Anti-Galectin-9 antibodies and uses thereof

Abstract

Abstract: Disclosed herein are anti-Galectin-9 antibodies and methods of using such for inhibiting a signalling pathway mediated by Galectin-9 or eliminating pathologic cells expressing Galectin-9. Such anti- Galectin-9 antibodies may also be used to diagnose and / or to treat diseases associated with Galectin-9, such as autoimmune diseases and solid tumors. 5 Abstract: Disclosed herein are anti-Galectin-9 antibodies and methods of using such for inhibiting a signalling pathway mediated by Galectin-9 or eliminating pathologic cells expressing Galectin-9. Such anti- Galectin-9 antibodies may also be used to diagnose and / or to treat diseases associated with Galectin-9, 5 such as autoimmune diseases and solid tumors. 20 23 28 58 98 21 D ec 2 02 3 2 0 2 3 2 8 5 8 9 8 2 1 D e c 2 0 2 3 5

Description

CROSS REFERENCE This application is a divisional of Australian Application No. 2020294364 filed 31 December 2020, which is a divisional of Australian Application No. 2018355588, filed 29 October 2018, which is related to International Application No. PCT / US2018 / 058028 filed 29 October 2018, and claims the benefit of U.S Provisional Application No. 62 / 736,317 filed 25 September 2018, U.S Provisional Application No. 62 / 665,175 filed 1 May 2018 and U.S Provisional Application No. 62 / 578,111 filed 27 October 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. SEQUENCE LISTING The preceding application contained a sequence listing submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, filed on 10 October 2022, is named P0020945AUD1 Sequence listing and is 1052403 bytes in size. The instant application contains a sequence listing which has been submitted electronically as an XML document in the ST26 format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on 20 December 2023, is named P0020945AUD2 ST26 Sequence Listing XML and is 705590 bytes in size. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated unprecedented success in the past few years as cancer treatment. Often antibodies are used to block immune inhibitory pathways, such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathways. While therapies targeting those two pathways have shown success in treating several cancer types, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 therapies have a response rate of 10 to 60% of treated patients, depending on cancer type, and have not yet shown the ability to exceed a response rate of 60%, even when used in combination (Kyvistborg et al., Enhancing responses to cancer immunotherapy; Science. 2018 Feb 2;359(6375):516-517). Additionally, a large number of cancer types are refractory to these therapies. As part of efforts to improve existing immunotherapies in the clinic, the field has started to focus on the role of abnormalities in interferon signaling and upregulation of alternative checkpoints as potential causes for the limitation of current therapies. One such potential alternate checkpoint is T-cell 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) / Galectin-9 (e.g., reviewed in Yang and Hung; The role of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and its ligand galectin-9 in antitumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy; Cancer biology and cancer treatment; Oct 2017, Vol.60 No.10: 1058-1064, and references therein). Galectin-9 is a tandem-repeat lectin consisting of two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and was discovered and described for the first time in 1997 in patients suffering from Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) (Tureci et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 6416-6422). Three isoforms exist, and can be located within the cell or extracellularly. Elevated Galectin-9 levels have been in observed a wide range of cancers, including melanoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, hepatocellular, pancreatic, gastric, colon and clear cell renal cell cancers (Wdowiak et al. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 210). In renal cancer, patients with high Galectin-9 expression showed more advanced progression of the disease with larger tumor size and necrosis (Kawashima et al.; BJU Int. 2014;113:320-332). In melanoma - a cancer considered as one of the most lethal cancers due to its aggressive metastasis and resistance to therapy -Galectin-9 was expressed in 57% of tumors and was significantly increased in the plasma of patients with advanced melanoma compared to healthy controls (Enninga et al., Melanoma Res. 2016 Oct; 26(5): 429-441). A number of studies have shown utility for Gal-9 as a prognostic marker, and more recently as a [Continued on page 2] 2023285898   09 Oct 2026 new drug target (Enninga et al., 2016; Kawashima et al. BJU Int 2014; 113: 320-332; Kageshita et al., Int J Cancer. 2002 Jun 20;99(6):809-16, and references therein). Galectin-9 has been described to play an important role in in a number of cellular processes such as adhesion, cancer cell aggregation, apoptosis, and chemotaxis. Recent studies have shown a role for Galectin-9 in 5 immune modulation in support of the tumor, e.g., through negative regulation of Thl type responses, Th2 polarization and polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. This work also includes studies that have shown that Galectin-9 participates in direct inactivation of T cells through interactions with the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (TIM-3) receptor (Dardalhon et al., J lmmunol., 2010, 185, 1383-1392; Sanchez-Fueyo et al., Natlmmunol., 2003, 10   4, 1093-1101). Galectin-9 has also been found to play a role in polarizing T cell differentiation into tumor suppressive phenotypes), as well as promoting tolerogenic macrophage programming and adaptive immune suppression (Daley et al., NatMed, 2017, 23, 556-567). In mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), blockade of the checkpoint interaction between Galectin-9 and the receptor Dectin-1 found on innate immune cells in the tumor 15 microenvironment (TME) has been shown to increase anti-tumor immune responses in the TME and to slow tumor progression (Daley et al., NatA,1ed., 2017, 23, 556-567). Galectin-9 also has been found to bind to CD206, a surface marker ofM2 type macrophages, resulting in a reduced secretion ofCVL22 (NIDC), a macrophage derived chemokine which has been associated with longer survival and lower recurrence risk in lung cancer (Enninga et al, J Pathol. 2018 20   Aug;245(4):468-477). Accordingly, modulating the activity of Galectin-9 and / or one or more of its receptors may provide a novel cancer therapy approach, alone or in combination with existing therapies. Described herein are novel human antibodies which bind to human Galectin-9 and their therapeutic use in the treatment of cancer. 25          Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should not be considered as an express or implied admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field. It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art, or at least to provide a useful alternative. 30                       SUMMARY OF INVENTION According to a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a hematological malignancy in a human subject, wherein the method comprises administering to 2023285898   09 Oct 2026 the human subject an effective amount of an antibody that binds human galectin-9 (anti-Gal-9 antibody), wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody comprises: (a) a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH), which comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 361, a heavy 5 chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 388, and a heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 406, and (b) a light chain comprising a light chain variable region (VL), which comprises a light chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 328, a light chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 329, and a light chain 10 complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 352. According to a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a use of an antibody that binds human galectin-9 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a hematological malignancy in a human subject, wherein the antibody is set forth in the first aspect. The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the development of anti-Galectin-9 15 antibodies that potently suppress signaling triggered by Galectin-9. Such antibodies are capable of suppressing Galectin-9 signaling and / or eliminating Galectin-9 positive pathologic cells, thereby benefiting treatment of diseases associated with Galectin-9. Accordingly, one aspect of the present disclosure provides an isolated anti-Galectin-9 antibody, which binds to an epitope in a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of a Galectin-20   9 polypeptide, for example, a human Galectin-9 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the anti- [Continued on page 3] 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Galactin-9 antibody described herein may bind to both a human Galactin-9 polypeptide and a non-human Galactin-9 polypeptide (e.g., a mouse Galactin-9, a rat Galactin-9, or a primate Galactin-9). In some embodiments, the anti-Galactin-9 antibody binds exclusively to one of the Galectin-9 CRDs. In some embodiments, the anti-Galactin-9 antibody binds to both of the 5 Galectin-9 CRDs, e.g., with similar or different affinities. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein binds an epitope within the CRD1 region. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein binds an epitope within the CRD1 region, which CRD 1 region may have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein binds an epitope within the CRD1 10 region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds to the same epitope as a reference antibody selected from the group consisting of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9 1-4, G9.1-5, G9 1-6, G9 1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6, G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8m 10, G9.l-8m 11, G9 1 -8m 12, G9 1 -8m 13, G9 1 -8m 14, G9.1 -9, G9.1-10, and G9.1 -11 15 antibodies, and / or competes against the reference antibody from binding to the CRD1 region. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds to the same epitope as antibody G9.1-8 or antibody G9. l-8ml3 and / or competes against antibody G9.1-8 or antibody G9.1-8ml3 from binding to the CRD 1 region. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein is an antibody 20 selected from the group consisting of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9 1-8, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9 l-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6, G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9 l-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, G9.1-8ml4, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, and G9.1-11 antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is G9.1-8 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is G9. l-8ml3 antibody. In some examples, the 25 anti-Galectin-9 antibody may comprise the same heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and the same light chain CDRs as the reference antibody, e.g., any of the reference antibodies provided herein. In one specific example, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises the same heavy chain variable region and the same light chain variable region as the reference antibody, eg., any of the reference antibodies provided above and elsewhere herein. 30          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 21 or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 86 or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 86 or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and a 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a Vh sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a Vh sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86 5          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin antibody has a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 22 or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 22 or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a Vh sequence consisting 10 essentially of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a Vh sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 328, 329, and 337. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vh sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in 15 SEQ ID NOs: 361, 364, 374, 366, and 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 328, 329, and 337, and a Vh sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 361, 364, and 374. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 328, 329, and 337, and a Vh 20   sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 361, 366, and 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein binds an epitope within the Galectin-9 CRD2 region. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein binds an epitope within the Galectin-9 CRD2 region, which CRD2 region may have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 25 antibody disclosed herein binds an epitope within the CRD2 region having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds an epitope within the Galectin-9 CRD2 region that comprises a tryptophan residue corresponding with residue W309 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds an epitope within the Galectin-9 CRD2 region that does not comprise one or more residues 30 corresponding with R253, R271, Y33O, R334, R341 and Y236 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may bind an epitope within the Galectin-9 CRD2 region that comprises a tryptophan residue corresponding with residue W309 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and additionally does not comprise one or more residues corresponding to R253, R271, Y330, R334, R341 and Y236 of SEQ ID NO: I. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 binds to the same epitope as a reference antibody selected from the group consisting of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9 2-3, G9.2-4, G9 2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9 2-17, G9.2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9 221, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder antibodies, 5 and / or competes against the reference antibody from binding to the CRD2 region. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds to the same epitope as antibody G9.2-17 or antibody G9.2-17mut6 and / or competes against antibody G9.2-17 or antibody G92-17mut6 from binding to the CRD2 region. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is an antibody selected from the group consisting of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, 10   G9.2-8, G9 2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, and G9.2-26 antibodies. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is G9.2-17 antibody or G9.2-17mut6 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54 or consisting of SEQ ID 15 NO: 54. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 55 or consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 55 or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a Vh sequence consisting 20 essentially of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9antibody has a Vl sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a Vh sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the antibody has a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the antibody has a Vh sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO; 56 or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the isolated antibody has a Vl sequence 25 comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and a Vh sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the isolated antibody has a Vl sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a Vh sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the isolated antibody has a Vl sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a Vh sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 56 30          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 328, 329, and 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vh sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 361, 388, 406, and 407. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 328, 329, and 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 352, and a Vh sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 361, 388, and 406. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody has a Vl sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 328, 329, and 352, and a Vh sequence comprising one or more of the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 361, 388, and 407. 5          In some examples, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may comprise the same heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and the same light chain CDRs as the reference antibody, e.g., any of the reference antibodies provided herein. In one specific example, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises the same heavy chain variable region and the same light chain variable region as a reference antibody, eg., any of the reference antibodies provided 10 herein. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1), a heavy chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2), and a heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3), which collectively are at least 90% (e.g, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to the heavy chain CDRs of a reference antibody, eg., any of the reference antibodies 15 provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain CDR1, a light chain CDR2, and a light chain CDR3, which collectively are at least 90% (e.g., 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to the light chain CDRs of a reference antibody, e g., any of the reference antibodies provided herein. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises both a heavy chain 20 complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1), a heavy chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2), and a heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3), which collectively are at least 90% (e.g., 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to the heavy chain CDRs of a reference antibody, e.g., any of the reference antibodies provided herein and a light chain CDR1, a light chain CDR2, and a light chain CDR3, which 25 collectively are at least 90% (e.g., 90%, 91 %, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to the light chain CDRs of a reference antibody, e.g., any of the reference antibodies provided herein. In some examples, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may comprise the same heavy chain CDRs and the same light chain CDRs as the reference antibodies noted above. In one specific example, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may comprise the same heavy chain variable 30 region and the same light chain variable region as of a reference antibody, e g., any of the reference antibodies provided herein In some embodiments, the exemplary isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies which bind to CRD1 include G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9 1-7, G9.1-8, G9 1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.l-8m6,G9. l-8m7, G9.l-8m8, G9.l-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.l-8ml I, G9.1- 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9. l-8m!4. In some embodiments, the exemplary isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies which bind to CR.D2 include G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9 2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, 5   G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. In some embodiments, the isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprise heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. In some embodiments, the light chain variable 10 regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. In some embodiments, the isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprise heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,50,51,52,53,55,56, 15   57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprise heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region 20 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71, and the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprise heavy and light 25 chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71, and the heavy chain variable region consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,50,51,52,53,55,56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. 30          In some embodiments, the isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprise heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27. In some embodiments, the light chain variable regions consist of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27. In 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 some embodiments, the isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprise heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the 5 heavy chain variable regions consist of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. Accordingly, in some embodiments, provided herein are isolated anti-Galectin 9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprising heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 10   11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 and the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87 In some embodiments, the light chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19,21,23, 25, and 27, and the heavy chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected 15 from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibody disclosed herein may comprise a heavy chain variable domain (Vh) that is at least 85% identical to the Vh of a reference antibody disclosed herein. Alternatively or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody 20 may comprise a light chain variable domain (Vl) that is at least 85% identical to the Vl of the reference antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 55. 25 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55, respectively. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 30 portion thereof comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is clone 9.2-17 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and 56, respectively. In some 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and 56, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is clone 9.2-17 mut6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region comprising 5 SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a Vh region comprising SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region comprising SEQ ID 10 NO: 21 and 86, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and 86, respectively, In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is clone G9.1-8ml3 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a Vh region comprising SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region consisting of SEQ 15 ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and 22, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and 22, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is clone G9.1-8. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 20 comprises a VL region which has the same amino acid sequence as the VL region of antibody 9.1-8m 13 (SEQ ID NO: 21). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region which has the same amino acid sequence as the VH region of antibody 9.1-8ml3 (SEQ ID NO: 86). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises VL and VH regions which have the same amino acid sequences as the VL 25 and VH regions of antibody 9.1-8ml3 (SEQ ID NO: 21 and 86, respectively). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region which has the same amino acid sequence as the VL region of antibody 9.2-17 (SEQ ID NO: 54). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region which has the same amino acid sequence as the VH 30 region of antibody 9.2-17 (SEQ ID NO: 55). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises VL and VH regions which have the same amino acid sequences as the VL and VH regions of 9.2-17 (SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55, respectively). 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% 5   (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, 13, 10   15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 and a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at 15 least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 29, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 32, 20    33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 29, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71 and a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 25   98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (eg., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 30 any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 and VH region that have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL and VH regions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 and 86, respectively. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding fragment 5   thereof comprises a VL that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In some 10 specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VL and / or VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL and / or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55, respectively. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (eg., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 15 any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL region of G9.l-8ml3. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH region of G9. l-8m 13. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises VL and VH regions that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any 20 increment therein) sequence identity to VL and VH regions of G9. l-8ml3. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL region of G9.2-17. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment 25 therein) sequence identity to the VH region of G9.2-17. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises VL and VH regions that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to VL and VH regions of G9.2-17. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding 30 portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR.2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 341-360; (d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, 437; (d) VH CDR2s amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466;(e) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 from SEQ ID NO: 390-417. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR.3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 330-340; (d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence 5 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 424-434; (e) VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362-366 and 438-445; (f) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 367-386. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 comprises 10 SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 comprises X1X2X3X4X5SX6X7X8SYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 467), in which Xi= Y or S, X2 = I or S, X3 = Y or S, X4 = P or S, X5 = Y or S, Xs =G or S, X7 = Y or S, and Xs = T or S In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and 15 light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises X1SX2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10KX11X12X13GMDY (SEQ ID NO: 468), in which Xi = Y or S, X2 = T, S, or absent, X3 = Y, S, or absent, X4 = S or absent, Xs = W, S, or absent, X& = S or absent, X7 = G, S, or absent, Xs = G, T, S, or absent, Xq = I, Y, S, or absent, Xto = G, S, or Y, X11 = W or S, X12 = V or S, and X13 = W or S. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or 20 binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 consists of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 consists of X1X2X3X4X5SX6X7X8S YADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 467), in which Xi= Y or S, X2 = I or S, X3 = Yor S, X4 = P or S, X5 = Y or S, X6 = G or S, 25 X7 = Y or S, and X» = T or S. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 consists of X1SX2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10KX11X12X13GMDY (SEQ ID NO: 468), in which Xi = Y or S, X2 = T, S, or absent, X3 = Y, S, or absent, X4 = S or absent, X5 = W, S, or absent, Xt = S or absent, X? = G, S, or absent, Xs = G, T, S, or absent, Xs = I, Y, S, or 30 absent, X10 = G, S, or Y, X11 = W or S, X12 = V or S, and X13 = W or S. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 337. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 5 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 consists of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 consists of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light 10 chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 consists of SEQ ID NO: 337. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 15 ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9. l-8ml3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 361. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein 20 the heavy chain variable region CDR2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 366. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR3 region comprises SEQ ID NO: 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1 consists of SEQ ID 25 NO: 361. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR2 consists of SEQ ID NO: 366. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR3 region consists of SEQ ID NO: 383 In some embodiments, the 30 anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises the same VH CDRs 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 as G9.1-8ml3. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, 5 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-8ml3 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 10 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain 15 variable region CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 consists of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 consists of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some 20 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof consists of heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some 25 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 30   406, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-I7. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In one specific 5 embodiment, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-17. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence that has 10 at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 330-340; (d) VH CDRI amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 15   96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDRI amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 361,427, 428, 431,435, 436, 437; (e) VH CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362-366 and 438-445; (f) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% 20   (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 367-386. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDRI amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDRI amino acid sequence set forth in 25 SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 341-360; (d) VH 30 CDRI amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDRI amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 424-434; (d) VH CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80°zo (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466;(e) VH CDR3 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 390-417. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 5 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid 10 sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.I-8m 13. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 15   99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.1- 20 8m 13. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, 25 respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In one specific embodiment, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 30 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences as G9.1-8ml3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 5   98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences ofG9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the 10 heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion 15 thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid 20 sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In one specific embodiment, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any 25 increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.2-17. In some embodiments of any of the anti-Galectin antibodies provided herein, the heavy chain constant region of the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is from a human IgG (a gamma heavy chain) of any IgG subfamily as described herein, eg.. IgGl or IgG4. 30          In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of exemplary anti-Galectin antibody light chains correspond to sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88-98 and SEQ ID NO: 99-115. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108. In some embodiments, light chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95 (or their variable regions). In some embodiments, light chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light 5 chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108 (or their variable regions). In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of exemplary anti-Galectin antibody heavy chains correspond to sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116-140; 169-193; 222-246; 275-299 (anti-Galectin-9 antibodies binding to CRD1) and SEQ ID NO: 141-168; 194-220; 247-274; 300-327 (anti-Galectin-9 antibodies binding to CRD2). In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region 10   of the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is from a human IgGl. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136. In some embodiments, the IgGl is a mutant with minimal Fc receptor engagement. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant 15 region of the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is from a human IgG4. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242. In some embodiments, the IgG4 is IgG4 exchange mutant. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 295. 20          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 263. In some embodiments, the anti- 25 Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 316. In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 136 30 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 189 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 242 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain 5 sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 295 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that 10 has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 210 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 263 15 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, heavy chains of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies comprise an amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 316 (or its variable region). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy 20 chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 295. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157 30          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 263 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen-binding portion thereof 5 comprise a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 316 In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at 10 least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 136. In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (eg., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (eg., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment 15 therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 189. In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 242. In one 20 embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 95 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 295 25          In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to f SEQ ID NO: 157 . In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a 30 light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 210 . In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 263. In one embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain amino acid sequence that has 5 at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 108 and a heavy chain amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 316 Any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies provided herein may comprise a heavy chain 10 variable region framework of VH 3-48; and / or a light chain variable region framework of Vk 1 -39. In some embodiments, any of the VH and / or VL frameworks described herein are germline VH and / or VL genes. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein is a full-length antibody (e.g., an IgG molecule) or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In some examples, the antibody is a Fab or a single-chain antibody. In any instances, the antibody can be 15 a human antibody or a humanized antibody. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid or set of nucleic acids which encode or collectively encode any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies disclosed herein. In some instances, the heavy chain and light chain of the antibody are encoded by two separate nucleic acid molecules (a set of nucleic acids). In other instances, the heavy 20 chain and light chain of the antibody are encoded by one nucleic acid molecule, which may be in multicistronic format, or under the control of distinct promoters. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or set of nucleic acids are located on one or two vectors. In some examples, the one or two vectors can be one or two expression vectors. Further, the present disclosure provides a host cell comprising any of the isolated nucleic acid or set of nucleic acids coding for the anti- 25 Galectin-9 antibodies described herein. Also provided herein is a method for producing the anti-Galectin-9 antibody, comprising culturing the host cell described herein under suitable conditions allowing for expressing of the antibody, and harvesting the antibody thus produced from the cell culture (e.g., from the culture medium). 30          Further, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or a nucleic acid(s) encoding such, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In yet another aspect, the present disclosure features a method of inhibiting Galectin-9-mediated cell signaling in a subject, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an anti-Galectin-9 antibody or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-Galectin-9 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is 5 any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies disclosed herein or a pharmaceutical composition comprising such. In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof is a human patient having, suspected of having, or at risk for having, an autoimmune disease, a solid cancer, a microbial disease, a hematological malignancy, or an allergic disorder. Exemplary autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, a rheumatoid condition (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), an 10 autoimmune respiratory disease, an autoimmune metabolic and / or endocrine disorder (e.g, type I diabetes), or a fibrotic condition. Exemplary solid tumors include, but are not limited to, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), colorectal cancer (CRC), melanoma, cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, small cell and non small cell lung cancer, upper and lower gastrointestinal malignancies, gastric cancer, squamous cell head and neck cancer, 15 genitourinary cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, sarcomas, mesothelioma, glioblastoma, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, urothelial cancer, renal cancer, cervical and endometrial cancer. Exemplary hematological malignancies include, but are not limited to, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, or 20 myeloproliferative neoplasms and other myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders. In some examples, the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition is sufficient to block interaction between Galectin-9 and Dectin-1. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition is sufficient to block interaction between Galectin-9 and CD206. Alternatively, or in addition, but not limited to, the effective amount of the pharmaceutical 25 composition is sufficient to block interaction between Galactin-9 and Tim-3. Further, the present disclosure provides a method for modifying, eliminating and / or reducing pathologic cells expressing Galectin-9 (e.g, via antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or ADCC), the method comprising administering to a subject having pathologic cells expressing Galectin-9 an effective amount of an anti-Galectin-9 antibody, such as any of the anti-Galectin-9 30 antibodies described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In some embodiments, the subject is a human patient having cancer cells expressing Galectin-9 and / or pathologic immune cells expressing Galectin-9. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition is sufficient to initiate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and / or block against pathologic cells expressing Galectin-9. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Any of the treatment methods described herein may further comprise administering to the subject an inhibitor of a checkpoint molecule, an activator of a co-stimulatory receptor, or an inhibitor of an innate immune cell target. Examples of checkpoint molecules include, but are not limited to, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM-3 and A2aR. Examples of co- 5 stimulatory receptors include, but are not limited to, 0X40, GITR, CD 137, CD40, CD27, and ICOS. Examples of innate immune cell targets include, but are not limited to, KIR, NKG2A, CD96, TLR, and IDO. The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions for use in treating a disease associated with Galectin-9 (e.g., those described herein), wherein the pharmaceutical 10 composition comprises an anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody, such as any of the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibodies described herein, or a nucleic acid(s) encoding such antibody, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also, the present disclosure provides uses of the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibodies or the encoding nucleic acids for manufacturing a medicament for use in treating the target diseases as described herein. 15          The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features or advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following drawing and detailed description of several embodiments, and also from the appended claims. 20                   BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, which can be better understood by reference to the drawing in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein. 25          Figs. 1A-1B include charts showing a binding characterization of Fabs for Galectin-9 CR.D2 using phage ELISAs. Fig. 1 A: binding to human and mouse Galectin-9 shown by phage ELISA. Fig. IB: affinity of Fabs clones to Galectin-9 CRD2 determined by competition phage ELISA Figs. 2A-2B include charts showing a binding characterization of Fabs for Galectin-9 30 CRD1 using phage ELISA. Fig. 2A: binding of Fab clones to human and mouse Galectin-9 CRD1 shown by phage ELISA. Fig, 2B: affinity of Fabs clones to Galectin-9 CRD1 determined by competition phage ELISA. Figs. 3A-3B include charts showing epitope binning of G.9-2 Fab clones (binding to CRD2) using competition phage ELISA. Fig. 3A: mouse Galectin-9 CRD2-coated wells pre- 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 incubated with purified G9.2-1 or G9.2-3 Fabs prior to addition of phage-displayed Galectin-9 CRD2 binding Fab clones. Fig. 3B: human Galectin-9 CRD2-coated wells pre-incubated with purified G9.2-15 or G9.2-17 Fabs prior to addition of phage-displayed Galectin-9 CRD2 binding Fab clones. 5          Fig. 4 includes diagrams showing the affinity of purified G9.2 Fabs to Galectin-9 CRD2, characterized using a bead-based binding assay. The curves show the best fit of the one-to-one binding model. Top left: G9.2-1 Fab. Top right: G9.2-3 Fab. Bottom left: G9.2-15 Fab. Bottom right: G9.2-17 Fab. Apparent Kd values are shown in the table. Fig. 5 includes diagrams showing the affinity of purified G9.1 Fabs to Galectin-9 CRD1, 10 characterized using a bead-based binding assay. Experiments were performed in the same manner as in Fig. 4. Top left: G9.1-6 Fab. Top right: G9.1-5 Fab. Bottom left: G9.1-8 Fab. Bottom right: G9.1-11 Fab. Apparent Kd values are shown in the table. Fig. 6 includes diagrams showing a surface plasmon resonance analysis of Fab G9.2-15 and Fab G9.2.17 binding to CRD2 of human (top) and mouse (bottom) Galectin-9. The binding 15 and dissociation phases of the experiments are marked in the top panels. Left: G9.2-15 Fab. Right: G9 2-17 Fab. Fig. 7 includes diagrams showing an SPR analysis of G9.2-17 human IgG4 binding to CRD2 of human (top) and mouse (bottom) Galectin-9. The gray lines show the sensorgrams for the non-binding negative control, G9.2-iso human IgG4. 20          Fig. 8 includes diagrams showing the staining of cell line samples with Fabs for Galectin-9 CRD2. Histograms for flow cytometry data are shown. Top left: G9.2-1 Fab Top right: G9.2-3 Fab. Bottom left: G9.2-15 Fab. Bottom right: G9.2-17 Fab. Fig. 9 is a chart showing the inhibitory effects of G9.2-17 and G9.1-8 on Galectin-9 mediated activation of Dectin-1 signaling. 25          Figs. 10A-10B include diagrams showing epitope mapping of G.9-2.17 on human Galectin-9 CRD2 by systematic mutagenesis. Fig. 10A: A diagram showing the binding activity of G9.2-17 to Galectin-9 CRD2 mutants as determined by phage ELISA. The reduction in ELISA signal indicates a site on the Galectin-9 CRD2 that is critical to G9.2-17 binding Fig. 10B: a diagram depicting the location of W309 as mapped on the crystal structure of human 30 Galectin-9 CRD2 (PDB ID 3NV2), which is opposite to the binding site of the sugar ligand as mapped on the crystal structure (W309 corresponds with W277 in UniProt ID 000182-2; PDB ID 3NV2) 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Fig. 11 contains charts showing size-exclusion chromatography analyses of Fab G9.2-17 (top), Fab G9.2-17mut6 (middle) and Fab G9.2-Iso (bottom). Purified Fab samples were run on TOSOH TSK Bioassist G2WXL Column in PBS and detected using absorbance at 280 nm Fig. 12 contains charts showing surface plasmon resonance analyses of Fab G9.2-17 5 (top) and Fab G9.2.17mut6 (bottom) binding to the CRD2 of human (left) and mouse (right) Galectin-9. Human or mouse Galectin-9 CRD2 was immobilized on an Avicap chip preloaded with neutravidin on a Pall ForteBio Pioneer instrument. Fab samples were then flowed using the OneStep method. The binding and dissociation phases of the experiments are marked in the top panels 10 Fig. 13 is a graph showing a binding characterization of G9.2 Fab clone for wild-type Galectin-9 CR.D2 or the W3039K mutant using phage ELISA. Binding of Fab clones to human Galectin-9 CRD2 assayed using phage ELISA Either biotinylated wild type human Galectin-9 CRD2, the W309K Galectin-9 CRD2 mutant, or Galectin-9 CRD2 pre-incubated with G9.2-17 IgG was immobilized to neutravidin-coated wells and incubated with individual phage-displayed Fab 15 clones. Fig. / 4 is a Kaplan-Meier plot showing that blocking Galectin-9 results in significant extension of survival in animal models of pancreatic cancer (KPC mice). Fig. 15 is a photograph of mouse tumors showing that blocking galectin-9 and anti-PD 1 generates a superior response. 20          Fig. / 6 is a bar graph showing the tumor mass of mice treated with G9.2-17 mlgGl. Mice (n=10 / group) with orthotopically implanted KPC tumors were treated with commercial isotype (200pg) or commercial aGal9 (200pg) mAb or G9.2-Iso mlgGl (200pg) or G9.2-17 mlgGl at two doses (200pg or 400pg) once weekly for three weeks. Tumors were removed and weighed, and subsequently processed and stained for flow cytometry. 25          Figs. 17 depicts a bar graph showing tumor weight of mice treated with G9.2-17 mIgG2a alone or in combination with aPDl mAb. Mice (n=IO / group) with orthotopically implanted KPC tumors were treated with commercial aPD-1 (200pg) mAb or G9.2-17 mlg2a (200pg), or a combination of G9.2-17 and aPD-1, or matched isotype once weekly for three weeks. Tumors were removed and weighed and subsequently processed and stained for flow cytometry. Each 30 point represents one mouse; *p<0.05; ** / ><0.01; ***^<0.001; ****p<0.0001; by unpaired Student’s West Figs. 18A-18C depict graphs showing binding of purified G9.1-8ml-5 mlgGl to human Galectin-9 CRD1 as characterized using a bead-based binding assay. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Figs. 19A-19G depict graphs showing binding of purified G9.1-8m6-l 1 Fabs to human Galectin-9 CRD1 as characterized using a bead-based binding assay. Figs. 20A-20C depict graphs showing the affinity of purified G9. l-8m8, 9, and 11 m!gG2a antibodies to human Galectin-9 CRD1 as characterized using a bead-based binding 5 assay. Figs. 21A-211) depict graphs showing binding of purified G9. l-8ml 1-14 Fabs to human Galectin-9 CRD1 as characterized using a bead-based binding assay. Figs. 22A-22D depict graphs showing binding of purified G9.1-8m 12-14 mIgG2a antibodies to human Galectin-9 CRD1 as characterized using a bead-based binding assay. 10          Figs. 23A and 23B depict graphs showing the results of an apoptosis assay demonstrating that Gal-9 antibodies inhibit Galectin-9 induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells. Jurkat cells were treated with or without Galectin-9 (280 nM), G9.2-17 IgG (1 pM), and / or G9.1-8ml3 IgG (I pM) for 6 hours (Fig. 23A).Cells were then stained with annexin-V and PI followed by flow cytometry analysis. AnnexinV positive cells represent cells in both early and late stage 15 apoptosis. Bars represent average of three replicates, represented as individual data points. Statistical analysis performed by unpaired Student’s / -test. (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; *** / ?<0.001; ****p<0.0001). Fig. 24 depicts a graph showing the readout of assays demonstrating anti-Galectin-9 antibodies disclosed herein disrupt the interaction between Galectin-9 and CD206. Fig. 24A 20 depicts a graph showing an ELISA measuring the interaction between immobilized human Galectin-9 and soluble CD206 in the absence and presence of the addition of G9. l-8m!3, or G9.2-17 antibody. Isotype antibody wells serves as control Galectin-9 coated wells were incubated with CD206 with or without G9.1-8ml3, G9.2-17, a combination of both antibodies, or an isotype. (Experiments performed in triplicate; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.00l; 25   ****p<Q 0001; by unpaired Student’s t-test). These results indicate that both G9.1-8ml3 and G9.2-17 antibodies inhibit the interaction between Galectin-9 and CD206 and their effects are additive. Fig. 25 depicts a line graph showing binding of purified G9.1-8ml2-14 mIgG2a antibodies to human Galectin-9 CRD2 as compared to G9.18 (WT) as characterized using a 30 bead-based binding assay. Figs. 26A and 26B depict bar graphs showing TNF-alpha (Fig. 26A) and IFNgamma (Fig. 26B) expression in CD3+ T cells in pancreatic adenocarcinoma primary tumor sample patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroids (PDOTs) treated with 9.2-17 IgG4 (100 nM) as compared to isotype control (100 nM). 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Figs. 27A - 27C depict bar graphs showing CD44 (Fig. 27A), TNF-alpha (Fig. 27B) and IFNgamma (Fig. 27C) expression in CD3+ T cells in pancreatic adenocarcinoma primary tumor sample patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroids (PDOTS) treated with 9.2-17 IgGl (100 nM) or 9.2-17 IgG4 (100 nM) as compared to IgGl or IgG4 isotype control (100 nM). 5          Figs. 28A - 28F depict bar graphs showing immune profile expression in a Gall Bladder Cancer tumor sample (PDOTS) treated with 9.2-17 IgG4 (100 nM) as compared to IgG4 isotype control (100 nM); CD44 in CD3+ T cells (Fig. 28A), TNF-alpha in CD3+ T cells (Fig. 28B), CD44 in CD4+ T cells (Fig. 28C), TNF-alpha in CD4+ T cells (Fig 28D), CD44 in CD8+ T cells (Fig. 28E), TNF-alpha in CD8+ T cells (Fig. 28F). 10          Figs. 29A - 29C depict bar graphs showing CD44 (Fig. 29A), TNF-alpha (Fig. 29B) and IFNgamma (Fig. 29C) expression in CD3+ T cells in a sample of liver metastasis from a colorectal cancer patient (PDOTs) treated with 9.2-17 IgGl (100 nM) or 9 2-17 IgG4 (100 nM) as compared to IgGl (100 nM) or untreated control (Utx). Fig. 30 depicts a line graph showing the effect of 9.2-17 in a B16F10 subcutaneous 15 syngeneic model. Tumors were engrafted subcutaneously and treated with G9.2-17 IgGl mouse mAb. Animals were dosed on day 0 and day 4 intravenously (i.v.) unless otherwise specified in the legend. Fig. 31 depicts a line graph showing the effect of 9.2-17 in a B16F10 subcutaneous syngeneic model. Tumors were engrafted subcutaneously and treated with G9.2-17 IgG2a 20 mouse mAb. Animals were dosed on day 0 and once every 4 days thereafter until the end of the experiment. mAbs were administered i.v. unless otherwise specified in the legend. Fig. 32 depicts a graph showing a cell based binding assay CRL-2134 cell lines were incubated with a biotinylated Fab, and bound Fab was detected using neutravidin conjugated with DyLight 650. Samples were then analyzed using flow cytometry. Strong signals were 25 observed for the Galectin-9 antibody 9.2-17, but not for the isotype controls. The Kd (nM) values for the Gal-9 antibodies in the two formats were as follows: G9.2-17 hlgGl: 0.4l±0.07; G9.2-17 mlgGl: 2.91±0.66. Fig. 33A and 33B depict graphs showing a thermal stability determination of anti-Galectin-9 antibodies The first derivative of the fluorescence emission plotted as a function of 30 temperature (-dF / dT). The melting temperature is represented as the temperature at which a peak is observed. Thermal transition was determined using change in binding of fluorophor SYPRO Orange (ThermoFisher) using a real-time PCR instrument with a heating rate of 1°C per minute, essentially following a method as described in Vedadi et al., Chemical screening 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 methods to identify ligands that promote protein stability, protein crystallization, and structure determination; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006 Oct 24; 103(43): 15 83 5-40. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION 5          Provided herein are antibodies capable of binding to Galectin-9 (e.g., human, mouse, or both). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies bind to one or more epitopes in the CRD1 and / or CRD2 domains. Such anti-Galectin-9 antibodies are capable of suppressing the signaling mediated by Galectin-9 (e.g., the signaling pathway mediated by Galectin-9 / Dectin-l or Galectin-9 / Tim-3) or eliminating pathologic cells expressing Galectin-9 via, e.g., ADCC. 10 Accordingly, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein can be used for inhibiting any of the Galectin-9 signaling and / or eliminating Galectin-9 positive pathologic cells, thereby-benefiting treatment of diseases associated with Galectin-9, for example, autoimmune diseases, solid tumors, allergic disorders, or hematological disorders such as hematological malignancies. Galectin-9, a tandem-repeat lectin, is a beta-galactoside-binding protein, which has been 15 shown to have a role in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. It is found to be strongly overexpressed in Hodgkin’s disease tissue and in other pathologic states. It may also be found circulating in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Galectin-9 is found to interact with Dectin-1, an innate immune receptor which is highly expressed on macrophages in PDA, as well as on cancer cells (Daley D, et al. Dectin 1 20 activation on macrophages by galectin 9 promotes pancreatic carcinoma and peritumoral immune tolerance; Nat Med. 2017;23(5):556-6). Regardless of the source of Galectin-9, disruption of its interaction with Dectin-1 has been shown to lead to the reprogramming of CD4~ and CD8+ cells into indispensable mediators of anti-tumor immunity. Thus, Galectin-9 serves as a valuable therapeutic target for blocking the signaling mediated by Dectin-1. Accordingly, in 25 some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies describe herein disrupt the interaction between Galectin-9 and Dectin-1. Galectin-9 is also found to interact with TIM-3, a type I cell surface glycoprotein expressed on the surface of leukemic stem cells in all varieties of acute myeloid leukemia (except for M3 (acute promyelocytic leukemia)), but not expressed in normal human 30 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). TIM-3 signaling resulting from Galectin-9 ligation has been found to have a pleiotropic effect on immune cells, inducing apoptosis in Th 1 cells (Zhu et al., Nat Immunol., 2005, 6:1245-1252) and stimulating the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), leading to the maturation of monocytes into dendritic cells, resulting in inflammation by innate immunity (Kuchroo et al., Nat Rev Immunol., 2008, 8:577-580). Further Galectin- 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 9 / TIM-3 signaling has been found to co-activate NF-kB and P-catenin signaling, two pathways that promote LSC self-renewal (Kikushige et al., Cell Siem Cell, 2015, 17(3):341-352). An anti-Galectin-9 antibody that interferes with Galectin-9 / TIM-3 binding could have a therapeutic effect, especially with respect to leukemia and other hematological malignancies. Accordingly, 5 in some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein disrupt the interaction between Gal ectin-9 and TIM-3. Galectin-9 is also found to interact with CD206, a mannose receptor highly expressed on M2 polarized macrophages, thereby promoting tumor survival (Enninga et al., CD206-positive myeloid cells bind galectin-9 and promote a tumor-supportive microenvironment. J Pathol. 2018 10   Aug;245(4):468-477). Tumor-associated macrophages expressing CD206 are mediators of tumor immunosuppression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and relapse (see, eg., Scodeller et al., Precision Targeting of Tumor Macrophages with a CD206 Binding Peptide. Ml and M2 had been described as the functional states of macrophages; Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 7;7(1): 14655, and references therein). Specifically, Ml (also termed classically activated macrophages) are trigged 15 by Th 1-related cytokines and bacterial products, express high levels of IL-12, and are tumoricidal. By contrast, M2 (so-called alternatively activated macrophages) are activated by Th2-related factors, express high level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, and facilitate tumor progression (Biswas and Mantovani; Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm; Nat Immunol. 2010 Oct; 11(10):889-96). The pro-20 tumoral effects of M2 include the promotion of angiogenesis, advancement of invasion and metastasis, and the protection of the tumor cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis (Hu et al., Functional significance of macrophages in pancreatic cancer biology;Tumour Biol. 2015 Dec; 36(12): 9119-9126, and references therein). Tumor-associated macrophages are thought be of M2-like phenotype and have a protumor role. Galectin-9 has been shown to mediate myeloid 25 cell differentiation toward an M2 phenotype (Enninga et al., Galectin-9 modulates immunity by promoting Th2 / M2 differentiation and impacts survival in patients with metastatic melanoma; Melanoma Res. 2016 Oct;26(5):429-41). It is possible that Galectin-9 binding CD206 may result in reprogramming TAMs towards the M2 phenotype, similar to what has been previously shown for Dectin. Without wishing to be bound by theory, blocking the interaction of Galectin-9 with 30   CD206 may provide one mechamism by which an anti-Galectin antibody, eg., es described herein in Table 1 and Table 2, such as antibody 9.1-8m 13 and / or antibody 9.2-17, can be therapeutically beneficial. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein disrupt the interaction between Galectin-9 and CD206. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Galectin-9 has also been shown to interact with protein disulfide isomerase (PD1) and 4-1BB (Bi S, et al. Galectin-9 binding to cell surface protein disulfide isomerase regulates the redox environment to enhance T-cell migration and HIV entry; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(26): 10650-5; Madireddi et al. Galectin-9 controls the therapeutic activity of 4-1BB- 5 targeting antibodies. J Exp Med. 2014;211 (7); 1433-48). Anti-Galectin-9 antibodies can serve as therapeutic agents for treating diseases associated with Galectin-9 (e.g., those in which a Galectin-9 signaling plays a role). Without being bound by theory, an anti-Galectin-9 antibody may block a signaling pathway mediated by Galectin-9. For example, the antibody may interfere with the interaction between Galectin-9 10 and its binding partner (e.g., Dectin-1, TIM-3 or CD206), thereby blocking the signaling triggered by the Galectin-9 / Ligand interaction. Alternatively, or in addition, an anti-Galectin-9 antibody may also exert its therapeutic effect by inducing blockade and / or cytotoxicity, for example, ADCC, CDC, or ADCP against pathologic cells that express Galectin-9. A pathologic cell refers to a cell that contributes to the initiation and / or development of a disease, either 15 directly or indirectly. Accordingly, described herein are anti-Galectin-9 antibodies and therapeutic uses thereof for treating diseases associated with Galectin-9. Antibodies Binding to Galectin-9 20          The present disclosure provides antibodies that bind Galectin-9, for example, human and / or mouse Galectin-9. In some instances, the anti-Galectin antibody described herein binds to an epitope in a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of Galectin-9, e.g., CRD1 or CRD2. . In some instances, the anti-Galectin antibody may bind to CRD1 and CRD2 Galectin-9 is a protein well 25 known in the art For example, NCBI GenBank Accession Nos. BAB83625.1 and NP 034838.2 provide information for human and mouse Galectin-1, respectively. Provided herein are exemplary human and mouse Galectin-9 polypeptides; Human galectin-9 (isoform 1; aka “long;”) is provided as SEQ ID NO: 1; human CRD1 and CRD2 are provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO 4, respectively; mouse galectin-9 (isoform 1; aka “long;”) is 30 provided as SEQ ID NO: 2; human and mouse CRD 1 and CRD2 are provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively The CRD1 domain of human Galectin-9 (SEQ ID NO: 3) encompasses residues 1-148 of SEQ ID NO:1, and the CRD2 domain (SEQ ID NO: 4) spans residues 218-355 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Similarly, the CRD I domain of murine Galectin-9 (SEQ ID NO: 5) spans residues 1-147 of 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 SEQ ID NO:2, and the CRD2 domain (SEQ ID NO: 6) spans residues 226-353 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Galectin-9 polypeptides from other species are known in the art and can be obtained from publicly available gene database, for example, GenBank, using either the human sequence 5 or the mouse sequence as a query. The CRD1 and CRD2 domains of a Galectin-9 polypeptide can be identified by aligning the sequence of that Galectin-9 polypeptide with that of the human or mouse Galectin-9 as described herein. The antibodies described herein bind Galectin-9 or a fragment thereof (e.g., CRD1 or CRD2) As used herein, the term “anti-Galectin-9 antibody” refers to any antibody capable of 10 binding to a Galectin-9 polypeptide, which can be of a suitable source, for example, human or a non-human mammal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, primate such as monkey, etc.). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody can be used therapeutically to suppress the bioactivity of Galectin-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may be used in research or may be used in diagnostic / prognostic methods, e.g., for the detection of cells 15 expressing Galectin-9 in an assessment of treatment eligibility and / or efficacy. Alternatively, or in addition, an anti-Galectin-9 antibody may block the interaction between Galactin-9 and its ligand (e.g., Dectin-1, TIM-3), thereby suppressing the signaling pathway triggered by, for example, the Galactin-9 / Dectin-l or Galectin-9 / TIM-3 interaction. An anti-Galectin-9 antibody may also elicit the death of cells expressing Galectin-9, for example, through an antibody- 20 dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. An antibody (interchangeably used in plural form) is an immunoglobulin molecule capable of specific binding to a target, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, polypeptide, etc., through at least one antigen recognition site, located in the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term “antibody”, e.g., anti-Galectin-9 25 antibody, encompasses not only intact (e.g., full-length) polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, but also antigen-binding fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv), single chain (scFv), mutants thereof, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, diabodies, nanobodies, linear antibodies, single chain antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) and any other modified configuration of the 30 immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site of the required specificity, including glycosylation variants of antibodies, amino acid sequence variants of antibodies, and covalently modified antibodies. An antibody, e.g., anti-Galectin-9 antibody, includes an antibody of any class, such as IgD, IgE, IgG, IgA, or IgM (or sub-class thereof), and the antibody need not be of any particular class. Depending on the antibody amino acid sequence of 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 the constant domain of its heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of 5 immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known. A typical antibody molecule comprises a heavy chain variable region (Vh) and a light chain variable region (Vl), which are usually involved in antigen binding. The Vh and Vl 10 regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, also known as “complementarity determining regions” (“CDR”), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, which are known as “framework regions” (“FR”). Each Vh and Vl is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 The extent of the framework 15 region and CDRs can be precisely identified using methodology known in the art, for example, by the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, the AbM definition, and / or the contact definition, all of which are well known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat, E.A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, Chothia et al., (1989) Nature 342:877; Chothia, C. et al. 20   (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917, Al-lazikani et al (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948, and Almagro, J. Mol Recognit. 17:132-143 (2004). See also hgmp.mrc.ac.uk and bioinf.org.uk / abs). The anti-Galectin-9 antibody described herein may be a full-length antibody, which contains two heavy chains and two light chains, each including a variable domain and a constant 25 domain. Alternatively, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody can be an antigen-binding fragment of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigenbinding fragment” of a full length antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the Vl, Vh, Cl and ChI domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment including two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment 30 consisting of the Vh and ChI domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the Vl and Vh domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a d.Ab fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a Vh domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) that retains functionality. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, Vl and Vh, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the Vl and Vh regions pair to form monovalent molecules known as single chain Fv (scFv). See e.g, Bird el al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston el al. (1988) Proc. Nall. Acad. Sci. USA 85:58795883. 5           The anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody as described herein, e.g., in Table 1 and / or Table 2, can bind and inhibit (e.g., reduce or eliminate) the activity of Galectin-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody as described herein can bind and inhibit the activity of Galectin-9 by at least 30% (e.g, 31%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). The apparent inhibition constant (Kiapp or Ki.app), which provides a 10 measure of inhibitor potency, is related to the concentration of inhibitor required to reduce enzyme activity and is not dependent on enzyme concentrations. The inhibitory activity of an anti-Galectin-9 antibody described herein can be determined by routine methods known in the art. The Ki.:ipp value of an antibody may be determined by measuring the inhibitory effect of 15 different concentrations of the antibody on the extent of the reaction (e.g., enzyme activity), fitting the change in pseudo-first order rate constant (v) as a function of inhibitor concentration to the modified Morrison equation (Equation 1) yields an estimate of the apparent Ki value. For a competitive inhibitor, the Kiapp can be obtained from the y-intercept extracted from a linear regression analysis of a plot of Ki.app versus substrate concentration. 20 . ([£]-[ / ]-K”) + ^E\-[I}-KrU4E]-K”            . „ v=A--—— -------------------        (Equation 1) Where A is equivalent to v0 / E, the initial velocity (v0) of the enzymatic reaction in the absence of inhibitor ( / ) divided by the total enzyme concentration (E). In some embodiments, 25 the anti-Galectin-9 antibody described herein may have a Kiapp value of 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 pM or less for the target antigen or antigen epitope. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may have a lower Kiappfor a first target (e.g., the CRD2 of Galectin-9) relative to a second target (e.g., CRD 1 of Galectin-9). Differences in Kiiipp (e.g., for specificity or other 30 comparisons) can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 37.5, 50, 70, 80, 91, 100, 500, 1000, 10,000 or 105 fold. In some examples, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody inhibits a first antigen (e.g., a first protein in a first conformation or mimic thereof) greater relative to a second antigen (e.g., 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 the same first protein in a second conformation or mimic thereof; or a second protein). In some embodiments, any of the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibodies may be further affinity matured to reduce the Kiapp of the antibody to the target antigen or antigenic epitope thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody suppresses the Dectin-1 signaling, 5 e g., in tumor infiltrating immune cells, such as macrophages. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody suppresses the Dectin-1 signaling triggered by Galectin-9 by at least 30% (e.g, 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). Such inhibitory activity can be determined by conventional methods or the assays described herein, for example, Example 2. Alternatively or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 10 antibody may suppress the T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) signaling initiated by Galectin-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody suppresses the T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) signaling, e.g., in tumor infiltrating immune cells, e.g., in some embodiments by at least 30% (e.g, 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). Such inhibitory activity' can be determined by 15 conventional methods or the assays described herein, for example, Example 2. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody suppresses the CD206 signaling, e g., in tumor infiltrating immune cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody suppresses the CD206 signaling triggered by Galectin-9 by at least 30% (e.g, 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). Such inhibitory 20 activity can be determined by conventional methods or the assays described herein, for example. Example 13. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody blocks or prevents binding of Galectin-9 to CD206 by at least 30% (e.g, 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). Such inhibitory activity can be determined by conventional methods or the assays described herein, for example, Example 13. 25           In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein induce cell cytotoxicity, such as ADCC, in target cells expressing Galectin-9, e.g., wherein the target cells are cancer cells or immune suppressive immune cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody induces apoptosis in immune cells, such as T cells, or cancer cells by at least 30% (e.g, 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). 30 Such inhibitory activity can be determined by conventional methods or the assays described herein, for example, Example 14 In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein induce cell cytotoxicity such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against target cells expressing Galectin-9. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) is an important mechanism of action for antibodies that mediate part or all of their action though phagocytosis. In that case, antibodies mediate uptake of specific antigens by antigen presenting cells. ADCP can be mediated by monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, through FcyRlla, FcyRI, 5 and FcyRIIla, of which FcyRIIa (CD32a) on macrophages represent the predominant pathway. In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein induce cell phagocytosis of target cells, e.g., cancer cells or immune suppressive immune cells expressing Galectin-9 (ADCP). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases phagocytosis of target cells, e.g., cancer cells or immune suppressive immune cells, by at least 30% (e.g., 10   31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein induce cell cytotoxicity such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against target cells, e g., cancer cells or immune suppressive immune cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases CDC against target cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 15   90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein induce T cell activation, e.g., in tumor infiltrating T cells, i.e., suppress Galectin-9 mediated inhibition of T cell activation, either directly or indirectly. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody promotes T cell activation by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 20   80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). T cell activation can be determined by conventional methods or the assays described herein, for example, Example 6 (e.g., measurement of CD44, OX40, IFNgamma, PD-1). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody promotes CD4+ cell activation by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In a non-limiting 25 example, the anti-Galectin antibody induces CD44 expression in CD4+ cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases CD44 expression in CD4+ cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In a non-limiting example, the anti-Galectin antibody induces IFNgamma expression in CD4+ cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases 30 IFNgamma expression in CD4+ cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In a non-limiting example, the anti-Galectin antibody induces TNFalpha expression in CD4+ cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases TNFalpha expression in CD4+ cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody promotes CD8+ cell activation by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater), including any increment therein). In a non-limiting example, the anti-Galectin antibody induces CD44 expression in CD8+ cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases CD44 5 expression in CD8+ cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In a non-limiting example, the anti-Galectin antibody induces IFNgamma expression in CD8+ cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases IFNgamma expression in CD8+ cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). In a non-10 limiting example, the anti-Galectin antibody induces TNFalpha expression in CD8+ cells. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody increases TNFalpha expression in CD8+ cells by at least 30% (e.g., 31%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or greater, including any increment therein). The antibodies described herein can be murine, rat, human, or any other origin (including 15 chimeric or humanized antibodies). Such antibodies are non-naturally occurring, i.e., would not be produced in an animal without human act (e.g., immunizing such an animal with a desired antigen or fragment thereof or isolated from antibody libraries). Any of the antibodies described herein, e.g., anti-Galectin-9 antibody, can be either monoclonal or polyclonal. A “monoclonal antibody” refers to a homogenous antibody 20 population and a “polyclonal antibody” refers to a heterogeneous antibody population. These two terms do not limit the source of an antibody or the manner in which it is made. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is a humanized antibody having one of more of the elements or characteristics described below or elsewhere herein. Humanized antibodies refer to 25 forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains, or antigen-binding fragments thereof that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. In general, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a CDR of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, 30 or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, the humanized antibody may comprise residues that are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences, but are included to further refine and optimize antibody performance. In some instances, the humanized antibody 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 may comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an 5 immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Antibodies may have Fc regions modified as described in WO 99 / 58572. Other forms of humanized antibodies have one or more CDRs (one, two, three, four, five, or six) which are altered with respect to the original antibody, which are also termed one or more CDRs “derived from” one or more CDRs from the original antibody. Humanized antibodies may also involve 10 affinity maturation. Methods for constructing humanized antibodies are also well known in the art. See, e.g., Queen etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:10029-10033 (1989). In one example, variable regions of Vh and Vl of a parent non-human antibody are subjected to three-dimensional molecular modeling analysis following methods known in the art. Next, framework amino acid 15 residues predicted to be important for the formation of the correct CDR structures are identified using the same molecular modeling analysis. In parallel, human Vh and Vl chains having amino acid sequences that are homologous to those of the parent non-human antibody are identified from any antibody gene database using the parent Vh and Vl sequences as search queries. Human Vh and Vl acceptor genes are then selected. 20          The CDR regions within the selected human acceptor genes can be replaced with the CDR regions from the parent non-human antibody or functional variants thereof. When necessary, residues within the framework regions of the parent chain that are predicted to be important in interacting with the CDR regions can be used to substitute for the corresponding residues in the human acceptor genes. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody is a chimeric antibody which may include a heavy constant region and a light constant region from a human antibody. Chimeric antibodies refer to antibodies having a variable region or part of variable region from a first species and a constant region from a second species Typically, in these chimeric antibodies, the variable region of 30 both light and heavy chains mimics the variable regions of antibodies derived from one species of mammals (e.g., a non-human mammal such as mouse, rabbit, and rat), while the constant portions are homologous to the sequences in antibodies derived from another mammal such as human. In some embodiments, amino acid modifications can be made in the variable region and / or the constant region. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein specifically bind to the corresponding target antigen or an epitope thereof, e.g., Galectin-9 antigen or epitope. An antibody that “specifically binds” to an antigen or an epitope is a term well understood in the art. A molecule is said to exhibit “specific binding” if it reacts more frequently, more rapidly, with 5 greater duration and / or with greater affinity with a particular target antigen than it does with alternative targets. An antibody “specifically binds” to a target antigen or epitope if it binds with greater affinity, avidity, more readily, and / or with greater duration than it binds to other substances. For example, an antibody that specifically (or preferentially) binds to an antigen (Galectin-9) or an antigenic epitope therein is an antibody that binds this target antigen with 10 greater affinity, avidity, more readily, and / or with greater duration than it binds to other antigens or other epitopes in the same antigen. It is also understood with this definition that, for example, an antibody that specifically binds to a first target antigen may or may not specifically or preferentially bind to a second target antigen. As such, “specific binding” or “preferential binding” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding. In some 15 examples, an antibody that “specifically binds” to a target antigen or an epitope thereof may not bind to other antigens or other epitopes in the same antigen (i.e., only baseline binding activity can be detected in a conventional method). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein specifically bind to Galectin-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein specifically bind to the CRD2 of Galectin-9. In some 20 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein specifically bind to the CRD1 of Galectin-9. Alternatively, or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody described herein specifically binds human Galectin-9 or a fragment thereof as relative to the mouse counterpart, or vice versa (e.g., having a binding affinity at least 10-fold higher to one antigen than the other as determined in the same assay under the same assay conditions). 25 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin -9 antibody binds only to CRD1 (and not CRD2), for example, meaningful binding to CRD2 or binding to CRD2 is not detectable by a routine assay method. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin -9 or a fragment thereof binds only to CRD2 (and not CRD1). In some embodiments, certain antibodies described herein may bind to both CRD1 and CRD2. In some embodiments, certain antibodies or fragments thereof described 30 herein may bind to both CRD1 and CRD2, but with a lower affinity to CRD2. In some embodiments, certain antibodies or fragments thereof described herein may bind to both CRD1 and CRD2, but with a lower affinity to CRD1. In some embodiments, the effect of a CRD1 binding Gal-9 antibody and a CRD2 binding Gal-9 antibody may be additive. In some embodiments, the effect of a CRD1 binding Gal-9 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 antibody and a CRD2 binding Gal-9 antibody may be synergistic. In some embodiments, a “cocktail” i.e., a mixture of two or more antibodies may be used in a composition. Such compositions may comprise one or more antibodies that bind to CRD1 described herein and one or more antibodies that bind to CRD2 described herein. In a non-limiting example, an antibody 5 comprising the variable region of clone 9.1-8ml3 (eg., SEQ ID NO: 21 (light chain and SEQ ID NO: 86) can be combined with an antibody comprising the variable region of clone 9.2-17 (SEQ ID NO: 54 (light chain and SEQ ID NO: 55) in a composition. Antibodies may be mixed in equimolar amounts or in other ratios, as determined optimal for performance. In some embodiments, an antibody might bind to both CRD1 and CRD2. In other 10 instances, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody described herein may cross-react to human and a nonhuman Galectin-9 (e.g., mouse), e.g., the difference in binding affinity to the human and the non-human Galectin-9 is less than 5-fold, e.g., less than 2-fold, or substantially similar. In some embodiments, an anti-Galectin-9 antibody as described herein has a suitable binding affinity for the target antigen (e.g., Galectin-9) or antigenic epitopes thereof As used 15 herein, “binding affinity” refers to the apparent association constant or Ka. The Ka is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant (Kd). The anti-Galectin-9 antibody described herein may have a binding affinity (Kd) of at least 10’5, 10‘6, 1 O'7, 10’8, 10"9, 10'10 M, or lower for the target antigen or antigenic epitope. An increased binding affinity corresponds to a decreased Kd. Higher affinity binding of an antibody for a first antigen relative to a second antigen can be 20 indicated by a higher Ka (or a smaller numerical value Kd) for binding the first antigen than the Ka (or numerical value Kd) for binding the second antigen. In such cases, the antibody has specificity for the first antigen (e.g., a first protein in a first conformation or mimic thereof) relative to the second antigen (e.g., the same first protein in a second conformation or mimic thereof; or a second protein). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described 25 herein have a higher binding affinity (a higher Ka or smaller Kd) to the CRD 1 of Galectin-9 as compared to the binding affinity to the CRD2 of Galectin-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein have a higher binding affinity (a higher Ka or smaller Kd) to the CRD2 of Galectin-9 as compared to the binding affinity to the CRD1 of Galectin-9. Differences in binding affinity (e.g., for specificity or other comparisons) can be at least 1.5, 2, 30   3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 37.5, 50, 70, 80, 91, 100, 500, 1000, 10,000 or 105 fold. In some embodiments, any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies may be further affinity matured to increase the binding affinity of the antibody to the target antigen or antigenic epitope thereof. Binding affinity (or binding specificity) can be determined by a variety of methods including equilibrium dialysis, equilibrium binding, gel filtration, ELISA, surface plasmon 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 resonance, or spectroscopy (e.g., using a fluorescence assay). Exemplary conditions for evaluating binding affinity are in HBS-P buffer (10 mM HEPES pH7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% (v / v) Surfactant P20). These techniques can be used to measure the concentration of bound binding protein as a 5 function of target protein concentration. Under certain conditions, the fractional concentration of bound binding protein ([Bound] / [Total]) is generally related to the concentration of total target protein ([Target]) by the following equation; [Bound] / [Total] = [Target] / (Kd+[Target]) It is not always necessary to make an exact determination of Ka, though, since 10 sometimes it is sufficient to obtain a quantitative measurement of affinity, e.g., determined using a method such as ELISA or FACS analysis, is proportional to Ka, and thus can be used for comparisons, such as determining whether a higher affinity is, e.g., 2-fold higher, to obtain a qualitative measurement of affinity, or to obtain an inference of affinity, e.g., by activity in a functional assay, e.g., an in vitro or in vivo assay. In some cases, the in vitro binding assay is 15 indicative of in vivo activity. In other cases, the in vitro binding assay is not necessarily indicative of in vivo activity. In some cases tight binding is beneficial, but in other cases tight binding may not be as desirable in vivo, and an antibody with lower binding affinity may be more desirable. A number of exemplary anti-Galectin-9 antibodies (specific to CRD1 or CRD2) are provided herein. 20          Exemplary antibody clones (reference antibodies) of the disclosure binding to CRD1 include G9.1-1, G9 1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9 1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4. Exemplary antibody clones (reference antibodies) of the disclosure binding to CRD2 include 25   G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9 2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9 2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. Variable regions 30          Exemplary anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein binding to CRD 1 are antibodies, e g., monoclonal, recombinant, and / or human antibodies, having the CDR and / or variable region sequences of antibodies G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9 l-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1- 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8mlO, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4. Exemplary anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein binding to CRD2 are antibodies, eg., monoclonal, recombinant, and / or human antibodies, having the CDR and / or variable region sequences of antibodies G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2- 5   9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9 2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9 2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. Exemplary sequences and SEQ ID NOs are listed in Table 1 and 2. CDRs determined using the Rabat methodology are shown in boldface. Table 3 presents the CDRs, determined with Kabat methodology, of selected clones. Herein the terms “m” and “mut”, eg., 10   “9. l-8m” and “9. l-8mut” are used interchangeably. For example, the“G9.1-8ml”, “G9. l-8m2”, “G9.1-8m3”, “G9.1-8m4”, “G9.1-8m5”, “G9.1-8m6”, “G9.l-8m7”, “G9.1-8m8”, “G9. l-8m9”, “G9.1 -8m 10”, “G9 1 -8m 11 ”, “G9 1 -8m 12”, “G9 1 -8m 13”, and “G9 1 -8m 14” are used interchangeably with “G9.1-8mutl”, “G9.1-8mut2”, “G9.1-8mut3”, “G9.1-8mut4”, “G9.1-8mut5”, “G9.1-8mut6”, “G9.1-8mut7”, “G9.1-8mut8”, “G9.1-8mut9”, “G9.1-8mutl0”, “G9 1 15 8mutH”, “G9.1-8mutl2”, “G9.1-8mutl3”, and “G9.l-8mut!4, respectively. Table 1. Antibodies directed against CRD1 Clone Sequence VR CDR 1 CDR 2 CDR 3 LC / HC IgGl IgGl LALA IgG4 IgG 4 mut SEQ ID NO: G9.1-1 VuDIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSWVGSLITFGQGTKV EIKR 7 328 329 330 88 88 88 88 G9.1-1 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSYGYTYYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYYW GWSQNQGFWWYGLDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 8 431 438 367 116 169 222 275 G9.1-2 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQWQWGYSLVTFGQGT KVEIKR 9 328 329 -> It 3 J 1 89 89 89 89 G9.1-2 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTISSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSYYGSTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCARSWSSSF WYNWALDYWGQGTLVTVSS 10 435 439 368 117 170 223 276 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 G9.1-3 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT yycqqswysnkpitfgqgtk VEIKR 11 328 329 332 90 90 90 90 G9.1-3 Vh:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTIYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYIYSSSGYTSYAD SVKGRFT1SADTSKNTAYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCARYSHSSL YYSWIWALDYWGQGTLVTVS S 12 436 363 369 118 171 224 277 G9.1-4 VuDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIK R 13 328 329 333 91 91 91 91 G9.1-4 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTIYYSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVASISSSSGSTSYA DSVKGRFT1SADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARSYRP YSSYYWGMDYWGQGTLVTV SS 14 437 440 370 119 172 225 278 G9.1-5 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQYYGWFYPVTFGQGT K VEIKR 15 328 329 334 92 92 92 92 G9.1-5 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTIYYSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVASISSSYGSTYYA DSVKGRFT1SADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARSVSW YPYYYYYGYGSGLDYWGQG TLVTVSS 16 437 441 371 120 173 226 279 G9.1-6 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQVHSSLFTFGQGTKVE1 KR 17 328 329 335 93 93 93 93 G9.1-6 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTLSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVASIYSSYGSTSYA DSVKGRFTIS ADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARSSHW YMYWSYWGWYIGMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 18 427 442 372 121 174 227 280 G9.1-7 VL :DIQMTQSPSSL SASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQYPGYRGLITFGQGTK VEIKR 19 328 329 336 94 94 94 94 G9.1-7 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA 20 361 443 373 122 175 228 281 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 PGKGLEWVASISSYYGYTYYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARSYSY GYDYFVKYYTMDYWGQGTL VTVSS G9.1-8 VuDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GK APKLLIYS A SSL YSG VPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSVVDSNP1TFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9.1-8 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSWGGIGKWVWGMDYWGQ GTLVTVSS 22 361 364 374 123 176 229 282 G9.1-9 VuDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYFHKIPITFGQGTKV EIKR 23 328 329 338 96 96 96 96 G9.1-9 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYSSSGYTSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYSSY HYPYWLFAMDYWGQGTLVT vss 24 361 363 384 138 191 244 297 G9.1-10 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQWYWYYPVTFGQGTK VEIKR 25 328 329 339 97 97 97 97 G9.1-10 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSYSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVASIYSYYGSTYYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARGHYQ EGRKSGFSYWSPALDYWGQ GTL VTVSS 26 429 444 385 139 192 245 298 G9.1-11 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQTYWGLITFGQGTKVE IKR 27 328 329 340 98 98 98 98 G9.1-11 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVYSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVASIYSYYGYTSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARSTEG YDRWGYYSSYWSSGLDYWG QGTL VTVSS 28 428 445 386 140 193 246 299 G9 1 8ml VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR G9.1-8ml VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVASSSSSSGYTSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYSTY SWGGIGKWVWGMDYWGQG TLVTVSS 74 361 365 374 124 177 230 283 G9 1 81112 VL DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9.1- 8m2 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAY1YPYSSSSSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYSTY SWGGIGKWVWGMDYWGQG TLVTVSS 75 361 366 374 125 178 231 284 G9.1- 8 m3 VL DIQMTQSPSSL S AS VGDR V TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9.1- 81113 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSSSS SWGGIGKWVWGMDYWGQG TLVTVSS 76 361 364 375 126 179 232 285 G9.1-8m4 VL DIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9 1-8m4 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSSSSSSKWVWGMDYWGOG TLVTVSS 77 361 364 376 127 180 233 286 G9.1- 8m5 VL:DIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9 181115 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST 78 361 364 377 128 181 234 287 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 YSWGGIGSSSSSMDYWGQGT LVTVSS G9 1-8m6 VuDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9 181116 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSSSSSKWVWGMDYWGOGT LVTVSS 79 361 364 378 129 182 235 288 G9 181117 VuDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9 1-8ni7 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSSSSKWVWGMDYW GQGTL VTVSS 80 361 364 379 130 183 236 289 G9 181118 VlDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 f337 95 95 95 95 G9 181118 VhEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSSSKWVWGMDYWGQGTLV TVSS 81 361 364 380 131 184 237 290 G9.1-8m9 VLDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9 1-8ni9 VHEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSSKWVWGM D YWGOGTLVT vss 82 361 364 383 132 185 238 291 G9.1-8ml0 Vl :DIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 G9.1-8mlO VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSY ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YSKWVWGMDYWGQGTLVT vss 83 361 364 381 133 186 239 292 G9.1- 8ml 1 VL :DIQMTQSPSSL S AS VGDR V TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9.1- 8m 11 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAYIYPYSGYTSV ADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYL QMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYST YKWVWGMDYWGOGTLV1 V SS 84 361 364 382 134 187 240 293 G9.1- 8ml2 VL DIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9.1- 8m 12 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAY1YPYSSSSSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYSTY SSSKWVWGMDYWGQGTLVT VSS 85 361 366 380 135 188 241 294 G9.1- 8m 13 Vl DIQMTQSPSSL SAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9 1 8m 13 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAY1YPYSSSSSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MNSLRAEDTAVYYCARYSTY SSKWVWGMD YWGQGTT ,VTV SS 86 361 366 383 136 189 242 295 G9.1- 8m 14 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSAS VGDRV TITCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRF SGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAT YYCQQSYYDSNPITFGQGTKV EIKR 21 328 329 337 95 95 95 95 G9.1- 8ml4 Vn:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAY1YPYSSSSSYA DSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQ MN SI. R A EDT A VY YC ARYS TV KWVWGMDYWGQGTLVTVSS 87 361 366 382 137 190 243 296 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Table 2. Antibodies directed against CRD2 Clone Sequence VR CDR 1 CDR 2 CDR 3 LC / HC IgGl IgGl LAL A IgG4 IgG4 mut SEQ ID NO: G9.2-1 Vi.DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQYKSKYPFTFGQGTKVEIKR 29 328 329 341 99 99 99 99 G9.2-1 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTLYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARTYTWKSS WSYQTGYGLDYWGQGTLVTV SS 30 424 446 390 141 194 247 300 G9.2-2 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLFYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIKR 13 328 329 333 91 91 91 91 G9.2-2 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISPYYGSTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARAVYYYVY NRSWYWWSGGFDYWGQGTL VTVSS 31 431 447 391 142 195 248 301 G9.2-3 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIKR 13 328 329 333 91 91 91 91 G9.2-3 VH:EVQL VESGGGL VQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSSSGSTSYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARPAYSYPYY YFHYGAMDYWGQGTL VTVSS 32 431 448 392 143 196 249 302 G9.2-4 Vi.DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIKR 13 328 329 342 91 91 91 91 G92-4 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYPSYGYTSYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARAWYHHE YWGHYSGMDVWGQGTLVTVS S 33 431 449 393 144 197 250 303 G9.2-5 Vl:D1QMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSWGLITFGQGTKVEIKR 34 328 329 343 100 100 100 100 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 G9.2-5 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSSSS1HWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSYGSTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSGYSHPY YSYYSGMDYWGQGTLVTVSS 35 431 450 394 145 198 251 304 G9.2-6 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQFWGSKLFTFGQGTKVEIKR 36 328 329 344 101 101 101 101 G9.2-6 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSYSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN slraedtavyycartymagy KYYFISGYGFDYWGQGTLVTV SS 37 431 451 395 146 199 252 305 G9.2-7 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQMYYPGYLITFGQGTKVEIK R 38 328 329 345 102 102 102 102 G9.2-7 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSYSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYPSYGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYWDYGW MYFDPAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS 39 425 452 396 147 200 253 306 G9.2-8 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQDRWWSALTFGQGTKVEIK R 40 328 329 346 103 103 103 103 G9.2-8 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFSYSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSYSGYTSYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYMENWE WPYHSAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS 41 425 453 397 148 201 254 307 G9.2-9 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSYGSWYPITFGQGTKVEIKR 42 328 329 347 104 104 104 104 G9.2-9 Vh:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSYGSTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSWWYPY WQYYPGGWHSSGFDYWGQG TLVTVSS 43 426 454 398 149 202 255 308 G9.2-10 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQGWYASPITFGQGTKVEIKR 44 328 329 348 105 105 105 105 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 G9.2-10 VhiEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTFYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYISPSSGYTSYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARYTMTYQY YPSGAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS 45 426 387 399 150 203 256 309 G9.2-11 VL:D1QMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQYSSHKYPFTFGQGTKVEIKR 46 328 329 349 106 106 106 106 G9.2-11 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR lscaasgftiyssyihwvrqap GKGLEWVASIYSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSYIYYMW QYNYGMSGYGLDYWGQGTLV TVSS 47 432 455 400 151 204 257 310 G9.2-12 Vl:D1QMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQWVYPGSLITFGQGTKVEIK R 48 328 329 350 107 107 107 107 G9.2-12 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTLSYSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSSYGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARHSPYYLH SWWWSGLDYWGQGTLVTVSS 49 433 456 401 152 205 258 311 G9.2-13 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQYKSKYPFTFGQGTKVEIKR 29 328 329 341 99 99 99 99 G9.2-13 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTLYYSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISPSYGSTSYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARHSWYYPY YYYALDYWGQGTLVTVSS 50 434 362 402 153 206 259 312 G9.2-14 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIKR 13 328 329 333 91 91 91 91 G9.2-14 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSSSGYTYYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARYWSYPYVY FLAFDYWGQGTLVTVSS 51 361 457 403 154 207 260 313 G9.2-15 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSWGLITFGQGTKVEIKR 34 328 329 343 100 100 100 100 G9.2-15 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSSGYTSYADS 52 361 458 404 155 208 261 314 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARNVENYPY WAWPWGYYGAIDYWGQGTL VTVSS G9.2-16 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIKR 13 328 329 333 91 91 91 91 G9.2-I6 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARTYKWSYY TGYGFDYWGQGTL VTVSS 53 361 459 405 156 209 262 315 G9.2-17 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSTDPITFGQGTKVEIKR 54 328 329 352 108 108 108 108 G9.2-17 VH:EVQL VESGGGLVQPGG SLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYISSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYWSYPSW WPYRGMDYWGQGTL VTVSS 55 361 388 406 157 210 263 316 G9.2- 17mut6 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSTDPITFGQGTKVEIKR 54 328 329 352 108 108 108 108 G9.2-17mut6 (mutatio n is underfill ed) VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYISSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARYWSYPSW SPYRGMDYWGQGTL VTVSS 56 361 388 407 158 211 264 317 G9.2-18 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSLITFGQGTKVEIKR 13 328 329 333 91 91 91 91 G9.2-18 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSYSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYIYSSSGYTSYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARVGYYYPY LYLGDGLDYWGQGTL VTVSS 57 430 363 408 159 212 265 318 G9.2-19 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSQYDLITFGQGTKVEIKR 58 328 329 354 109 109 109 109 G9.2-19 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSYSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSSSGSTSYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARNAWHYEPS YWYGNYATYGFDYWGQGTLV TVSS 59 430 460 409 160 213 266 319 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 G9.2-20 VuDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSTDPITFGQGTKVEIKR 54 328 329 352 108 108 108 108 G9.2-20 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSYSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSSSSSTYYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARGQQYYPD QYWGLDYWGQGTLVTVSS 60 429 461 410 161 214 267 320 G9.2-21 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSSSSLFTFGQGTKVEIKR 61 328 329 355 110 110 110 110 G9.2-21 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSYSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARTYYTYFD WWRTAVYYGFDYWGQGTLV TVSS 62 429 462 411 162 215 268 321 G9.2-22 Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQRWYPGDLITFGQGTKVE1K R 63 328 329 356 111 111 111 111 G9.2-22 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASISSSYGYTSYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARDYYNYMSS YWWYSALDYWGQGTLVTVSS 64 428 463 412 163 216 269 322 G9.2-23 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSYFPSLVTFGQGTKVEIKR 65 328 329 357 112 112 112 112 G9.2-23 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYPYYGYTSYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARKIFWPVS WMWQGYYPALDYWGQGTLV TVSS 66 428 464 413 164 217 270 323 G9.2-24 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQWSQSPVTFGQGTKVEIKR 67 328 329 358 113 113 113 113 G9.2-24 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVYSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSYGYTSYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSYSSETHY GWAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS 68 428 465 414 165 218 271 324 G9.2-25 VL:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK 69 328 329 359 114 114 114 114 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSYVVYPFTFGQGTKVEIKR G9.2-25 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTLSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVASIYSSYGSTSYADS VKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNS LRAEDTAVYYCARQYYTYFE WYMGWGYALDYWGQGTLVT vss 70 427 466 415 166 219 272 325 G9.2-26 VL:D1QMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVT1 TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQGGWYYGPITFGQGTKVEIK R 71 328 329 360 115 115 115 115 G9.2-26 VH:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYISSYSGSTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSSALYWM DFSYSALDYWGQGTLVTVSS 72 361 389 416 167 220 273 326 G9.2-low affinity binder Vl:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTI TCRASQSVSSAVAWYQQKPGK APKLLIYSASSLYSGVPSRFSGS RSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC QQSSTDPITFGQGTKVE1KR 54 328 329 352 108 108 108 108 G9.2-lovv affinity binder Vh:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLR LSCAASGFTVSSSSIHWVRQAP GKGLEWVAYISSSSGYTYYAD SVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMN SLRAEDTAVYYCARSSSSSSSSS SSSSDYWGQGTLVTVSS 73 361 388 417 168 221 274 327 Table 3. Selected Antibody CDR Sequences Clone Sequence SEQ ID NO: G9 1-8 Vl CDRl RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDRl FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSWGGIGKWVWGMDY 374 G9 l-8ml Vl CDRl RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDRl FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 SSSSSSGYTSYADSVKG 365 Vh CDR3 YSTYSWGGIGKWVWGMDY 374 G9 l-8m2 Vl CDRl RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDRl FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSSSSSYADSVKG 366 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Vh CDR3 YSTYSWGGIGKWVWGMDY 374 G9 1-8m3 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 SSSSSWGGIGKWVWGMDY 375 G9 l-8m4 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSSSSSKWVWGMDY 376 G9 l-8m5 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSWGGIGSSSSSMDY 377 G9 L8m6 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSSSSKWVWGMDY 378 G9 l-8m7 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSSSKWVWGMDY 379 G9.1-8m8 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSSKWVWGMDY 380 G9 l-8m9 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSKWVWGMDY 383 G9.1-8ml0 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Vh CDR3 YSTYSKWVWGMDY 381 G9.1-8mll Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSGYTSYADSVKG 364 Vh CDR3 YSTYKWVWGMDY 382 G9 l-8ml2 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSSSSSYADSVKG 366 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSSKWVWGMDY 380 G9 l-8ml3 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSSSSSYADSVKG 366 Vh CDR3 YSTYSSKWVWGMDY 383 G9.l-8ml4 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSYYDSNPIT 337 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YIYPYSSSSSYADSVKG 366 Vh CDR3 YSTYKWVWGMDY 382 G9.2-17 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSSTDPIT 352 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 Y1SSSSGYTYYADSVKG 388 Vh CDR3 YWSYPSWWPYRGMDY 406 G9.2-17m6 Vl CDR1 RASQSVSSAVA 328 Vl CDR2 SASSLYS 329 Vl CDR3 QQSSTDPIT 352 Vh CDR1 FTVSSSSIH 361 Vh CDR2 YISSSSGYTYYADSVKG 388 Vh CDR3 YWSYPSWSPYRGMDY 407 Such CRD1 and CRD2 binding anti-Galectin-9 antibodies are isolated and structurally characterized as described herein. The disclosure also contemplates antibodies having at least 80% identity (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identity) to their 5 variable region or CDR sequences. The VL amino acid sequences of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9 2-4, G9 2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9 2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9 2-16, G9.2-17, G9 2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9 2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9 2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, G9.2-low affinity binder are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. The VH amino acid sequences of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9 2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9 2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9 2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, G9.2-low 5 affinity binder are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30,31,32,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. Accordingly, provided herein are isolated anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprising heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 10   65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. In some embodiments, the light chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. Also provided are isolated anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprising heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 15    31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. Accordingly, provided herein are isolated anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprising heavy and light chain 20 variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71, and the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39,41,43,45,47,49,50,51,52,53,55,56,57,59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. Accordingly, provided herein are isolated anti-Galectin-9 25 antibodies, or antigen binding portion thereof, comprising heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 29, 13, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71, and the heavy chain variable region consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41,43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 30   64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. 5            The VL amino acid sequences of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9 1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, G9.1-8ml4 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27, respectively. The VH amino acid sequences of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, 10 G9 1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9 l-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1- 8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.I-8m9, G9.I-8mlO, G9.1-8ml I, G9.l-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, G9.1-8ml4 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. Accordingly, provided herein are isolated anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprising heavy and light chain 15 variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 1 1, 13, 1 5, 17, 19, 21,23, 25, and 27. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27. Also provided are isolated anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprising heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein 20 the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. Accordingly, provided herein are isolated anti-Galectin-9 25 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, comprising heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 and the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the light 30 chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27, and the heavy chain variable regions consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some 5 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a VH region having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion 10 thereof comprises any of SEQ ID NO: 7-87. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises one or more sequences of any sequence(s) selected from SEQ ID NO: 7-87 and any combination(s) thereof. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 7-28 and 74-87. In some specific embodiments, the 15 anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises one or more sequences of any sequence(s) selected from SEQ ID NO: 7-28 and 74-87 and any combination(s) thereof. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 29-73. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises one or more sequences of any 20 sequence(s) selected from SEQ ID NO: 13, 29-73 and any combination(s) thereof. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 55, or 54 and 56. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises one or more sequences of any sequence(s) selected from SEQ ID NO: 54, 55, or 54 and 56 and any combination(s) thereof. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion 30 thereof comprises a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 5 comprises a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and VH region 10 consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and 86. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL or VH region comprising any of of SEQ ID NOs: 21, 22 and 74-87 In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL or VH region consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21, 22 and 74-87. In some specific 15 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and / or VH region comprising sequence(s) selected from SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 74-87 and any combination(s) thereof. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and / or VH region consisting of sequence(s) selected from SEQ ID NO: 21, 22 and 74-87 and any combination(s) thereof. 20          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ LD NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH 25 region comprising SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or 30 antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26. In some 5 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region 10 comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 77. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen 15 binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 78. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 79. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 80. In 20 some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ LD NO: 82. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH 25 region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 83. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 84. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 108 and SEQ ID NO: 85. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or 30 antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 31. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 33. In some 5 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 36 and SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region 10 comprising SEQ ID NO: 38 and SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 40 and SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 42 and SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen 15 binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 44 and SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 46 and SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 48 and SEQ ID NO: 49. In 20 some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ LD NO: 51. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH 25 region comprising SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ ID NO: 52. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or 30 antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 60. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 61 and SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 63 and SEQ ID NO: 64. In some 5 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region 10 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and SEQ ID NO: 68. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 71 and SEQ ID NO: 72. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen 15 binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 73. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ 20 ID NO: 10. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 25 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ 30 ID NO: 20. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 22. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO: 24. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 27 and SEQ ID NO: 28. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 5   portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 74. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 75. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ 10 ID NO: 76. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 77. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 78. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 15 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 79. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 80. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ 20 ID NO: 81. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 82. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 83. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 25 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 84. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 108 and SEQ ID NO: 85. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ 30 ID NO: 86. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 30. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 31. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 32. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 33. In some specific embodiments, 5   portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 35 In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 37. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and 10 ID NO: 39. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 41 In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 43. In some specific embodiments, 15   portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 45, In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 47. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and 20 ID NO: 49. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 50. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 51. In some specific embodiments, 25 portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 52. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 53. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and 30 ID NO: 55. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 57. In some specific embodiments, portion thereof comprises a VL region and ID NO: 59. In some specific embodiments, a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 42 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 48 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 58 and SEQ the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 60. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 61 and SEQ ID NO: 62. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 5 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63 and SEQ ID NO: 64. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 65 and SEQ ID NO: 66. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ 10 ID NO: 56. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 67 and SEQ ID NO: 68. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding 15 portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71 and SEQ ID NO: 72. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region and a VH region consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 73 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises sequence having at least 20   80% (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any incremental percent therein) sequence identity with any of the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described in the previous paragraphs. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80? / « (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, II, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27. In 25 some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 30 any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 and a VH region that has at least 80% (e g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH region 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 7-288 and 74-87. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence 5 identity to a VL or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7-288 and 74-87and any combination(s) thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region of an antibody selected from G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, 10 G9 1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9 1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9. l-8m6,G9. l-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.l-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.l-8ml I, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.l-8ml4 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region of an antibody selected from G9.1-1, 15   G9.1-2, G9 1-3, G9.1-4, G9 1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1 -8m2, G9.1 -8m3, G9 1 -8m4, G9 1 -8m5, G9 1 -8m6,G9.1 -8m7, G9.1 -8m8, G9.1 -8m9, G91 -8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region 20 of an antibody selected from G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9 1-8, G9.1-9, G9 1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH 25 region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 21, 22 and 7487. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21,22 and 74-87and any 30 combination(s) thereof. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL region of G9.1-8ml3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH region of G9.1-8ml3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL and a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL or VH region of G9.1-8ml3. 5           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21.In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment 10 therein) sequence identity to the VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises a VL and VH region that have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL and VH regions set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 and 86. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at 15 least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, 29, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 20   35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, 29, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 29, 34, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 73, 67, 69, and 71 and a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 25   98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 and 73. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29-75 and 77-85. In 30 some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, 29-73 and any combination(s) thereof. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL or VH 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 region that has at least 80% (eg., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL or VH region set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 55, and 56. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence 5 identity to a VL region of an antibody selected from G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9 216, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 10   99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region of an antibody selected from G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9 2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9 2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9 2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-2I, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises VL and VH regions that has at 15 least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to VL and VH regions of an antibody selected from G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9 2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9 2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. 20          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR having at least 80% (e.g, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any incremental percent therein) sequence identity with a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87. 25 Alternatively or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a light chain CDR having at least 80% (e.g, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any incremental percent therein) sequence identity with a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NO: 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 58, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, and 73. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL region that 30 has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL region of G9.2-17. In some specific embodiments, the anti -Gal ectin-9 antibody comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH region of G9.2-17. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises VL and VH regions that has at least 80% 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to VL and VH regions of G9.2-17. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VL that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 5 any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. In some specific embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof 10 comprises a VL and / or VH region that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL and / or VH region set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54 and 55. Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) 15          Anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, e g., binding to CRD1, can comprise the light and heavy chain CDRI s, CDR2s and CDR3s of G9.1 -1, G9 1 -2, G9.1 -3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1 -6, G9.1-7, G9 1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9 l-8m2, G9 l-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9 l-8m5, G9.1 -8m6,G9.1 -8m7, G9.1 -8m8, G9.1 -8m9, G9.1 -8m 10, G9.1 -8m 11, G9.1 -8m 12, G9.1 -8m 13, and G9.1-8ml4, or combinations thereof. The amino acid sequence of the VL CDRls of G9.1-1, 20 G9 1-2, G9 1-3, G9.1-4, G9 1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9 l-8mll, G9 l-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328. The amino acid sequence of the VL CDR2s of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9 1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1- 25   8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8ml 1, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1- 8m 13, and G9. l-8m!4 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329. The amino acid sequences of the VL CDR3s of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9 1-6, G9 1-7, G9 1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9 1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9 l-8ml0, G9. l-8ml 1, G9. l-8m!2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4 are set forth 30 in SEQ ID NO: 330-340. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDRls of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9 1-5, G9.1 -6, G9.1 -7, G9.1 -8, G9.1 -9, G9.1 -10, G9.1-11, G9.1 -8m 1, G9.1 -8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9 l-8m4, G9 l-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9 l-8m!3, and G9.1-8ml4 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 428, 431, 435, 436, 437. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDR2s of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9 1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9 1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9 l-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 362-366, and 5   438-445. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDR3s of G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1- 5, G9.1-6, G9 1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9 1-10, G9 1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9 l-8ml4 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 367-386. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the 10 sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 330-340. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 337. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 15 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, and a VL CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 330-340. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, and a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 337. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a 20 VH CDR1 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, and 437. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR2 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 362-366, and 438-445. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR2 having a sequence 25 selected from SEQ ID NO: 364 or 366. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 367-386. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 374 or 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR1 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, and 437, a 30 VH CDR2 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 362-366 and 438-445, and a VH CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 367-386. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 364, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 374. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 366, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR.1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR.2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, a VL CDR3 having a sequence selected 5 from any of SEQ ID NOs: 330-340, a VH CDR1 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, and 437, a VH CDR2 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 362-366 and 438-445, and a VH CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 367-386. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ 10 ID NO: 329, a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 337, a VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 364, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 374 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 337, a VH 15 CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 366, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 383. In any of these embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds to CRD1. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies, e.g., binding to CRD2, comprise the light and heavy chain CDRls, CDR2s and CDR3s of G9.2-I, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2- 20   5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9 2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9 2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder, or combinations thereof. The amino acid sequence of the VL CDRls of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, 25   G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9 2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328. The amino acid sequence of the VL CDR2s of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9 2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9 2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9 2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2- 30 low affinity binder is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329. The amino acid sequences of the VL CDR3s of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 341-360. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDRI of G9.2-1, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 G9.2-2, G9 2-3, G9.2-4, G9 2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9 2-16, G9.2-17, G9 2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9 2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361,424-434. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDR2s of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, 5   G9.2-3, G9 2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9 2-21, G9 222, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDR3s of G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, 10   G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9 2-16, G9.2-17, G9 2-17mut6, G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2- 21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 390-417 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDRI having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a 15 VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 341 -360. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, 20 and a VL CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 341-360. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR I having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, and a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO; 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDRI having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 361, and 424-434. In some 25 embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR I having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR2 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 388. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR3 having 30 a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 390-417. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 406 or 407. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDRI having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 361, and 424-434, a VH CDR2 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466, and a VH CDR3 having a sequence 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 390-417. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 388, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 406. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VH CDR1 having the sequence of 5 SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 388, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 407. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, a VL CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 341-360, a VH CDR1 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 361, and 42410   434, a VH CDR2 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466, and a VH CDR3 having a sequence selected from any of SEQ ID NOs: 390-417. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 352, a VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH 15 CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 388, and a VH CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 406. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody comprises a VL CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 328, a VL CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 329, a VL CDR3 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 352, a VH CDR1 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 361, a VH CDR2 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 388, and a VH CDR3 having the 20 sequence of SEQ ID NO: 407. In any of these embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds to CRDL Because Galectin-9 binding specificity is dictated essentially by the CDR1, 2 and 3 regions, the VH CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences and the VL CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences disclosed above, can be mixed and matched to generate new Galectin-9 binding antibodies, as long as each 25 resulting new antibody has a VL CDR1, 2 and 3 and a VH CDR1, 2 and 3. Such antibodies resulting from a new combination of CDRs described herein can be tested using the binding assays described herein. In some embodiments, the CDR1, CDR2 and / or CDR3 sequence from a particular VH or VL sequence is replaced with a structurally similar CDR sequence!s). Novel VH and VL sequences can be created by substituting one or more VH and / or VL CDR 30 sequence(s) with structurally similar sequences from the CDR sequences disclosed herein, according to methods known in the art. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 330-340 and 341-360 (d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, 437; and SEQ ID NO: 361, 424-434 (e) VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362-366 and 438-445, 362, 363, and 387-389 and 446-466; (f) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID 5 NO: 367-386 and 390-417. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 10 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 330-340. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, 437. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ 15 ID NO: 362-366, and 438-445. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 367-386. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid 20 sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 330-340; (d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, 437; (e) VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362-366 and 438-445; (f) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO; 367-386. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof 25 comprise a VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 341-360. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions 30   thereof comprise a VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 424-434. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466. In some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 390-417. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 341-360;(d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in 5 SEQ ID NO: 361; (e) VH CDR2s amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466;(f) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 390-417. 9.1 Antibody Clones and Related CDRs Clone 9.1-derived Light Chain Variable Regions 10          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 330, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 330, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL 15 CDRs as G9.1-1 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 331, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 20   328, 329, and 331, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9 1-2 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 332, respectively. In some 25 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 332, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs asG9.1-3 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, 30 CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9 1-4. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 334, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 5   328, 329, and 334, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.1-5 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 335, respectively. In some 10 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 335, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.1-6 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, 15 CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 336, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 336, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.1-7. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.1-8 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 338, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 338, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL 30 CDRs as G9 1-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 339, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 328, 329, and 339, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.1-10. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, 5 CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 340, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 340, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9 1-11. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 10 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, 15 wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 337. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 consists of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region 20 CDR2 consists of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 consists of SEQ ID NO: 337. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as 9.1-8, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3 , G9.1-8m4 , G9.1-8m5 , G9. l-8m6 , G9 l-8m7, G9.1-8m8 , G9.1-8m9 , G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1- 25   8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, or G9. l-8m!4. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9. l-8ml2. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.1-8ml3 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1 30 comprises SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 comprises X1X2X3X4X5SX6X7X8SYADSVKG (SEQ ID NO: 467), in which Xi = Y or S, X2 = I or S, Xs = Y or S, X4 = P or S, Xs = Y or S, X6 = G or S, X7 = Y or S, and Xs — T or S. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises X1SX2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10KX11X12X13GMDY (SEQ ID NO: 468), in which Xi = Y or S, X2 = T, S, or absent, X3 = Y, S, or absent, X4 = S or absent, X5 = W, S, or absent, X& = S or absent, X? = G, S, or absent, Xs = G, T, S, or absent, X9 = I, Y, S, or absent, X10 = G, S, or Y, 5 Xu = W or S, X12 = V or S, and X13 = W or S. In some examples, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody contains G at X7, Y at Xs, and / or T at X9 in the heavy chain CDR2 domain. Alternatively, or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody contains deletions at one or more of X4 - X7 in the heavy chain CDR3 domain. In other examples, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody contains S at one or more of X6 - Xs in the heavy chain CDR2 domain. Alternatively or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 10 antibody contains deletions at one or more of X5 - X- in the heavy chain CDR3 domain. In a further example, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody contains S at one or more of X6 - Xs in the heavy chain CDR2 domain. Alternatively or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody contains deletions at one or more of X3 - X9 and / or X10 is Y in the heavy chain CDR3 domain. 15 Clone 9.1-derived Heavy Chain Variable Regions In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 438, and 367, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 20   431, 438, and 367, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-1. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 435, 439, and 368, respectively In some 25 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 435, 439, and 368, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-2 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region 30 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 436, 363, and 369, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 436, 363, and 369, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G91-3. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 437, 440, and 370, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 5   437, 440, and 370, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-4. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 437, 441, and 371, respectively. In some 10 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 437, 441, and 371, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-5 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region 15 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 427, 442, and 372, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 427, 442, and 372, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 443, and 373, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 443, and 373, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-7. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 374, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 374, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH 30 CDRs as G9 1-8. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 363, and 384, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 361, 363, and 384, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, 5 and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 429, 444, and 385, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 429, 444, and 385, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-10. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region 10 CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 445, and 386, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 445, and 386, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-11 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 15 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 365, and 374, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 365, and 374, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8ml. 20          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 374, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 374, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH 25 CDRs as G9. l-8m2. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy' and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 375, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 30   361, 364, and 375, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 l-8m3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDRS comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 376, respectively. In some 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 376, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VHCDRs as G9 l-8m4. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 5 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 377, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 377, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 l-8m5. 10          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 378, respectively In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 378, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH 15 CDRs as G9.1-8m6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 379, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 20   361, 364, and 379, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 l-8m7. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 380, respectively. In some 25 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 380, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8m8. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region 30 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 l-8m9. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, andCDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 381, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 5   361, 364, and 381, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8ml0. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 382, respectively. In some 10 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 382, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8mll. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region 15 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 380, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 380, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8ml2. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI comprises SEQ ID NO: 361. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 366. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable 25 regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR3 region comprises SEQ ID NO: 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI consists of SEQ ID NO: 361. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain 30 variable region CDR2 consists of SEQ ID NO: 366. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR3 region consists of SEQ ID NO: 383. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8ml3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 5 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 382, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 382, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.1-8ml4. 10 Clone 9.1-9.1 Heavy and Light Chain Variable Regions In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 330, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 438, and 367, 15 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 330 and SEQ ID NO: 431, 438, and 367, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 1-1 In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 331, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 435, 439, and 368, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 331 and SEQ ID NO: 435, 439, and 368. In 25 one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-2. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 332, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 436, 363, and 369, respectively. In 30 some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 332 and SEQ ID NO: 436, 363, and 369. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-3. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 437, 440, and 370, 5 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, and SEQ ID NO: 437, 440, and 370. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-4. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region 10 CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 334, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 437, 441, and 371, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 334, and SEQ ID NO: 437, 441, and 371. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 1-5 15           In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 335, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 427, 442, and 372, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and 20 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 335, and SEQ ID NO: 427, 442, and 372. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-6. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 336, respectively, and the heavy 25 chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 443, and 373, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 336, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 443, and 373. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 1-7. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 30 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 374. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 374. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-8. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region 5 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 338, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 363, and 384. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 338, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 363, and 384. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-9. 10          In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 339, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 429, 444, and 385. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions 15 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 339, and SEQ ID NO: 429, 444, and 385. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-10. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 340, respectively, and the heavy 20 chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 445, and 386. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 340, and SEQ ID NO: 428, 445, and 386. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-11. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 25 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 365, and 374. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 365, and 374. In one specific 30 embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8ml. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 374. In 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 374. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m2. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 5 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 375. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 375. In one specific 10 embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m3. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 376. In 15 some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361,364, and 376. Tn one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.1-8m4. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region 20 CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 377. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 377. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m5. 25           In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 378 In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions 30 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 378. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m6. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 379. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 379. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m7. 5           In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 380. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions 10 consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 380. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m8. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy 15 chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 383. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 383. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m9. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 381. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 381. In one specific 25 embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8ml0. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy' and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 382. In 30 some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 364, and 382. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8m 11. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 380. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 380. In one specific 5 embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8ml2. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383. In 10 some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9. l-8ml3. In one specific embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable 15 region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 382, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 382. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs 20   asG9.1-8ml4. Sequence Identity In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise light chain CDRs that have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as 25 compared with the corresponding Vl CDRs of an exemplary antibody described herein. Alternatively or in addition, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e g., specific to CRD1 or CRD2) may comprise heavy chain CDRs that have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as compared with the Vh CDRs as an exemplary antibody described herein. 30          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g., specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise light chain CDRs that have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as compared with the corresponding Vl CDRs of an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 selected from G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9 1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9 1-9, G9 110, G9.1-11, G9 l-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9 l-8m9, G9 l-8ml0, G9 l-8mll, G9.1-8ml2, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8ml4. In some embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD 1 and / or CRD2) may 5 comprise heavy chain CDRs that have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as compared with the corresponding Vh CDRs of an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof selected from G9.1-1, G9 1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9 1-5, G9.1-6, G9.1-7, G9.1-8, G9.1-9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1-8ml, G9.1-8m2, G9.1-8m3, G9.1-8m4, G9.1-8m5, G9.1-8m6,G9.1-8m7, G9.1-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1- 10 8m 10, G9. l-8m 11, G9.1-8m 12, G9.1 -8m 13, and G9.1 -8m 14. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD I and / or CRD2) may comprise light chain CDRs and heavy chain CDRs that have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as compared with the corresponding Vl CDRs and Vh CDRs of an 15 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof selected from G9.1-1, G9.1-2, G9.1-3, G9.1-4, G9.1-5, G9.1-6, G9,1 -7, G9.1 -8, G9.1 -9, G9.1-10, G9.1-11, G9.1 -8ml, G9.1 -8m2, G9 1 -8m3, G9.1 -8m4, G9 l-8m5, G9 l-8m6,G9 l-8m7, G9 l-8m8, G9.1-8m9, G9.1-8ml0, G9.1-8mll, G9.1-8m 12, G9.1-8ml3, and G9.1-8m 14. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD1 and / or 20 CRD2) may comprise a VL CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 374. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VL CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence 25 identity to the VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 330-340 30          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VH CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, 437. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g., specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362-366 and 438-445. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g., specific to CRD I and / or CRD2) may comprise a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence that has 5 at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 367-386. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1 10 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80?zo (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID 15 NO: 330-340; (d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436, 437; (e) VH CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 36220   366 and 438-445; (f) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 367-386. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 25 and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment 30 therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.1-8m 13. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383. In some embodiments, the antibody VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.1-8ml3 In one specific 5 embodiment, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein: the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 337, respectively, and the heavy 10 chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 366, and 383. In one specific embodiment, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 15   95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences as G9 I-8m 13. 9.2 Antibody Clones and Related CDRs Clone 9.2-derived Light Chain Variable Region 20           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 25 VL CDRs as G9.2-L In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 30 ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-2. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR.3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-3. 5           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 342, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 342, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 10 VL CDRs as G9.2A In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 15 ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-5. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 344, respectively. In some 20 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 344, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, 25 CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 345, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 345, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-7. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region 30 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 346, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 346. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-8. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 347, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 5 ID NO: 328, 329, and 347, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 348, respectively. In some 10 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 348, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VLCDRs as G9.2-10. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 15 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 349, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 349, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VLCDRs as G9 2-11 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 350, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 350, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VLCDRs as G9 2-12 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs 30 as G9.2-13. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-14. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR 1, CDR2, 5 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-15. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 10 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-16. 15           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding 20 portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1 consists of SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable 25 regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR2 consists of SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof consists of heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 352. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 30 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-17. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 5 ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9 2-17mut6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some 10 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VLCDRs as G9 2-18 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 15 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 354, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 354. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-19. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 20 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VLCDRs as G9.2-20. 25            In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 355, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 355, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 30 VLCDRs asG9.2-2L In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 356, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 ID NO: 328, 329, and 356, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR 1, CDR2, 5 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 357, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 357, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-23. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 10 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 358, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 358, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-24. 15           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 359, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 359, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 20 VL CDRs as G9.2-25. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 360, respectively. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 25 ID NO: 328, 329, and 360, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VLCDRs as G9.2-26. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some 30 embodiments, the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VL CDRs as G9.2-low affinity binder. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Clone 9.2-derived Heavy Chain Variable Region In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 424, 446, and 390, respectively. In 5 some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 424, 446, and 390, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-1. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 10 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 447, and 391, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 431, 447, and 391, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-2. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 15 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 448, and 392, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 431, 448, and 392. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-3. 20           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 449, and 393, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 431, 449, and 393, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 25 VH CDRs as G9 2-4 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 450, and 394, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 30 ID NO: 431, 450, and 394, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs asG9 2-5 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 431,451, and 395, respectively. In 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 431, 452, and 395. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 5 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 425, 453, and 396, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 425, 453, and 396, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 2-7 10           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 425, 453, and 397, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 425, 453, and 397, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 15 VH CDRs as G9.2-8. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 426, 454, and 398, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of 20 SEQ ID NO: 426, 454, and 398, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 426, 387, and 399, respectively. In some 25 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 426, 387, and 399, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-10. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 30 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 432, 455, and 400, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 432, 455, and 400, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-11. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 433, 456, and 401, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of 5 SEQ ID NO: 433, 456, and 401, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-12. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 434, 362, and 402, respectively. In some 10 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 434, 362, and 402, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 2-13 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 15 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 457, and 403, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 457, and 403, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9 2-14 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 20 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 458, and 404, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 458, and 404, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-15. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 459, and 405, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 459, and 405, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 30 VH CDRs as G9.2-16. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 ID NO: 361, 388, and 406. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, 5 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 407, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 407, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-17mut6 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 10 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 430, 363, and 408, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 430, 363, and 408, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-18. 15           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 430, 460, and 409, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 430, 460, and 409, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 20 VH CDRs as G9.2-19. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 429, 461, and 410, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 25 ID NO: 429, 461, and 410, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-20. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 429, 462, and 411, respectively. In some 30 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 429, 462, and 411, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VHCDRs as G9 2-21 In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 463, and 412, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 428, 463, and 412, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-22. 5           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 464, and 413, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 428, 464, and 413, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same 10 VH CDRs as G9.2-23. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 465, and 414, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ 15 ID NO: 428, 465, and 414, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-24. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 427, 466, and 415, respectively. In some 20 embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 427, 466, and 415. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-25. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 25 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 389, and 416, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 389, and 416, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-26. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 30 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 417, respectively. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 417, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same VH CDRs as G9.2-low affinity binder. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Clone 9.2-derived Heavy and light chain variable regions In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, respectively, and the heavy 5 chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 424, 446, and 390 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, and SEQ ID NO: 424, 446, and 390. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-1. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 10 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 447, and 391, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, and SEQ ID NO: 431, 447, and 391. 15 In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-2. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 448, and 392, 20 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, and SEQ ID NO: 431, 448, and 392. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-3. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, 25 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 342, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 449, and 393, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 342, and SEQ ID NO: 431, 449, and 393. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 2-4. 30           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 450, and 394, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, and SEQ ID NO: 431, 450, and 394. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-5. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR. 1, CDR2, 5 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 344, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 431, 451, and 395, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 344, and SEQ ID NO: 431, 451, and 395. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 2-6. 10           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 345, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 425, 452, and 396, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and 15 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 345, and SEQ ID NO: 425, 452, and 396. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-7. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 346, respectively, and the heavy chain 20 variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 245, 453, and 397, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 346, and SEQ ID NO: 245, 453, and 397.1n one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-8. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 25 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR 1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 347, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 426, 454, and 398, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 347, and SEQ ID NO: 426, 454, and 398. 30 In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 2-9. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 348, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 426, 387, and 399, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 348, and SEQ ID NO: 426, 387, and 399. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-10. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof 5 comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 349, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 432, 455, and 400, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 349, and SEQ ID NO: 432, 455, and 400. 10 In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-11. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 350, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 433, 456, and 401, 15 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 350, and SEQ ID NO: 433, 456, and 401. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-12. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, 20 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 434, 362, and 402, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 341, and SEQ ID NO: 434, 362, and 402. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-13. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 457, and 403, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and 30 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 457, and 403. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 2-14. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRl, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, respectively, and the heavy chain 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 458, and 404, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 343, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 458, and 404. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-15. 5           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 459, and 405, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and 10 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 459, and 405. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-16. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain 15 variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 20 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 404, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 404. 25 In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-17mut6. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, respectively, and the heavy chain 30 variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 430, 363, and 408, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 333, and SEQ ID NO: 430, 363, and 408. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-18. 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 In some embodiments, the anti-Gal ectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 354, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 430, 460, and 409, 5 respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 354, and SEQ ID NO: 430, 460, and 409. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-19. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, 10 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 429, 461, and 410, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, and SEQ ID NO: 429, 461, and 410. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9 2-20. 15           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 355, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 429, 462, and 411, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and 20 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 355, and SEQ ID NO: 429, 462, and 411. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-21. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 356, respectively, and the heavy chain 25 variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 463, and 412, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 356, and SEQ ID NO: 428, 463, and 412. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-22. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 30 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 357, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 464, and 413, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 357, and SEQ ID NO: 428, 464, and 413. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-23. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR. 1, CDR2, 5 and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 358, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 428, 465, and 414, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 358, and SEQ ID NO: 428, 465, and 414.1n one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-24. 10          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 359, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 427, 466, and 415, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and 15 CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 359, and SEQ ID NO: 427, 466, and 415. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-25. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 360, respectively, and the heavy chain 20 variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 389, and 416, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 360, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 389, and 416. In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-26. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 25 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR 1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 comprise SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 417, respectively. In some embodiments, the light and heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions consist of SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, and SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 417. 30 In one specific embodiment, the antibody comprises the same VL and VH CDRs as G9.2-low affinity binder 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 Sequence Identity In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (eg, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise light chain CDRs that have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as 5 compared with the corresponding Vl CDRs of an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof selected from G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9.2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-L9, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (eg, specific to CRD1 10 and / or CRD2) may comprise heavy chain CDRs that have at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, individually or collectively, as compared with the corresponding Vh CDRs of an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof selected from G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9.2-9, G9.2-10, G9 2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9 2-14, G9.2-15, G9 2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9 2-18, 15   G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (eg, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise light chain CDRs and heavy chain CDRs that have at least 80% (eg., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity, 20 individually or collectively, as compared with the corresponding Vl CDRs and Vh CDRs of an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof selected from G9.2-1, G9.2-2, G9.2-3, G9.2-4, G9.2-5, G9.2-6, G9.2-7, G9.2-8, G9 2-9, G9.2-10, G9.2-11, G9.2-12, G9.2-13, G9.2-14, G9 2-15, G9.2-16, G9.2-17, G9.2-17mut6 , G9.2-18, G9.2-19, G9.2-20, G9.2-21, G9.2-22, G9.2-23, G9.2-24, G9.2-25, G9.2-26, and G9.2-low affinity binder. 25           In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (eg, specific to CRD 1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VL CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (eg., specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VL CDR2 amino acid sequence 30 that has at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (eg, specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (eg, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 341-360. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g., specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VH CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 5   95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDRI amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 424-434. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g., specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID 10 NO: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody (e.g., specific to CRD1 and / or CRD2) may comprise a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 390-417. Accordingly, in some embodiments, anti-Galectin-9 antibodies or antigen binding 15 portions thereof comprise (a) VL CDRI amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDRI amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328; (b) VL CDR2 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR2 amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 329; (c) VL CDR3 20 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 341-360; (d) VH CDR1 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDRI amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 424-434; (d) VH CDR2 amino acid 25 sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR2 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 362, 363, 387-389 and 446-466;(e) VH CDR3 amino acid sequence that has at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to a VH CDR3 amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 390-417. 30          In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises 5 heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid 10 sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.2-17. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody or binding portion thereof comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 15   99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the light chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences set forth in comprise SEQ ID NO: 328, 329, and 352, respectively, and the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the heavy chain variable region CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino 20 acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 361, 388, and 406, respectively. In one specific embodiment, the antibody VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences have at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and any increment therein) sequence identity to the VL CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 and VH CDRI, CDR2, and CDR3 amino acid sequences of G9.2-17. 25 Epitopes and Constant Regions In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibodies described herein bind to the same epitope as any of the exemplary antibodies described herein (e.g., antibody comprising any of SEQ ID NO: 7-87 or the CDRs thereof) or competes against the exemplary antibody from binding to the Galectin-9 antigen. An “epitope” refers to the site on a target antigen that is 30 recognized and bound by an antibody. The site can be entirely composed of amino acid components, entirely composed of chemical modifications of amino acids of the protein (e.g, glycosyl moieties), or composed of combinations thereof. Overlapping epitopes include at least one common amino acid residue. An epitope can be linear, which is typically 6-15 amino acids 2023285898   21 Dec 2023 in length. Alternatively, the epitope can be conformational. The epitope to which an antibody binds can be determined by routine technology, for example, the epitope mapping method (see, e.g., descriptions below). An antibody that binds the same epitope as an exemplary antibody described herein may bind to exactly the same epitope or a substantially overlapping epitope 5   (e.g., containing less than 3 non-overlapping amino acid residue, less than 2 non-overlapping amino acid residues, or only 1 non-overlapping amino acid residue) as the exemplary antibody. Whether two antibodies compete against each other from binding to the cognate antigen can be determined by a competition assay, which is well known in the art. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may bind to an epitope at least a 10 segment of which is in CRD1 of a galectin-9 protein (e.g., a human galectin-9 or a mouse galectin-9). In some embodiments, the antibody may bind an epitope which is entirely within the CRD1 of the Galectin-9 protein. In some embodiments, the antibody may bind an epitope which is partially within the CRD I of the Galectin-9 protein. In some embodiments, the epitope to which the anti-Gal ectin antibody binds is a linear epitope. In some embodiments, the epitope 15 to which the anti-Gal ectin antibody binds is a conformational epitope. In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may bind an epitope at least a segment of which is in CRD2 of a Galectin-9 protein (e g., a human galectin-9 or a mouse galectin-9). In some embodiments, the anti-Galectin-9 antibody may bind an epitope which is entirely within the CRD2 of the Galectin-9 protein. In some specific embodiments in which the 20 anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds an epitope partially or entirely within CDR2, the antibody binds an epitope comprising at least residue W309. In some specific embodiments, in which the anti-Galectin-9 antibody binds an epitope partially or entirely within CDR2, the epitope to which the anti-Galectin-...

Claims

1. A method for treating a hematological malignancy in a human subject, whereinthe method comprises administering to the human subject an effective amount of an antibody that binds human galectin-9 (anti-Gal-9 antibody), wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody comprises:5          (a) a heavy chain comprising a heavy chain variable region (Vh), which comprises aheavy chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 361, a heavy chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 388, and a heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 406, and(b) a light chain comprising a light chain variable region (VL), which comprises a light10 chain complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 328, a light chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 329, and a light chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) set forth as SEQ ID NO: 352.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody is a full-length antibody15 or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody is a single chainantibody.20          4.     The method of any one of claim 1-3, wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody is humanantibody or a humanized antibody.

5. The anti-Gal-9 of claim 2, wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody is a full-lengthantibody, which is an IgG molecule.

256. The method of claim 5, wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody is an IgG1 or IgG4molecule.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti-Gal-9 antibody is an IgG4 molecule, and30 wherein the IgG4 has a S228P mutation.2023285898   21 Dec 20238.     The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the Vh of the anti-Gal-9 antibodycomprises as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, and / or wherein the Vl of the anti-Gal-9 antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.5          9.     The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the heavy chain of the anti-Gal-9antibody further comprises a heavy chain constant region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 422, and wherein the light chain of the anti-Gal-9 antibody further comprises a light chain constant region set forth as SEQ ID NO: 418.10          10. The method of claim 9, wherein the heavy chain of the anti-Gal-9 antibodycomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 316 and the light chain of the anti-Gal-9 antibody comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the hematological malignancy is 15 selected from the group consisting of a leukemia, a lymphoma, multiple myeloma, a myelodysplastic syndrome, and a myeloproliferative neoplasm.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the hematological malignancy is a leukemia or a lymphoma.2013. The method of claim 12, wherein the hematological malignancy is a leukemia, which is selected from the group consisting of myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.25          14. The method of claim 13, wherein the leukemia is acute myelogenous leukemia.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the hematological malignancy is a lymphoma, which is selected from the group consisting of AIDS-related lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and primary central 30 nervous system lymphoma.2023285898   21 Dec 202316.   The method of claim 15, wherein the lymphoma is Non-Hodgkins lymphoma.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the method further comprisessubjecting the human subject to a radiation therapy, an immunotherapy, a chemotherapy, or a 5   combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the immunotherapy comprises a checkpoint inhibitor.10           19. The method of claim 18, wherein the checkpoint inhibitor is an anti-PD-1antibody or an anti-TIM-3 antibody.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the chemotherapy comprises a chemotherapeutic agent, which is selected from the group consisting of a pyrimidine analog, a 15 purine analog, a folate antagonist or related inhibitor, an anti-proliferative / anti-mitotic agent, vincristine, vinblastine, nocodazole, epothilone, navelbine, etoposide, teniposide, methotrexate, and cytarabine.

21. Use of an antibody that binds human galectin-9 in the manufacture of a20 medicament for treating a hematological malignancy in a human subject, wherein the antibody is set forth in any one of claims 1-10.

22. The use of claim 21, wherein the hematological malignancy is selected from the group consisting of a leukemia, a lymphoma, multiple myeloma, a myelodysplastic syndrome, 25 and a myeloproliferative neoplasm.

23. The use of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the medicament is formulated to be administered to the human subject with a radiation therapy, an immunotherapy, a chemotherapy, or a combination thereof.30

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