Phase change material based temperature stabilization for satellite-based infrared imaging

Abstract

The application relates to a housing assembly 1 for housing a microbolometer 30 within a satellite, the housing assembly 1 comprising: a container 10 for at least partially 5 enclosing the microbolometer 30, so as to exchange heat with the microbolometer 30; and a phase change material. The container 10 comprises a cavity 15 within a wall portion of the container 10. The cavity 15 contains the phase change material. The application further relates to a microbolometer assembly comprising the housing assembly, and to a satellite comprising the housing assembly and / or microbolometer 10 assembly. [Fig. 1] 21838267 (GHMatters) P126879.AU 20 25 20 45 00 17 J un 2 02 5 A B S T R A C T 2 0 2 5 2 0 4 5 0 0 1 7 J u n 2 0 2 5 A B S T R A C T 2 0 2 5 2 0 4 5 0 0 1 7 J u n 2 0 2 5 A B S T R A C T 2 0 2 5 2 0 4 5 0 0 1 7 J u n 2 0 2 5 1 / 3 50 17 15 10 0 16 0 Fig. 1 20 25 20 45 00 17 J un 2 02 5 1 7 5 0 1 5 1 6 1 7 5 0 1 5 1 6 1 7 5 0 1 5 1 6

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 The present disclosure relates generally to the field of temperature stabilization for satellite-based thermal-infrared measurement equipment. The present disclosure further relates to housing assemblies for housing microbolometers within satellites (e.g., small satellites, such as CubeSats), and in particular to housing assemblies for stabilizing the temperature of microbolometers enclosed therein. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Any discussion of the background art throughout the disclosure should in no way be considered as an admission that such art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field. 15 Typically, thermal infrared cameras of small satellites (e.g., CubeSats) use uncooled microbolometers (e.g., microbolometer detectors) for performing temperature measurements of Earth’s surface. Since microbolometers are very sensitive with regard to temperature changes, zero-point calibration must be performed even for minute temperature changes, for example in the range of a few Millikelvin. Such calibration can 20 be conveniently performed by closing a shutter of the thermal infrared camera and comparing the detected IR radiation to an expectation thereof, but this calibration method creates a “dead time” of the detector, during which the detector cannot be used for actual measurements. Accordingly, there is need for techniques that can reduce the dead time for uncooled 25 thermal imagers, in particular microbolometers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of this need, the present invention discloses housing assemblies for microbolometers, microbolometer assemblies, and satellites comprising microbolometer 30 assemblies. 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 A first aspect of the present invention provides a housing assembly for housing a microbolometer within a satellite (e.g., small satellite, such as a CubeSat). The housing assembly includes a container for at least partially enclosing a microbolometer and to exchange heat with the microbolometer. The housing assembly further comprises a 5 phase change material (PCM). The container has a cavity within a wall portion of the container in which the PCM is contained. Thereby, the PCM can be provided and securely contained so as to be compatible with mechanical loads and vibrations typically occurring during satellite launch and the like. Moreover, the PCM can be provided so as to allow for very good heat exchange with the 10 microbolometer. Temperature fluctuations of the microbolometer can then be effectively prevented by the buffer effect of the PCM, which can passively absorb heat and stabilize temperatures around its melting point (i.e., phase change point, phase transition point). By virtue of this temperature stabilization, the number of calibration cycles for the microbolometer can be reduced, along with unwanted period of dead time of the 15 microbolometer. In some embodiments, the container may have a double wall configuration for containing the PCM. Thereby, the PCM can be securely contained, while still allowing for very good heat exchange with the microbolometer. In some embodiments, the container may comprise a base part and a lid part. The base 20 part may include the wall portion. The cavity in the wall portion may be closed by the lid part when the lid part is mounted to the base part. In some embodiments, the container may comprise a sealable filling port for filling the PCM into the cavity. The PCM may for example be filled into the cavity by opening the seal or cover of the sealable port. 25 In some embodiments, the container may be fixable to a base plate to which the microbolometer can be attached. In some embodiments, the container may comprise an opening for allowing a circuit board of the microbolometer to protrude from the container. In some embodiments, the housing assembly may further comprise one or more 30 temperature sensors. To this end, the container may comprise respective recesses for mounting the one or more temperature sensors. 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 In some embodiments, the housing assembly may further comprise a heat conducting material. The heat conducting material may be attached on an inner wall portion of the container. For example, the heat conducting material may be arranged to be sandwiched between the microbolometer and the inner wall of the container when the container at 5 least partially encloses the microbolometer. The heat conducting material may for example be arranged on all four sides of the microbolometer, for improving heat transfer between the microbolometer and the container, and eventually, the PCM. The heat conducting material provides for better thermal contact between the microbolometer and the container. Thereby, heat exchange between the PCM and the 10 microbolometer, and by extension, temperature stabilization, can be improved. In some embodiments, the housing assembly may comprise a heating element. The heating element may be arranged to be sandwiched between the heat conducting material and the inner wall portion of the container. The heating element may for example be attached on all sides of the inner wall of the container. 15 In some embodiments, the housing assembly may further comprise a controller. The controller may be configured to control the heating element for bringing the temperature of the PCM to be within a predefined temperature range around a phase change temperature of the PCM. The heating element may for example be controlled to be switched on in order to heat the PCM inside the cavity. 20 In some embodiments, the controller may be configured to control the heating element based on sensor data from the one or more temperature sensors. Thereby, the temperature of the PCM, and by extension, of the microbolometer can be kept constant around the phase change point of the PCM, for stabilizing temperature of the microbolometer. 25 The heating element may be a foil, such as an insulated metal foil, for example. The heating element can be used to heat up the microbolometer if the temperature of the microbolometer should fall below a certain temperature, and can further bring the PCM to its phase transition temperature. Thereby, temperature stabilization of the microbolometer can be improved stabilized. 30 In some embodiments, the container may comprise one or more mounting holes for connection cables connecting to a circuit board of the microbolometer. The one or more mounting holes may be arranged and / or dimensioned for providing strain relief to 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 respective connection cables that are arranged, for example, to extend along an outer wall of the container. In accordance with a second aspect of the invention there is provided a microbolometer assembly. The microbolometer assembly comprises a microbolometer and a housing 5   assembly according to the first aspect of the invention. In a third aspect, the invention makes available a satellite, comprising a microbolometer assembly according to the second aspect of the invention. It should be noted that the methods and apparatus (e.g., housing assemblies, microbolometer assemblies, satellites) including the preferred embodiments as outlined 10 in the present disclosure may be used stand-alone or in combination with the other methods and apparatus disclosed in this document. Furthermore, all aspects of the methods and apparatus outlined in the present disclosure may be combined unless incompatible with one another. It will be appreciated that device features and method steps may be interchanged in 15 many ways. In particular, the details of the disclosed housing assembly can be realized by the corresponding manufacturing method, and vice versa, as the skilled person will appreciate. Moreover, any of the above statements made with respect to the housing assembly (and, e.g., its parts, elements, etc.) are understood to likewise apply to the corresponding manufacturing method (and, e.g., its steps), and vice versa. 20 Non-limiting illustrative embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 schematically illustrates an example of part of a housing assembly according to an 25 embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 schematically illustrates another view of part of the housing assembly of Fig. 1 ; and Fig. 3 schematically illustrates an example of a housing assembly according to another embodiment of the present invention. 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In the following, illustrative embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the appended figures. Identical elements in the figures may be indicated by identical (or similar) reference numbers, and repeated description thereof may be 5 omitted for the sake of conciseness. Frequent calibration cycles for thermal imaging equipment typically lead to periods of time during which the equipment is not available for actual measurements, thus reducing coverage (so-called dead times). Generally, the number of calibration cycles that are necessary for operating uncooled 10 thermal imagers, such as microbolometers, could be reduced by providing for improved temperature stabilization of the thermal imagers. For large-scale satellites, this can typically be to some extent achieved by active cooling and heating, using for example cryocoolers, heating elements, or Peltier elements, by discharging heat from the equipment via thermal straps coupled to a radiator, or by using multi-layer insulation. 15 However, such solutions are not directly applicable to smaller satellites, such as CubeSats, for example. The present disclosure, broadly speaking, provides a housing assembly that contains a PCM and that encapsulates the microbolometer and its electronics, to optimally exchange heat with the microbolometer and to thereby stabilize the temperature of the 20 microbolometer by means of the buffer effect of the PCM. Since this temperature stabilization is passive, energy consumption can be kept at a minimum. The present disclosure further foresees additional components including heat conducting materials, temperature sensors, and heating elements for aiding PCM-based temperature stabilization. Thereby, the present disclosure provides means for reducing a calibration-25 induced downtime of infrared imaging equipment even for small satellites, such as CubeSats. Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a top view of an example of a container 10 as part of a housing assembly 1 according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The container 10 may be made of a solid material with good thermal conductivity. Preferably, 30 the chosen material may at the same time allow for a light-weight implementation of the container 10. In particular, the solid material may be a metal, e.g., aluminum. The container 10 is foreseen to at least partially enclose a microbolometer 30 (see Fig. 3) or 5 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 other infrared imaging equipment, so as to exchange heat with the microbolometer. Accordingly, dimensions of the container 10, in particular of an inner volume 50 thereof, may be tailored to dimensions of the microbolometer 30 to be (at least partially) enclosed. 5 The inner volume 50 for housing (i.e., enclosing or at least partially enclosing) the microbolometer 30 is bounded by an inner wall 17 of the container 10. An outer wall 16 of the container 10 faces towards the outside of the container 10. The housing assembly 1 according to the present disclosure comprises the container 10 and a PCM. Therein, the container 10 is adapted for containing the PCM, to thereby 10 provide temperature stabilization to the microbolometer 30 when enclosed by the container 10. To this end, the container 10 comprises a cavity 15 within a wall portion 16, 17 of the container 10. The cavity 15 is configured to contain the PCM in an assembled state of the housing assembly 1. As can be seen from Fig. 1, the container 10 may be configured to have a double wall 15 configuration. That is, the cavity 15 may be arranged between the inner wall (inner wall portion) 17 and the outer wall (outer wall portion) 16 of the container 10. This cavity may fully extend through a lateral wall of the container 10 to laterally surround the inner volume 50 (as shown in the present example). Alternatively, two or more cavities that are separated from each other may be provided throughout the wall portion (e.g., lateral wall) 20 of the container 10. Some examples of PCMs may have a different volumes in solid and liquid form. The cavity 15 defined in the wall portion of the container 10, for example between the outer wall 16 and the inner wall 17 of the container 10 may thus be designed to accommodate for a change in volume of the PCM when it transitions between its solid and liquid form, 25 and vice versa. For example, the container 10 may be designed to provide some degree of flexibility to accommodate for the change in volume of the PCM. In some implementations, the container may comprise a base part 10 and a lid part 20 (see Fig. 3). The base part 10 thereof may include the wall portion with the cavity 15 within the wall portion. The lid part 20 may be configured to close (e.g., cover) the 30 cavity 15 in the wall portion when the lid part 20 is mounted to the base part 10. Thus, the cavity 15 may be said to be formed by the base part 10 and the lid part 20, or more specifically, by inner and outer walls of the base part 10, a bottom portion of the base 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 part 10, and the lid part 20. Fig. 1 shows the base part of the container 10, while the lid part is omitted. The container 10 may be fixable to a base plate 40 (see Fig. 3) to which the microbolometer 30 can be attached. Fixation to the base plate 40 may be achieved by 5 flanges 18 arranged at the outer wall 16 of the container 10. Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a bottom view of the container 10 of Fig. 1. In some situations, it may be required to heat the PCM to its phase transition point (e.g., melting point), for example during periods in which the satellite passes through Earth’s shadow. This can be done using heating elements, controlled in accordance with an actual 10 temperature of the PCM or container 10, as measured by one or more temperature sensors. Accordingly, housing assemblies 1 according to embodiments of the disclosure may comprise one or more temperature sensors. These temperature sensors may be arranged adjacent to the inner volume 50, for example on the inner wall 17 of the container 10. To 15 this end, as can be seen in Fig. 2, the container 10 (e.g., the base part thereof) may comprise slits or recesses 60 in the inner wall 17 for accommodating electronic components, such as temperature sensors, and optionally, any wire connections to these electronic components. These recesses 60, and correspondingly, temperature sensors, may be provided on one or more, for example all four, sides of the inner volume 50. 20 To improve heat transfer to the container 10 including the PCM and / or to the temperature sensors, the housing assembly 1 may further comprise heat conducting material (not shown in the figures) attached to the inner wall (inner wall portion) 17 of the container 10. That is, the heat conducting material may be arranged to be sandwiched between the microbolometer 30 and the inner wall 17 of the container 10 in an assembled state of the 25 housing assembly 1 where the container 10 at least partially encloses the microbolometer 30. As noted above, the housing assembly 1 may further comprise a heating element (not shown in the figures) for heating the PCM (or the container 10 containing the PCM) to bring the PCM to its phase transition point. For example, the heating element may be an 30 insulated metal foil or mesh of metal wires. This foil or mesh may be attached to the inner wall portion 17 of the container 10. Without intended limitation, the heating element may be a polyimide heater, for example. 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 In configurations where the housing assembly 1 comprises the heating element, the heating element may be arranged to be sandwiched between the heat conducting material and the inner wall portion 17 of the container 10. The container 10 may further comprise, at its bottom side, slots 19 for mounting 5 structures of the microbolometer 30, for example for allowing or facilitating fixation to the base plate 40. Fig. 3 illustrates an example of a housing assembly 1 according to embodiments of the disclosure. This housing assembly 1 may be suitable for use as part of a microbolometer assembly for satellites, in particular small satellites, such as CubeSats. 10 As can be seen from the figure, the microbolometer 30 may be arranged within the inner volume 50 of the container 10, so that the container 10 encapsulates the microbolometer 30. In general, the container 10 may be said to at least partially enclose the microbolometer 30. While the container 10 is configured to enclose (e.g., encapsulate) or at least partially 15 enclose the microbolometer 30, it may comprise an opening 55 allowing part of the microbolometer 30 to protrude from. For example, the opening 55 may allow a circuit 35 board of the microbolometer 30 to protrude (or partially protrude) from the container 10. As is also shown in Fig. 3, the container 10 may comprise a sealable filling port 70 for filling the PCM into the cavity 15. The sealable port 70 may be sealable by means of a lid 20 or cap 80 that may be, for example, screwed or screwable to the sealable port 70. In some implementations, the container 10 may comprise one or more mounting holes 90. The mounting holes 90 may be mounting holes for connection cables that connect to a circuit board of the microbolometer 30, for example. Accordingly, the one or more mounting holes 90 may be arranged and / or dimensioned for providing strain relief to 25 respective connection cables that are arranged, for example, along the outer wall 16 of the container 10. In the example of Fig. 3, cables extending along the outer wall 16 in a vertical direction to connect to the circuit board (35) may run through respective mounting holes 90. Finally, as mentioned above, the housing assembly 1 may comprise a heating element 30 (not shown in the figures). The heating element may operate under control of a controller. Accordingly, the housing assembly 1 may further comprise a controller for controlling, 2025204500  24 Jul 2026 inter alia, the heating element. For example, the controller may be configured to control the heating element for bringing the temperature of the PCM to be within a predefined temperature range around a phase change temperature of the PCM. This may be relevant for example when the satellite passes through Earth’s shadow. Notably, the 5 controller is not configured to perform accurate temperature control for stabilizing the microbolometer’s temperature; rather, it is sufficient if the controller controls the heating element so that the phase change temperature of the PCM is reached. To achieve this aim, the controller may be configured to control the heating element based on sensor data from the one or more temperature sensors mentioned above. 10 While a housing assembly has been described above, it is understood that the present disclosure likewise relates to a microbolometer assembly comprising a microbolometer and the above housing assembly, and to a satellite (e.g., CubeSat) comprising the microbolometer assembly. It should be noted that the description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the 15 proposed filter assembly and manufacturing method. Those skilled in the art will be able to implement various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and embodiment outlined in the present disclosure are principally intended expressly to be only for explanatory purposes to help the reader in 20 understanding the principles of the proposed method and device. Furthermore, all statements herein providing principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof. In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word 25 “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general 30 knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country.

Claims

1. A housing assembly for housing a microbolometer within a satellite, the housing assembly comprising:5          a container for at least partially enclosing a microbolometer and to exchange heatwith the microbolometer; anda phase change material;wherein the container comprises a cavity within a wall portion of the container; and10         wherein the cavity contains the phase change material.

2. The housing assembly according to claim 1, wherein the container has a double wall configuration for containing the phase change material.15          3. The housing assembly according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the containercomprises a base part and a lid part;wherein the base part includes the wall portion; andwherein the cavity in the wall portion is closed by the lid part when the lid part is mounted to the base part.

204. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the container comprises a sealable filling port for filling the phase change material into the cavity.25          5. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims,wherein the container is fixable to a base plate to which the microbolometer is attached.

6. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the container comprises an opening allowing a circuit board of the30 microbolometer to protrude from the container.2025204500  24 Jul 20267. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising one or more temperature sensors.

8. The housing assembly according to claim 7, wherein the container 5 comprises respective recesses for mounting the one or more temperature sensors.

9. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a heat conducting material attached on an inner wall portion of the container.1010. The housing assembly according to claim 9, wherein the heat conducting material is arranged sandwiched between the microbolometer and the inner wall portion of the container when the container at least partially encloses the microbolometer.15          11. The housing assembly according to claim 9 or 10, further comprising aheating element arranged sandwiched between the heat conducting material and the inner wall portion of the container.

12. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, 20 further comprising a controller configured to control a or the heating element for bringing a temperature of the phase change material to be within a predefined temperature range around a phase change temperature of the phase change material.

13. The housing assembly according to claim 12 in its dependence on claim 7, 25 wherein the controller is configured to control the heating element based on sensor data from the one or more temperature sensors.

14. The housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the container comprises one or more mounting holes for connection cables30 connecting to a circuit board of the microbolometer; andwherein the one or more mounting holes are arranged and / or dimensioned for providing strain relief to respective connection cables passing therethrough.2025204500  24 Jul 202615. A microbolometer assembly, comprising:a microbolometer; anda housing assembly according to any one of the preceding claims.5          16. A satellite, comprising a microbolometer assembly according to claim 15.313

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