Methods and means for the prevention and / or treatment of hemophilic arthropathy in hemophilia

Abstract

The invention relates to a gene therapy vehicle for use in preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy of a joint in a patient having hemophilia B, where the gene therapy vehicle comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a coagulation factor having Factor IX activity.

Description

The invention relates to the field of blood clotting disorders, generally known as hemophilia, and more specifically to preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy in mild, moderate and / or severe Hemophilia patients. Hemophilia in general is the result of a lack of a (functional) factor in the coagulation cascade, a complex and multifactorial sequence of enzymatic conversions eventually leading to the formation of a blood clot. Two well-known forms of hemophilia are known as hemophilia A and B respectively. Hemophilia A is caused by a lack of (functional) factor VIII, whereas hemophilia B is the result of a lack of (functional) factor IX. Both congenital diseases are single gene defects (although many different mutations in the genes encoding Factor VIII and Factor IX are known) and therefore have long been considered as "ideal" candidates for gene therapy approaches. Early attempts at gene therapy failed as they did not establish long term expression of the Factor correcting the genetic defect. At the present time, through improved delivery vehicles and vectors (in many respects such as codon usage, promoters, capsids, etc.) it seems that gene therapy for hemophilia is delivering on its promise to achieve correction of the genetic defect and eliminating or at least substantially diminishing the risk of bleeding episodes. Mild, moderate, and severe disease are defined based on active clotting factor levels (Srivastava A et al, 2013). Severe hemophilia B patients have a level of FIX activity <1 III dL-1 (<0.01 IU mL-1) or <1% of normal. Those patients are characterized by spontaneous bleeding into joints or muscles, predominantly in the absence of identifiable hemostatic challenge. Moderate hemophilia B patients have a level of FIX activity between 1-5 IU dL-1 (0.010.05 IU mL'1) or 1-5% of normal. Those patients are characterized by occasional spontaneous bleeding and / or prolonged bleeding with minor trauma or surgery. Mild hemophilia B patients have a level of FIX activity between 5-40 III dL-1 (0.05-0.40 IU mL'1) or 5 to <40% of normal. Those patients are characterized by severe bleeding with major trauma or surgery. Spontaneous bleeding is rare. Although the risk of bleeding episodes is the main burden on hemophilia patients, even when this risk is under control, there are still deleterious effects for hemophilia patients. One of those effects is irreversible hemophilic arthropathy (joint damage). The present invention provides means and methods to ameliorate hemophilic arthropathy in hemophilia patients. Hemophilic arthropathy, or joint damage, is a disabling and common complication of severe hemophilia, and although to a somewhat lesser extent, to moderate and mild hemophilia A or B, in which often a characteristic arthropathy develops as a result of recurrent bleeding into joints. In patients with hemophilia, these joint changes that may lead to arthropathy eventually may result in chronic arthropathy (Knobe K et al, 2011). Hemophilic arthropathy may be caused by internal bleeding, for example intra-articular and intramuscular bleeding, in the joint, which occurs even when a patient is on protein prophylaxis therapy. Without being bound to any theory, the present inventors consider that hemophilic arthropathy in hemophilia can be arrested, or at least be slowed down by applying gene therapy carrying the missing and / or defect factor, wherein the gene therapy results in an essentially constant level of the correcting coagulation factor in the circulation of the patient. The present inventors believe (although they do not wish to be bound by theory) that the peaks and troughs found in regular protein replacement therapy are the root cause of the joint damage and that avoiding in particular these troughs prevents the internal joint bleeding that leads to hemophilic arthropathy. To achieve this effect it seems important that peaks and troughs of coagulation factor activity levels are flattened as much as possible. For all categories of hemophilia patients (severe, moderate and mild) the invention teaches that elevating the activity level to a less severe group (from severe to moderate, from moderate to mild and from mild to asymptomatic) can also alleviate at least some of the joint damage that otherwise occurs in hemophilia patients, if the enhanced activity levels are relatively constant and stay above the lower limit of the less severe variant of hemophilia B. Instead of activity levels one may also measure protein concentration levels in circulation. For wild type coagulation factors, especially wildtype FIX, and most coagulation factor variants, especially FIX variants, the correlation between concentration and activity is a given based on the intrinsic activity of the variant used. According to the invention means and methods are provided to at least slow down the rate of progression of hemophilic arthropathy in hemophilia patients. It is preferred that the progress of hemophilic arthropathy is arrested. In some cases it may even be possible to reverse at least some of the damage and improve the health score of the joints of hemophilia patients. According to the invention the relevant coagulation factor is provided such that activity levels of the coagulation factor are relatively constant over time. This may be achieved by gene therapy and / or protein replacement therapy as discussed in more detail below. This invention particularly focuses on Factor IX and hemophilia B, but it is very well applicable to hemophilia A. In one aspect, the invention provides a gene therapy vehicle for use in preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy of a joint in hemophilia B patients, wherein said gene therapy vehicle comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a coagulation factor having Factor IX activity. It has been shown that long term steady expression of Factor IX may be achieved in this way. Preferably, the peaks and troughs are no more than 25% above or below the average activity levels, more preferably no more than 10% above or below the average activity levels. Hemophilic arthropathy may lead to pain, loss of range of motion, and / or muscle atrophy resulting in loss of activities and restrictions in participation in society. For example, the hemophilic arthropathy may comprise joint bleeding and / or synovitis. The patient having hemophilia B may be a mild, moderate, or severe hemophilia B patient. Preferably, the patient is a mild or moderate hemophilia B patient. For example, the patient is a moderate hemophilia B patient. For example, the patient may have a pre-treatment (baseline) level of Factor IX activity of less than 1 ILI / dL, or from 1 to up to 5 ILI / dL, or from 5 to up to 40 ILI / dL. Preferably the patient has a pre-treatment (baseline) level of Factor IX activity of from 1 to up to 40 ILI / dL, for example from 5 to up to 40 lU / dL. According to the invention a gene delivery vehicle is a package that comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a protein of interest. The protein of interest according to the claims is Factor IX or a functional equivalent thereof. Factor VIII is equally contemplated. Gene therapy with Factor VIII may rely on a different viral delivery system because of the size of the gene of interest. Typically the viral vector for full length Factor VIII is retrovirus and in particular lentivirus based. However, it is well known that truncated Factor VIII variants may also be used, and will fit other viral delivery vectors such as AAV. In the following, the invention is described referring to Factor IX, and variants thereof, and AAV delivery in particular. The same methods and means are available for Factor VIII, for example Factor VIII in the lentiviral context. According to the invention as claimed, the coagulation factor has Factor IX activity. Typically the coagulation factor for use according to the invention is Factor IX or a functional equivalent thereof for use in hemophilia B. Functional equivalents have essentially the same function (in kind, not necessarily in amount) in the coagulation cascade as the wildtype coagulation factor. In fact hyperactive mutants are preferred, since the essentially steady state activity levels that are preferred according to the invention are more readily achieved with such hyperactive mutants. The essentially steady state is defined as an activity level that remains essentially above the dividing line between two severity levels (severe, moderate, mild) and that varies less than 25% of the average level over time. Preferably the activity is more that 25% over the dividing line. Preferably the deviation from the average is less than 10%. The package for gene therapy may be a non-viral vehicle, such as DNA / Cationic lipid (lipoplexes) including liposomes and / or exosomes, or DNA / Cationic polymer (Polyplexes) or DNA / Cationic polymer / cationic lipid (lipipolyplexes), or are inorganic particles such as engineered nanoparticles that can vary in size, shape and porosity to protect an entrapped molecule from degradation. In particular embodiments, the gene therapy vehicle is a lentiviral- or parvoviral based particle or vector. Lentiviral vectors for expression of FVI11 gene are known in the art, see Kafri T et al, 1997. In some embodiments, the package for gene therapy may be of viral origin. In a preferred embodiment, the parvoviral based particle is an adeno associated virus (AAV) based particle or vector, preferably a recombinant AAV (rAAV) based particle or vector. Most preferably an AAV5 particle. AAV is a proven vehicle for gene therapy (Wang D et al, 2019) that has no known pathology associated with it, infects human cells reasonably well and has no serious immunogenicity issues. An AAV vector is preferred for a nucleic acid that encodes a coagulation factor having Factor IX activity. A lentiviral vector might be preferred for a nucleic acid that encodes a full length coagulation factor having Factor VIII activity, because of its larger capacity to accommodate a gene sequence with a bigger size in kb (kilo-base pair, as length measurement unit). However, AAV vectors carrying a nucleic acid encoding for a truncated form of Factor VIII are also preferred. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small (approximately 25 nm in diameter), nonenveloped, icosahedral, non-pathogenic parvovirus (Wang D et al, 2019). AAV infect cells through a receptor mediated process, after which the viral DNA is transported to the nucleus. AAV needs a helper virus, such as adenovirus or herpes virus, to replicate. Wild-type AAV has a linear single-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 4.7 kilobase (kb) long. The genome consists of two coding elements: the replicase (rep) gene (encoding rep78, rep68, rep52 and rep40) encoding replicases (Rep proteins) required for AAV replication and packaging, and the capsid (cap) gene encoding the capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3). In further particular embodiments, AAV vectors include capsids derived from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVrhIO, AAV11, as well as variants (e.g., capsid variants with amino acid insertions, additions and substitutions, or hybrid capsids) thereof. AAV capsids typically include a VP1 protein and two shorter proteins, called VP2 and VP3, that are essentially amino-terminal truncations of VP1. The three capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 are typically present in a capsid at a ratio approximating 1:1:10, respectively, although this ratio, particularly of VP3, can vary significantly and should not to be considered a limitation. The genome of wildtype AAV is typically flanked by two inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), which serve as substrates for the Rep proteins during replication and packaging of the vector genome. The vector genome consists of either a positive (+) or a negative (-) strand. The vector genome is packaged into capsids composed of the three viral proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3. Each capsid consists of 60 individual proteins, approximately 80% of which are VP3. For gene therapy purposes, AAV is typically produced recombinantly and the wildtype vector genome is typically replaced by a gene of interest. In addition, typically elements necessary for expression are also present, such as a promoter sequence, a poly A tail, stuffers, introns and / or further elements. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) production methods might involve mammalian or insect cell systems (Wang D et al, 2019; Gao G & Sena-Esteves M, 2012; Urabe M et al, 2006). Preferably, the gene therapy vehicle of the invention comprises a viral vector, for example an AAV based particle. The gene of interest can be packaged in AAV capsids by placing it between two ITR's of parvoviral origin. These ITRs may be from the same serotype as the capsid, but also of different origin. The examples herein disclose a combination of an AAV5 capsid with AAV2 ITRs. Other hybrids are also embodiments of the present invention. Such hybrids include combinations of different serotypes for capsid and ITRs, but also capsid elements from different serotypes, possibly with yet other ITRs. The dosage of rAAV to be given to a patient will depend on the vehicle, the gene of interest, and / or the route of administration. Typically, for i.v. administration dosages will range from 8x1010 vg / kg to 5x1013 vg / kg. The dose will depend on several factors, such as the serotype used (preferred serotypes are AAV5, AAV8, AAV9, AAVrhlO, AAV10, AAV6 and hybrids comprising capsid elements of these serotypes, e.g. AAV2 / 8). The importance of the capsid choice is mainly immunogenicity and / or infection efficacy of the target cells. As explained herein before, the internal parts of the AAV gene delivery vehicle may be from a different serotype as the outside. The ITRs in particular may be derived from a different serotype such as AAV2. According to the invention, the AAV based particle may be an AAV5 particle. The nucleic acid sequence, packaged in the AAV vector, i.e. the vector genome, comprises a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a coagulation factor. This sequence is preferably codon-optimized, for example, by reducing the number of CpG (cytosine-guanine) di-nucleotides compared to the human wild-type sequence encoding the human FIX (Wright JF, 2020) or by substituting the original codons with tissue-specific ones. Other forms of codon optimization are also possible. Generally, it is believed that (tissue specific) codon optimization can result in improved expression levels of the transgene. In the art, many algorithms are known to achieve codon optimization. The nucleic acid sequence encoding a coagulation factor may comprise a Factor IX (FIX) protein. FIX is a vitamin K-dependent protein that is synthesized by hepatocytes as a precursor of a serine protease, FIXa. The gene for FIX consists of eight exons and seven introns, is approximately 34 kb long, and is located on the long arm of the X chromosome at Xq27.1 (reviewed in Thompson 2001). It is synthesized as a precursor protein of 461 amino acids containing a 28-residue signal prepeptide and an 18-residue leader propeptide. The resulting mature protein is a single chain of 415 residues. Structurally, FIX contains an N-terminal Gia domain (residues 1-40), a short hydrophobic stack (residues 41-46), two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains (EGF1: residues 47-83, and EGF2: residues 88-127, which are connected by linker residues 84-87), an activation peptide (residues 146-180), and a C terminal protease domain (residues 181-415) (Schmidt AE etal, 2003). Said gene therapy vehicle comprising a nucleic acid encoding for coagulation factor IX is used for treating Hemophilia B disease. In some embodiments, the FIX protein is wild type, and in other embodiments, the FIX protein is a mutant that contains at least a single amino acid substitution that alters the protein's coagulation activity. In embodiments according to the invention , such substitution or substitutions produces a hyperactive mutant with increased FIX coagulant. Hyperactive variants of the coagulation factor are preferred (Samelson-Jones BJ et al, 2021). In case of Factor IX these variants include R338L (Padua), R338Q and the FIX variant CB 2679d-GT (R318Y, R338E, T343R). Less active variants such as R338A, R338E or the FIX-Triple A (V86A / E277A / R338A) are also useful in the gene therapy vehicle according to the present invention. R338L is disclosed in Simioni P et al, 2009; R338Q is disclosed in Simioni P et al, 2009 and in Wu Wet al, 2021; the CB 2679d-GT (R318Y / R338E / T343R) is disclosed in Nair N et al, 2021; R338E is disclosed in Nichols TC et al, 2020; the FIX-Triple A (V86A / E277A / R338A) is disclosed in Lin CN et at, 2010; R338A is disclosed in Chang J etal, 1998. Preferably, the nucleic acid comprises a hyperactive variant, such as FIX R338L. FIX-R338L will also be referred to as R338L, 338L, FIX Padua, FIX-Padua, Padua-FIX, PaduaFIX or simply Padua. The sequence of wildtype Factor IX as well as of preferred hyperactive variants is given below: SEQ ID NO:1 Mature FIX 1 YNSGKLEEFV QGNLERECME EKCSFEEARE VFENTERTTE FWKQYVDGDQ 51 CESNPCLNGG SCKDDINSYE CWCPFGFEGK NCELDXTCNI KNGRCEQFCK 101 NSADNKVVCS CTEGYRLAEN QKSCEPAVPF PCGRVSVSQT SKLTRAEXVF 151 PDVDYVNSTE AETILDNITQ STQSFNDFTR WGGEDAKPG QFPWQWLNG 201 KVDAFCGGSI VNEKWIVTAA HCVETGVKIT WAGEHNIEE TEHTEQKRNV 251 IRIIPHHNYN AAINKYNHDI ALLELDXPLV LNSYVTPICI ADKEYTNIFL 301 KFGSGYVSGW GRVFHKGXSA LVLQYLRVPL VDRATCLXST KFXIYNNMFC 351 AGFHEGGRDS CQGDSGGPHV TEVEGTSFLT GIISWGEECA MKGKYGIYTK 401 VSRYVNWIKE KTKLT At position 86, X can be V(wt) or A At position 148, X can be A(wt) or T(wt) At position 277, X can be E(wt) or A At position 318, X can be R(wt) or Y At position 338, X can be R(wt) or L or Q or E or A At position 343, X can be T(wt) or R with (wt) meaning wildtype. The FIX protein used in the context of the present invention can comprise this sequence or can consist of this sequence. In another embodiment, the gene therapy vehicle comprises a nucleic acid that encodes a coagulation factor having Factor VIII activity. The coagulation factor having Factor VIII activity can either be a wild-type human factor VIII or a modified human factor VIII. Said gene therapy vehicle is used to treat Hemophilia A disease. The nucleic acid, as described above, may further comprise elements, such as a promoter / enhancer, an intron, and a poly-A tail, wherein said elements may be present between two Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR)s, especially in case of an AAV gene therapy vehicle. Said promoter / enhancer element may be selected from a group of liver-specific ones, comprising the human alpha 1-antitrypsin (hAAT) promoter, HCR-hAAT hybrid promoter and an apolipoprotein E promoter LP1, Q1 promoter, Q1-prime, C14 promoter, or promoters as described in WO2020 / 104424. Preferably, the promoter / enhancer element is LP1 as described in WO2006 / 036502. The LP1 promoter / enhancer element which is preferred according to the invention comprises core liver-specific elements from the consecutive segments of the human apolipoprotein hepatic control region (HCR, base pairs 134 to 442 of GenBank record HSU32510) and the human alpha-1-antitrypsin (hAAT) gene promoter, including the 5' untranslated region(base pairs 1747 to 2001 of GenBank record K02212) (Nathwani AC et al, 2006). The liver is the target organ for gene therapy of hemophilia and therefore a liver specific promoter is preferred. Said ITRs may typically be positioned at the left and right ends (i.e., 5' and 3' termini, respectively) of the vector genome. Each ITR may be separated from the remaining sequence by a nucleic acid sequence of variable length. Preferably, said ITRs, as described above, are selected from a group consisting of adeno-associated virus (AAV) ITR sequences. More preferably, said ITRs sequences comprise the AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, or AAV8 ITRs sequences. Optionally, said two ITRs sequences comprise both AAV1, both AAV2, both AAV5, both AAV6, or both AAV8 ITRs sequences. Also optionally, said ITR sequence at the 5' end of said nucleic acid sequence differs from said ITR sequence at the 3' end of said nucleic acid sequence, wherein said ITR sequence is one selected from the AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6 or AAV8 ITRs sequences. In some embodiments, the AAV vector is defined as "hybrid", meaning that the viral ITRs and viral capsid are from different AAV parvoviruses. The viral ITRs preferably are derived from AAV2, and the capsid is preferably derived from a different one, which typically would be AAV5. According to the invention hemophilia patients that are at a low risk of bleeding events, but do sustain damage to the joints, will also benefit from the therapy according to the invention, since providing a higher (steady state) level of the coagulation factor needed, will prevent or diminish joint damage in these patients. This benefit will also be present in moderate and severe hemophilia patients. According to the invention, the gene therapy vehicle is administered in a dose, in vector genomes / per kilogram of body weight (vg / kg), that ranges from 8x1010 vg / kg to 5x1013 vg / kg. The range is dependent on several factors including, but not limited to: the level expression required to achieve a steady level of activity with a therapeutic effect, any host immune response to the viral vector, a host immune response to the expressed protein, and the stability of the protein expressed. It is preferred that only a single dose be given. In certain circumstances a follow up dose may be necessary. In this case it is particularly important to take care of a possible immune response. This may be done by using a different serotype or in any other manner known to the skilled person. Preferred dosages range from 1x1011 vg / kg, more preferably from 5x1011 vg / kg, up to 5x1012 vg / kg or up to 2x1013 vg / kg. Typically, gene therapy is given as a one-time dose, or a single dose. This means that over a prolonged period of time, a patient would be treated only once. Preferably, the prolonged period of time means at least 1 year, more preferably at least 5 years, at least 10 years, or at least 15 years. Most preferable, the prolonged period of time means the life-span of the patient. Since the effect to be achieved by the invention is a more steady state of a higher level above the dividing line between the different severity stages as explained above, this effect need not necessarily be achieved by gene therapy. By choosing e.g. factor IX variants with different activities and / or half-life a steady state may also be achieved. Such techniques are well known in the diabetes field using insulin derivatives (Madsbad S, 2002). These effects may also be achieved with an infusion device (as also known from the diabetes field). Gene therapy that fails to reach the desired steady state level may also be supplemented in these ways. Thus in further aspects the invention provides a coagulation factor for use in preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy in mild, moderate and / or severe Hemophilia patients. In particular, the invention provides said use of a coagulation factor that has Factor IX activity or Factor VIII activity. More specifically, the invention provides a coagulation factor that has human Factor IX activity for use in preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy in mild, moderate and / or severe Hemophilia B patients. In another aspect, the coagulation factor has Factor VIII activity, more particularly human Factor VIII activity and it is used in preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy in mild, moderate and / or severe Hemophilia A patients. In a further embodiment, the coagulation factor having either Factor IX or Factor VIII activity has an increased half-life. As said, by having a longer half-life, higher more steady state like levels are more readily achieved thus it is an aspect of the invention that said coagulation factor has an increased half-life. Longer half-life variants of coagulation factors are described in (Young G et al, 2016;.Santagostino E et al, 2016; Graf L, 2018). The coagulation factor having an increased half-life may be a hyperactive variant in addition. The best way to achieve steady state levels is by having combinations of different half-lives in a composition. Such compositions are also part of the present invention. All protein compositions according to the invention may also be used to supplement a gene therapy treatment that has led to insufficient levels of activity for achieving a less severe form of hemophilia in the circulation of the patient. In the course of the present invention, and as shown in the examples, the present inventors have surprisingly established that a gene therapy method for the treatment of hemophilia B, prevents, arrests and / or treats hemophilic arthropathy in such patients. In some embodiments, the gene therapy vehicle for use in preventing, arresting and / or treating joint damage in mild, moderate and / or severe hemophilia patients, may be of non-viral origin, The patient to be treated according to the invention is preferably a human. According to some embodiments, a therapeutically effective dose of an AAV vector is one that is sufficient, when administered to a human subject with hemophilia B, to result in a steady-state level of the coagulation factor FIX activity that reduces hemophilia from severe to moderate or mild hemophilia. Said levels of activity should be maintained for a period of at least 2 or 3 years. According to certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective dose of an AAV vector is the one that reduces or removes in a hemophilic human subject the need for recombinant human Factor IX replacement therapy. In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective dose of an AAV vector prevents or diminishes hemophilic arthropathy by reducing the severity and the frequency of joint bleeds in a hemophilic human patient. The joint may be one or both elbows, one or both knees, one or both ankles, one or both shoulders, one or both hips, one or both wrists, one or more joints of the hand, one or more joints of the foot, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the joint is selected from the group consisting of one or both elbows, one or both knees, one or both ankles, and any combination thereof. Joint health may be measured by the Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS). HJHS version 2.1 (HJHS 2.1) is used in the present invention. The HJHS 2.1 consists of 8 item scores on joint level and a global gait score. Scores range from 0 to 20 per joint and a global gait score ranges from 0 to 4. Focusing on the elbows, knees and ankles, the total score of HJHS 2.1 ranges from 0 to 124 points. A higher score indicates worse joint health. Changes in joint health may be quantified using AHJHS 2.1. Typically, a baseline HJHS 2.1 score is obtained pre-treatment (To), and another HJHS 2.1 score is obtained at each follow up time (Ti, T2, etc) post-treatment. AHJHS 2.1 is defined as HJHS 2.1 at the follow up time minus the baseline HJHS 2.1. According to the invention, the patient has a AHJHS 2.1 of 0, or less than 0. Preferably, the patient has a AHJHS 2.1 of less than 0, less than -2, or, more preferably, less than -4. The follow up time may be 1 year, or 2 years, or 5 years, after the last administration of the gene therapy vehicle. In yet another aspect, the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy of a joint in a patient having hemophilia B, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a gene therapy vehicle according to the present invention. Said pharmaceutical composition allows for the administration of the gene therapy vehicle, which is preferably an AAV vector of the AAV5 serotype to the human patient. Such administration preferably comprises administration via the bloodstream, e.g. via intravenous infusion. Hence, preferably the pharmaceutical composition is in a form suitable for intravenous infusion. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may be a liquid but may also be e.g. a lyophilized formulation. Said liquid or solid may be subsequently combined with e.g. a solution for injection or infusion. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is administered in a single dose. In yet another aspect, the invention further provides a method for preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy of a joint in a patient having hemophilia B, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a gene therapy vehicle according to the present invention, or an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention. In one embodiment of the invention, the method reduces the patient’s HJHS 2.1 score by at least 0, preferably by at least 2, more preferably by at least 4, points. In one embodiment of the invention, the reduction of the HJHS 2.1 score occurs at least 1 year, or at least 2 years, or at least 5 years, after the administration of the gene therapy vehicle. All embodiments and features described above with respect to one aspect of the invention also apply to other aspects of the invention. Table and Figure Legends Table 1. FIX protein Concentration % mean steady state following AAV5-wildtypeFIX administration. Values of <1.23 were set to 1.23 for the calculation of summary statistics. Contaminated values were excluded in the calculation Additional / unscheduled visits are included in the calculation of the mean. Values were obtained post exogenous FIX tapering. Cl, Confidence Interval. ‘Participants 1, 2 and 9 are presumed cross-reactive matter positive (CRM+). Table2. Joint Health Scores Joint (HJHS) following AAV5-wildtypeFIX administration. HJHS status was evaluated using the hemophilia Joint Health Score version 2.1. SD, standard deviation; N, number of participants. Figure 1. Sustained increase in FIX activity following AAV5-wildtypeFIX administration over 5 years. FIX activity was measured using a one-stage activated partial thromboplastin time-based assay. Only values at least 10-day after last FIX concentrate administration are included. FIX prophylaxis was continued after the infusion of AAV5-widetypeFIX and tapered between Weeks 6 and 12. ‘Patients 3, 4 and 5 retrospectively tested positive for AAV5 neutralizing antibodies using the luciferase-based assay. Patient 5 was unable to attend 4.5yr follow-up visit due to COVID-19 and 5yr follow-up blood sample was obtained within 10 days of exogenous FIX use for bleed and therefore excluded per protocol. Figure 2. Sustained increases in FIX activity following AAV5-PaduaFIX administration. FIX activity measured using a one-stage activated partial thromboplastin time-based assay. The week 0 time point reflects FIX activity before AAV5-PaduaFIX treatment. Samples from administration up to week 2 may include activity from exogenous FIX replacement. Data labels represent the percentage of normal FIX activity at week 104 for each participant. Figure 3. Joint Health Scores following AAV5-PaduaFIX administration (according to HJHS 2.1). Figure 4. Change in Joint Health Scores (AHJHS 2.1) after 1 year following AAV5-PaduaFIX administration. In Figure 4a, it is considered an improvement of the joint health when AHJHS 2.1 > -4, a deterioration when AHJHS 2.1 >4, constant when AHJHS 2.1 is from -3 to 3, and NA when HJHS 2.1 score is not available. In Figure 4b it is considered an improvement of the joint health when AHJHS 2.1 < 0, a deterioration when AHJHS 2.1 >0, constant when AHJHS 2.1 = 0, and NA when HJHS 2.1 score is not available. Figure 5. Change in Joint Health Scores (AHJHS 2.1) after 1 year and 5 years following AAV5-wildtypeFIX administration. In Figure 5a, it is considered an improvement of the joint health when AHJHS 2.1 > -4, a deterioration when AHJHS 2.1 >4, constant when AHJHS 2.1 is from -3 to 3, and NA when HJHS 2.1 score is not available. In Figure 5b it is considered an improvement of the joint health when AHJHS 2.1 < 0, a deterioration when AHJHS 2.1 >0, constant when AHJHS 2.1 = 0, and NA when HJHS 2.1 score is not available. Figure 6. Change in Joint Health Scores (AHJHS 2.1) after 1 year and 2 years following AAV5-PaduaFIX administration. In Figure 6a, it is considered an improvement of the joint health when AHJHS 2.1 > -4, a deterioration when AHJHS 2.1 >4, constant when AHJHS 2.1 is from -3 to 3, and NA when HJHS 2.1 score is not available. In Figure 6b it is considered an improvement of the joint health when AHJHS 2.1 < 0, a deterioration when AHJHS 2.1 >0, constant when AHJHS 2.1 = 0, and NA when HJHS 2.1 score is not available. Examples Example 1 This example describes the 5 years efficacy outcome on FIX protein levels and the assessment of joint health in a phase l / ll clinical trial. In this trial, 10 adult hemophilia B subjects with FIX activity <2 ILI / dL received a single intravenous infusion of an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector encoding a codon-optimized wild-type human factor IX (FIX) gene driven by a liver-specific promoter. 5 subjects received 5x1012 vg / kg (Cohort 1) and the other 5 received 2x1013 vg / kg (Cohort 2). FIX protein levels were estimated using an ELISA (Spronck EA et al, 2019). Joint health was assessed using the Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) version 2.1.(Kuijlaars I etal, 2017). At 4 years after infusion, the mean FIX protein concentrations also confirm the persistent transgene expression; these data are largely consistent with FIX activity and vary between 1.37% and 10.71% in 7 of the 10 study participants. The mean average FIX antigen to activity ratio was 0.85 (SD 0.28) in 7 participants. The remaining 3 patients (who are presumed to be cross-reactive material positive) had FIX antigen to activity ratios of 9.28, 2.42, and 25.56, see Table 1. At 5 year after infusion, the mean endogenous FIX activity in the lower-dose cohort (Cohort 1) is 5.2% and in the higher-dose cohort (Cohort 2) is 7.4%, see Figure 1. The overall joint health in cohort 1 improves with a decrease from a mean baseline score of 24.4 (SD 17.5) to 19.2 (SD 15.0) by 5 years, see Table 2. In the higher-dose cohort (cohort 2), the overall joint health also sees some improvement, with the mean score decreasing from 6.8 (SD 6.5) to 4.4 (SD 5). An increase in total HJHS score of 4 has been defined as joint deterioration (Kuijlaars I et al, 2017). In conclusion, the transgene expression was sustained for 5 years. Joint health assessment scores improved by approximately 21% and 35% in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. Example 2 This example describes the 2 years efficacy outcome on FIX activity levels and the assessment of joint health in a phase l / ll clinical trial. In this trial, 3 adult hemophilia B subjects received a single intravenous dose, 2x1013 vg / kg of an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector containing a codon-optimized Padua variant human factor IX (Padua-FIX) gene with a liver-specific promoter. All participants had severe or moderate-severe FIX deficiency with FIX activity <2%. FIX activity was assessed using a one-stage activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) based assay and a chromogenic assay. FIX activity was measured using a one-stage activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) based assay and a chromogenic assay (Spronck EA etal, 2019). Joint health was assessed at baseline and annually thereafter as part of long-term follow-up, using the hemophilia joint health score (HJHS) version 2.1 (Kuijlaars I et al, 2017). At 2 years, the mean value of endogenous FIX activity was 44.2% (min-max, 36.3%-51.6%) (Figure 2). Participants 1 and 3 maintained FIX activity in the non-hemophilic hemophilic range (>40%). Participant 2 maintained FIX activity in the high-mild range. The measured FIX activity at two years (estimated using the one-stage a PTT-based assay) was 10.2-fold higher than the level of FIX antigen. Total joint health scores decreased from baseline (35, 36, and 1 for participants 1-3, respectively) for 2 out of 3 participants when compared with scores at 2 years (24, 30, and 6, respectively) following vector infusion. Participant 3, who had a low baseline score of 1, had an increased score of 6 at 2 years post-treatment, see Figure 3. An increase in total HJHS of >4 is indicative of joint degeneration (Kuijlaars I et al, 2017). In conclusion, it is shown that the patients that were treated with a single infusion of AAV5-Padua-FIX resulted in stable and durable increases in FIX activity. Joint health improved in participants 1 and 2, showing a decrease in total joint score (from baseline to year 2 of follow-up) of 11 and 6, respectively. Participant 3 had an increase of 5 (total HJHS score) over the study period. However, this patient had worsening avascular hip necrosis, which required two surgeries over the two years of follow-up. Example 3 This Example illustrates improvements in joint health in hemophilia B patients receiving the gene therapy vehicle according to the invention in phase Il / llI clinical trials. Each patients received a single intravenous dose, 5x1012 or 2x1013 vg / kg of an adeno- associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector containing the relevant FIX gene with a liverspecific promoter. HJHS 2.1 scores were obtained at To baseline (pre-treatment), and Ti (1 year, 2 years, or 5 years following the administration). AAHJHS 2.1 is defined as the HJHS 2.1 score at Ti minus the HJHS 2.1 score at To. Change in joint health is assessed with AHJHS 2.1. For Figures 4a, 5a and 6a, it is considered that there is an improvement in joint health when AHJHS 2.1 > -4, a deterioration in joint health when △HJHS 2.1 >4, the joint health remains constant when AHJHS 2.1 is from -3 to 3, and NA when no suitable data is available. For Figures 4b, 5b and 6b, it is considered that there is an improvement in joint health when AHJHS 2.1 < 0, a deterioration in joint health when AHJHS 2.1 >0, the joint health remains constant when AHJHS 2.1 = 0, and NA when no suitable data is available. Percentages of patients meeting the relevant criteria for “improvements”, “deterioration”, “constant” and “NA” are calculated, and shown in the Figures. As shown in the Figures, using the stricter criteria, 18.5% of participants (n = 54) experienced an improvement in joint health 1 year after the administration of gene therapy vehicle comprising AAV5-PaduaFIX (Figure 4a). Using the more relaxed criteria, 44.4% of participants reported improvement in joint health 1 year after the treatment (Figure 4b). In a different, smaller group (n = 3) (Figure 6a), 1 of the 3 participants reported improvement in joint health after 1 year, and a further 1 reported improvement after 2 years, following the treatment of the invention. Participant 3 had an increase of 5 (total HJHS score) over the study period. However, this patient had worsening avascular hip necrosis, which required two surgeries over the two years of follow-up. Similarly, using the stricter criteria, 10% of participants (n = 10) experienced an improvement in joint health 1 year after the administration of gene therapy vehicle comprising AAV5-wildtype FIX (Figure 5a), and the percentage increased to 50% after 5 years following the treatment. Using the more relaxed criteria, 40% participants already reported improvement in joint health 1 year after the treatment. By 5 years following the treatment, 80% of the participants reported improvement in joint health (Figure 5b). Table 1. Concentration % mean steady state following AAV5-wildtypeFIX administration. Cohort Participant Mean Lower (95% Cl) Upper (95% Cl) M|l^ 66.80 62.44 71.15 2* 12.83 12.13 13.54 1.37 1.15 1.60 4 5.41 5.19 5.62 5 2.44 2.29 2.60 2 6 9.62 8.62 10.61 10.71 10.02 11.39 8 6.75 6.31 7.18 9* 100.94 96.63 105.24 5 10 4.75 4.54 4.95 Table 2. Joint health score (HJHS 2.1) state following AAV5-wildtypeFIX administration. Time             Cohort 1                    Cohort 2 Baseline Mean SD 24.4 N Mean     SD 6.8 N 17.5 5 6.5 5 Year 1 23.4 18.8 5 9 7.2 4 Year 2 20 15.4 5 3 3.6 3 Year 3 20.6 16.5 5 5.5 9.1 4 Year 4 20.8 17.6 4 6.3 5.1 4 Year 5 19.2 15.0 5 4.4 4.3 5 Reference List 1. Chang J, Jin J, Lollar P, Bode W, Brandstetter H, Hamaguchi N, Straight DL, Stafford DW. Changing residue 338 in human factor IX from arginine to alanine causes an increase in catalytic activity. J Biol Chern. 1998 May 15;273(20):12089-94. doi: 10.1074 / jbc.273.20.12089. PMID: 9575152. 2. GaO G & Sena-Esteves M, in Molecular Cloning (eds Green, M. R. & Sambrook, J. R.) 1209-1330 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2012). 3. Graf L. Extended Half-Life Factor VIII and Factor IX Preparations. Transfus Med Hemother. 2018;45(2):86-91. doi: 10.1159 / 000488060. 4. Kafri T, Bldmer II, Peterson DA, Gage FH, Verma IM. Sustained expression of genes delivered directly into liver and muscle by lentiviral vectors. Nat Genet. 1997 Nov; 17(3):314-7. doi: 10.1038 / ng1197-314. PMID: 9354796. 5. Knobe K, Berntorp E. Haemophilia and joint disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management. J Comorb. 2011;1:51-59. Published 2011 Dec 27. doi: 10.15256 / joc.2011.1.2. 6. Kuijlaars I a. R, Timmer MA, de Kleijn P, Pisters MF, Fischer K. Monitoring joint health in haemophilia: Factors associated with deterioration. Haemophilia. 2017;23(6):934-940. 7. Lin CN, Kao CY, Miao CH, Hamaguchi N, Wu HL, Shi GY, Liu YL, High KA, Lin SW. Generation of a novel factor IX with augmented clotting activities in vitro and in vivo. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Aug;8(8): 1773-83. doi: 10.1111 / j.1538-7836.2010.03913.x. Epub 2010 May 21. PMID: 20492477. 8. Madsbad S. Insulin analogues: have they changed insulin treatment and improved glycaemic control? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002 Jan-Feb; 18 Suppl 1:S21-8. doi: 10.1002 / dmrr.206. PMID: 11921426. 9. Nair N, De Wolf D, Nguyen PA, Pham QH, Samara E, Landau J, Blouse GE, Chuah MK, VandenDriessche T. Gene Therapy For Hemophilia B Using CB 2679d-GT: A Novel Factor IX Variant With Higher Potency Than Factor IX Padua. Blood. 2021 Mar 18:blood.2020006005. doi: 10.1182 / blood.2020006005. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33735915. 10. Nathwani AC, Gray JT, Ng CY, et al. Self-complementary adeno-associated virus vectors containing a novel liver-specific human factor IX expression cassette enable highly efficient transduction of murine and nonhuman primate liver. Blood. 2006; 107(7):2653-2661. doi: 10.1182 / blood-2005-10-4035. 11. Nichols TC, Levy H, Merricks EP, Raymer RA, Lee ML. Preclinical evaluation of a next-generation, subcutaneously administered, coagulation factor IX variant, dalcinonacog alfa. PLoS One. 2020 Oct 28;15(10):e0240896. doi: 10.1371 / journal, pone.0240896. PMID: 33112889; PMCID: PMC7592742. 12. Samelson-Jones BJ, Finn JD, Raffini LJ, Merricks EP, Camire RM, Nichols TC, Arruda VR. Evolutionary insights into coagulation factor IX Padua and other high-specific-activity variants. Blood Adv. 2021 Mar 9;5(5):1324-1332. doi: 10.1182 / bloodadvances.2019000405. PMID: 33656538; PMCID: PMC7948292. 13. Santagostino E, Martinowitz U, Lissitchkov T, et al. Long-acting recombinant coagulation factor IX albumin fusion protein (rlX-FP) in hemophilia B: results of a phase 3 trial. Blood. 2016; 127(14): 1761-1769. 14. Schmidt AE, Bajaj SP. Structure-function relationships in factor IX and factor IXa. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2003 Jan; 13(1 ):39-45. doi: 10.1016 / s1050-1738(02)00210-4. PMID: 12554099. 15.Simioni P, Tormene D, Tognin G, etal. X-linked thrombophilia with a mutant factor IX (factor IX Padua). N Engl J Med. 2009;361 (17): 1671-1675. 16.Spronck EA, Liu YP, Lubelski J, Ehlert E, Gielen S, Montenegro-Miranda P, de Haan M, Nijmeijer B, Ferreira V, Petry H, van Deventer SJ. Enhanced Factor IX Activity following Administration of AAV5-R338L "Padua" Factor IX versus AAV5 WT Human Factor IX in NHPs. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2019 Sep 26; 15:221231. doi: 10.1016 / j.omtm.2019.09.005. PMID: 31709273; PMCID: PMC6834974. 17. Srivastava A, Brewer AK, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Key NS, Kitchen S, Llinas A, Ludlam CA, Mahlangu JN, Mulder K, Poon MC, Street A; Treatment Guidelines Working Group on Behalf of The World Federation Of Hemophilia. Guidelines for the management of hemophilia. Haemophilia. 2013 Jan;19(1):e1-47. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2516.2012.02909.x. Epub 2012 Jul 6. PMID: 22776238. 18. Urabe M, Nakakura T, Xin KQ, Obara Y, Mizukami H, Kume A, Kotin RM, Ozawa K. Scalable generation of high-titer recombinant adeno-associated virus type 5 in insect cells. J Virol. 2006 Feb;80(4): 1874-85. doi: 10.1128 / JVI.80.4.1874-1885.2006. PMID: 16439543; PMCID: PMC1367135. 19. Wang D, Tai PWL, Gao G. Adeno-associated virus vector as a platform for gene therapy delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 May; 18(5):358-378. doi: 10.1038 / S41573-019-0012-9. PMID: 30710128; PMCID: PMC6927556. 2022260561   23 Jun 2026 20. Wright JF. Codon Modification and PAMPs in Clinical AAV Vectors: The Tortoise or the Hare?. Mol Ther. 2020;28(3):701-703. doi:10.1016 / j.ymthe.2020.01.026. 21.Wu W, Xiao L, Wu X, Xie X, Li P, Chen C, Zheng Z, Ai J, Valencia CA, Dong B, Ding Q, Dong B, Wang X. Factor IX alteration p.Arg338Gln (FIX Shanghai) 5 potentiates FIX clotting activity and causes thrombosis. Haematologica. 2021 Jan 1;106(1):264-268. doi: 10.3324 / haematol.2019.216713. PMID: 32079698; PMCID: PMC7776343. 22. Young G, Collins PW, Colberg T, et al. Nonacog beta pegol (N9-GP) in haemophilia B: A multinational phase III safety and efficacy extension trial (paradigmTM4). 10 Thromb Res. 2016;141:69-76. Reference to any prior art in the specification is not an acknowledgement or suggestion that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in any jurisdiction or that this prior art could reasonably be expected to be combined with any other piece of prior art by a skilled person in the art. 15 By way of clarification and for avoidance of doubt, as used herein and except where the context requires otherwise, the term "comprise" and variations of the term, such as "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised", are not intended to exclude further additions, components, integers or steps.

Claims

1) A method of preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy of a joint in a patient having hemophilia B comprising administering a gene therapy5         vehicle, wherein the gene therapy vehicle comprises a nucleic acid encoding acoagulation factor having Factor IX activity, and wherein the patient has a pretreatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score and a post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score, wherein the post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score is taken at least 1 year after the administration of the gene therapy vehicle and wherein the post-treatment10         HJHS 2.1 score is not higher than the pre-treatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score.2) Use of a gene therapy vehicle in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, arresting and / or treating hemophilic arthropathy of a joint in a patient having hemophilia B, wherein the gene therapy vehicle comprises a15          nucleic acid encoding a coagulation factor having Factor IX activity, andwherein the patient has a pre-treatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score and a posttreatment HJHS 2.1 score, wherein the post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score is taken at least 1 year after the gene therapy vehicle is to be administered and wherein the post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score is not higher than the pre-20         treatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score.3) The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the patient having hemophilia B has a level of Factor IX activity of less than 1 IU / dL, or from 1 to up to 5 IU / dL, or from 5 to up to 40 IU / dL.254) The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the patient has a pre-treatment baseline level of Factor IX activity from 1 to up to 40 IU / dL.30      5) The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein thevehicle is a viral vector.2022260561   23 Jun 20266) The method or use according to claim 5, wherein the viral vector is an AAV based particle.7) The method or use according to claim 6, wherein the AAV based particle is an 5          AAV5 particle.8) The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleic acid encoding a coagulation factor having Factor IX activity comprises wildtype Factor IX.109) The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the nucleic acid encoding a coagulation factor having Factor IX activity comprises a hyperactive variant of Factor IX.15 10)The method or use according to claim 9, wherein the hyperactive variant of Factor IX is FIX-R388L.11)The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleic acid further comprises a promoter.2012)The method or use according to claim 11, wherein the promoter is a liverspecific promoter.13)The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the25         gene therapy vehicle is administered or the medicament is to be administeredat a dose of from 8x1010 vg / kg to 2x1013 vg / kg.14)The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gene therapy vehicle is administered or the medicament is to be administered 30          in a single dose.15)The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the joint is selected from the group consisting of one or both elbows, one or both2022260561   23 Jun 2026knees, one or both ankles, and any combination thereof; and / or wherein the hemophilic arthropathy comprises joint bleeding and / or synovitis.16)The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5          patient is a human.17) The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the gene therapy vehicle to the patient, or a pharmaceutical composition10          comprising the medicament is to be administered to the patient.18)The method or use according to claim 17, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in a form suitable for intravenous infusion.15 19)The method or use according to claim 18, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid, or a lyophilized solid.20)The method or use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gene therapy vehicle or pharmaceutical composition is administered via20         intravenous infusion, or the pharmaceutical composition and / or medicament isto be administered via intravenous infusion.21)The method or use of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score is lower than the pre-treatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score.2522)The method or use of claim 21, wherein the post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score is: a. at least 2 points lower than the pre-treatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score; or b. at least 4 points lower than the pre-treatment baseline HJHS 2.1 score.30 23)The method or use of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the post-treatment HJHS 2.1 score is taken at least 2 years after the administering of the gene therapy vehicle and / or the pharmaceutical composition, or at least 2 years after the medicament is to be administered.

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