Optical variable device

Abstract

The invention relates to an optical variable device forming a magnified three-dimensional image of a micro-object with full parallax and contrast inversion effects for protection of goods and documents. It includes a micro-lens diffraction matrix (2) with period P1, center O and at least two cells (5) containing a diffractive micro-lens L modulated by micro-object matrix (3) with period P2#P1 containing at least two micro-objects (4) including regions T1T2 said regions T1 T2 form regions M1, M2 in the micro-lens matrix containing micro-lenses L, L' with centers C, C'. The micro-lens and micro-object matrices have triangular asymmetric relief and (Formula (I). The micro-lenses L, L' have opposite signs of the optical power and / or the distance d, d' between two concentric protrusions of the corresponding micro-lenses L, L' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 M2 differ at least twofold, or angle φ between (Formula (II) and (Formula (III) is between 45° and 180°.

Description

OPTICAL VARIABLE DEVICEFIELD OF INVENTIONThe invention relates to an optical variable device forming a magnified three-dimensional black-and-white image of a micro-object with different optical effects such as three-dimensional images with full parallax and contrast change observed at different viewing angles, and finds application in the protection of documents and securities, authentication of goods as well as for decorative purposes.PRIOR ARTSecurity devices that reproduce an enlarged image and / or an image with optical effects are well suited for authentication and protection against unauthorized reproduction of documents and goods, as optical effects make imitation difficult.It is known that when a matrix of micro-lenses and a matrix of micro-figures having different periods are superimposed, a magnified image of the micro-figures is observed. An optical variable device for protection against counterfeiting using this principle is disclosed in US 2010 / 0208036. The optical variable device includes a first layer on which a matrix of refractive lenses is formed, and a second layer spaced from the refractive lenses on which a matrix of micro-figures is formed. The two matrices are of different periods. The optical variable device reproduces a magnified three-dimensional image of the micro-figures including at least two planes. When tilting the security device a magnified three-dimensional black-and-white image with a full parallax motion effect is observed above or below the plane of the security device.The production of such a multilayer device to reproduce a clear and contrast-enhanced three-dimensional black-and-white image is complex and expensive, and increases the cost of the security device. In addition, the presence of refractive lenses results in the relatively large thickness of this optical variable device, and complicates and limits its application.The use of diffractive lenses instead of refractive ones in optical variable devices is known. It is preferable the diffractive lenses to have a triangular asymmetric relief since in this way the brightest and most contrasting image is obtained.US 8,488,242 discloses an optical variable device comprising a planar base of a suitable material such as polyester, polystyrene, polyamide or cellulose acetate. On the one side of the base a diffraction structure in the form of a micro-lens matrix is formed, including a multitude of cells with micro-relief diffraction micro-lenses which can have an arbitrary profile, incl. an asymmetrical triangular profile. On the same side of the base is formed a matrix of micro-objects (micro-figures) having micro-relief, said matrix being integrated into the micro-lens matrix. The micro-lens matrix and the micro-object matrix are of different periods. When illuminated with directional white light at a certain viewing angle this optical variable device reproduces an enlarged black-and-white three-dimensional image of at least one micro-figure consisting of light and dark areas. When changing the viewing angle an inversion of image contrast is observed – dark areas become light and vice versa. The optical variable device is small in thickness and low in cost, but the formed magnified image is low in brightness because the micro-lenses distribute the light in all directions along the azimuth angles, and the micro-figures integrated into the diffraction structure block part of the incident light. This disrupts the structure of the diffractive micro-lenses and deteriorates their optical characteristics. When viewed in scattered light the micro-relief regions of the micro-figures form a blurring cloud visible in the zeroth order of diffraction which reduces the brightness of the reproduced magnified image and degrades its visual characteristics.DESCRIPTION OF INVENTIONThe task of the present invention is to create an optical variable device with a small thickness and low cost which in white light forms a bright enlarged three-dimensional black-and-white image of at least one micro-object, and upon the changing of the elevation or azimuth angle of observation an optical effect of full parallax and inversion of the contrast of the image is observed.The task is solved by providing an optical variable device comprising a planar base, on one side of which a micro-lens diffraction matrix with a period P1 and a micro-object matrix with a period P2 different from the period P1 are formed. The micro-object matrix includes at least two micro-objects consisting of regions T1 and T2. The micro-lens diffraction matrix includes at least two cells, each with a respective center O, and each cell having a micro-relief diffraction micro-lens L with a center C consisting of alternating protrusions with asymmetrical triangular profile with a distance d between them decreasing radially from the center C to the peripheryofthe micro-lens. The center C of the micro-lens L is offset from the center O of the corresponding cell of the micro-lens diffraction matrix, so that the length of the vector is equal to or greater than a quarter of the period P1 of the micro-lens diffraction matrix. The micro-lens diffraction matrix is modulated by the micro-object matrix, so that the regions T1 and T2 of the micro-object matrix form in the micro-lens diffraction matrix corresponding regions M1 and M2, with region M1 including part of the micro-lens L and region M2 containing part of micro-lens L'. The micro-lens L' has a center C' and consists of alternating protrusions with an asymmetric triangular profile with a distance d' between them decreasing radially from the center C' to the periphery. The vector is located at an angle φ to the vector and its length is greater than or equal to a quarter of the period P1. The distances d and d' between two adjacent protrusions in the respective micro-lenses L and L' are in the range 0.4-100µm. The micro-lenses L and L' have opposite signs of the optical power and / or the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2differ at least twofold or the angle φ is between 45o and 180o. When observing the optical variable device at a certain angle in white light an enlarged three-dimensional black-and-white image of the micro-object with high brightness is reproduced, and when changing the elevation or azimuth angle of observation an optical effect of full parallax and inversion of the contrast of the image is observed – dark areas become light and vice versa.By shifting the corresponding centers C and C' of the micro-lenses L and L' relative to the center O of the corresponding cell of the micro-lens diffraction matrix, the azimuth viewing angles of the corresponding micro-lenses L and L' are limited and the light diffracts in a narrower range of angles, as a results of which the brightness of the formed magnified image in the displacement direction increases as illustrated in Figures 1a-1c. When the offset length of the corresponding center C and C' reaches a quarter of the period P1 of the micro-object diffraction matrix, a visible increase in brightness of the formed magnified image is observed.The distance d and d' between two adjacent protrusions of the respective micro-lenses L and L' depends on the modulus of the optical power of the corresponding micro-lens and the length of the offset of the center of the micro-lense relative to the center of the cell of the micro-lens diffraction matrix. The smaller the distance between the protrusions forming the relief of the diffraction microlens, the larger the deflection of the diffracted light at elevation angle from the zeroth order. That is, at a large value of d and d' the light will diffract at smaller elevation angles and closer to the zeroth order, and at a larger value the light will diffract at larger elevation angles and further from the zeroth order. When the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ at least twofold, under all observation conditions there will be a clearly visible contrast between the two regions and they will not appear equally bright. At certain elevation angles one area will appear bright and another dark, and when changing the viewing angle the first area will become dark and the other will become bright. The desired values for d and d' at the boundary between the regions M1 and M2 are achieved by appropriate choice of values for the modulus of the optical power of the lenses and the length of and .The light diffracts in a direction perpendicular to the triangular relief of the micro-lenses L and L', therefore the maximum brightness of the formed magnified image is in the direction of the vectors and , respectively. When the angle φ between and approaches 45o, a clearly visible contrast inversion of the magnified image is observed when the optical variable device is rotated by an angle φ in azimuth.The sign of the optical power of the lens defines the slope of the profile. When the micro-lenses L and L' have opposite signs of the optical power, the corresponding protrusions in the micro-lenses L and L', which have a triangular profile are inclined in opposite directions, respectively, the light incident on them is deflected in opposite directions, whereby when changing the elevation or the azimuth angle of observation, depending on the sign of the optical power of the micro-lenses L and L', the value of the angle φ, and the ratio between the values of d and d' at the boundary between the regions M1 and M2, a change in contrast is observed.Thus, for example, when the micro-lenses L and L' have opposite signs of the optical power, the angle φ is less than 45o and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ by less than twofold, an inversion of the contrast of the magnified image is observed when the optical variable device is rotated by 180o in azimuth and / or when the elevation angle of observation changes and passes through the zeroth order of diffraction.When the micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign of the optical power, and the angle φ is less than 45o and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ more than twofold, an inversion of the contrast of the magnified image is observed when the elevation angle of observation changes without passing through the zeroth order of diffraction.When the micro-lenses L and L' have opposite signs of the optical power, and the angle φ is less than 45o, and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ more than twofold, an inversion of the contrast of the magnified image is observed when the optical variable device is rotated at 180o in azimuth and / or when the elevation angle of observation changes and passes through the zeroth order of diffraction.When the micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign of the optical power, and the angle φ is between 45o and 180o,and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ less than twofold, an inversion of the contrast of the magnified image is observed when the optical variable device is rotated in azimuth by an angle φ.When the micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign of the optical power, and the angle φ is between 45o and 180o, and the ratio between d and d' differs more than twofold, an inversion of the contrast of the magnified image is observed when changing the azimuth and / or the elevation angle of observation and its passage through the zeroth order of diffraction.It is preferable that the angle φ is close to 90o or 180o as these angles are easy to recognize and, accordingly, convenient for users.The magnified image is formed outside the plane of the optical variable device and when the azimuth and / or the elevation angle of observation is changed full parallax movement is observed thus creating the illusion of a three-dimensional image.Advantages of the optical variable device according to the invention are that, when observed at a certain angle in white light it forms a magnified three-dimensional black-and-white image of a micro-object with high brightness, and when changing the elevation or azimuth angle of observation an optical effect of full parallax and an inversion of the image contrast is observed. In addition, it is of small thickness, low cost, and can be easily produced with conventional equipment and technology. All this makes it very suitable for embedding in securities and documents for the purpose of protection, for authentication of goods, as well as for decorative purposes.DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESFigure 1a) illustrates the diffraction of light S by a diffractive micro-lens with center C coinciding with the cell center O.Figure 1b) illustrates the diffraction of light by a diffractive micro-lens with center C offset at a distance P1 / 4 from the cell center O.Figure 1c) illustrates the diffraction of light by a diffractive micro-lens with the center C offset at a distance P1 / 2 from the cell center O.Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary micro-object, in this case dark letters 'DH' on a light background.Figure 3a) illustrates a micro-lens matrix cell containing a micro-lens L with a center C offset at a distance P1 / 2 from the cell center O.Figure 3b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 3a).Figure 4a) illustrates a micro-lens matrix cell containing a micro-lens L' with a center C' offset at a distance P1 / 2 from the cell center O.Figure 4b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 4a).Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of the micro-lens and micro-object matrices.Figure 6 illustrates an optical variable device according to the invention and the observed optical effect.Figure 7a) is a front view of an optical variable device (OVD) cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.Figure 7b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 7).Figure 8a) is a front view of an OVD cell in a variant embodiment of the invention.Figure 8b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 8a).Figure 9a ) is a front view of an OVD cell in a variant embodiment of the invention.Figure 9b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 9a).Figure 10 is a front view of an OVD cell according to a variant embodiment of the invention.Figure 11a) is a front view of an OVD cell in a variant embodiment of the invention.Figure 11b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 11a).Figure 12a) is a front view of an OVD cell according to a variant embodiment of the invention.Figure 12b) is a cross section along A-A of Figure 12a).VARIANT EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTIONFigures 2-7b) illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an optical variable device according to the invention. It consists of a base 1 on one side of which is formed a micro-lens diffraction matrix 2 with a period P1 including cells 5 with center O. In this exemplary embodiment, the micro-lens diffraction matrix 2 has a period P1 = 200μm and includes 25 cells 5. In each cell 5 there is a diffraction micro-lens L with center C consisting of concentrically located alternating protrusions 6 with an asymmetric triangular profile with a distance d between them decreasing radially from the center C to the periphery. In this exemplary embodiment d is in the range 10-45µm, and the center C of the micro-lens L is offset relative to the center O of the respective cell 5 at a distance P1 / 2 so that  = 100µm. The optical variable device also includes a micro-object matrix 3 which in this exemplary embodiment has a period P2 = 209µm and contains 25 micro-objects 4 consisting of regions T1 and regions T2. In this particular casethemicro-object 4 is an image of dark letters "DH" on a light background where the bodies of the letters are formed by the regions T2 and the background is formed by the regions T1. The micro-lens matrix 2 is modulated with the micro-object matrix 3 so that the regions T1 and T2 of the micro-object matrix 3 form in the micro-lens matrix 2 corresponding regions M1 and M2 containing respectively diffraction micro-lenses L and L'. The micro-lens L' has a center C' and consists of alternating protrusions 6' of an asymmetric triangular profile with a distance d' between them decreasing radially from the center C' to the periphery. In this exemplary embodiment the center C' of the micro-lens L' is offset relative to the center O of the corresponding cell 5 at a distance P1 / 2 and an angle φ = 0 so that coincides with The values of d' are chosen in the range 1-15µm and at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ at least twofold. The lenses L and L' have the same sign of optical power.When viewing at a certain angle the optical variable device forms a magnified image 7 formed by areas R1 and R2 corresponding respectively to the regions T1 and T2 of the micro-object matrix 3. Since the diffraction micro-lenses L' in the regions M2forming the body of the letters, have greater optical power compared to the diffraction micro-lenses L in the areas M1, forming the background of the micro-object 4, and the values of d and d' differ more than twofold at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 the micro-lenses forming the body of the letters will diffract light at larger angles relative to zeroth order, and the micro-lenses forming the background – at smaller angles. Accordingly, when observing the optical variable device in a range of angles close to zeroth order, a brightly magnified image 7 of the micro-object 4 is observed where the bodies of the letters ‘DH’ are dark and the background is light. By changing the elevation angle of observation without passing through the zeroth order of diffraction, the contrast of the magnified image will invert and light letters on a dark background will be observed.Example 2. Figures 8a) and 8b) illustrate another variant embodiment of an optical variable device according to the invention where the micro-lens and micro-object matrices 2 and 3 have the respectively same periods P1 and P2 and same number of cells as in the first embodiment and the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' have an asymmetric triangular profile of protrusion 6 and 6 ' respectively. In this variant embodiment the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' are equal in sign and modulus of the optical power. The values of d and d' are in the range 10-45µm, and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ by less than twofold. The centers of the diffraction micro-lenses C and C ' are offset relative to the center O of the cell 5 in opposite directions at a distance of 100µm, and an angle φ between the vector and the vector is 180o.In this case, when observing the optical device in the range of azimuth angles measured from the horizontal, from 0o to 180o a magnified image 7 will be observed which will have dark letters on a light background, and from 180o to 360o the magnified image 7 will have light letters on a dark background. The same effect of contrast inversion of the magnified image 7 will also be observed when tilting the optical device in the vertical direction and changing the elevation angle of observation as it passes through the zeroth order of diffraction.Example 3. Figures 9a) and 9b) illustrate another variant embodiment of an optical variable device according to the invention. The micro-lens and micro-object matrices 2 and 3 have the same periods P1 and P2and the same number of cells as in the first example, and the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' also have an asymmetric triangular profile of the protrusions 6 and 6'. The diffractive micro-lenses L and L' have the same modulus but opposite in sign optical power. The values of d and d' are in the range of 10-45µm wherein the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ less than twofold. The centers of the micro-lenses are offset relative to the center O of the cell 5 in the same direction at a distance of 100µm, and the vector coincides with the vector . The observed effect of changing the contrast of the image is the same as in Example 2.Example 4. Figure 10 shows another variant embodiment of an optical variable device according to the invention. The micro-lens and micro-object matrices 2 and 3 have the same periods P1 and P2 and the same number of cells as in the first embodiment, the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' also have an asymmetric triangular profile of the protrusions 6 and 6', and the values of d and d' are in the same range 10-45µm as in the first embodiment. Diffraction micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign and modulus of the optical power. The values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ less than twofold. The centers of the diffraction micro-lenses are offset relative to the center O of the cell 5 at a distance of 100µm and the angle φ between the vector and the vector is equal to 90o. In this case an inversion of the contrast of the magnified image 7 will be observed when the optical variable device is rotated by 90° in azimuth clockwise.Example 5. Figures 11a) and 11b) illustrate another variant embodiment of an optical variable device according to the invention. The micro-lens and micro-object matrices 2 and 3 have the same periods P1 and P2 and the same number of cells as in the first embodiment and the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' also have an asymmetric triangular profile of protrusions 6 and 6'. The diffraction micro-lenses L and L' have the same modulus but opposite optical power with the values of d in the range of 10-45µm, and of d' - in the range of 1-15µm, wherein d and d' differ at least twofold at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2. The centers of the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' are offset relative to the center O of the cell 5 in the same direction at a distance of 100µm, and the vector coincides with the vector . The observed effect of changing the contrast of the image will be the same as in Example 2.Example 6. Figures 12a) and 12b) illustrate another variant embodiment of an optical variable device according to the invention. The micro-lens and micro-object matrices 2 and 3 have the same periods P1 and P2 and the same number of cells as in the first embodiment and the diffraction micro-lenses L and L' also have an asymmetric triangular profile of the protrusions 6 and 6'. The diffraction micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign and modulus of the optical power, and the centers C and C ' are offset from the center O of the cell 5 in opposite directions at a distance of 100µm, where the angle φ between the vectors and is equal to 180o. The values of d are in the range of 10-45µm, the values of d' are in the range of 1-15µm, and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ at least twofold. The observed effect of changing the contrast of the image will be the same as in Example 2.The invention is not limited to the presented variant embodiments.INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITYThe proposed optical variable device - all variants, is obtained by conventional technology – by digital synthesis and recording on a photosensitive material using lithographic technology. The resulting diffraction microrelief is copied onto a metal matrix by which the micro-relief is printed on a polymer material. The optical variable device is applied onto the object of protection in the form of a hot-stamping foil, laminate or sticker. Under white light illumination, a magnified three-dimensional black-and-white image of the micro-object of high brightness is observed, and when the optical variable device is tilted or rotated an inversion of the image contrast and an optical effect of full parallax are observed.

Claims

Claim 1. An optical variable device, comprising a planar base (1), on one side of which is formed a micro-lens diffraction matrix (2) with a period P1 consisting of at least two cells (5) with a center O in each of which there is a diffraction micro-lens L with a center C consisting of alternating concentric protrusions (6) with an asymmetric triangular profile and distance d between them decreasing radially from the center C to the periphery, d being in the range of 0.4-100µm, where said optical variable device also includes a micro-object matrix (3) with a period P2 different from the period P1, said micro-object matrix (3) containing at least two micro-objects (4) comprising regions T1 and T2where upon observation at a certain angle the optical variable device forms at least one magnified black-and-white image (7) of the micro-object (4) comprising light and dark areas R1 and R2, whereinthe center C of the diffraction micro-lens L is offset relative to the center O of the corresponding cell (5), and  ≥ P1 / 4, and the micro-lens diffraction matrix 2 is modulated with the micro-object matrix (3) so that the regions T1 and T2 of the micro-object matrix (3) form corresponding regions M1 and M2 in the micro-lens matrix (2) containing respective diffractive micro-lenses L and L', and said diffractive micro-lens L' has a center C' and consist of alternating concentric protrusions 6' with an asymmetrical triangular profile and distance d' between them decreasing radially from the center C' to the periphery, d' being in the range of 0.4-100µm, and  ≥ P1 / 4, where the diffractive micro-lenses L and L' have opposite signs of the optical power and / or the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2differ by more than twofold or the angle φ is between 45o and 180o.     Claim 2. The optical variable device according to claim 1, wherein the diffractive micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign of the optical power, the angle φ ˂ 45o and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2differ more than twofold. Claim 3. The optical variable device according to claim 1, wherein the diffractive micro-lenses L and L' have opposite signs of the optical power, the angle φ ˂ 45o and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2 differ more than twofold. Claim 4. The optical variable device according to claim 1, whereinthe diffractive micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign of the optical power, the angle φ is between 45o and 180o and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2differ less than twofold.  Claim 5. The optical variable device according to claim 1, wherein the diffractive micro-lenses L and L' have the same sign of the optical power, the angle φ is between 45o and 180o and the values of d and d' at the boundary between two adjacent regions M1 and M2differs more than twofold.   Claim 6. The optical variable device according to claims 4-5, wherein the angle φ is close to 90°. Claim 7. The optical variable device according to claims 4-5, wherein the angle φ is close to 180°. Claim 8. The optical variable device according to claims 1-7, wherein  > P1 and  > P1.  

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