placed. Between the sills (A5) and the chains (A6) the pillars (A3) are fixed by shims (A3b) of equal or similar thickness or thickness to the chains (A6) and sills (A5).The assembled frame is stiffened by diagonally attaching battens or supports (A8) to the pillars (A3) and sills (A5) and / or the center tie beam (A6), at a center-to-center distance of between 0 and 30 centimeters. These battens (A8) will laterally cover the foundation (A4) and reach the top or crown of the wall. It is important to place the battens (A8) in opposite directions on both sides or ends of the wall to ensure an adequate response to potential seismic forces in both directions. Depending on the specific structural calculations and the wall height, it will be necessary to install one or more pairs of tie beams (A6) to reduce the spacing between the battens (A8) fixings. It is advisable to install ties (A7b) between battens (A8) on both sides of the wall when the quality of the fixing of these battens (A8) to the spacers (A3b) on the columns (A3) and the tie beams (A6) is not guaranteed, or when the structural calculations indicate it. It is also advisable to install a tie (A7) between the tie beams (A6) or sill plates (A5) on both sides of the wall. This ensures that the fixings of this tie work in shear rather than friction, as is the case with the fixings of the tie beams (A6) to the columns (A3), thus protecting against loads that tend to dislodge a sill plate (A5) from the column (A3). Furthermore, this lock reduces the light between fixings of the sills (A5) to the pillars (A3).Once the levels and plumb lines have been checked, and the anchors and connections to other walls have been made, the formwork is placed, which commonly requires spacers (A9) and ties (A10). The spacers (A9) are elements placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the wall, usually made of the same material and section as the battens or supports (A8), and are fixed to the pillars (A3), ties (A6), or sills (A5) to define the final width of the cover of the battens or supports (A8) and consequently also of the wall fill (A11). Conveniently, next to these spacers (A9), tubes (A10) are placed and tied to them (A9), to the pillars (A3), to the ties (A6), to the sills (A5), or to the battens (A8). The formwork support element will pass through these tubes on both sides of the wall. element that is commonly a bolt, but which is frequently and in an artisanal way. It is made with twisted wire, which is removed after the wall filling mixture has set (A11). With the mold permanently positioned on the wall, the mixture (A11) is poured or filled into the interior of the wall. This filling (A11) is a mixture of mud plaster with or without additives or aggregates, such as expanded polystyrene beads, wood shavings, sawdust, volcanic ash, or a mixture of materials that provides the desired insulation and / or characteristics. Once the filling mixture (A11) is placed inside the wall, which requires less vibration energy than concrete - therefore the thrust on the mold is less - free water rises to the upper surface of the wall due to the disintegration of the heavier materials in the mixture, water which is dried with a sponge or cloths. Once the filler (A11) has had sufficient time to set and / or dry—the duration of which varies depending on the wall thickness and ambient humidity and temperature—and it can be ensured that the filler no longer exerts pressure on the formwork, the formwork can be removed. After a couple of days of drying, and while the wall is still damp, a troweled plaster, stucco, or rendering (A12) is applied directly onto it. This protects the wall from moisture and provides a final finish. The recommended composition of this final plaster, approximately one centimeter thick, is cement, hydraulic lime, and sand in an approximate volume ratio of 1:1:6. Once dry, this plaster (A12) can be painted, wallpapered, or given any other final finish (A13). Alternative wall B: represented by Figures 1B, 2B, and 3B, which show the application of the present invention to a wall, commonly wider than 30 cm, constructed from more than one lattice pillar (double, triple, etc.) arranged in such a way as to allow free passage of backfill into the wall. It is formed by lattice pillars (B3) made of impregnated wood, metal, or plastic derivatives. The pillars (B3) are founded on a traditional foundation or footing (B1) or directly on a concrete footing (B2) that distributes the loads to the bottom of the excavation. The distance between pillars (B3) is determined by the architectural needs and the structural calculation and are arranged on the axes of the walls that will form the building. Horizontally, at the base of the wall and between the pillars (B3), there is a traditional concrete or rubble foundation or a lightweight foundation (B4) made of expanded polystyrene blocks or other moisture-resistant insulating material. This foundation serves to isolate the wall from the ground, preventing rising damp and also providing thermal insulation for the structure, thus avoiding thermal bridging. The dimensions of this foundation (B4) are determined by the width of the wall to be built and the specific climatic characteristics of the area where the wall will be constructed. From the top of the end pillars (B3) of the wall to the bottom of the neighboring pillars (B3), the stiffening diagonals (B14) of the wall are placed on the same axis or plane as the pillars (B3), with their corresponding braces (B7) that contribute to the rigidity of the structural assembly, leaving enough space for the filling (B11) to penetrate between them into the interior of the wall when it is poured. External to the pillars (B3) and the diagonals (B14) at the full height and on both sides of this, horizontally and at an approximate distance of between 0 and 30 centimeters from each other, strips or supports (B8) are fixed. These strips or supports (B8) in addition to helping to structure the wall, serve to contain the future filling of the wall, once it has set. Instead of placing stiffening diagonals directly on the columns, for thin walls where the columns are placed close together or at minimal distance, the same procedure as for wall A is followed; that is, horizontal sills (A5) are placed externally to the columns on the foundation and upper sills at the top of the wall, in addition to a pair of horizontal tie beams (A6) at half the height of the wall. Spacers (B3b) of the same cross-section as the sills (A5) and tie beams (A6) are also placed on the columns to nail the diagonal battens (B8) to the columns. Similarly, it is necessary to place ties between sills and tie beams on both sides of the wall, which significantly helps to prevent the separation of the battens on both sides of the wall under seismic loads. Within the interior space defined by the column structure (B3), the stiffening diagonals (B14), and the battens (B8), and whose width depends on the length of a form spacer (B9) that also determines the thickness of the support structure's covering, the fill material is poured on-site. The material and composition are specified according to the required insulation. This form spacer (B9) is sufficiently strong to withstand the tightening of bolts that join both sides of the formwork and pass through tubes (B10) located next to the spacer. A suitable choice for the spacer (B9) is a piece of batten or support (B8). The spacer is nailed or fixed to the columns (B3) and / or tie beams (B6) or sill plates (B5), near the tubes (B10) of the same length, through which the bolts securing the formwork will pass.The diagonal placement of these strips joining and separating the chains forms a kind of beam that greatly helps the resistance against earthquakes in the bending stress of the wall. The spacer (B9) is nailed or fixed to the pillars (B3), diagonals (B14) and / or strips (B8) near the tubes (B10) of equal length, through which the bolts that will secure the form will pass (but which are not part of the wall). For the wall covering, a plastered or milled lime stucco (B12) is considered, on which the final wall finish (B13) is made. The method for constructing wall B is as follows: In the excavations, at a depth determined by specific calculations, the pillars (B3) are installed directly on the bottom of the excavation and on a concrete footing (B2) or on a foundation pier or footing (B1). These pillars can be placed together, separately, or in a grid pattern, plumb and spaced according to the architectural and structural calculations. It is advisable to first place the end pillars (B3) of the wall so that they can serve as a framework for tying string lines and positioning the remaining pillars (B3) plumb and according to this layout. Next, from the top of the end pillars of the wall to the bottom of the adjacent pillars, the diagonal braces (B14) of the wall are placed on the same axis or plane as the pillars (B3), leaving sufficient space between them (B14) to allow the backfill (B11) to penetrate the interior of the wall when it is poured. Once all the pillars (B3) are in place, the levels are checked and the top plates (B5) are installed. Next, the foundation wall (B4), consisting of an expanded polystyrene block with dimensions determined by insulation requirements and climatic conditions, is placed horizontally between the pillars (B3). This expanded polystyrene foundation wall (B4), with a density calculated, can be replaced by rocks, boulders, concrete, or another insulating and moisture-resistant material. The resulting frame is reinforced by horizontally attaching battens or supports (B8) to the pillars (B3) and diagonal braces (B14) at center-to-center distances of between 0 and 30 centimeters. These battens will cover the entire wall, including part of the foundation wall (B4).It is also possible, as in the case of wall A, to place horizontal sills (B5) and stringers (B6) and the supports diagonally, thus replacing the interior diagonals (B14), so that the only difference with that wall would be that the pillars (B3) in this wall B would be paired or reticulated and the thickness of the wall will be greater; this solution presents better resistance to the transverse thrust of the interior fill (B11) in its fresh state on the subsequent mold, since the span between fixing the strips or supports (5) is noticeably smaller. It is advisable to place ties (B7) between battens (B8) on both sides of the wall when the quality of the battens' (B8) attachment to the pillars (B3) and the tie beams (B6) is not guaranteed or when structural calculations indicate it. Once the levels and plumb lines have been checked, and the anchors and connections to other walls have been made, the formwork is installed, which commonly requires spacers (B9) and ties (B10). The spacers (B9) are elements placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the wall and are usually made of the same material and section as the battens or supports (B8). They are attached to the pillars (B3) and / or diagonals (B14) to define the final width of the batten or support cover (B8) and, consequently, the wall infill (B11).Conveniently, next to these spacers (B9), tubes (B10) are placed and tied to them (B9) and / or to the pillars (B3), the diagonals (B14), or the battens (B8). These tubes will carry the fastening or tying element of the formwork between both sides of the wall; this element is commonly a bolt, but is frequently made by hand from twisted wire, which is removed after the wall's filling mixture has set (B11). With the formwork permanently positioned on the wall, the pouring or filling of the mixture begins. (B11) inside the wall. This fill (B11) is a mixture of loose mud with or without additives or aggregates such as: expanded polystyrene beads, wood shavings, sawdust, volcanic ash, or a mixture of materials that provides the desired insulation and / or characteristics. Once the fill mixture (B11) is placed inside the wall, which requires less vibration energy than concrete—therefore, the pressure on the formwork is less—the heavier materials in the mixture disintegrate, causing free water to rise to the top surface of the wall. This water can be dried with a sponge or cloths. Once the fill (B11) has had sufficient setting or drying time—which varies depending on the wall thickness and ambient humidity and temperature—and it can be ensured that the fillwork no longer exerts pressure on the formwork, the formwork can be removed.After a couple of days of drying, and with the wall still damp, a thin, rolled plaster, troweled or stucco (B1) is applied directly onto it, which protects it from moisture and gives it a final finish. The recommended composition of this final plaster or rendering (B12), approximately one centimeter thick, is cement, hydraulic lime, and sand, in an approximate 1:1:6 ratio by volume. Once dry, this plaster can be painted, wallpapered, or given any other final finish (B13). In the described case of walls A and B, or others with the application of the present invention, it is possible, by adequately reinforcing the formwork, to place the fill in the form and composition known in the prior art as rammed earth, compacted and in layers. This allows, in some areas with low rainfall, for the elimination of the final coating (A12 and B12).Alternative wall C: Represented by Figures 1C, 2C, and 3C, it shows the application of the present invention to a typical, but not exclusively, prefabricated wooden wall with single or lattice pillars, bond beams, and lattice sills. It consists of: pillars (C3) made of impregnated wood, metal, PVC, polycarbonate, and / or other derivatives, which can be single-piece or lattice-linked by diagonals (C7b) to allow the passage of infill (C11) into the wall and also the placement of pipes, ducts, and conduits within it, without the need for special perforations and generating material savings. It also has lattice bond beams (C6) between pillars (C3) and at the base and top of the wall, and possibly another (depending on calculation requirements) at half its height, always allowing the free passage of infill material into the wall.The upper sills (C5), in the case of prefabrication of this wall, constitute the main element of joining the sections or segments of this wall. The distance between columns (C3), whether single-piece or trussed with diagonal bracing (C7b), is determined by structural calculations. Horizontally, at the base of the wall, under the trussed sill plate. The lower section (C5), located between the pillars (C3) and supported by a pair of battens (C15) at the base of the wall, has a lightweight foundation (C4) made of an expanded polystyrene block, polystyrene foam, or similar material. This block serves to isolate the wall from the ground, preventing rising damp and providing thermal insulation for the structure, thus avoiding thermal bridges. The width of this expanded polystyrene block (C4) is determined by the thickness of the wall fill (C11) to be built, and its height by the climatic characteristics of the area where the wall will be constructed. A polyethylene film or other waterproof material (C17) is attached to the resulting structure using staples or glue as a moisture barrier to prevent staining of the cladding. Cladding (C12) is then installed on the exterior and interior of the wall using nails, screws, or other appropriate fasteners (C16). This cladding can consist of panels (which provide significant rigidity to the wall) or wooden boards placed diagonally to the pillars (C3), creating excellent triangulation and thus providing considerable rigidity. Both types of cladding stiffen the wall externally to the plane of the pillars (C3), eliminating the need for internal diagonal bracing and allowing for the pouring of the fill (C11) on-site. Furthermore, these claddings (C12) act as molds to contain the fill (C11) poured on-site. As an external protection measure, at the base of the wall a covering of fiber cement or other water-resistant material (C14) is placed which is fixed to the lower floor (C5) and to a strip (C15) both elements that enclose and contain the foundation and, in addition, to the pillars (C3) to ensure adequate support. Inside the wall, as protection of its foundation and base, the installation of a dust cover (C18b) is considered on the piece that joins the wall to the pavement (C19). The construction method for wall C, which is designed, preferably but not exclusively, to have wood or panel cladding, is as follows: On a suitable pavement or workbench, either in the factory or on-site, the one-piece pillars (C3) – or prefabricated trusses – are fixed with their respective diagonal or horizontal braces (C7b), spaced and sized according to the architectural and structural calculations, to the bond beams (C5) and tie beams (C6) to which the interior and exterior cladding (C12) will be attached. These bond beams (C5) and trusses (C6) are located horizontally on the foundation level (C4) and in the middle and upper part of the wall and between pillars (C3); at the top of the wall, this tie beam becomes a continuous bond beam (C5) since it is not placed between pillars (C3) but on top of them and is used to join sections or segments of the wall.Next, between pillars (C3) and under the lower grid slab (C5), the expanded polystyrene foundation wall (C4) is placed. Then, a polyethylene film (C17) is placed on both sides of the structure before the placement of the decking or board (C12) to prevent swelling and staining of the cladding. Then, using the chosen fastening element (C16), the exterior cladding and the interior cladding (C12) are fixed to the slabs (C5), purlins (C6), pillars (C3), and foundation wall battens (C15). Both vertical surfaces of re- The wall cladding serves as a mold to contain the pouring of the wall fill (C11), the material and composition of which are determined by the requirements. This fill (C11) is poured from the top of the structure or from a predefined point halfway up the wall. This reduces the initial pressure on the walls until the fill (C11) sets, giving the mixture greater cohesion and preventing the cladding from dislodging and deforming. It is advisable to shore up, brace, or reinforce the wall cladding while the fill material (C11) is still wet to prevent deformation from the pressure exerted while fresh, using established state-of-the-art procedures. Once the fill (C11) has been poured into the interior of the wall, it is advisable, when it is made of mud plaster, for example, to remove the excess water that is deposited or "rises" due to segregation, to the top of the wall, with a sponge or cloth. At the bottom of the wall, similarly to the other application alternatives of the present invention, elements are placed to protect its base. On the exterior, a baseboard of fiber cement or other water-resistant material (C14) is placed, and on the interior face of the wall, at its base, a paving attachment element (C19) is placed. Alternative wall D: represented by figures 1D, 2D, 3D, and 4D, which shows the application of the present invention to a prefabricated wall (or panel), typically but not exclusively of a metal structure. It has single or continuous V-shaped lattice pillars (D3) with perforations that allow the passage of the infill (D11) through their interior and has ribs or reinforcements (D3b) along the entire height of the wall at its junction with the interior (D12i) and exterior (D12e) cladding, which are made of the same material as the pillars and have thicknesses and strengths according to specific calculations and with fine-strainer-type perforations at the top and bottom of the wall to facilitate the drainage and / or evaporation of excess water. These elements, together, form a rigid, load-bearing, and prefabricated structure. The pillar, single or continuous lattice (D3) has perforations that make it cheaper and reduce its weight and allow the free passage of the filling (D11) into the interior of the wall.The number and size of the perforations in this element are determined by the specific structural calculations for its thickness and overhead loads. In addition to the components described, a lightweight foundation (D4) is placed horizontally at the base of the wall and between the triangular spaces defined by element D3. This foundation consists of expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, or similar blocks, which serve to isolate the wall from the ground, preventing moisture from rising through the fill (D11). It also serves to thermally insulate the structure and prevent thermal bridging. The dimensions of this block (D4) are determined by the width of the wall to be built, and its height by the climatic characteristics of the area where the wall will be constructed.The interior and exterior cladding (D12) at the base and top of the wall has reinforcement (D18) to withstand the stresses caused by the beam load on the wall and at the point where the wall is attached to the pavement or foundation slab. This wall has a final finish (13) that is applied to the interior and exterior panels (D12) once the wall filler (D11) has cured. The construction method for wall D, which is designed to be prefabricated and have a typical, though not exclusively metallic, structure and cladding, can vary greatly in its form and / or prefabrication methods. However, its installation on site is simple: this wall, partition, or panel (depending on its dimensions and strength) is fixed to a pavement (D1), typical foundation, or slab using an anchor (D19) determined by calculation. This fixing is made in a reinforced bend (D18) at the base of the wall, specially designed to withstand the stresses indicated by the structural calculations for each wall thickness, height, and load to which it is exposed.The pouring of the fill (D11) into the wall is done manually, mechanically, or using concrete mixer trucks. It is important to consider that while the fill mixture (D11) is fresh, the pressure on the wall walls can deform them, so it is advisable to do this work in two or more stages, depending on the height and type of fill (D11). The placement of temporary shoring and / or formwork is sometimes recommended, which is easily done using well-known state-of-the-art solutions. The final wall finish (D13) for the described alternative consists of a layer of paint over plaster, wallpaper, or other, since it does not necessarily require a cementitious stucco. Prefabricated wall alternative E: represented by Figures 1E, 2E, 3E, and 4E, shows the application of this invention to a folding wall. It is formed by modules of parallel vertical faces (E3) made of natural or synthetic material suitable for this use, joined together by articulated lattice elements (E22); it has stiffening ribs and reinforcements. When these faces are unfolded, they are separated to the final width of the wall. These articulated lattice elements, in addition to joining and separating both vertical faces, contribute to the structural integrity of the wall. Because this wall is modular, foldable, and stackable, it saves space, facilitates storage, and reduces transportation costs. It can also be filled in on-site. These modules have different vertical fixing systems between adjacent sections, based on state-of-the-art technology. As a foundation, it has a block of expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, or similar material (E4) designed to isolate the wall from the ground, preventing rising damp and also providing thermal insulation for the structure, thus avoiding thermal bridging. The dimensions of this foundation (E4) are determined by the width of the wall to be built, and its height by the climatic characteristics of the area where the wall will be constructed. It also has reinforcements or ribs on its lower (E18) and upper (E18b) sides to anchor it to the pavement before the interior of the wall is filled (E11). The method for constructing wall E is as follows: The prefabricated module (E21) is unfolded onto the foundation or slab (E1), securing the articulated fasteners (E20) between the parallel faces of the wall in their final position. It is then placed in the The base of the wall, which will have the necessary reinforcement (E18) and incorporate the elements for joining it to the pavement (E19), and the insulating foundation (E4). Next, the wall is placed in its final position according to the previous layout and its base is fixed to the pavement (E1) using anchor bolts, plugs, or the system (E19) adopted in each case. Once a section of wall is installed, it is joined vertically to the next section using fasteners, clips, or another element (E22) that secures the adjacent vertical surfaces (E21). Once the walls to be filled have been erected on site, a temporary fixed or sliding formwork is placed, as with wall type A. This formwork prevents deformation of the walls or vertical surfaces during the pouring of the fill (E11) into the wall. It is not removed until the wall fill (E11) has set and acquired sufficient strength and cohesion to ensure that it will not deform or affect the verticality and straightness of the wall's surface surfaces (E12). Once the wall fill (E11) has sufficient cohesion, the temporary formwork is removed, and the wall is ready to receive its final surface finish (E13). The fill (E11) to be poured into the wall manually or mechanically will be a mixture of soil with the stipulated additive and / or aggregate, typically mud plaster or the material required for the desired performance. Alternative wall F: represented by Figures 1F, 2F, 3F, and 4F, which shows the application of the present invention to a modular, stackable, demountable, and on-site fillable wall. It is formed by side facing blocks (F21) of natural or synthetic materials that have sufficient and appropriate strength and durability for this use. These blocks are formed, in addition to their vertical facings (F21), by articulated elements (F20) that join them. These facings have vertical and / or recessed reinforcements (F23) that allow the subsequent placement of tensioners that join the top plates (F18a) with the middle plates and the base of the pavement (F1) and / or bottom plate (F18); it also has an insulating foundation (F4) and tubes (F10) that, in addition to defining the final width of the wall, allow the passage of tie bolts for formwork.This wall is a modular, stackable, and collapsible construction, saving space, facilitating storage, and reducing transportation costs. It can also be filled in on-site. The construction method for the prefabricated wall alternative F is as follows: This wall is typically erected on a traditional foundation or slab (F1). Once the walls have been defined and marked out on the foundation, slab, or footing (F1), a reinforced connector element, which acts as a sill plate, is attached to it using bolts, screws, or another fastening element calculated and designed for each model (F19). The modular blocks are opened and / or unfolded, securing the articulated locking mechanisms (F21) between the parallel faces of the wall in their final position; then, the insulating foundation layer (F4) is placed at the base of the wall. Once a section of wall is installed, it is joined vertically to the next section using fasteners, clips, or other vertical elements (F22) that connect the adjacent vertical surfaces and, horizontally, at its upper end, by means of a sill plate that has elements arranged to tie and join the vertical reinforcements (F24) that function as pillars, and the vertical and diagonal structural reinforcements. Vertically, this wall is built by fitting the prefabricated blocks together or joining them with clasps, clips, or other elements specifically designed for this purpose. Its top has the elements and anchors arranged to tie or join the vertical reinforcements (F24) that function as pillars and / or vertical and diagonal structural reinforcements. Once the walls to be filled have been erected, temporary shoring or formwork is placed inside the wall to prevent deformation of the walls or vertical surfaces during the pouring of the fill (F11), and it will not be removed until the fill is complete. <F11 ) del muro adquiera un fraguado, resistencia y / o cohesión que asegure que no deformará o afectará la verticali- dad de la superficie de los paramentos verticales superficiales del muro (F12). Once sufficient cohesion and / or drying and setting of the wall fill (F11) is confirmed, the temporary shoring is removed, and the wall is ready to receive its final surface finish (F13). The fill (F11) to be used, whether manually or mechanically poured into the wall, will commonly, but not exclusively, be a mixture of soil with the stipulated additive and / or aggregate, which will typically be loose clay or the material required according to the desired performance. The fill (F11) is placed in layers to prevent deformation and, depending on the type of fill used, to achieve good cohesion of the fill mixture through vibration and / or compaction using state-of-the-art techniques. Once the backfill has reached the top of the wall, advancing with the slipform and after a sufficient period of time to ensure adequate cohesion of the backfill, the slipform is removed and a capping element is placed to join the interior and exterior faces of the wall (acting as a sill or top plate). Care is taken to ensure that the interior backfill of the wall is, fundamentally but not exclusively, the element and material that receives the loads transmitted from the roof or upper floors. For the final finish of the wall (F13), known state-of-the-art solutions are considered.

Claims

LIST OF CLAIMS 1. A resistant wall whose structure enables and solves the problem of emptying or pouring its interior filling on site, providing, through the use of economical and readily available materials, such as mud plaster with or without other additives, qualities of great relevance in housing, such as thermal inertia, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation and fire resistance, CHARACTERIZED because its internal stiffening structural elements (pillars, diagonals, chains, sills) are reticulated and / or it has an external or exogenous structure to its longitudinal axis;On both sides of the wall, above the level of the foundation (4) and also near the end or top of the pillars (3), it has sills (5) or pieces arranged horizontally, of squareness or diameter according to structural calculation, which are nailed externally to the pillars and, when the height of the wall and the structural calculation indicate it, it has one or more pairs of horizontal chains (6) conveniently distributed along the height of the wall, to reduce the span between the fixing of the diagonal strips (8) that are nailed to these chains (6) and sills (5); it also has supplements (3a) that are fixed vertically and externally to the pillars (3), of the same section or squareness as the sills (5) and which supply and occupy the space that remains between the pillar and the diagonal strips or supports (8);On both sides of the wall and nailed diagonally to the upper and lower sills (5), middle chain (6), and the supplement (3a) on the pillars (3), it has slats (8), supports, rods or canes that constitute the necessary and sufficient stiffening and triangulation of this wall; the filling (11) of the wall is poured inside it manually, mechanically or by means of concrete mixer trucks.; 2. Structural wall according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that it has pillars (3) or single, double or multiple reticulated uprights on the same transverse axis of the wall; it has multi-element or single reticulated diagonals (8), separated from each other to allow the distribution of the filling (11) inside the wall; it also has slats (8) that are fixed to sills (5), chains and shims on pillars and that are arranged and fixed externally and diagonally to the pillars and constitute the necessary and sufficient stiffening of this wall.

3. Structural wall according to claim number 1, CHARACTERIZED by being composed of: reticulated pillars (3), reticulated sills (5) and reticulated ties (6) that allow the pouring of the interior filling material (11) of the wall on site; it has an external stiffening composed of diagonal planking (12) or wood or metal plate, an interior filling (11) composed of mud plaster with or without additives such as expanded polystyrene beads or other components according to specific need and which is applied or poured on the ground; an exterior plinth (14) of fiber cement or other moisture-resistant material, of a height somewhat greater than the height of the foundation (4).

4. Structural wall according to claim number 1, CHARACTERIZED by having reticulated pillars made up of single elements, or slotted or perforated sheets (3), continuous, formed by folded plates and with possible reinforcements (18) or individual reticulated pillars, which allow free passage of the fill (11) to the interior of the wall; because it has a fill of mud plaster with or without additives, depending on the specific needs and which is applied or poured into the ground manually, mechanically or with machinery; because its interior and / or exterior lining, at its base and at its crown, has small holes that allow the excess water from the interior fill (11) to escape; because at its base and at its upper end it has a reinforcement or fold (18) and (18b), at the place of anchorage to the pavement and at the place of support of the beams and / or upper loads.

5. Structural wall according to claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, CHARACTERIZED in that its internal structure is reticulated and partially exogenous to the longitudinal axis of the wall, allowing the pouring, on site, of its inner filling.

6. Structural wall according to claims 1 and 2 CHARACTERIZED in that its lower horizontal structuring element -sole- (5), is located externally to the plane of the pillars and above the level of moisture impact, to prevent rotting.

7. Structural wall according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, CHARACTERIZED in that it is prefabricated and its filling is poured on site; a condition made possible because its structure is transferred to the exterior of the axis or plane of the longitudinal axis of this wall, delegating to its cladding (12), a structural function or failing that, its stiffening lies in an internal reticulated structure (pillars (3), chains (6) and multi-element stiffening diagonals (8)), which allows the free passage of the filling (11) to the interior of the wall.

8. Structural wall according to claims 4, 5 and 7 CHARACTERIZED in that it is of the Meccano type, foldable, modular and stackable (21 ).

9. Wall according to claim 1 and 8, CHARACTERIZED by being further constituted by foldable modules (21) composed of parallel vertical surfaces joined with articulated and / or reticulated rods or strips (20) that allow its folding and unfolding, keeping both planes parallel.

10. Wall according to claims 1 and 8, CHARACTERIZED in that it is composed of folded sheet metal elements (12) which, by themselves, form pillars, diagonals, tensioners, and cladding for both sides.

11. Wall according to claims 1 and 8, CHARACTERIZED in that it is made up of foldable (21) and stackable modules, of the Meccano type, composed of rigid side panels joined with articulated rods (20) that allow for folding and unfolding and that also define the final thickness of the wall.