Spatial separation of particules in a particle containing solution for biomedical sensing and detection

Abstract

A device and method for analyte detection and analytes in a particulate bearing fluid such as whole blood having an instrument for partitioning the particles from the fluid that is integrated with a detector for analyses of one or more particulate bearing fluid analytes while the particles in the particulate bearing fluid are partitioned. 20 24 20 51 86 1 8 Se p 20 25 2024205186 18 Sep 2025

Description

FIG. 5B schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view at 5b-5b of the 5 acoustic force of the system illustrated in FIG. 5 A applied to a column of blood. The red blood cells are partitioned from the plasma and an analyte may be detected In the partitioned fluid; one period of the applied standing wave introduced into the microchannel forms two pressure nodes moving the particles to the pressure nodes; FIG. 6 schematically illustrates another embodiment of an acoustic 10 configuration, of the system according to the invention for detecting an analyte in a particle containing fluid in a channel by a detector located at a detector region of the channel and an acoustic transducer located at a first acoustic region in the channel and another acoustic transducer located at a second acoustic region in the channel; FIG. 7 schematically illustrates another embodiment of an acoustic 15 configuration of the system according to the invention, for detecting an analyte in a particle containing fluid in a channel by a detector located at a first detector region that is downstream from a first and a second, acoustic transducer region; FIG. 8A schematically illustrates another embodiment of an acoustic configuration, of the system according to the invention for detecting an analyte in a 2Q particle containing fluid in a channel by a detector located at a detector region and an acoustic transducer in which the acoustic force is introduced along a vertical direction in contrast to the systems of Figures 1-7 in which the transducer force is applied in a horizontal or transverse direction relative to the flow of fluid; FIG. SB schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view at 8b-8b of the 25 acoustic force of the system illustrated in FIG. 8A applied to a column of blood for partitioning red blood cells from the plasma; FIG. 9 schematically illustrates another embodiment of an acoustic configuration of the system according to the invention for detecting an analyte in a particle containing fluid in a channel by a detector located at a detector region, a 30 transducer in a transducer region, and at least one port for harvesting red blood cells.. 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 The invention described below is directed to a system and a method for detecting and measuring analytes in whole blood by integrating a microfluidic device, acoustic transducers and a detection apparatus for a wide range of needs for 5 analyzing analytes in a complex fluid, such as whole blood and other fluids, that include particles in the size range of a few nanometers to hundreds of microns. Target analytes include but are not limited to glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, chloride, hemoglobin, troponin I, cholesterol, and coagulation factors. The invention disclosed herein has at least the following advantages over 10 existing systems for detecting and measuring analytes in w'hole blood including but not limited to, free hemoglobin. Hemoglobin may be used as an indicator of hemolysis in the blood sample undergoing analysis. « a one step, single integrated device for enhanced particulate partitioning efficiency in a particulate-bearing fluid by application of 15                  a continuous acoustic force in a localized area of the fluid while flow is arrested, or alternatively, while fluid is flowing and measuring an analyte by a detector in the fluid from which the particles are partitioned from the arrested or flowing fluid; * one step partitioning of particulates and fluid in a flowing or arrested 20                    sample, i.e., single stage partitioning of particles, e.g., cells, and no need for multi-stage separation that is used for “separation while flowing”; • elimination of a separate device, for example, a centrifuge or filters to collect plasma for analytical measurement, or a separate analyte 25                  detection device into which the collected plasma is analyzed; * reversibility' of partitioned particles, e.g., red blood cells (RBCs), to reconstitute whole blood thereby maintaining blood integrity, e.g., hematocrit, blood constituents, RBC integrity, after application of acoustic forces and after analyte analysis; 30              » reusability of the whole blood sample (because of particulate partitioned reversibility) without the need for additional remixing of 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 plasma and RBCs for other whole blood measurements, e.g., whole blood viscosity; « small sample volume required for analysis in. a range of 1 microliter to 10 milliliters; 5               » simplicity of manufacture and operation of acoustics, fluidics, and detectors, e.g., optical detectors in the microfluidic device according to the invention. A significant advantage of the invention disclosed herein is a device and method for the partitioning of plasma from a whole blood sample, analyte detection 10 in the sample in one step: no need to collect plasma first and then perform analysis on collected plasma. In a microchannel, plasma is reversibly separated and not collected from the cellular content of whole blood. The separated plasma is analyzed in an integrated detector without a collecting step or a step requiring collected plasma analysis in a separate independent clinical analyzer for the analyte 15 of interest. As used herein, a particle refers to any particulate matter in a size range from 10 mn to 1.5 millimeters including but not limited to cells such as red blood ceils, white blood cells, platelets, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. A particular non-limiting application of the disclosed system for analysis of a 20 complex particle-bearing fluid pertains to clinical diagnostics in the field of healthcare. For example, the invention described herein eliminates the need for centrifuging or filtering a patient’s whole blood sample to achieve plasma separation and plasma, collection in a container other than the microchannel in which a whole blood sample is held. The system according to the invention improves sample 25 throughput by eliminating the requirement for additional instrumentation, e.g., an independent detector in a clinical analyzer, or centrifuge in the point-of-care environment such as in the emergency, cardiac care, or critical care room, or in military hospitals in the field. According to the invention, and referring to one embodiment illustrated in 30 Figure 3A-3B, the system .10 includes a microfluidic device that accepts a particulate-bearing fluid, e.g., a whole blood sample into a microchannel 12 having a 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 diameter in the range of, for example, about 50 nm to 1.5 mm An acoustic transducer 20, or a pair of acoustic transducers 20a, 20b or an array of acoustic transducers 20n, integrated in the system 10, generates acoustic forces 24 which are applied transversely to a stationary (arrested) or flowing column 26 of whole blood 5 in the microchannel 12. Acoustic forces 24 generated by acoustic transducers 20n include but are not limited to ultrasound waves, surface acoustic waves, bulk acoustic waves, etc., with the frequency in the range of about 2KHz to 2 GHz. The acoustic forces partition the red blood cells (RBCs) 27 from the plasma 28 (due to distinct physical properties of plasma and RBCs) in the microchannel 12. While the 10 red blood cells 27 are partitioned in the fluid column 26 in the microchannel 12, the plasma 28 in the whole blood sample is analyzed by an integrated detector 19 such as an optical apparatus or sensors, tor the target analyte of interest, for example, hemoglobin. Because the measurement is done by the detector 19 while the- column 26 of whole blood sample is partitioned into plasma 28 in one portion of the column 15   26 and cells 27 in another portion of the column 26 in the flow microchannel 12, the system 10, according to the invention, has advantages over the prior art by eliminating the potentially high risk of operator contamination, and the otherwise necessary throughput-limiting step of first centrifuging or filtering whole blood to collect plasma for analysis that is performed in a separate clinical analyzer 20 apparatus. In a particular embodiment, an arrested flow mode, in contrast to a continuous flow method, enhances the efficiency of particulate partitioning and integration of an on-chip detection apparatus. In this embodiment, the system 10 according to the invention includes a fluid flow' arrestor (not shown) for arresting the 25   flow of fluid such as blood in the separation / detection microchannel 12 by hardware, such as but not limited to pumps, valves, flow' regulators, compressors and processors (not shown) for a defined period of time while the acoustic force is applied to the arrested particulate bearing fluid sample in the microchannel 12. Arrested blood flow increases residence time of the sample in the applied acoustic 30 field. Continuous separation of the particles in a designated area, i.e., a detection region of the microchannel, is achieved. 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 Additionally, by releasing the acoustic forces on the fluid sample, the partitioning of particles in the complex fluid medium is reversible, thereby reconstituting the particles, such as cells, in the complex fluid medium, such as plasma, to reconstitute whole blood for further analysis. The reconstituted whole 5 blood may be captured in a collector positioned in fluid communication with the microchannel 12 in a reservoir such as but not limited to another microchannel, a pocket, a dilatation, a chamber, or a cavity'. Thus, the system 10 according to the invention is readily applicable to point- of-care applications as well as in a central clinical laboratory. 10          Additionally, the system according to the invention 10 may be incorporated into the extracorporeal blood line of a heart / lung machine for continuous monitoring of blood analytes during a surgical procedure requiring cardiopulmonary bypass such as but not limited to cardiac valve repair or replacement, pulmonary thrombectomy, repair of septal defects, congenital cardiac or vascular defects, and 15 thromboendarterectomy. The system according to the invention may be used in the extracorporeal blood line of infants with serious congenital defects receiving life support or to oxygenate blood to maintain patients in need of and waiting for an organ transplant. In addition to detection of hemolysis, the system and method according to 20 the invention can also be used in the following fields: ® particle based chemical assays using reporter beads, such as bead- based virus detection, or bacteria detection, for example ® other cell based assays using cell suspensions, such as detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in a blood sample, other body fluid samples, or 25           cell fractions obtained from a tissue such as but not limited to a neoplasm Figures 3A and 3B illustrate ths overall principle and one embodiment of the system 10 according to the invention for analysis of a complex particle-bearing fluid (complex, fluid) 16 such as whole blood for a target analyte of interest. The system 30   10 includes a microfluidic device configuration 22 comprising one or more 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 microchannels 12 and at least a sample post 14 in fluid communication with at least the one microchannel 12 for introducing the complex particle-bearing fluid 16. The microchannel 12 includes at least one detector 19 and at least one detection site 18 or region for detecting an analyte in the complex particle-bearing fluid 16. At least 5 one acoustic transducer 2D is integrated in the microfluidic device 22 for transmitting acoustic waves 24 into the column 26 of the complex fluid 16, whole blood, for example, in the detector region 18 of the microchannel 12, Acoustic forces 24 applied to the detector region 18 of the fluid column 16 partition the particles 27 in the complex fluid 16, RBCs 27, for example, and generate a 10 substantially particle-free fluid 28, plasma for example, in the detector region 18 for analysis of the target analyte by the detector 19. With continued reference to Figures 3A and 3B, detector 19 such as optical detectors / transmitters, or sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence 15 measurement system, which usually includes LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and related optics, are integrated with the acoustic transducers 20 at the detector region 18 in the microchannel 12 for detection of the analyte of interest as shown in Figure 3A, Figure 3B is a cross-sectional view of an acoustic force 24 in the microchannel illustrated in Figure 3A, according to the invention, moving RBCs 27 in the column 20   16 of whole blood to the sides 11 of the microchannel 12. Analysis by the detector 19 is performed on the substantially particle-free fluid 28 while flow is arrested or, alternatively, while the substantially particle-free fluid 28 is moving in the microchannel 12. Specifically for hemolysis (free hemoglobin detection), the optical absorption spectrum of hemoglobin in contrast to other blood constituents is 25 illustrated in Figure 3C. As described above, by releasing acoustic forces on the fluid sample, the partitioning of RBCs is reversible permitting the reconstitution of whole blood that may be collected in a downstream collector such as, for example, a tube, vessel, bag, or chamber for collecting and holding whole blood. 30          Figures 4A-4B illustrate another embodiment of the acoustic configuration system 10 for particle partitioning RBCs from whole blood, for example, and 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 generation of a substantially particle-free fluid for fluid analysis, plasma for example, for detection and analysis of a target analyte. The width of the microchannel 12 can be in the range of about 50nm to 1,5 millimeters, preferably 5 micrometers to 1 millimeter, for example. The acoustic wave 24 used in this 5 configuration could be ultrasonic waves, surface acoustic waves, bulk acoustic waves, for example, with the frequency in the range of 2KHz to 2 GHz, Detectors 19 such as optical detectors / transmitters, or sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, which usually includes 10 LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and related optics, are located at a detector region 18 in the microchannel 12 for detection of the analyte of interest. In this embodiment, shown in Figure 4A. the complex fluid 16 is introduced via a sample port 14 in fluid communication with a microchannel 1.2, The complex fluid 16 fills and forms a fluid column 26 within the microchannel 12. Acoustic 15 transducers 2(1 and analyte detectors 19 are integrated at a detection region 18 in the microchannel for transmitting acoustic waves 24 into the column 26 of the complex fluid 16, column of whole blood for example, and for detection and analysis of a target analyte lit the fluid column 26. Analysis by the detector 19 is performed on the substantially particle-free 20 fluid 28 while flow is arrested or, alternatively, while the substantially particle-free fluid 28 is moving in the microchannel 12. Detectors 19 including optical detectors / transmitters, or sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, which usually includes LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and 25 related optics, are integrated w'ith the acoustic transducers 20 at the detector region 18 in the microchannel 12 for detection of the analyte of interest. Figure 4B is a cross-sectional view of RBCs 27 moved under the acous tic force 24 to the center of the microchannel 12 illustrated in Figure 4A. The standing acoustic wave is introduced to the microchannel 12, and the acoustic force 24 moves 30 the RBCs 27 to the center of the microchannel 12, leaving the areas close to die 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 microchannel wail 11 with cell-free plasma 28. In this embodiment, the area close to the wall 11 can be used for analyte measurement. As described above, by releasing acoustic forces on the fluid sample, the partitioning of RBCs is reversible permitting the reconstitution of whole blood that 5 may be collected in a downstream collector such as, for example, a tube, vessel, bag or chamber for collecting and holding whole blood. Figures 5A-5B illustrate another embodiment of the acoustic configuration 10 for particle partitioning, for example, RBCs in whole blood, and generation of a substantially particle-free fluid for fluid analysis, such as plasma, for detection and 10 analysis of a target analyte. In this embodiment, shown in Figure S.A, the complex fluid 16 is introduced via a sample port 14 in fluid communication with a microchannel 12. The complex fluid 16 fills and forms a fluid column 26 within the microchannel 12. Acoustic transducers 20 and detectors 19 are integrated at a detection region IS in the 15 microchannel 12 for transmitting acoustic waves 24 into the column 26 of complex fluid 16, whole blood for example, and for detection and analysis of a target analyte in the fluid column 26. Analysis by the detector 19 is performed on the substantially particle-free fluid 28 while flow is arrested or, alternatively, while substantially particle-free fluid 20   28 is moving in the microchannel 12. Figure 5B is a cross-sectional view of a microchannel 12 illustrated in Figure 5 A, showing the distribution of RBCs 27 inside the microchannel 12 in response to the acoustic force 24. In this embodiment, one period of the standing wave is introduced into the microchannel 12 forming two pressure nodes 40a, 49b in the 25 fluid column 26. The RBCs 27 are moved to the pressure nodes 40a, 40b, leaving the area in the center 29 of the microchannel 12 and the areas next to the microchannel walls 11 with cell-free plasma 28. The analyte detection is performed in the regions of cell-free plasma. The detector 19 such as optical detectors / transmitters, or sensors such as traditional 30 photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, which usually includes LEDs, 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 spectrometers, photodiodes and related optics, are integrated with the acoustic transducers 20 at the detector region 1§ in the microchannel 12 for detection of the analyte of interest. As described above, by releasing acoustic forces on. the fluid sample, the 5 partitioning of RBCs is reversible permitting the reconstitution of whole blood that may be collected in a downstream collector such as, for example, a tube, vessel, bag or chamber for collecting and holding whole blood. Figure 6 illustrates another embodiment of the acoustic configuration system 10 for particle partitioning, RBCs in whole blood, for example, and generation of a 10 substantially particle-free fluid 28 for fluid analysis, such as plasma, for detection and analysis of a target analyte. In this embodiment, the complex fluid 16 is introduced via a sample port 14 in fluid communication with a microchannel 12. The complex fluid 16 fills and forms a fluid column 26 within the microchannel 12. Acoustic transducers 20a and 15   20b are located at acoustic regions 21a, 21b, respectively for transmitting acoustic waves 24a, 24b, respectively into the column of the complex fluid 16, whole blood for example. RBCs are moved by acoustic forces 24a towards the walls 11 of the microchannel 12. As the fluid flows further down the microchannel 12, the RBCs 20 partitioned by acoustic forces 24a move out of microchannel 12 into one or more particle outlet channels 42a, 42b (42h). As illustrated in Figure 6, a first and second microfluidic microchannel 12a, 12b, respectively are configured in serial. The first and second microchannels 12a, 12b have a first or second acoustic region 21a, 2.1b comprising a first and second acoustic transducer 20a, 208. respectively. 25           After generation of a first substantially particle-free fluid 23a by partitioning the particles 27 in the first, microchannel 12a at the first, acoustic region 21a, by the application of an. acoustic force 24, a substantially particle free portion flows into the second microchannel 12b and the particles are further partitioned from the fluid column 26 by the second acoustic transducer 20b in the second acoustic region 21b 30 of the second microchannel 12b, In. this embodiment of the system 10, the particles in the complex fluid such as whole blood are further partitioned by acoustic forces 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 24b in the second acoustic region 21b to obtain a further substantially particle-free fluid, such as plasma, for detection and analysis of a target analyte. Analysis by a detector 19 is performed on the second particle-free fluid 28b in the detector region 18 while the fluid is flowing or arrested after passing through the first acoustic 5 region 21a and second acoustic region 21b. Detector 19 such as optical detectors / transmitters, or sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, winch usually includes LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and related optics, are located in a detector region 10   18 of the second microchannel 12b at the acoustic, region 21b immediately downstream for detection of the analyte of interest in the second particle free fluid 28b. Figure 7 illustrates another embodiment of the acoustic configuration of the system 10 for particle partitioning, for example, RBCs in whole blood, and 15 generation of a substantially particle-free fluid for analysis, such as plasma, for detection and analysis of a target analyte. In the embodiment shown in Figure 7, the complex fluid 16 is introduced via a sample port 14 in fluid communication with a microchannel 12. The complex fluid 16 fills and forms a fluid column 26 within the microchannel 12. Two or more 20 acoustic transducers 20a, 20b, one for each acoustic region 21a, 21b, are configured in serial along a single microchannel 12. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 7, the complex fluid 16 is separated twice, once at a first acoustic region 21a of the microchannel 12 and again a second time at a second acoustic region 21b of the microchannel 12 to obtain particle-free 25 fluid 28 such as plasma in a single microchannel 12 for detection and analysis of a target analyte. Analysis by the detector 19 at a location downstream from the acoustic regions 21n can be performed on the substantially particle-free fluid 28 while the fluid is flowing or arrested. Detectors 19 such as optical detectors / transmitters, or 30 sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, which 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 usually includes LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and related optics, are located at a detector region in the microchannel for detection of the anal she of interest. As described above, by releasing acoustic forces on the fluid sample, the partitioning of RBCs is reversible permitting the reconstitution of whole blood that 5 may be collected in a downstream collector such as, for example, a tube, vessel, bag or chamber for collecting and holding whole blood. Figure 8A illustrates another embodiment of the acoustic configuration of the system 10 for particle partitioning, for example. RBCs in whole blood, and generation of substantially particle-free fluid for fluid analysis such as plasma for 10 detection and analysis of a target analyte. In this embodiment, the complex fluid 16 is introduced via a sample port 14 in fluid communication with a microchannel 12. The complex fluid 26 fills and forms a fluid column 26 within the microchannel 12. Figure 8B illustrates that the acoustic force 24 is introduced along the 15 vertical direction by an acoustic transducer 20. Particles, such as RBCs, are partitioned to the top layer 32 of the microchannel 12 and the substantially particle-free fluid 28, such as plasma, stays in the bottom 34 of the microchannel 12, By this configuration, the substantially particle-free fluid 2§ is partitioned for analysis of a target analyte, such as hemoglobin, for the detection of hemolysis. Through acoustic. 20 configuration, the substantially particle-free fluid 28 can also be separated in the top layer 32, middle layer 36 or certain positions along the vertical axis of the microchannel 12, Analysis by the detector 19 can be performed on the substantially particle-free fluid 28 while fluid is flowing or arrested. Detectors 19 such as optical 25 detectors / fransmitters, or sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement, systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, which usually includes LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and related optics, are located at a detector region in the microchannel for detection of the analyte of interest. 30           As described above, by releasing acoustic, forces on the fluid sample, the partitioning of RBCs is reversible permitting the reconstitution of whole blood that 2024205186  18 Sep 2025 may be collected in a downstream collector such as, for example, a tube, vessel, bag or chamber for collecting and holding whole blood. Figure 9 illustrates another embodiment of the acoustic configuration system 10 for particle partitioning for example, RBCs in whole blood, and generation of a 5 substantially particle-free fluid for fluid analysis such as plasma for detection and analysis of a target analyte. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 9, the complex fluid 16 is introduced via a sample port 14 in fluid communication with a microchannel 12. The complex fluid 16 fdls and forms a column 26 within the mierochannel 12. The acoustic 10 separation is performed at a first acoustic region 21a of the microchannel 12. Acoustic separation is a result of acoustic forces 24 transmitted by acoustic transducers 20 into the fluid column 26. The substantially particle-free fluid 28 flow's in a column 26 to the detector region 1§ for detection of hemolysis in a whole blood sample, while the particles 27 such as RBCs in the complex fluid 16 are 15 partitioned and flow to an outlet port 42a, 42b. Detector 19 such as optical detectors / transmitters, or sensors such as traditional photometry detection apparatus, traditional fluorescence measurement systems, time resolved fluorescence measurement system, which usually includes LEDs, spectrometers, photodiodes and rela ted optics, are located at a detector region 20   1§ in the microchannel 12 for detection of the analyte of interest. The particle-free fluid such as plasma flows through a plasma channel to a plasma outlet port 38 that is separate from particulate outlet ports 42a, 42b, In yet another embodiment of the invention, multiple detector regions 18« in the microchannel 12 described in the above embodiments are associated with an 25 acoustic device 20 and a detector 19 for analysis of multiple target analytes in a complex fluid such as whole blood, each target analyte being detected at one of the detector regions ISn.

Claims

1. A system comprising:a channel comprising an inlet configured to receive, from a supply, an amount of blood comprising red blood cells and plasma to fill the channel, the blood forming a column in the channel;an acoustic transducer positioned relative to the channel to generate acoustic waves that apply acoustic force to the column of blood in the channel to form, in the channel, layers comprising a first layer and second layers, the first layer comprising the plasma, the first layer being substantially free of the red blood cells, and the second layers comprising the red blood cells;wherein the acoustic transducer is a single acoustic transducer that is external to the channel and that is positioned relative to the channel to generate the acoustic waves to form the first layer in a center of the channel; andwherein the channel is configured to enable detection, including in a center of the channel, by an optical detector, the optical detector to detect information from which an attribute of the blood can be determined.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the attribute comprises an analyte, the analyte comprising free hemoglobin.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the attribute is associated with hemolysis.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the attribute comprises an analyte, the analyte comprising comprises a protein.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the first layer is arrested in a region where the detection is performed.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the first layer is flowing in a region where the detection is performed.2024205186  18 Sep 20257. The system of claim 1, wherein the channel comprises a microchannel comprised of light-transmissible material.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the channel is configured for connection across a fluid flow line; andwherein the fluid flow line is associated with a medical device, the supply being connected to the fluid flow line.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein, in response to stoppage of the acoustic force, the first layer and the second layer are mixed at least downstream of a region where the detection is performed.

10. The system of claim 1, further comprising:a fluid flow arrestor to arrest flow of the first layer during the detection.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the flow arrestor comprises one or more of a pump, a valve, a flow regulator, a compressor, or a processor.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the second layers comprise two second layers.

13. The system of claim 8, wherein the fluid flow line comprises an extracorporeal blood line of the medical device.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein the channel is configured for connection to a fluid flow line; andwherein the fluid flow line comprises a second channel downstream of where detection is peformed in which the first layer and the second layers are mixed.2024205186  18 Sep 202515. The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic force forms third layers comprising plasma that are substantially free of the red blood cells, each third layer being between a respective second layer and a surface of the channel.

16. The system of claim 1, wherein the attribute comprises an analyte, the analyte comprising one or more of: glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, chloride, troponin l, cholesterol, or a coagulation factor.

17. The system of claim 1, wherein acoustic transducer is integrated with the optical detector.

18. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical detector comprises a spectrometer.

19. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical detector comprises a photometer.

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