Method Of Blasting Using Jet Units Charged In A Blast-Hole

Abstract

Liners (150), fittings (11-22), and spacers (23-25) are provided to assemble the jet (170) units, which work as explosives (110) and detonators (120) to form stand-off distance and air-deck (140) space. The liners (150) release jets (170) and the fittings (11-22) and spacers (23-25) are designed to attach the liner (150) firmly to the explosives (110), inducing the cavity effect. The objective of the present invention is to provide a blasting method using a jet (170) unit to overcome the limits of sympathetic detonation, applying a mechanism that is ideal according to the analysis of observations in blast-hole (100) blasting. The application of jet (170) units for jet (170) detonation in blast-hole (100) blasting overcomes the performance limits of explosives (110) manufacturing and the conceptual limits of detonators (120) functionalities and improves the channel effect, dead pressing, loss of power, and stopping of detonation etc. Particularly, the application of controlled blasting and air-decking can be carried out without restriction while maintaining the safety of the slurry or emulsion explosives (110). (FIG. 5D) 20 24 22 73 08 14 O ct 2 02 4 A B S T R A C T 2 0 2 4 2 2 7 3 0 8 1 4 O c t 2 0 2 4 9 / 99 / 9 100 100 130 130 300 110 113 300 150 200 113 150 150 120 110 111 120 200 200 300 113 300 300 110 FIG. 5C FIG. 5D 20 24 22 73 08 14 O ct 2 02 4 2 0 2 4 2 2 7 3 0 8 1 4 O c t 2 0 2 4 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 5 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 F I G . 5 D3 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 3 0 0 1 3 0

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to blasting with explosives and more particularly to a blast-hole blasting method, employing a jet unit applying the shaped charge effect, to realize the ideal mechanism of the explosion and breakage analysis.

[0002] The invention has been developed primarily for use in methods and systems for rock blasting using a jet unit and will be described hereinafter with reference to this application. However, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particular field of use. Background

[0003] Any discussion of the background art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such background art is prior art, nor that such background art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field in Australia or worldwide as at the priority date of the present application.

[0004] All references, including any patents or patent applications, cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference, which means that it should be read and considered by the reader as part of this text. That the document, reference, patent application or patent cited in this text is not repeated in this text is merely for reasons of conciseness.

[0005] No admission is made that any reference or documentation cited in the present specification constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications may be referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or in any other country, at the priority date of the application.

[0006] The history of blasting can be divided into the development of explosives and detonators, and the changes in their use. And so far, better blasting methods have been pursued with imagination based on observation of various phenomena.

[0007] Explosives have developed from black powder to dynamite, ANFO, slurry, emulsion, and so forth while similarly, the evolution of the electric detonator, non-electric detonator, and electronic detonator have continued since the invention of the blasting cap and detonator. Thus, the safety of explosives and the precision of the detonator have improved greatly. As for the technological progress of blasting, the blasting of the explosives charged in a blast-hole was 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 established in the 17th century. Ensuing the observation of various phenomena, an air-deck method utilizing analytical detonation reactions was implemented, and research on a jet-powered shaped charge continued.

[0008] Of particular note is that in 1893, when Knox discovered and patented that void space (air-deck) inside the blast-hole increased the efficiency of blasting when charged with gunpowder. Regarding the detonator, G. Bloem in 1883 patented the formation of a hemispherical base of the detonator to increase the force of detonation.

[0009] According to the analysis of macroscopic mechanisms known to date, rocks are cracked up to 9ms due to the dynamic and static effects of the explosion reaction. Movement of the crushed rock begins after 9ms, and the crater production is completed in 15~30ms. In addition, observation of the air-deck’s microscopic mechanisms has been reported that shock waves within 4~8ms have a decisive effect on the fracturing of the rock. [Liu L, Katsabanis PD Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Monhanty (ed.) Balkema, Rotterdam (1996), numerical modelling of the effects of air-decking / decoupling in production and controlled blasting pp. 319-330).

[0010] The development of the basic principle of the shaped charge began much earlier, and took longer than that of the air-deck. The fundamental structure of the modern-day shaped charge (incorporating the stand-off distance starting with the observation of the cavity effect) took roughly 150 years to establish. [Donald R. Kennedy History of The Shaped Charge Effect: The First 100 Years, Defense Technical Information Center, (1990) pp. 3-14]. In the process, a number of invention patents have been proposed.

[0011] On the other hand, the detonating action of the detonator can be divided into fragments, heat, and shock waves. Regarding the detonation of cap sensitive explosives, fragments play the most important role in detonating explosives. It is reported that ammonium nitrate detonates at a distance of 1m by the fragments of in experiment.

[0012] In the jet of the shaped charge effect, a shock wave generated when the explosive is detonated is transmitted to the liner, and the collapsed liner forms the jet of high temperature and high pressure in the axial direction. The stand-off distance between the liner and the target further enhances the effect. For metal liners, the jet temperature is above 500 degrees and the speed reaches 12.5 km / s, more than twice the fragments velocity of the primer. Summary

[0013] It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate at least one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide a useful alternative. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026

[0014] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the words “comprise”, “comprises” and “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps or elements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group of steps or elements.

[0015] Any one of the terms “including” or “which includes” or “that includes” as used herein is also an open term that also means including at least the elements / features that follow the term, but not excluding others. Thus, “including” is synonymous with and means “comprising”.

[0016] In the claims, as well as in the summary above and the description below, all transitional phrases such as “comprising”, “including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, “holding”, “composed of”, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean “including but not limited to”. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” alone shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

[0017] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of possible implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of possible implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.

[0018] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fitting assembly for use in a blast-hole blasting method, comprising: one or more liners configured to generate a jet upon detonation; and a cylindrical fitting configured to support and position the liner(s) relative to a primer or charged explosive; wherein the one or more liners are integrally or detachably attached to the cylindrical fitting, and are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical fitting; and wherein the jet generated by the liner is configured to initiate or propagate the explosion of the charged explosive(s) within the blast-hole.

[0019] The bottom surface of the liner may be aligned with one of both ends of the cylindrical fitting, or the bottom surface of the liner is located between both ends of the cylindrical fitting.

[0020] The fitting may have two liners and the bottom surface of one of the liners faces to one end of the cylindrical fitting and the bottom surface of the other liners faces to the opposite end of the cylindrical fitting. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026

[0021] The fitting may have an insert hole through which a detonator is inserted.

[0022] At least one of both ends of the cylindrical fitting may have a lid.

[0023] The liner may be made of at least one of materials selected from the group consisting of: metal; plastic; ceramic; and glass.

[0024] The shape of the liner may be selected from the group consisting of: flat type; curved type; conical type; trumpet type; double cone type; flat top type; recessed type; or double nipple type.

[0025] The jet unit for detonation may further comprise a fitting for mounting a liner and a cylindrical spacer attached to the fitting. At least one of both ends of the spacer may be formed in a curved shape or in a conical shape.

[0026] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a jet unit for detonation comprising a fitting assembly for mounting a liner according the first aspect, and a cylindrical spacer attached to the fitting assembly.

[0027] According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an ideal mechanism of rock blasting using a jet unit (via the shaped charge effect) to reduce the completion time of the detonation reaction and increase explosion force, comprising the following steps of: drilling the blast-hole in the object of breakage; and mounting and charging the liner which releases the jet, wherein loading a blast-hole without empty spaces or an air-deck: attach the liner to the primer(s) and deploy bidirectionally; and / or attach a liner to booster, or column charge to enhance the explosive power; and double-checking then detonating the charge, in order to produce the jet and detonate said blast-hole.

[0028] According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided: 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 a rock blasting and other blast-hole blasting method by drilling one or more blast-holes into the object of breakage and charging said blast-hole(s) with explosives; wherein the propagation of detonation is dependent on the charged explosives; and wherein the improved method is characterized in that a released jet(s) detonates or propagates the detonation of the loaded explosives in said blast-hole(s), by means of deploying a jet unit(s) with a liner(s) applying the shaped charge effect, attached to said explosives loaded in said blast-hole(s).

[0029] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. The invention includes all such variation and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, formulations, and compounds referred to or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively and any and all combinations of any two or more of the steps or features. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0030] The configuration, operation, and applications of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying diagrams.

[0031] Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, a preferred embodiment / preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0032] FIG. 1A is a sectional side view illustrating the detonation reaction zone by the detonator.

[0033] FIG. IB is a sectional side view illustrating the dead-pressing phenomenon by the channel effect.

[0034] FIG. 1C is a sectional side view illustrating the jet generated by the shaped charge.

[0035] FIG. ID is a sectional side view illustrating the detonation reaction zone by the jet.

[0036] FIG. 2A is a diagram showing the shapes of detonation liners.

[0037] FIG. 2B is a diagram showing the shapes of fittings and spacers.

[0038] FIG. 3A is a diagram showing a detonator on the jet unit.

[0039] FIG. 3B is a diagram showing the basic shape of the jet unit.

[0040] FIG. 3C is a diagram showing the basic shape of the jet unit with the stand-off distance. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026

[0041] FIG. 4A is a sectional side view of a charging method of cartridge explosives according to prior art.

[0042] FIG. 4B is a sectional side view of a charging method of bulk explosives according to prior art.

[0043] FIG. 4C is a sectional side view of a charging method of pre-splitting according to prior art.

[0044] FIG. 4D is a sectional side view of a charging method of air-decking according to prior art.

[0045] FIG. 5A is a sectional side view of a charging method of cartridge explosives in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0046] FIG. 5B is a sectional side view of a charging method of bulk explosives in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] FIG. 5C is a sectional side view of a charging method of pre-splitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] FIG. 5D is a sectional side view of a charging method of air-decking in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0049] In the drawings, like structures are referred to by like numerals throughout the several views. The drawings shown are not necessarily to scale, with emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the present invention. Detailed Description

[0050] In accordance with the analytical observation and practical application of drilling blasting to date, the most ideal mechanism is to complete at once, on a molecular basis, the detonation reaction of a charged explosive before the destruction of the blast-hole wall proceeds. Consequently, it is possible to complete the cracking and crushing of the blasting object by converting both the shock wave energy of the primary detonation reaction and the chemical energy of the secondary reaction product into kinetic energy. In other words, to reduce the completion time of the detonation reaction of the charged explosives, increase the degree of completeness, and induction of the shock wave emission of chemical products in accordance with the detonation reaction will lengthen the duration of the reverberation significantly. However, concerning the current blast-hole blasting method, two factors hinder the progress of the ideal 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 mechanism. These can be divided into the manufacturing and practical limitations of the explosives and detonators.

[0051] Regarding explosives, the explosion of slurry and emulsion explosives (which currently occupies most of the industrial explosives with superior stability compared to dynamite) have a manufacturing limitation based on the hot spot theory by adiabatic compression of bubbles. In terms of detonation, the precision and accuracy of the detonator have reached 1ms, but its role is only fulfilled at the moment of detonation, and propagation is conceptualized as being dependent on the sympathetic detonation of the loading charge.

[0052] For this reason, the explosive energy cannot be efficiently used in blast-hole blasting. There have been disadvantageous phenomena such as the channel effect and dead-pressing phenomenon or deceleration and detonation failure in the case of narrow drilling pattern or deep holes, in the use of various sites such as bench blasting, tunnel blasting, and water blasting. In particular, the air- deck charging method is more efficient to use 10-30% of the charged explosives in theory, however, in practice the smaller the diameter and deeper the depth of the blast-holes, the occurrences of the problems become increasingly frequent. Thus, making the result less efficient than the conventional method.

[0053] Concerning this circumstance, US patent specification No. 6,330,860 still does not compromise the borrowed use of the early air-deck discovery and fails to account for the loss of detonation velocity and power in sympathetic detonation. Thus, not necessarily providing a practical alternative as this invention addresses. U.S. Patent Specification No. 5,705,768 is borrowed without developing upon the basic form of the shaped charge consisting of the existing housing, explosives, detonator, and liner. There is no use of the stand-off distance; accounting for only the concept of direction and no concept of speed. The role of the liner is also limited to only the cavity effect and not the jet effect. The use of the hemispherical liner with half the speed of the jet compared to the cone, and the jet effect using a high speed of the conical liner is also negatively taught so that it is difficult to achieve the effect of sufficient jet detonation. Kennedy’s report above is reminiscent of the WASAG (1910) patent, which applied the cavity effect only to direct fracturing, as it has been continuously used ineffectively so far in blast-hole blasting. In other words, it is not the principle of the shaped charge but part of the shapes only from the shaped charge.

[0054] In this method, both patents apply special phenomena from the history of blasting, each with its own limitations, suggesting opposite directions for the application and implementation of the ideal concept of blast-hole blasting. Such methods are conditioned on the limitations of explosives manufacturing according to the hot spot theory and the conceptual limits of the detonator’s function, which rely on the sympathetic detonation of blast-hole blasting. In addition, 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 the explosive energy cannot be efficiently used, and the application to various blasting environments or to other charging methods such as air-decks exposes many problems.

[0055] The present invention is to provide a blasting method using a jet unit, in which the shaped charge effect is applied as a method of practicing the ideal mechanism of blast-hole blasting, based on the analysis of the observations described above.

[0056] In the history of blast-hole blasting, many better methods have been proposed so far, but no technical solution has been provided for the concept of ideal blasting by analysis of observations. The reason for this is that the analysis was difficult at the time of discovery of both the two phenomena mentioned above. The use of black powder and dynamite may have been the reason for no apparent need for consideration of the dead-pressure phenomena of explosives produced on the basis of the hot-spot theory, or for the widespread application of the air-deck phenomenon.

[0057] Liners, spacers, and fittings are provided to make a jet unit that acts as explosives and a detonator in blast-hole blasting. The liner can be made of materials such as metal, plastic, ceramic, or glass, capable of emitting a jet during the detonation reaction. The shape of the liner is planar, spherical, conical, etc. which can vary the speed, length and width of the cross-section of the emitted jets, depending on the intended application. Primarily, cones with a vertex angle of 40 to 90 degrees, which the generatrix is straight or curved are sufficient to induce jet emission. The spacers and fittings can be made of plastic and materials similar to plastic or environmentally friendly materials. The spacers’ end portion can be shaped like the liner to support the liner or other spacers and to induce the cavity effect in the charged explosives. One side of the fittings are designed to accommodate primers, boosters, or charged explosives, while also attaching the liner in close contact, while the other side can be further extended to form a stand-off distance, or to accommodate explosives and / or spacers.

[0058] According to the predetermined plan, drill the blast-hole(s) on the object of fracture such as rock or concrete.

[0059] Regarding the methods of charging the jet unit for jet detonation, one or more primers, boosters, or column charges are loaded in the blast holes; mount at least one liner to the loaded explosives for jet ignition; form empty spaces between the explosives to be used as a stand-off distance and an air-deck. The length is adjusted with respect to the strength of the rock, drilling pattern, and types of explosives. In this case, attach using a spacer or fitting to increase workability.

[0060] Double-check the charge, detonate the primer, and complete propagation as the jet is released by the liner for detonation. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 Advantageous Effects

[0061] The jet detonation proceeds faster than the detonation of the charged explosive, and exceeds the propagation speed of the shock wave (through the air gap) between the charge and blast-hole, and the released jet fragments and its energy detonate the charges in the blast-hole rapidly. In addition, the detonation reaction of the charged explosives propagates in all directions along the axis to maximize efficiency.

[0062] As such, the jet unit overcomes the performance limits of explosives manufacturing, and the conceptual limits of detonators functionalities, and also improves the effectiveness of the channel effect, and dead pressing, and prevents loss of power and halt of detonation, etc. The application of controlled blasting and air-decking can be carried out without restriction while maintaining the safety of slurry or emulsion explosives.

[0063] In particular, microscopic observation of rock breakage by the air-deck charging method has proven to have a decisive impact on shock waves within 4-8ms. Prerequisites for this are to reduce the completion time of the detonation reaction of the explosives, increase their maturity, and induce and sustain the shock waves release of chemical products following the detonation reaction. The jet unit reduces the completion time of the detonation reaction and increases the degree of completion. The stand-off distance further accelerates the speed of the jet, and combined with the proper arrangement of the air-deck, also ensures that the chemical product of the detonation reaction releases its energy as a shock wave, greatly improving its reverberation.

[0064] The jet unit improves the efficiency of explosives in blast-hole blasting, thereby reducing the influence on adjacent holes during tunnel blasting, and increasing the rate of excavation and advantageous for over-break management. It also increases the productivity and workability by overcoming the effects of the detonation due to water pressure in underwater blasting, and can be an essential application during controlled blasting. When applied to all blast-hole blasting, explosive efficiency can be increased to improve productivity and prevent pollution and environmental issues such as vibration and noise.

[0065] In blast-hole blasting, the explosion using the jet unit could lead to the reconsideration and change of basic design elements such as sensitivity, pressure resistance, and detonation velocity, etc., in the manufacturing method of industrial explosives. In addition to the classification of industrial explosives (which are classified currently cap sensitive and booster sensitive), it will be possible to manufacture safer jet sensitive explosives by adapting the activation energy to the jet detonation. In addition, it will accelerate the methods of achieving said efficiency by detonating the loading explosive at once on the molecular basis. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 Preferred Embodiment

[0066] FIGS. 1A to 1D illustrate the problems of prior arts and their solutions provided by a detonating jet.

[0067] FIG. 1A shows the detonation reaction caused by the propagation of the explosives 110 of the detonator 120. Shock wave and explosion product 190 are generated in the detonation reaction zone 180.

[0068] FIG. IB is a diagram showing the cause of the channel effect. The shock wave originating from the detonation of the detonator 120 passes between the blast-hole 100 and the explosive 110, to reach the explosive 110 which has not yet been detonated, thereby reducing the sensitivity. This reduces the efficiency of explosives 110 and results in misfired charges. This phenomenon becomes evident when using slurry or emulsion explosives manufactured on the basis of hot spot theory in small tunnels, reducing efficiency in controlled blasting and bench blasting in construction and mining, and limiting the potential wider implementation of air-decks.

[0069] FIG. 1C shows the jet 170 is produced when the shaped charge is detonated by the detonator 120. The shock wave generated by the explosive 110 transmits to and collapses the liner 150. The collapsed liner 150 forms a jet 170 of high temperature and pressure in the axial direction. The temperature of the jet 170 is above 500 degrees and the speed reaches 12.5 km / s, more than twice the speed of the fragments of the detonator 120. At this time, the stand-off distance 160, which is the distance from the liner 150 to the target, further accelerates the jet 170 emitted by the liner 150.

[0070] FIG. 1D shows the detonation reaction zone 180 of cartridge explosives 110 which are detonated by the jet 170 emitted by the shaped charge. As such, it can be seen that the detonation reaction zone 180 by the jet 170 is greatly different from that by the detonator 120 in FIG. 1A. The detonation by the jet 170 of the liner 150 proceeds faster than the propagation of the explosion by the conventional sympathetic detonation in the blast-hole 100 blasting, and exceeds the propagation speed of the pressure by the shock wave through the air gap of the blast-hole 100.

[0071] As described above, detonation by the jet unit of FIG. 3A to 3C is to reduce the completion time of the detonation reaction and to increase the degree of completion, to effectively use the explosive 110, and to improve the channel effect, dead pressure phenomenon, and prevent the loss of power and halt of detonation. This is because the emitted jet 170 fragments and their energy not only detonate explosives 110 in the blast-hole 100 in a short time, but the detonation reaction of the charged explosives 110 occurs all along the axis, maximizing its efficiency. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026

[0072] FIGS. 2A and 2B are described with reference to the diagrams for the production of liners (1—10), fittings (11-22), and spacers (23-25). In the practice of the present invention, it can be loaded by simply attaching the liner (1-10) to the explosives 110, but shown in Figure 2B for convenience and workability of mounting the liner (1-10), as well as forming the stand-off distance 160. Fittings (11-22), such as the integral type (11-13), detachable type (14-16), bidirectional types (17, 18), waterproof type (19, 20), application type (21, 22), and spacers (23-25) may be selected and applied according to the characteristics of each task. Particularly, when both ends of the spacers (23-25) are formed in the shape of a liner, such as a curved surface 23 or a conical shape 24, they are suitable for supporting the liner 150 and inducing the cavity effect to the charged explosives 110, consistent with the implication of the present method.

[0073] If the diameter of the blast-hole is larger than the diameter of the fittings or the spacers in FIG. 2B, the jet units shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are to be installed parallel to the blast-hole by making it possible to attach a straight or circular wing to the spacer or the fitting.

[0074] FIG. 2A shows the various shapes available for the manufacturing of the detonation liners 1 to 10. Flat type (1, 2), Curved type (3), Conical type (4), Trumpet type (5), Double Cone type (6, 7), Flat Top type (8), Recessed type (9), Double Nipple type (10). The liners (1-10) can vary in speed, length and width of the cross-section of the jet 170, depending on its shape. The material may be metal, plastic, ceramic or glass that emits jet 170 at an explosion of about 110.

[0075] FIG. 2B shows the various shapes available for the manufacturing of the fittings (11-22) and spacers (23-25). Integral type of fitting and liner (11), Integral type of fitting and liner with an extension (12), Integral type of fitting and liner with stand-off distance (13), Detachable type of fitting and liner (14), Detachable type of fitting and liner with stand-off distance (15, 16), Bidirectional fitting and liner (17), Bidirectional fitting and liner with clearance (18), Waterproof fittings and liner (19), Waterproof fittings and liner (20), Spherical shaped fitting and liner (21), Application type with jet centralized jet (22), Spherical shaped spacers (23), Conical shaped spacers (24), Spacer supporting liner, and the other side with cartridge receiver (25).

[0076] The bidirectional fittings (17, 18) may mount the primer 120 through the primer insert 202. Waterproof fittings (19, 20) can be applied to use the explosives 110 and close the lid 203 for waterproofing. The spherical 21 can be used for large diameters, while the application type 22 can be used for high-explosion 115 and low-explosion 116, where the jet must be concentrated in one place. The fittings (11, 22) and floaters (23-25) may be made of plastic, materials similar to plastic or eco-friendly materials. FIG. 3A, 3B, and 3C are jet units for jet detonation in blast-hole blasting. They act as explosives 110 and detonators 201, enabling the ideal blast-hole blasting following observation and analysis from the constraint of the implicit concept that “all propagation of detonation depends on the sympathetic detonation between charged explosives” since the 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 invention of detonators 120. As shown in FIG. 3C, the fittings with (13, 15, 16, 18, 20), and without (11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 22) the stand-off distance 160 may be more effective and convenient. The stand-off distance 160 accelerates the jet 170 and serves as the space for the air-deck 140, making it possible to be used by the explosives 110 more efficiently than the conventional air-deck 140 method.

[0077] For jet detonation in blast-hole blasting: ■        Firstly, the liner 150 is attached to the explosives 110, primer 111, booster 112, or column charge 113, mainly by using a straight or curved line of the generatrix of the cone to sufficiently induce the emission of the jet 170. The method of attaching the liner 150 is as shown in FIG. 3A. In the case of a cone shape, the rotation axis of the cone 150 coincides with the supposed long axis of the blast-hole 100, the cartridge explosives 110, the detonator 120, and the underside with the underside of the explosives to be attached. It should be made sure that the explosives 110 are in close contact with the outer surface of the liner 150. ■        Secondly, after attaching the liner 150, it is possible to induce acceleration on the jet 170 released by the liner 150 by setting the stand-off distance 160. Thus, amplifying the detonation force of the primer 120. In the case of long-hole blasting, this has the advantage of further accelerating the detonation. In the case of the conical liner 4, the stand-off distance 160 may be applied 2 to 8 times the diameter depending on the material to be manufactured for the penetration or cutting of the steel. Shorter or longer alterations of the stand-off distance do not interfere with the detonation of the explosives. As a simple test blasting according to the situation of the site, it can account for various variables such as the material and shape of the liner 150. ■       Thirdly, in the above-mentioned bench blasting, tunnel blasting, controlled blasting, underwater blasting, etc., determine the loading amount according to the working situation, attach the liner 150, set the stand-off distance 160, and then use spacer (23-25) between the charges. By constructing this, the efficiency of various blasting methods can be improved, and in particular, the air-deck method can be widely applied. Various types of liners (1-10), fittings (11-22), and spacers (23-25) shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B may be selected according to the types and characteristics of the above operations. FIG. 4A to 4D are conventional methods, all of which only rely on sympathetic detonation for the charged explosives (111-114). With regard to an issue in blast-hole 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 blasting, the shock waves energy following the crushing of the blast-hole wall is expended in pollution.

[0078] FIG. 4A is a representative method of the prior art, after placing the primer 111 with a detonator 120 at the bottom of a blast-hole 100, the column charge 113 located on the top, and stemming 130. In some cases, the primer 111 may be placed in the middle of a charge or just before the stemming 130.

[0079] FIG. 4B is a conventional technique in which a primer 111 is placed with a detonator 120 at the bottom of the blast-hole with loaded bulk explosives 114. In most cases, to increase the power of detonation, a booster 112 is placed in the middle of the charge. Even if the booster 112 is placed in the middle of the charge, the efficiency of the blasting is limited as a method of sympathetic detonation, and the potential wide implementation of the air-deck is restricted. When applied to large-scale bench blasting, the loss of power and halt of detonation are not distinctly recognizable, but there is much room for improvement in the perspective of the ideal method of a detonation reaction.

[0080] FIG. 4C is a method of pre-splitting, which is a kind of controlled blasting of the prior art. The explosives 110 (with diameters smaller than the blast-holes diameters) attach to the detonating cord 117 at regular intervals to detonate them. Controlled blasting is carried out by decoupling charges, in order to soften the shockwave during the detonation. When the air-deck method is applied to avoid noise generated by the detonating cord 117, the workability is inferior due to the channel effect.

[0081] FIG. 4D is the air-deck 140 charging method of the prior art to charge the primer 111 and column charge 113. It is mainly arranged with the empty space at the bottom, center, and top of the charge. Thus, the column charge 113 depends on the sympathetic detonation, reducing the detonation velocity; thereby restricting the use of the air-deck. Regarding the ideal use of the detonation reaction, there is much room for improvement as shown in FIG. 4B.

[0082] FIG. 5A to 5D are charging methods for jet detonation in the present invention, loading a jet unit acting as an explosives 110 and a detonator 120 in a blast-hole 100. The jet unit concentrates and amplifies the detonation force of the detonator 120; it reduces the completion time of the detonation reaction and enhances its degree of completion. In particular, spacers 300, such as curved ends 23 or conical 24 the same as the liner’s shape, are used to support the liner 150 and form a stand-off distance 160 and air-deck 140. With the utilization of the jet 170 detonation and the cavity effect of the charged explosive 110, the ideal mechanism is further enhanced. 2024227308   17 Sep 2026

[0083] FIG. 5A is a method of applying the jet detonation to the simplest charging method of the prior art. The explosive 110 and detonator 120 are placed in the blast-hole 100, and the primer 111 is placed in the middle of the charge. By deploying a jet unit that acts as an explosive 110 and a detonator 120 using the detonating liner 150, the propagation of detonation can be further accelerated and completion time of the explosion reaction reduced. The lack of stand-off distance 160 and air-deck 140 reduce the efficiency of the explosive, but the faster detonation further enhances the explosive’s power, making it more effective than conventional methods in cast blasting that require throwing.

[0084] FIG. 5B shows a bulk explosive 114 loaded in a blast-hole 100. A liner 150 is attached to the primer 111 and has a spacer 300 installed to induce acceleration of the jet 170. In addition, by attaching the liner 150 to the booster 112 and spacer 300, the propagation of the detonation can be accelerated further than the conventional method, as well as having reduced the completion time and increasing the degree of completion of the detonation, in order to enable the air-deck to be carried out without restriction.

[0085] FIG. 5C is an example of the decoupling charge, in which the blast-hole 100 is alternately loaded with the explosives 110 and spacer 300. The positioning of the primer in the middle can reduce the completion time of detonation. In controlled blasting such as pre-splitting, cushion blasting, and smooth blasting, decoupling charges are performed. The decoupling charge is a blasting method that controls the shock wave acting on the wall of the blast-hole 100, by using the explosives 110 of about 2~3 times smaller than the blast-hole diameter. The conventional method using the detonating cord 117 causes noise, and the air tube method has a problem of a sympathetic detonation. Using the liner 150 and spacer 300 according to the method of the present invention can solve the two problems mentioned above, and can also be applied to quarrying by extending the stand-off distance 160 and the air-deck 140.

[0086] FIG. 5D illustrates an air-deck 140 charging method of the present invention, in which two-way jet units are deployed in the center of the charge. The air-deck may be placed where the degree of breakage is to be increased, and selecting the position of the detonation in the middle may reduce the time for the completion of detonation. Fittings 200 and spacers 300 will allow for various modifications to the jet unit’s location and air-deck charge methods. Air-decks 140 are formed by using spacers on the lower and upper part of the blast-hole 100, and a primer 111 having the detonator 120 fixed thereto is placed in the center, and a stand-off distance 160 of the liner 150 is formed. The microscopic observation of the breakage effect by the air-deck 140 charging method has been reported to have a decisive effect on the shock wave within 4-8ms, while jet units with the jet liner 150 reduce the completion time of the detonation reaction of the charged explosive and increase its maturity. The spacing by the stand-off distance 160 and spacer 300 is sufficient to allow the chemical product 190 of the detonation reaction to release its 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 energy as a shock wave, and the duration of the reverberation is greatly improved. Thus, the jet detonation by the jet unit enables the ideal implementation in the practical application according to the experimental theory of blasting by analysis of the mechanism of the detonation reaction. Clauses

[0087] The following section comprises numbered Clauses which are not claims, but are additional statements describing particular embodiments of the invention. [Clause 1] An ideal mechanism of rock blasting using a jet unit (via the shaped charge effect) to reduce the completion time of the detonation reaction and increase explosion force, comprising the following steps of: drilling the blast-hole in the object of breakage; and mounting and charging the liner which releases the jet; wherein loading a blast-hole without empty spaces or an air-deck: attach the liner to the primer(s) and deploy bidirectionally; and / or attach a liner to booster; or column charge to enhance the explosive power; and double-checking then detonating the charge, in order to produce the jet and detonate said blast-hole. [Clause 2] The method as claimed in either Clause 1, wherein loading a blast-hole with empty spaces or an air-deck comprises: attach the liner to the primer(s) and / or attach a liner to a booster, or column charge, then form a stand-off distance, air-deck space, or decoupling charge. Thus, accelerating the jet of the liner, amplifying its detonation, which increases the efficiency of the explosives. [Clause 3] The method as claimed in either Clause 1 or Clause 2, wherein said liner is made of metal, plastic, ceramic, glass or similar, to release the jet when detonated. [Clause 4] The method as claimed in Clause 3, wherein the shape of said liner(s) is flat, hemispherical, or conical, etc., depending on the intended speed, length, and width of the cross-section of the jet, and the character of work, said liner(s) is made larger, equal to, or smaller than said explosives. [Clause 5] The method as claimed in either Clause 1 or Clause 2, wherein the fitting(s) and spacer(s) for mounting said liner(s) and forming the stand-off distance or air-deck, are made of plastics or other environmentally friendly materials. [Clause 6] The method as claimed in Clause 5, wherein said fitting(s) and spacer(s) mount a liner(s) and are provided with a receiving portion (for explosives or spacers), or in addition, include 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 a stand-off distance, said fitting(s) and spacer(s) is made larger, equal to, or smaller than said explosives. [Clause 7] The method as claimed in Clause 5, wherein one or both ends of the said spacer(s) are made hemispherical or conical to suit the installation of the liner(s) and induce the cavity effect. [Clause 8] A rock blasting and other blast-hole blasting method by drilling one or more blast-holes into the object of breakage and charging said blast-hole(s) with explosives: wherein the propagation of detonation is dependent on the charged explosives; and wherein the improved method is characterized in that a released jet(s) (170) detonates or propagates the detonation of the loaded explosives (110~116) in said blast-hole(s) (100), by means of deploying a jet unit(s) with a liner(s) (1-10, 150) applying the shaped charge effect, attached to said explosives (110~116) loaded in said blast-hole(s) (100). [Clause 9] The method as claimed in Clause 8, wherein said jet unit(s) loaded into said blast-hole(s) (100) act as explosives and a detonating means when detonated, wherein said jet unit(s) have liner(s) (1-10, 150) simply attached or mounted by fitting(s) (11~22, 200) or spacer(s) (23~25, 300) unidirectionally or bidirectionally to said explosives (110-116), and / or said jet unit(s) have detonator(s) (120) and / or unidirectional or bidirectional stand-off distance(s) (160), the empty space between said attached liner and adjacent explosives. [Clause 10] The method as claimed in either Clause 8 or Clause 9, wherein said jet unit(s) with detonator(s) (120) is deployed to both ends and / or facing both ends of said blast-hole(s) (100) for jet detonation. [Clause 11] The method as claimed in any one of Clauses 8 to 10, wherein said blast-hole(s) (100) with empty space(s) between said blast-hole(s) (100) and explosives (110~116) and / or between said charged explosives (110~116) themselves, deploy jet unit(s) for jet detonation. [Clause 12] The method as claimed in Clause 9, wherein said liner(s) (1~10, 150) are made of metal, plastic, ceramic, glass or similar, to release said jet(s) (170) when detonated. [Clause 13] The method as claimed in either Clause 9 or Clause 12, wherein the shape of said liner(s) (1~10, 150) are planar, hemispherical, or conical, etc., depending on the intended speed, length, and width of the cross-section of said jet(s) (170), and the character of work, wherein the size of said liner(s) (1~10, 150) are larger, equal to, or smaller than said explosives (110~116). [Clause 14] The method as claimed in any one of preceding Clauses 9, 12 or 13, wherein the fitting(s) (11~22, 200) and spacer(s) (23~25, 300) for mounting said liner(s) (1~10, 150) and 2024227308   17 Sep 2026 forming said stand-off distance(s) (160) or air-deck(s) (140), are made of plastics or other environmentally friendly materials. [Clause 15] The method as claimed in any one of preceding Clauses 9, or 12 to 14: wherein said fitting(s) (11~22, 200) and spacer(s) (23~25, 300) mount a liner and are provided with a receiving portion(s) for explosives (110~116) or spacer(s) (23~25, 300) and / or include a stand-off distance(s) (160) and / or wing(s); and wherein said fitting(s) (11~22, 200) and spacer(s) (23~25, 300) are made larger, equal to, or smaller than said explosives (110~116). [Clause 16] The method as claimed in any one of preceding Clauses 9 or 12 to 15, wherein one or both ends of said spacer(s) (23~25, 300) are made hemispherical or conical to suit the in-stallation of said liner(s) (1~10, 150) and induce the cavity effect.

Claims

1. A fitting assembly for use in a blast-hole blasting method comprising:one or more liners configured to generate a jet upon detonation; anda cylindrical fitting configured to support and position the liner(s) relative to a primer or charged explosive;wherein the one or more liners are integrally or detachably attached to the cylindrical fitting, and are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical fitting; andwherein the jet generated by the liner is configured to initiate or propagate the explosion of the charged explosive(s) within the blast-hole.

2. The fitting assembly according to Claim 1, wherein:the bottom surface of the liner(s) is aligned with one of both ends of the cylindrical fitting; orthe bottom surface of the liner(s) is located between both ends of the cylindrical fitting.

3. The fitting assembly according to Claim 2, wherein:the fitting assembly has two liners; andthe bottom surface of one of the liners faces to one end of the cylindrical fitting; andthe bottom surface of the other liners faces to the opposite end of the cylindrical fitting.

4. The fitting assembly according to any one of preceding Claims 1 to 3, wherein thecylindrical fitting has an insert hole through which a detonator is inserted.

5. The fitting assembly according to any one of preceding Claims 1 to 3, wherein at leastone of both ends of the cylindrical fitting has a lid.

6. The fitting assembly according to any one of preceding Claims 1 to 3, wherein the liner(s)is made of at least one of materials selected from the group consisting of:metal;plastic;ceramic; andglass.

7. The fitting assembly according to Claim 6, wherein the shape of the liner(s) is selectedfrom the group consisting of:flat type;curved type;conical type;trumpet type;2024227308   17 Sep 20268.double cone type;flat top type;recessed type; or double nipple type.A jet unit for detonation comprising a fitting assembly according to any one of precedingClaims 1 to 3, and a cylindrical spacer attached to the fitting assembly.9.The jet unit for detonation according to Claim 8, wherein at least one of both ends of thespacer is formed in a curved shape or in a conical shape.

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