Barrier coating for produce with better fungicide delivery and efficacy

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an organic, water-soluble thixotropic composition for fungicide delivery and decay control in produce. The composition comprises at least one smectite clay, at least one self-assembling water-soluble polymer, a fungicide, and optionally an antioxidant. The composition exhibits controlled viscosity recovery, ensuring uniform application and fungicide bioavailability. It forms a thin, self-assembled water-soluble coating that prevents fungicide runoff and enables easy removal by washing, ensuring residue compliance with food safety standards. The composition is prepared by high-shear mixing and applied via a spray bar, dip tank, or brush bed system. Its biodegradability makes it suitable for organic produce, offering a sustainable alternative to wax-based coatings.

Description

Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO BARRIER COATING FOR PRODUCE WITH BETTER FUNGICIDE DELIVERY AND EFFICACY INVENTORS: GARY BEALL CORY HOLLAND PETER SANDERSON CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 550,483 filed on February 6, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] Not Applicable FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention is generally directed toward thixotropic aqueous compositions for improving the delivery, adhesion, and bioavailability of fungicides on produce such as fruits and vegetables. The compositions form a coating on the surface of the produce and increases the delivery, adherence, bioavailability and efficacy of fungicide, thereby protecting the produce from dehydration, oxidation, and fungal growth, which reduce shelf life and ready to eat window of the produce. The coating also improves one or more barrier properties of the produce surface, in particular gas barrier efficacy, as compared to uncoated produce. The invention further relates to a method for applying the coating composition to produce, comprising applying the coating composition to theDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO produce, and methods and uses to ensure uniform coverage, controlled viscosity recovery, and water washability while maintain the natural texture and quality of the produce. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Fruits and vegetables suffer from limited shelf life and ready eat windows. This limited shelf life and ready eat window is impacted by dehydration and exposure to oxygen in the air but also decay caused by fungal growth. One approach to lowering dehydration is the use of waxes to coat fruit. This approach has caused undesirable taste and texture in the fruit. It also does little to protect the fruit from oxidation or fungal growth. Additionally, wax coatings disrupt the natural respiration of produce, leading to uneven ripening, off-flavors, and unwanted textural changes. Wax coatings, although beneficial for slowing moisture loss, also create a hydrophobic barrier that traps pesticide residues, fungicides, and other chemicals within the wax layer, limiting their mobility and bioavailability. This hydrophobic nature further hinders effective removal of residues through simple washing, exposing consumers to higher pesticide levels.

[0005] In order to protect fruit from fungal growth, several fungicides are commonly applied to the produce. Simply coating the fruit with a dispersion of the fungicide yields the highest bioavailability, however, these aqueous dispersions do not coat fruit well. The majority of the aqueous solution containing the fungicide comes off the fruit in subsequent handling and packaging. This results in poor retention of the active ingredient, leading to inconsistent fungicide coverage, localized decay, and increased treatment costs due to excessive fungicide loss. Furthermore, traditional wax coatings, such as Carnauba or Shellac-based waxes, often do not provide consistent fungicide retentionDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO during commercial application, as their low viscosity causes significant runoff during handling. This increases both waste and treatment costs while reducing decay control efficiency.

[0006] It has become common practice to utilize wax emulsions as a carrier for the fungicide. This approach only slightly improves the delivery of the fungicide but causes another problem. The wax coating are water thin and a good portion of what is applied to the produce drips off an is wasted. Further, the wax traps the fungicide and reduces its effectiveness against fungal growth. Over time, the entrapment of fungicides within the wax matrix prevents adequate diffusion to the fruit surface, limiting the bioavailability of the active compounds when fungal spores begin to colonize. This issue is further exacerbated in storage environments with fluctuating humidity, where wax coatings may crack or degrade unevenly. Additionally, existing coatings do not exhibit controlled viscosity recovery after application, leading to inconsistent film formation and premature loss of protective function. Thus, the fungicide, which is an expensive product, is often wasted when combined with a suboptimal carrier, like wax. Studies have shown that wax- based coatings result in fungicide bioavailability levels significantly lower than water- based systems, with wax retaining as little as 32% of the fungicide’s effectiveness compared to water. This inefficiency highlights the limitations of wax-based delivery systems.

[0007] For example, patent application number US2023016007A1 discloses the use of wax coatings to extend shelf life in produce. However, these coatings trap moisture, do not regain viscosity in a finite amount of time, and are not easily washable leading to fungal growth under the wax layer. There is a requirement for a coating that canDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO prevent excessive moisture retention, is removable with a simple water rinse and exhibits controlled viscosity recovery while ensuring uniform fungicide distribution. In another example, EP1991688A2 discloses a biodegradable composition containing a thixotropic agent for food product applications. However, the composition does not contain a fungicide, lacks targeted decay control properties, and does not form a water-soluble protective coating. Additionally, the composition disclosed in prior art does not regain viscosity in a controlled manner after application, further limiting its suitability for produce coatings. There is a requirement for a composition, that includes a fungicide, is removable with a simple water rinse and exhibits controlled viscosity recovery.

[0008] Therefore, a need exists to identify a composition and method capable of delivering a precise dose of fungicide and improving the bioavailability of the fungicide to prevent fungal growth. Such a composition should ensure uniform distribution, improved adhesion to the produce surface, and resistance to premature removal while maintaining the natural texture, taste, and appearance of the produce. Additionally, the composition should be biodegradable, water-soluble, and compliant with organic produce standards, allowing easy removal with a simple water wash without leaving persistent residues in the environment or requiring chemical solvents for cleaning. This innovative composition should also enhance fungicide mobility, ensuring improved bioavailability and more effective decay control. Unlike wax-based systems, it should prevent fungicide entrapment, allowing compounds to migrate to damaged or wounded areas on the fruit surface where they are most needed. The ability to deliver two times to six times higher fungicide residue levels compared to wax further emphasizes the composition’s superiority as a delivery system, addressing longstanding issues in post-harvest fruit preservation.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The invention relates generally to compositions, methods, and uses for protecting produce from fungal growth, dehydration and / or oxidation, or for delaying ripening of produce. The methods involve coating the produce with a thixotropic aqueous mixture as described herein. The terms “thixotropic aqueous mixture” and “thixotropic aqueous composition” (or more generally “thixotropic mixture” and “thixotropic composition”) are used interchangeably herein to refer to compositions and mixtures of the invention that are thixotropic.

[0010] In a first embodiment, the very thin mixture comprises at least one smectite clay, a self-assembling water-soluble polymer, and a fungicide. The coating mixture effectively protects the fruit from oxidation and dehydration while aiding in delivering precise doses of fungicide to improve its bioavailability and prevent fungal growth, thereby maximizing fungicide performance. According to a first aspect of the invention, there is a provided a thixotropic aqueous mixture for protecting produce from fungal growth, dehydration, and / or oxidation, comprising a) at least one smectite clay, b) self-assembling water-soluble polymer, and c) a fungicide. In an alternate embodiment, there is provided a thixotropic aqueous mixture that increases shelf life and ready to eat window of produce that is washable but retains efficacy comprising a) at least one smectite clay, and b) a self-assembling water soluble polymer.

[0011] The invention also provides methods of making a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention, and thixotropic aqueous mixtures made by the methods of theDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO invention. The methods of the invention generally comprise at least one mixing step performed under high shear. Therefore, according to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of making a thixotropic aqueous mixture, comprising mixing at least one smectite clay, a self-assembling water-soluble polymer, and a fungicide with water under high shear to form the thixotropic aqueous mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying the thixotropic aqueous mixture to the surface of produce.

[0012] Applying a coating of the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention to the surface of produce confers one or more advantageous properties, as described herein. In this regard, coating the surface of produce with a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention the shelf life and ready-to-eat window with much lower concentration and dose than previous technologies. The present invention delivers effective doses of fungicide with a large increase in bioavailability and efficacy. Coating of the surface also extends the shelf life and ready-to-eat window and improves the resistance of the produce to a surface of the produce that is not coated with a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention. For example, it is contemplated that coating the surface of produce with a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention creates a barrier between the produce surface and the external environment that reduces the transfer of gas and / or moisture though the surface, as compared to an uncoated surface, thereby reducing oxidation, respiration, transpiration, moisture loss, and / or dehydration. Any one of more of these barrier properties may contribute to improvements in shelf life and / or ready to eat window of produce.

[0013] Therefore, the invention provides methods and uses for protecting produce from fungal growth, dehydration and / or oxidation, and / or for delaying ripening ofDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO produce. Accordingly, in a third aspect, the invention provides a method of protecting produce from dehydration and / or oxidation, comprising applying a washable thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention to the surface of the produce; and a method of delaying ripening of produce, comprising applying a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention to the surface of the produce, whereby ripening of the produce is delayed compared to ripening of uncoated produce. The methods of the invention generally comprise application of the thixotropic aqueous mixture to the surface of the produce using a technique that imparts high shear.

[0014] The invention also provides uses of the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention. Thus, in a fifth aspect, the invention provides the use of the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention for protecting produce from fungal growth and decay, dehydration and / or oxidation, and further provides the use of the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention for delaying ripening of produce.

[0015] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the invention provides a thixotropic aqueous coating composition that enhances fungicide delivery, bioavailability, and adhesion to produce. The composition comprises an aqueous dispersion containing at least one smectite clay selected from sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, or laponite, in an amount from 1.0% to 3.5% by weight to improve viscosity recovery and adhesion. The composition further includes at least one self-assembling water-soluble polymer selected from polyvinyl alcohol, gum Arabic, xanthan gum, pectin, pullulan, a polysaccharide, or combinations thereof in an amount from 1.0% to 3.0% by weight to enhance coating stability and film-forming properties. The composition may also comprise at least one fungicide selected from fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, imazalil, orDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO thiabendazole, in an amount from 300 ppm to 700 ppm to ensure decay control, and an antioxidant selected from ascorbic acid, tocopherol, or sodium citrate, in an amount from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight to reduce oxidative degradation. Sodium citrate additionally counters the deleterious effects of cations such as calcium and magnesium, common in hard water, on the rheology of the thixotropic clay. The composition achieves a bioavailability improvement of at least three-fold compared to wax-based coatings by preventing fungicide encapsulation while maintaining a uniform, water-soluble protective layer that allows controlled fungicide release. The smectite clay-to-polymer ratio is optimized at 2:3 to ensure viscosity recovery, effective adhesion, and uniform fungicide distribution across the produce surface. The composition reduces fungicide residue to undetectable levels after washing with water, addressing food safety concerns, while its thixotropic nature ensures rapid viscosity recovery within 1 second after shear stress removal, preventing premature loss. The coating thickness is maintained below 5 microns to preserve the natural appearance and texture of the produce. The composition is biodegradable, water-soluble, and compliant with organic produce standards, allowing easy removal with a simple water rinse while eliminating the need for chemical solvents, ensuring regulatory compliance for fresh produce exporters.

[0016] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the invention provides a method for preparing and applying the thixotropic aqueous composition using high-shear mixing between 500 to 2000 rpm to ensure homogeneity and stability. The coating may be applied pre-harvest or post-harvest using an optimized application process, including spray bars with high-precision nozzles for uniform coverage, dip tanks or brush beds for enhanced adhesion, and air-assisted rotary nozzles to minimizeDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO runoff and improve coating efficiency. The spray bar system may apply the coating at a rate of 500 to 1000 millilitres per ton of produce to achieve controlled fungicide deposition. If using a spray bar and brush bed, use higher concentration of original solution because dosing precisely with spray bottle.

[0017] When using a spray bottle, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may be an aqueous colloidal dispersion comprising 3.5% to 7% solids due to dosing precisely with a spray bottle and using a higher concentration. After application, the coated produce may be dried at ambient temperatures below 30°C to maintain coating stability without altering the natural texture or composition of the produce. In a dip tank, the concentration of total solids is reduced because it drags out more volume and compensates by reducing concentration. For example, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention applied via dip tank may be an aqueous colloidal dispersion comprising .5% to 1.5% solids.

[0018] The invention solves several challenges associated with existing fungicide application methods. For example, traditional wax coatings trap fungicides, preventing their diffusion and significantly lowering bioavailability. The present invention eliminates wax encapsulation, allowing controlled fungicide release and ensuring a uniform and effective coating. Unlike aqueous fungicide dispersions that suffer from poor adhesion and rapid fungicide loss during handling, the thixotropic composition ensures uniform retention, reducing waste while maximizing bioavailability. Additionally, wax- based coatings often exceed regulatory limits on fungicide residues, posing compliance risks for food safety and export markets. The present invention overcomes this issue by providing a water-soluble coating that enables easy fungicide removal, ensuringDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO compliance with global food safety regulations. Unlike wax-based coatings, which are non- biodegradable and environmentally persistent, the present invention utilizes biodegradable, food-safe polymers that break down naturally without leaving harmful residues. Furthermore, traditional fungicide coatings lack controlled viscosity recovery, leading to inconsistent film formation. The present invention achieves viscosity recovery within 1 second, ensuring a stable and effective protective barrier. The application versatility of the invention allows pre-harvest and post-harvest use across various produce types while maintaining uniform adhesion and controlled fungicide bioavailability.

[0019] The composition and method provided herein is a novel, practical, scalable, and effective solution for improving fungicide efficacy, reducing residue contamination, extending produce shelf life, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards, thereby offering a sustainable alternative to conventional wax-based coatings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of a petri-dish with various concentrations of fungicide at different areas on the petri-dish.

[0021] FIG.2A illustrates a pictorial representation of a petri dish with various concentrations of fungicide at different areas for various fungicide delivery agents. while

[0022] FIG.2B illustrates a graphical analysis of the fungicidal efficacy across delivery agents.

[0023] FIG. 3A shows a comparison between an untreated fruit surface and a coated fruit surface.

[0024] FIG. 3B provides a magnified view of the fungicide dispersion within the coating matrix.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0025] FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation for comparison of composition disclosed herein with wax as a fungicide delivery agent.

[0026] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a graphical representations for comparison between composition disclosed herein and wax as a fungicide delivery agent for different fungicides.

[0027] FIGS. 5C and 5D illustrate comparative analysis of fungicide residue analysis using various application systems.

[0028] FIG. 6A illustrates a diagram comparing the fungicidal kill zone between the composition disclosed herein and wax.

[0029] FIG. 6B illustrates a pictorial representation of the kill zone in actual application.

[0030] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D collectively illustrate a graphical representation of comparison between composition disclosed herein and wax as a fungicide delivery agent for blue mold and green mold.

[0031] FIGS. 8A and 8B collectively illustrate a graphical representation of comparison between composition disclosed herein and wax from a fungicide efficacy perspective.

[0032] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C collectively illustrate a graphical representation depicting enhanced decay control using the composition disclosed herein as fungicide delivery agent.

[0033] FIG. 10 illustrates a bar chart comparison of fungicide retention levels between wax-based coatings and the thixotropic coating.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0034] FIGS. 11A and 11B collectively present a graphical representation of decay control for lemons and grapefruits, comparing fungicide application using the composition disclosed herein versus wax-based agents.

[0035] FIGS.12A and 12B collectively illustrate a graphical representation for fungicide residue levels post-washing, comparing different coating formulations.

[0036] FIG. 13 illustrates a method flowchart for synthesis and application of the composition disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The following detailed description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. For purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the invention. Descriptions of specific applications are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the scope of the invention. The present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

[0038] We disclose herein mixtures of certain self-assembling water-soluble polymers, smectite clays and fungicides that form highly thixotropic fluids in water whenDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO coated on produce resulting in increased shelf life and ready eat window and also increase the delivery of target amounts of fungicide and increase drastically the bioavailability and efficacy of the delivered fungicide. It has recently been demonstrated that the coating of fruit with an aqueous mixture of select smectite clay and the proper polymer will self- assemble into a nanocomposite barrier coating on the surface of the fruit or vegetable. In the application stage, the shear imparted by the pump and spray nozzles lowers the viscosity of the fluid and lessens the resistance to flow. Once the spray impinges upon the fruit surface the viscosity recovers and forms a uniform coating on the fruit. The new formulation has much lower solids and therefore dries to a very thin coating which doesn’t change the appearance or tactile feel of the fruit.

[0039] These self-assembling barrier coatings work well in assuring the proper dose of fungicide is delivered to the produce due to its thixotropic character via the smectite clay and self-assembling water-soluble polymer carrier solution. These formulations exhibit strong thixotropic behavior where the sheer imparted from spraying the solution lowers the viscosity but once the solution impinges on the surface of the produce the viscosity rapidly increases. This high viscosity coating resists removal thus ensuring the fungicide is delivered at the target levels. In addition the dried coating is readily soluble in water and therefore the fungicide does not become trapped. This results in bioavailability that is an order of magnitude greater than the same concentration of fungicide in a wax coating. Thus, an embodiment of the composition comprises a smectite clay and self- assembling water soluble polymer that is washable but retains efficacy.

[0040] The method of applying the coating composition on the fruit can be done either pre-harvest or post-harvest. The maximum effect is seen when the coating is appliedDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO pre-harvest but a substantial effect on shelf life and ready to eat window and delivery and efficacy of fungicide is also seen if fruit is coated after storage.

[0041] The preferred embodiment of the composition is sodium montmorillonite, food grade gum Arabic and any commonly utilized fungicide in the fruit industry.

[0042] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition comprises at least one smectite clay. The smectite clay may be selected from sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, or laponite each contributing to the stability, adhesion, and thixotropic properties of the formulation. Sodium montmorillonite exhibits high water retention capacity, ensuring uniform coating adherence to the produce surface, preventing premature drying, and maintaining a continuous protective barrier. Hectorite, known for its high aspect ratio and colloidal stability, enhances film-forming properties, thereby improving the durability and integrity of the applied coating during storage and handling. Laponite, a synthetic layered silicate, imparts superior thixotropic behavior, ensuring controlled viscosity recovery post-application, thereby preventing fungicide runoff while allowing the precise and uniform application. The synergistic interaction of these smectite clays in Composition 208 results in an optimized coating matrix that exhibits enhanced bioavailability of fungicides, improved adhesion, and superior protective performance compared to conventional wax-based coatings.

[0043] It is contemplated that the smectite clay is present in the thixotropic aqueous mixture in an amount from, for example, 0.5 to 6.5 wt.%, optionally from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, optionally from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%. Thus, in some embodiments, the invention provides a thixotropic aqueous mixture comprising: a) smectite clay in an amount from 0.5Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO to 6.5 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; b) a water-soluble polymer; and c) a fungicide. In other embodiments, the invention provides a thixotropic aqueous mixture comprising: a) smectite clay in an amount from 0.5 to 6.5 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; and b) a self-assembling water-soluble polymer. For example, in some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture comprises: a) smectite clay in an amount of about 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; and b) a self-assembling water- soluble polymer; and c) a fungicide. In any of these embodiments, the smectite clay may be montmorillonite, Laponite, or bentonite, or montmorillonite and Laponite.

[0044] The smectite clay may serve as the primary structuring agent, providing the thixotropic behaviour required for the composition. The thixotropic behaviour may ensure that the coating flows easily during application and regains its viscosity almost immediately after shear stress is removed, enabling a stable and uniform layer on the produce surface. The smectite clay may facilitate moisture retention, improve fungicide distribution, and prevent cracking or degradation of the coating under storage conditions.

[0045] The thixotropic aqueous mixture may further comprise one or more water-soluble polymers that promote self-assembly of the aqueous mixture into a nanocomposite barrier coating on the surface of the produce. As further discussed herein, the self-assembling barrier coating delivers an efficacious dose of fungicide to the produce due to the thixotropic character of the smectite clay and self-assembling water-soluble polymer solution. The term “promote self-assembly” or “self-assembling,” as used in this context, refers to a water-soluble polymer with low hydrolysis value, including those with bulky side groups to bond with the smectite clay platelets. Hydrolysed water-soluble polymers, such as hydrolysed PVOH, would not promote self-assembly of the barrierDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO coating and, thus, are not suitable as an ingredient in the barrier coating composition disclosed herein.

[0046] Suitable self-assembling water-soluble polymers for inclusion in the thixotropic aqueous mixtures of the invention include synthetic water-soluble polymers, semi-synthetic water-soluble polymers, or natural water-soluble polymers. In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the water-soluble polymer may be selected from polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) with low levels of hydrolyzation, gum Arabic, xanthan gum, pectin, pullulan, or combinations thereof. The self-assembling water-soluble polymers can be added to form the composition in amounts ranging from 1.0% to 3.0% by total weight of the composition. These polymers provide film integrity, adhesion, and controlled moisture exchange while maintaining the natural texture of the produce. PVOH enhances mechanical strength, gum arabic ensures biodegradability, and pectin increases moisture retention, improving compatibility with organic produce. The water-soluble polymer may enhance film-forming properties, ensuring the adhesion of the coating to the produce surface without impeding its natural respiration. The water-soluble polymer may contribute to the mechanical strength and flexibility of the coating formed by the composition. In an exemplary embodiment, gum Arabic may be used to provide additional biodegradability. In an exemplary embodiment, pectin may be used as a water-soluble polymer to enhance compatibility with organic produce standards.

[0047] In other embodiments, the self-assembling water-soluble polymer is a natural water-soluble polymer. The term “natural” or “naturally-occurring”, as used in this context, refers to a water-soluble polymer that occurs in nature, or is derived from nature, and is not made or caused by humankind. This term does not require the polymer to beDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO “obtained directly from nature”. A “natural” or “naturally-occurring” water-soluble may be nature-identical but this is not essential. Examples of naturally-occurring water-soluble polymers useful in the invention include branched polysaccharides.

[0048] Examples of polysaccharides suitable for inclusion in a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention include gum Arabic, pullulan, and pectin. Particularly good results have been achieved using gum Arabic. Thus, in some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises xanthan gum or gum Arabic. For example, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may comprise: a) smectite clay; b) lecithin; c) xanthan gum or gum Arabic; and d) a fungicide. In some embodiments, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may comprise: a) smectite clay; b) lecithin; c) xanthan gum or gum Arabic; d) a fungicide; and e) an antioxidant, optionally sodium citrate. In any of these embodiments, the smectite clay may be, for example, montmorillonite, Laponite, bentonite, or a combination of montmorillonite and Laponite. For example, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may comprise a) montmorillonite; b) lecithin; c) xanthan gum or gum Arabic; d) a fungicide; and e) sodium citrate; or thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may comprise a) Laponite; b) lecithin; c) xanthan gum or gum Arabic; d) a fungicide; and e) sodium citrate.

[0049] It is contemplated that a polysaccharide is present in any of the thixotropic aqueous mixtures of the invention in an amount from 0.1 to 6.5 wt.%; optionally from 0.2 to 2.0 wt.%; optionally from 0.2 to 1.5 wt.%. For example, it is contemplated that xanthan gum is present in the mixture in an amount from 0.2 to 0.8 wt. %; optionally from 0.3 to 0.5 wt. %. In other embodiments, gum Arabic is present in the mixture in an amount from 0.2 to 4.0 wt. %, optionally from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. %.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0050] The fungicide may include at least one commercially available fungicide. In accordance with various embodiments of the invention, the at least one fungicide is selected from fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, imidazole, thiabendazole (TBZ), imazalil, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP), fenhexamid, natamycin, biofungicides (natural & GRAS alternatives), etc., or combinations thereof. Biofungicides include Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, chitosan, cinnamon, and essential oils. Any fungicide capable of being utilized for fruit is contemplated herein. Further, in an embodiment of the invention at least one commercially available fungicide or combination thereof is used for a certain period of time, followed by a different fungicide or combination thereof to prevent resistance to the at least one fungicide of combinations thereof.

[0051] The fungicide may be incorporated in concentrations ranging from 300 ppm to 1000 ppm. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition comprises a combination of fungicides. These fungicides target common post-harvest pathogens, including Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Botrytis cinerea (gray mold). Fludioxonil stabilizes fungicide bioavailability, pyrimethanil offers broad-spectrum anti-fungal activity, imazalil is effective against citrus decay, and thiabendazole prevents surface mold and sporulation. The fungicide may be the active ingredient responsible for preventing fungal growth and decay. The thixotropic nature of the composition ensures precise fungicide delivery to the produce surface, preventing over-application and reducing wastage. The composition may significantly enhance fungicide bioavailability. The fungicide bioavailability may be significantly enhanced, achieving at least a three-foldDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO improvement over wax-based systems. The enhancement in fungicide bioavailability ensures effective decay control even in wounded or damaged fruit.

[0052] In an embodiment of the invention, the coating composition comprises at least one smectite clay in an amount from 0.5 to 4.5 weight % by volume of the total composition.

[0053] In another embodiment of the coating composition of the present invention, the composition comprises a self-assembling water-soluble polymer in an amount from 0.5 to 4.5 weight % by volume of the total composition

[0054] In another embodiment of the coating composition of the present invention, the composition comprises a fungicide in an amount from 500 to 5000 ppm of the total composition. The concentration is higher in the solution because of the dose rate used. For example, after applying .25 milliliters of solution of a composition of the disclosed invention, the dried film on the produce only contains fungicide in an amount from 1 to 10 ppm.

[0055] Embodiments of the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may further comprise a glycerophospholipid. In particular, it is contemplated that the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises a lecithin. Lecithins are mixtures of glycerophospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid. Common sources of lecithin include egg yolk, marine foods, soybeans, milk, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower oil. The exact composition of a lecithin depends on its origin. Therefore, in some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises smectite clayDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO and lecithin. The lecithin may, for example, be (or be derived from) sunflower lecithin, soy lecithin, or egg lecithin. Sunflower and soy lecithin are vegan, which may be beneficial in order to maintain the vegan status of fruit and vegetable produce to which the thixotropic aqueous mixture is applied.

[0056] It is contemplated that the glycerophospholipid (e.g., lecithin) is present in the thixotropic aqueous mixture in an amount from, for example, 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, optionally from 1.5 to 3.5 wt. %, optionally from 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, optionally in an amount of (or of about) 2 wt. %. Therefore, in some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises a) smectite clay, b) a glycerophospholipid in an amount from, for example, 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, such as 1.5 to 3.5 wt. %, such as 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, such as about 2 wt. %, and c) a fungicide. In some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises a) smectite clay, b) lecithin in an amount from, for example, 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, such as 1.5 to 3.5 wt. %, such as 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, such as about 2 wt. %; and c) a fungicide. For example, in some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises a) smectite clay, b) lecithin in an amount of about 2 wt. %, and c) a fungicide.

[0057] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the thixotropic aqueous mixture may further comprise at least one antioxidant. The inclusion of an antioxidant is useful when it is desired to limit oxidation of the produce. The antioxidant may be selected from ascorbic acid, tocopherol, or citric acid. The antioxidant may be incorporated in amounts ranging from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight of the composition. The antioxidant may protect the produce from oxidative decay during storage thereby, extending its shelf life and preserving its nutritional quality. The antioxidant may alsoDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO contribute to the stability of the coating formed by the application of the composition thereby preventing degradation over time. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is or comprises sodium citrate. Sodium citrate also acts as a deflocculant, which is useful when the mixture is prepared using hard water, which flocculates the coating. Therefore, in some embodiments, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises smectite clay, a glycerophospholipid, a fungicide, and sodium citrate. For example, the thixotropic aqueous mixture may comprise smectite clay, lecithin, a fungicide, and sodium citrate.

[0058] Accordingly, it is contemplated that a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises: a) smectite clay in an amount from 0.5 to 6.5 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; b) a glycerophospholipid in an amount from 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, such as 1.5 to 3.5 wt. %, such as 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, such as about 2 wt. %; c) a fungicide; and d) an antioxidant in an amount from 0.05 to 0.5 wt.%, such as 0.1 to 0.3 wt.%., such as about 0.2 or 0.25 wt.%. For example, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may comprise: a) smectite clay in an amount from 0.5 to 6.5 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; b) lecithin in an amount from 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, such as 1.5 to 3.5 wt. %, such as 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, such as about 2 wt. %; c) a fungicide in an amount from 700 to 2000 ppm; and d) an antioxidant in an amount from 0.05 to 0.5 wt.%, such as 0.1 to 0.3 wt.%., such as about 0.2 or 0.25 wt.%. For example, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention may comprise: a) smectite clay in an amount from 0.5 to 6.5 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, such as from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; b) lecithin in an amount from 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, such as 1.5 to 3.5 wt. %, such as 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, such as about 2 wt. %; c) a fungicide in an amount from 700 to 2000 ppm; and d) sodium citrate in an amount from 0.05 to 0.5 wt.%, such as 0.1 to 0.3 wt.%., such as about 0.2 or 0.25 wt.%.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO In some embodiments, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention comprises: a) smectite clay in an amount from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%; and b) lecithin in an amount of about 2 wt. %; c) a fungicide in an amount from 700 to 2000 ppm; and d) sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.2 or 0.25 wt. %. In any of these embodiments, the smectite clay may be montmorillonite, Laponite, bentonite, or a combination of montmorillonite and Laponite.

[0059] Various ratios of at least one smectite clay to self-assembling water- soluble polymer are contemplated herein. In one embodiment, the at least one smectite clay to water-soluble polymer ratio of the composition is between 1:4 and 4:1 (w / w), optionally 1:2 to 1:3 (w / w). For example, the ratio of smectite clay to PVOH may be 1:2 to 1:4, such 1.24 to 1:4 (w / w); or the ratio of the smectite clay to PVOH may be from 1:4 and 3:1; optionally from 1:2 to 1:3.4, optionally about 1:2.5 (w / w).

[0060] In another embodiment, the at least one smectite clay to self-assembling water-soluble polymer ratio of the composition is to 1:1.

[0061] The thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention further comprises water. The smectite clay and other solids are dispersed in the water to form a colloidal dispersion. The water may further act as a solvent for any self-assembling water-soluble polymer in the mixture. In some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture comprises water and a further solvent (optionally a food grade solvent), such as ethanol. If a volatile solvent such as ethanol is present, it makes up no more than 25% of the total solvent in the mixture. In some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention is an aqueous colloidal dispersion comprising 1%-9% solids, optionally 3%-6% solids, optionally 3.5-5.5% solids. In an aqueous colloidal dispersion, the smectite is not dissolvedDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO in solution but is dispersed such that individual clay platelets stay in colloidal dispersion. The solids content of an aqueous colloidal dispersion is measured by drying out a known volume of dispersion and weighing the dry solids. The water-based nature of the composition may ensure easy application, washability, and environmental compliance. Unlike wax-based coatings, the composition is water-soluble, allowing simple removal under consumer washing practices.

[0062] The thixotropic aqueous mixture is typically edible, meaning that it is safe for human or animal consumption. In some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous mixture does not negatively modify the produce to which it is applied. For example, if the produce is organic, the thixotropic aqueous mixture is also organic. The term “organic”, as used herein, refers to components that, once applied to produce, would not change the organic status of produce. Thus, these components meet the standards set for organically produced agricultural products, such as the regulations for an “organic” claim set by the national organic program (NOP) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). In some embodiments, an organic thixotropic aqueous mixture does not contain any inorganic components, where the term “inorganic”, as used herein, refers to components that, once applied to produce, would change the organic status of produce.

[0063] The invention also provides methods for making a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention, and mixtures made by these methods. The methods for making a thixotropic aqueous mixture generally comprise at least one mixing step performed under high shear.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0064] The contemplated compositions are mixed under high shear to form a thixotropic fluid subsequently utilized to coat produce to increase shelf life and ready to eat window and improve target delivery and efficacy of fungicide. Thus, the composition described herein is a novel composition to increase shelf life and the ready to eat window and improve targeted delivery and efficacy of fungicides that are edible.

[0065] In a second aspect, the present invention provides methods of making a series of thixotropic mixtures of the compositions of the present invention and applying the said mixture to produce. At least one smectite clay, self-assembling water-soluble polymer and fungicide are added with high shear mixing to water and then applied to produce via a tank, spray bar, brush bed or combination thereof. Thereby, a thixotropic aqueous mixture of the invention is formed. Alternatively, the fungicide is added independently to the dispersion of at least one smectite clay and self-assembling water- soluble polymer before the application of the composition to the fruit. This method of coating produce with at least one smectite clay, self-assembling water-soluble polymer, and fungicide composition increases shelf life and the ready to eat window and increases the targeted level and efficacy of fungicide.

[0066] In another embodiment of the invention, at least one smectite clay and self-assembling water-soluble polymer are premixed.

[0067] In an embodiment of the invention, at least one smectite clay and self- assembling water-soluble polymer components of the compositions are premixed in powder form and then the mixture is added to water with high shear mixing.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0068] In an embodiment of the invention, the fungicide is added individually at the end of the process to the already dispersed smectite clay and self-assembling water- soluble polymer composition before applying it to the composition to the fruit.

[0069] In another embodiment of the invention, the components of the composition are added separately to water with high shear mixing.

[0070] After mixing the components of the composition, the shear imparted by the pump and spray nozzles lowers the viscosity of the fluid and lessens the resistance to flow when applying the mixture to produce.

[0071] In an embodiment of the invention, the rate of spray ranges from 1000 pounds / liter to 7000 pounds / liter of treated fruit.

[0072] Once the spray of the application of the coating composition taught herein meets the surface of the fruit, the viscosity recovers and forms a fairly uniform coating on the fruit.

[0073] The composition of the present invention can be applied via a tank, spray bar, brush bed or other method that completely coats the produce with the thixotropic mixture. The preferred method of application of the coating to the produce in the disclosed composition is a combination of spray bar and brush bed to increase the comprehensiveness of the coating.

[0074] In an embodiment of the invention, the pome fruits are sprayed after the dip tank and while passing over the brush bed.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0075] FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram 100 of a petri-dish with various concentrations of fungicide at different areas on the petri-dish. FIG. 2A illustrates a pictorial representation 200 of a petri dish with various concentrations of fungicide at different areas for various fungicide delivery agents. FIG. 2B illustrates a graphical analysis 202 of the fungicidal efficacy across delivery agents. For the sake of clarity and brevity, the FIGS 1 – 2B are described together. In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a laboratory-scale trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of fungicides delivered via water, carnauba wax, and the composition disclosed herein. For the laboratory-scale trial, five Penicillium isolates were collected from pears in the Wenatchee Valley (Washington, United States of America). The Penicillium isolates were cultured in triplicate on nutrient agar plates. Subsequently, solutions of fludioxonil were prepared at concentrations of 100 ppm, 10 ppm, 1 ppm, 0.1 ppm, and 0.01 ppm. Various discs of filter paper with a diameter of 3 mm were dipped into these fungicide solutions and air-dried before being applied to the Penicillium-containing Petri dishes in the pattern depicted in FIG. 1. The Petri dishes were stored for seven days, after which the radius of the kill zones (fungal growth inhibition zones) was measured. The results are depicted in FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B demonstrate that the kill zones for fludioxonil delivered by the composition disclosed herein were nearly identical to those achieved by water and significantly larger than those observed with carnauba wax as the delivery system. Specifically, at higher fungicide concentrations (10 ppm and 100 ppm), the composition disclosed herein (referred to as Invention in the Figures) provided inhibition zones of 4.4 mm and 16.9 mm, respectively, compared to only 5.5 mm at 100 ppm for carnauba wax.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO These results highlight the superior fungicide bioavailability achieved with the composition disclosed herein.

[0076] FIG. 2A provides the photographic depiction of 200 of Petri-dishes demonstrating the fungicidal activity zones against fungal pathogens. The rows correspond to different isolates of the pathogen, and the columns compare three treatments: (i) an untreated control 204, (ii) a wax-based coating containing carnauba 206, and (iii) the composition disclosed herein 208 (also referred to as the composition 208 herein and Invention in FIG. 2A). The visual differences in the zones of inhibition highlight the superior fungicide delivery and bioavailability achieved by the composition disclosed herein, which consistently exhibited larger inhibition zones across all isolates.

[0077] FIG.2B illustrates a bar chart 210 comparing the efficacy of fungicides delivered by the control 204, the wax-based coating with carnauba 206, and the composition 208 (Invention). The fungicides were tested at concentrations of 10 ppm and 100 ppm. The bars in the bar char 210 indicate the size of the fungal inhibition zones, measured in millimeters. The composition 208 achieved significantly larger inhibition zones compared to the water control 204 and the wax-based coating 206 at both tested concentrations, thereby highlighting the ability of the composition 208 to enhance fungicide dispersion and bioavailability.

[0078] The comparative data indicates that the composition 208 is approximately an order of magnitude more effective than carnauba wax in delivering fungicides and inhibiting fungal growth. The composition 208 demonstrates various advantages. The composition 208 ensures uniform fungicide dispersion across treatedDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO surfaces, reducing variability in residue levels. The composition 208 enables fungicides to remain mobile within its matrix, enhancing bioavailability and efficacy. The packing personnel can adjust fungicide dosages more precisely to achieve consistent residue levels and improved decay prevention. The composition 208 may unlock the full potential of fungicides, resulting in larger fungal kill zones and superior decay control compared to wax-based systems. TABLE 1 presented below comprises quantitative data comparing the efficacy of fungicides delivered by the control 204, the wax-based coating with carnauba 206, and the composition 208. The quantitative data in the TABLE 1 illustrates the performance of fungicides delivered by water, carnauba wax, and the composition 208 across varying concentrations (such as 0 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, 10 ppm, and 100 ppm). At lower concentrations (0.1 ppm and 1 ppm), no significant inhibition zones were observed for any treatment, indicating minimal fungicidal activity. However, at higher concentrations (10 ppm and 100 ppm), the composition 208 demonstrated inhibition zones nearly identical to water, with a radius of 4.4 mm and 16.9 mm, respectively. The results indicate exceptional fungicide bioavailability compared to carnauba wax, which showed no inhibition at 10 ppm and only a small inhibition zone of 5.5 mm at 100 ppm. The superior performance of the composition disclosed herein highlights its ability to effectively deliver fungicides at levels comparable to water while outperforming traditional wax-based systems, particularly at higher fungicide concentrations. The composition 208 can facilitate optimal bioavailability and fungal inhibition. The data in the TABLE 1 reinforces the superiority of the composition disclosed herein, particularly at higher fungicide concentrations, where it provides near water-like bioavailability, a significantDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO improvement over wax-based systems. This efficacy unlocks the potential for broader and more effective fungicidal applications in post-harvest fruit preservation. TABLE 1 Fungicide Concentration (ppm) Treatment 0 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 10 ppm 100 ppm Water 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.2 17.3

[0079] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the present invention relates to a composition. The composition can be a thixotropic aqueous formulation designed to enhance fungicide delivery, decay control, and shelf-life extension for fruits and vegetables. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, the composition may be the composition 208 described by way of FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. The composition provides an effective and uniform coating that may overcome the limitations of conventional wax-based coatings. The composition delivers improved fungicide bioavailability, controlled viscosity recovery, and compliance with global organic produce standards. The composition utilizes a unique combination of smectite clay, self-assembling water-soluble polymers, fungicides, and antioxidants for achieving improved fungicide bioavailability, controlled viscosity recovery, and compliance with global organic produce standards.

[0080] In accordance with its various embodiments, the present disclosure comprises the composition that can be a thixotropic aqueous formulation designed toDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO enhance fungicide delivery, decay control, and shelf-life extension for fruits and vegetables. In an embodiment, the composition may comprise (i) a smectite clay, (ii) a self- assembling water-soluble polymer, (iii) at least one fungicide, (iv) at least one antioxidant, and (v) an aqueous dispersion. The smectite clay, the water-soluble polymer, the fungicide, and the antioxidant may be mixed with the aqueous dispersion under high shear conditions to form the composition.

[0081] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of applying the composition to the surface of produce, comprising the step of applying the composition with a combination of a spray bar and a brush bed. The spray bar may ensure uniform application, while the brush bed enhances adherence, improving coverage across irregular surfaces. For example, the spray rate of the spray bar applies the composition at a range of 1000 to 7000 pounds / liter of treated fruit. In a preferred embodiment, 1000 pounds / liter is ideal for delicate produce, while 7000 pounds / liter provides a high-adhesion coating for citrus and thick-skinned fruits. The composition may be applied in a dip tank, a spray bar, a brush bed, or any combination thereof. This versatile application approach ensures adaptability across various commercial fruit packing systems, allowing optimized fungicide retention and uniform coverage for different types of produce.

[0082] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition exhibits thixotropic behaviour. The composition forms a stable, thin coating with controlled viscosity recovery within 1 second after shear stress removal. The viscosity recovery ensures even application and runoff resistance during the handling or storage of the produce. The composition improves fungicide bioavailability. The thixotropic matrixDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO of the composition may prevent the entrapment of fungicides, enabling their free movement within the coating, thereby allowing fungicides to migrate to wounded or damaged areas, providing superior decay control. The composition is easily removable with a simple water rinse, ensuring compliance with residue regulations and addressing consumer safety concerns. The composition meets global standards for organic produce, including those in the USA and the EU due to the use of biodegradable polymers and food-grade ingredients. The composition enhances moisture Control and extends the shelf life of produce. The composition reduces water loss and gas exchange, maintaining the natural texture, taste, and appearance of the produce over extended storage periods. The composition disclosed herein offers several advantages such as enhanced decay control, cost efficiency, environmental sustainability, and versatility. The synergistic combination of smectite clay, self-assembling water-soluble polymers, fungicides, and antioxidants ensures effective protection against fungal pathogens, even in challenging storage conditions. The composition improves fungicide bioavailability and reduces wastage, thereby lowering overall treatment costs for produce packers. The biodegradable and water-soluble nature of the composition minimizes its environmental impact, aligning with sustainability goals in the agricultural industry. The composition is effective for both pre-harvest and post- harvest applications across a wide range of produce, including citrus fruits, pome fruits, and berries.

[0083] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition disclosed herein ensures controlled viscosity recovery. The viscosity recovery of the composition may ensure an even distribution on produce. The viscosity recovery may prevent dripping and uneven coating during application.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0084] The viscosity recovery is a significant property of the composition. The viscosity recovery may ensure that the coating remains sprayable during application but rapidly regains thickness after shear stress is removed. The viscosity recovery allows the formulation to spread evenly over the produce surface, preventing runoff or excessive dripping, while ensuring strong adhesion and uniform fungicide distribution.

[0085] In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the thixotropic nature of the composition disclosed herein may enable viscosity recovery. For example, during a shear condition (e.g., spraying, brushing, or dipping) the viscosity may reduce, making the solution easy to apply. After the shear condition is removed (e.g., post- application) the viscosity recover within one second, thereby stabilizing the coating on the produce surface. The controlled viscosity recovery may prevent fungicide loss, enhance coating adhesion, and ensure optimized delivery of active ingredients. The viscosity recovery in the composition may be driven by the thixotropic behavior of the composition. The composition may exhibit non-Newtonian fluid properties, and therefore, its viscosity decreases under applied shear stress and restores rapidly upon shear removal.

[0086] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition exhibits a controlled viscosity recovery mechanism that ensures optimal coating performance, fungicide retention, and uniform application. The composition is formulated to behave as a thixotropic system, wherein viscosity temporarily decreases under shear stress (e.g., during application) and recovers rapidly upon shear removal, forming a stable and uniform protective layer on the produce surface. For example, during composition application, shear forces generated through spraying, brushing, or dipping induce low viscosity, allowing the composition to spread evenly over the produce surface.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO This shear-induced thinning may occur due to the separation of domain structures where hundreds of plates are interacting via Van der Waals and ion dipole bonding as well as hydrogen bonds., which reduces inter-particle attraction and facilitates a fluid-like behavior. Simultaneously, self-assembling water-soluble polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) with low hydrolyzation, gum Arabic, and pectin, undergo temporary stretching and alignment, further lowering viscosity and ensuring smooth flow over the produce surface. Once shear forces are removed, the composition may undergo rapid viscosity recovery within approximately one second, preventing fungicide runoff and ensuring a consistent, adherent film on the produce. The reaggregation of smectite clay platelets may occur via van der Waals interactions. The reaggregation may restore the gel- like network, stabilizing the coating. Concurrently, polymer chains return to their entangled network conformation, reinforcing the film structure and enhancing adhesion to the produce surface. This process results in the formation of a uniform, stable, and water- soluble coating that remains intact during storage, transport, and handling, yet can be removed easily through a brief water wash. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition may recover viscosity recovery within one second after shear stress removal. This ensures that the coating remains in place after application, forming a stable, uniform film that prevents fungicide runoff, reducing treatment costs and environmental impact.

[0087] The controlled viscosity recovery exhibited by the composition is critical for effective fungicide delivery, preventing excessive loss of active ingredients while maintaining optimal coverage. Unlike wax-based coatings that entrap fungicides within a hydrophobic matrix, the present composition ensures controlled fungicide release, improved bioavailability, and enhanced adherence to the produce surface. This mechanismDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO also allows for customizable application methods, including spray bars, dip tanks, and brush beds, making it suitable for a wide range of commercial post-harvest treatment systems.

[0088] In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, each component of the composition plays a crucial role in regulating viscosity recovery, ensuring that the composition exhibits thixotropic properties during application and rapid viscosity restoration post-application for optimal fungicide delivery and uniform coating formation. The synergy between smectite clay, water-soluble polymers, fungicides, antioxidants, and water content contributes to the controlled thixotropic behavior of the composition. A first contributor to the thixotropic behavior of the composition is smectite clay, which forms a three-dimensional colloidal network that allows the formulation to flow under shear stress and recover viscosity upon shear removal. For example, Sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, and laponite contribute to viscosity stability by adsorbing water and forming an interlayer structure that expands under shear and collapses upon rest. This property ensures uniform fungicide retention, preventing premature dripping or runoff during application. The clay’s ability to regain its gel structure rapidly after application prevents the formation of irregular coatings or patchy fungicide deposition on produce surfaces.

[0089] A second contributor to the thixotropic behavior of the composition is self-assembling water-soluble polymers. The water-soluble polymers serve as structural reinforcements, helping the coating retain flexibility and adhesion after viscosity recovery. For example, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) with low hydrolysation may enhance film- forming properties, ensuring that the coating remains intact and flexible post-application.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO For example, gum Arabic and pectin may improve elasticity and prevent crack formation, ensuring a continuous protective layer over produce surfaces. In an example, pullulan may contribute to controlled water retention, preventing excessive drying of the film, which could lead to structural degradation over time. The polymer network may interact with smectite clay, reinforcing controlled viscosity recovery and preventing excessive thinning or aggregation. The composition may comprise at least one water-soluble polymer. In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition may comprise a combination of different water-soluble polymers in amounts stipulated above.

[0090] A third contributor to the behavior of the composition is the fungicide. The fungicides in the composition remain evenly dispersed within the matrix, ensuring consistent bioavailability. For example, the fungicides fludioxonil and pyrimethanil, known for their broad-spectrum anti-fungal activity, remain active and mobile within the network, unlike wax-based coatings that trap fungicides within a hydrophobic layer. The polymer-clay interaction in the composition disclosed herein may prevent sedimentation and allow for controlled fungicide release, improving decay prevention efficacy.

[0091] A fourth contributor to the behavior of the composition is the antioxidant. For example, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and citric acid may act as stabilizers, preventing oxidative degradation of the polymers and the active ingredients. This ensures long-term viscosity stability, preventing premature thickening or breakdown of the formulation over storage and application. The antioxidant component also contributes to enhanced shelf-life extension, protecting both the coating matrix and the underlying produce from oxidative stress. A fifth contributor to the thixotropic behavior of the composition is the water balance & total solids. For example, the low solid content (aboutDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO 1%) in the composition may ensure easy sprayability, making it compatible with commercial application systems such as spray bars, dip tanks, and brush beds. A higher solid content (about 6%) increases coating durability, allowing for longer protection and a faster viscosity recovery rate post-application. The balance between water content and solids may ensure that the composition remains fluid during application but solidifies quickly post-application, preventing excessive runoffs or overly thick coatings that could interfere with produce respiration. In an exemplary embodiment, the aqueous dispersion is between 1% and 6% solids. The solid content dictates film formation and application efficiency. 1% solids allow for thin, transparent coatings, whereas 6% solids enhance extended-release functionality, reducing the need for reapplication.

[0092] The interplay of the smectite clay, the self-assembling water-soluble polymers, the fungicides, the antioxidants, and the controlled water content allows the composition to exhibit a highly controlled viscosity recovery process, optimizing fungicide retention, release, and uniform application. Unlike wax-based coatings, which entrap active ingredients and limit mobility, the present composition provides a dynamic, adaptable system that ensures enhanced fungicide performance and reduced waste, while maintaining compliance with organic and food safety regulations. For example, the smectite clay-to- water-soluble polymer ratio may be between 1:4 and 4:1. The ratio controls the viscosity, adhesion, and bioavailability of active ingredients. A 1:4 ratio provides higher flexibility, while a 4:1 ratio increases thixotropic behavior, enabling controlled-release applications. In an exemplary embodiment, the smectite clay-to-water-soluble polymer ratio may be 2:3. This ratio is optimized to enhance viscosity recovery, ensuring smooth film formation and long-lasting adhesion to the produce surface. The controlled viscosity enables uniformDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO fungicide distribution while maintaining bioavailability and controlled release. In an example, the smectite clay-to-water-soluble polymer ratio is about 1:1. This balanced ratio optimizes the thixotropic properties, ensuring rapid viscosity recovery within 1 second and facilitating uniform fungicide dispersion, extending shelf life.

[0093] The controlled viscosity recovery mechanism of the composition represents a significant advancement over wax-based coatings. By incorporating smectite clay, self-assembling water-soluble polymers, and fungicides in a carefully formulated dispersion, the composition exhibits superior thixotropic behavior, ensuring effective fungicide retention, enhanced bioavailability, and uniform application. This innovation not only enhances decay prevention and extends shelf life but also improves application efficiency in commercial pack-houses, positioning the composition as a superior alternative to traditional post-harvest wax coatings.

[0094] In an exemplary embodiment, the coating is compatible with organic produce standards in the United States of America (USA) and the European Union (EU). The biodegradable and water-soluble nature of the composition ensures compliance with organic farming regulations, allowing for safe application on organic-certified fruits without the need for synthetic emulsifiers or petroleum-based carriers. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition comprising gum Arabic to improve film-forming properties. Gum Arabic enhances coating flexibility, reducing crack formation and premature peeling. This ensures a smoother protective layer, particularly on delicate produce such as berries and thin-skinned citrus. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition reduces fungicide residue to below detectable levels after washing. The water-soluble formulation allows for easy fungicide removal with a brief water rinse, ensuring compliance with global residueDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO regulations while minimizing consumer exposure to pesticide residues. In an exemplary embodiment, the coating thickness is less than 5 microns after application. This ensures that the protective layer remains invisible to consumers, preserving the natural appearance, texture, and gloss of the fruit while maintaining fungicidal efficacy. In an example, the antioxidant improves oxidative decay control by at least 30%. For example, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and citric acid may work synergistically to prevent oxidative discoloration and maintain firmness, ensuring longer freshness and higher commercial value of treated produce. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition further comprises a biodegradable polymer for sustainable applications. This ensures that the coating naturally degrades without leaving chemical residues, making it a sustainable alternative to wax-based coatings while maintaining environmental compliance. In an exemplary embodiment, the fungicide delivery may be enhanced using a precision spray bar. The use of high-precision nozzles ensures even fungicide distribution, optimizing fungicide retention and bioavailability, while preventing localized over-application or runoff waste. Further, in an alternate embodiment, the invention

[0095] FIG.3A shows a graphical representation 300 of a comparison between an untreated fruit surface and a coated fruit surface. FIG. 3B illustrates a pictorial representation 302 of the fungicide dispersion within the coating matrix. The graphical representation 300 illustrates the bioavailability of fungicides delivered through various coating systems, focusing on the ability of the composition disclosed herein to enhance fungicide mobility and effectiveness compared to water and carnauba wax. The graphical representation 300 provides a bar graph representation comparing the percent bioavailability of fludioxonil delivered through water, carnauba wax, and the compositionDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO disclosed herein (Invention). In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the composition disclosed herein may be the composition 208. The FIG. 3A highlights that the composition disclosed herein achieves bioavailability levels of 97%, closely matching the 100% bioavailability observed with water, and significantly outperforming carnauba wax, which delivers only 32% bioavailability. The data presented by the FIG.3A underscores the ability of the composition disclosed herein to provide nearly water-like fungicide mobility while addressing the limitations of wax-based coatings.

[0096] The FIG. 3B depicts zones of inhibition 304 of P. expansum growth resulting from fungicide diffusion from filter paper discs impregnated with (i) coatings containing water 306, (ii) a carnauba wax coating 308, or (iii) the composition disclosed herein 310 (Invention). FIG. 3B presents visual evidence of the fungicide’s efficacy through a zone of inhibition assay. In an exemplary embodiment, Petri dishes inoculated with P. expansum were treated with filter paper discs impregnated with coatings containing fludioxonil at five concentrations: 0 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, 10 ppm, and 100 ppm. The results demonstrate that the composition disclosed herein 310 facilitates the diffusion of fludioxonil to create large fungal kill zones, nearly matching the efficacy of water-treated samples 306. In contrast, carnauba wax coatings 308 produce significantly smaller kill zones, indicating reduced fungicide mobility and bioavailability. The results demonstrate that the composition disclosed herein provides superior fungicide delivery compared to traditional wax-based systems. The composition disclosed herein may ensure effective fungal growth inhibition By allowing enhanced fungicide diffusion and bioavailability, thereby making it a highly efficient delivery system for post-harvest decay control.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0097] FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical representation 400 comparing the fungicide residue levels delivered by wax-based coatings versus the composition disclosed herein (Invention) for fungicide pyrimethanil on Persian limes. The graphical representation 400 comprises a bar chart 402. The bar chart 402 highlights the fungicide residue levels (in ppm) on the fruit surface, measured 24 hours post-treatment. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a commercial trial was conducted at a lime packhouse. The fungicide pyrimethanil was applied to Persian limes using either wax or the composition disclosed herein as the fungicide delivery system. Both treatments were dosed equally with pyrimethanil to achieve a target fungicide residue of approximately 0.3 ppm on the fruit surface. Treated fruit from both systems was collected at the end of the packing line and sent to a third-party laboratory for fungicide residue analysis. The analysis revealed that the composition disclosed herein delivered fungicide residues of approximately 0.35 ppm, achieving the target level and exceeding the wax-based coating, which delivered only 0.18 ppm. This represents a two-fold increase in delivery efficiency by the composition disclosed herein compared to wax, highlighting its superior performance in achieving optimal fungicide residues on fruit surfaces in a commercial setting.

[0098] Therefore, as illustrated by FIG. 4 the composition disclosed herein possesses optimized rheological characteristics that enhance its ability to adhere uniformly to the fruit surface, ensuring precise and effective fungicide delivery. Unlike wax matrices that limit fungicide mobility, the composition disclosed herein facilitates a controlled release of fungicides, ensuring uniform distribution across the fruit surface without encapsulation. The composition’s unique molecular interaction with the fruit’s cuticleDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO increases adhesion and minimises fungicide runoff during handling and storage, contributing to higher residue retention levels. The composition disclosed herein can achieve precise fungicide residue levels within regulatory limits for produce thereby ensuring compliance with global food safety standards, making the composition ideal for large-scale commercial operations. The composition is compatible with existing commercial application methods, such as spray and drencher systems, demonstrating adaptability across various post-harvest treatment scenarios.

[0099] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a graphical representation 500 comparing the fungicide residue levels on citrus fruit treated with the composition disclosed herein (Invention) versus commercial wax, utilizing either a spray or drencher application system. The graphical representation 500 comprises a bar chart 502 and bar chart 504. The bar chart 502 represents fungicide residues delivered via spray application. The bar chart 504 illustrates fungicide residues delivered through a drencher system. The fungicides tested include fludioxonil and imazalil. Both fungicides are critical for controlling fungal pathogens in post-harvest treatments.

[0100] The bar chart 502 demonstrates the residue levels of fludioxonil and imazalil applied to citrus fruits using a spray application system. The fungicides were delivered using either commercial wax or the composition disclosed herein. For fludioxonil, the composition delivered a residue level of 20.8 ppm, a three-fold increase compared to 6 ppm for wax-treated fruits. The improvement highlights the composition’s enhanced fungicide bioavailability and ability to retain fungicides on the fruit surface during spray application. For imazalil, the composition delivered 3.2 ppm of residues, representing a two-fold increase compared to 1.8 ppm for wax-treated fruits. The resultsDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO underscore the superior efficacy of the composition as a fungicide adjuvant in spray-based delivery systems. The bar chart 504 illustrates the residue levels of fludioxonil and imazalil applied to citrus fruits via a drencher application system. For fludioxonil, the composition delivered residue levels of 6.6 ppm, approximately six times higher than the 0.9 ppm observed for wax-treated fruits. The results demonstrate the composition’s ability to enhance fungicide deposition on fruit surfaces even in high-volume drencher systems. For imazalil, the composition delivered 2.9 ppm of residues, nearly double the 1.2 ppm observed for wax-treated fruits. The results further confirm the composition’s superior performance in fungicide retention and bioavailability when applied via a drencher.

[0101] FIG. 5C illustrates a comparative analysis 500 C of fungicide delivery using two commercial application methods namely, a spray system and a drencher system. The comparative analysis 500C comprises a bar chart 506 and a bar chart 508. The bar chart 506 depicts the fungicide residue levels (in ppm) for two fungicides, Imazalil and Fludioxonil as illustrated. The bar chart 508 depicts the fungicide residue levels (in ppm) for two fungicides, Imazalil, Fludioxonil, and Pyrimethanil as illustrated. The fungicides are applied using the composition disclosed herein (also referred to as Invention for this example) and wax.

[0102] The bar chart 506 illustrates the spray application results. The results highlight a superior efficacy of the thixotropic coatings of the invention compared to wax in delivery fungicide residues to produce surfaces. For Imazalil, the residue levels achieved with the thixotropic coatings of the invention (3.2 ppm) were nearly double those obtained with wax (1.8 ppm). Similarly, Fludioxonil residues reached 20.8 ppm with the thixotropic coatings of the invention, a threefold increase over the 6 ppm achieved with wax. ThisDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO demonstrates the enhanced retention and bioavailability of fungicides delivered via the composition disclosed herein.

[0103] The bar chart 508 provides a comparison of three fungicides as illustrated for the drencher application method. The composition disclosed herein consistently delivered higher fungicide residues than wax. Imazalil residues reached 2.9 ppm with the thixotropic coatings of the invention, compared to 1.2 ppm with wax. Fludioxonil residues were significantly higher with the thixotropic coatings of the invention (6.6 ppm) compared to wax (1.8 ppm). Pyrimethanil residues were also enhanced, with the thixotropic coatings of the invention achieving 0.15 ppm, three times the levels observed with wax (0.05 ppm).

[0104] The findings from the bar chart 506, and the bar chart 508 underscore the superior fungicide delivery efficacy of the composition disclosed herein across multiple application methods, ensuring better residue retention, enhanced fungicidal performance, and reduced wastage compared to traditional wax-based coatings. The results for the comparative analysis 500C are presented in the TABLE 2 (presented below). The ability of the composition disclosed herein to achieve consistent and elevated fungicide residues in both spray and drencher systems demonstrates its versatility and effectiveness for commercial produce treatments. TABLE 2: Wax Wax Heat Invention InventionDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO Fludioxonil 6 5 20.8 1.9

[0105] FIG. 5D illustrates a comparative analysis 500D for fungicide residue levels achieved by wax-based coatings versus composition disclosed herein using a spray bar and a drencher system. The comparative analysis 500D comprises a bar chart 510. The bar-chart 510 provides a detailed breakdown of fungicide residue levels in parts per million (ppm) for various fungicides—imazalil, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil—under various application scenarios.

[0106] In an exemplary embodiment, the spray application system was deployed. The composition disclosed herein exhibited superior fungicide delivery, achieving residue levels of 3.2 ppm for imazalil and 20.8 ppm for fludioxonil, significantly outperforming wax, which delivered only 1.8 ppm and 6 ppm, respectively. In an exemplary embodiment, the drencher application system demonstrated the efficacy of the composition disclosed herein with residue levels of 2.9 ppm for imazalil and 6.6 ppm for fludioxonil compared to 1.2 ppm and 1.8 ppm for wax. Additionally, pyrimethanil residue levels were elevated with the composition disclosed herein. (0.15 ppm) compared to wax (0.05 ppm).

[0107] The enhanced residue delivery is attributed to the thixotropic behavior and superior adhesion properties of the composition disclosed herein, which minimizesDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO runoff and ensures even fungicide distribution. Additionally, the composition disclosed herein allows for precise fungicide application, reducing waste and achieving compliance with regulatory maximum residue limits (MRLs). The bar chart 210 further highlights that the residues left by the composition disclosed herein, remain within detectable but minimal ranges after a cool water rinse, ensuring food safety and compliance with residue regulations.

[0108] The data presented in the FIG. 5D and the bar chart 510 underscore the advantages of the composition disclosed herein in delivering fungicides effectively while maintaining safety and environmental compliance. The data is presented below by the way of TABLE 3. This makes it a superior alternative to traditional wax-based coatings for post-harvest produce treatments. TABLE 3 Wax Wax Heat Invention Invention

[0109] FIG. 6A illustrates a schematic representation 600A of comparative fungal kill zone areas achieved by wax-based coatings and the composition disclosedDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO herein. The kill zone area, measured as the diameter of the region around a fungicide delivery disk where fungal growth is inhibited, serves as an indicator of fungicide bioavailability and mobility. The wax fungal kill zone, depicted as a smaller circle 602, demonstrates the limited release and efficacy of fungicides encapsulated in a wax matrix. In contrast, the composition disclosed herein (Invention) fungal kill zone, represented as a larger circle 604, illustrates the superior anti-fungal activity facilitated by the composition disclosed herein. As illustrated the larger circle 604 is significantly larger than the smaller circle 602. The observed difference can be attributed to the unique properties of the composition, which allow water-soluble fungicides to move freely within the matrix and release uniformly. The enhanced fungicide mobility within the composition disclosed herein increases bioavailability, resulting in broader and more effective fungal control. The schematic representation 600A underscores the composition’s ability to overcome the limitations of wax matrices, which may inhibit fungicide diffusion and reduce efficacy.

[0110] FIG. 6B provides a pictorial representation 600B of in vitro ring of inhibition assays comparing the biocidal activity of fungicides delivered by wax versus the composition disclosed herein (Invention). The experiments were conducted using P. expansum as the target pathogen and fludioxonil as the fungicide. The pictorial representation 600B comprises six fungal kill zone images namely, a fungal kill zone 606, a fungal kill zone 608, a fungal kill zone 610, a fungal kill zone 612, a fungal kill zone 614, and a fungal kill zone 616. The fungal kill zone 606, the fungal kill zone 608, and the fungal kill zone 610 represent the fungal kill zones created by wax-embedded fungicides, showing minimal inhibition areas due to restricted fungicide mobility and poor bioavailability. The fungal kill zone 612, the fungal kill zone 614, and the fungal kill zone 616 depict the fungalDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO kill zones created by fungicides delivered by the composition disclosed herein, demonstrating significantly larger inhibition areas. For example, at 0 ppm fludioxonil, neither delivery method produced a kill zone, confirming no fungicide activity. At 50 ppm fludioxonil, the composition disclosed herein-treated samples exhibited a substantial increase in the inhibition zone compared to wax-treated samples, indicating enhanced fungicide bioavailability. At 100 ppm fludioxonil, the composition disclosed herein-treated samples showed a strikingly larger inhibition zone, reflecting the superior release and efficacy of fungicides delivered by the composition. The results highlight the ability of the composition disclosed herein to create a fluid fungicide delivery environment that maximizes fungicide mobility, leading to enhanced fungal inhibition.

[0111] Therefore, the composition disclosed herein ensures fungicide mobility within the matrix, enabling larger and more effective fungal kill zones. The fungicides delivered by the composition outperformed wax-based delivery systems across all tested concentrations, demonstrating consistent and superior efficacy. The increased inhibition zones indicate improved fungicide release and bioavailability compared to wax-based coatings. The composition ensures even fungicide distribution across the treated area, contributing to its superior performance. The composition disclosed herein significantly increases the fungal kill zone area, enhancing biocidal activity against fungal pathogens such as P. expansum. The composition disclosed herein provides a fungicide delivery matrix that enables enhanced fungicide mobility and bioavailability. The composition disclosed herein is compatible with water-soluble fungicides such as fludioxonil, ensuring effective fungal inhibition. The composition disclosed herein achieves superior fungal control at reduced fungicide concentrations, minimizing environmental impact. TheDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO composition disclosed herein is suitable for controlling fungal pathogens across various fruit categories and agricultural applications. FIG. 6A provides a schematic overview of the comparative fungal kill zones, while FIG.6B offers experimental validation through in vitro assays. Together, they demonstrate the technical superiority of the composition disclosed herein in enhancing fungicide delivery, mobility, and anti-fungal efficacy.

[0112] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D collectively illustrate a graphical representation 700 comparing the biocidal activity of fungicides delivered by wax versus the composition disclosed herein (also referred to as Invention in the Figures). The graphical representation 700 comprises a bar chart 702, a bar chart 704, a bar chart 706, and a bar chart 708. These bar charts depict the kill zone areas (measured in mm²) of various fungicides when tested against two fungal pathogens. The first pathogen being P. digitatum (green mold), which is a common post-harvest pathogen affecting citrus fruits. A second pathogen is P. expansum (blue mold), which is a critical post-harvest pathogen affecting pome fruits.

[0113] The bar chart 702 depicts the kill zone area for P. digitatum treated with a combination of fludioxonil and azoxystrobin (1:1 ratio) delivered by either wax or the composition disclosed herein. As illustrated the fungicides delivered by the composition produced a kill zone area of approximately 1200 mm², compared to only about 600 mm² for fungicides delivered by wax. There was an increase in kill zone area by two-fold. The increase in kill zone area underscores the enhanced mobility and bioavailability of fungicides delivered by the composition disclosed herein, ensuring better fungicidal coverage and pathogen control.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0114] The bar chart 704 presents the kill zone area for P. digitatum treated with fungicide fludioxonil alone. The composition disclosed herein resulted in a kill zone area of about 900 mm², whereas wax-treated samples exhibited a smaller kill zone of about 400 mm². The results illustrated in the bar chart 704 demonstrate that even single-fungicide formulations achieve significantly greater efficacy when delivered by the composition, due to its superior fungicide distribution and uniform coverage.

[0115] The bar chart 706 shows the kill zone area for P. expansum treated with a fungicide fludioxonil. The fungicide that was delivered by the composition disclosed herein produced a kill zone area of approximately 1000 mm², in stark contrast to the about 100 mm² area observed for wax-treated samples. The bar chart 606 represents a tenfold improvement in fungicidal activity and highlights the composition’s exceptional ability to deliver fungicides effectively against pome fruit pathogens, where wax-based coatings typically fail due to fungicide encapsulation.

[0116] The bar chart 708 depicts the kill zone area for P. expansum treated with a fungicide pyrimethanil. The fungicides delivered by the composition disclosed herein achieved a kill zone area of about 800 mm², compared to only about 80 mm² for wax- treated samples. The bar chart 708 demonstrates a tenfold increase in efficacy, showcasing the versatility of the composition in enhancing the performance of different fungicides against challenging pathogens like P. expansum and P. digitatum.

[0117] The data from FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D illustrate that fungicides delivered by the composition disclosed herein consistently outperform wax-based formulations across both pathogens and fungicide types, achieving superior kill zone areas.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO The significant increase in kill zone size may be attributed to the composition’s unique ability to prevent fungicide encapsulation within wax matrices, ensuring maximum fungicide availability. The study demonstrates the composition’s compatibility with multiple fungicides (e.g., fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil), ensuring broad- spectrum anti-fungal efficacy across citrus and pome fruits. The larger kill zone areas achieved with the composition reduce fungicide dosages required for effective pathogen control, resulting in cost savings and reduced environmental impact. The demonstrated efficacy of the composition across different pathogens and fruits underscore the scalability of the composition disclosed herein for commercial post-harvest treatment operations.

[0118] Therefore, the composition disclosed herein significantly increases the kill zone area of fungicides against fungal pathogens, including P. digitatum and P. expansum. The composition disclosed herein is compatible with a range of fungicides, ensuring broad-spectrum anti-fungal protection. The composition disclosed herein achieves effective pathogen control at reduced fungicide dosages compared to wax-based formulations. The composition disclosed herein ensures uniform fungicide distribution across treated surfaces, maximizing bioavailability and efficacy. The composition disclosed herein provides effective control of fungal pathogens across citrus and pome fruits.

[0119] FIGS. 8A and 8B collectively illustrate a graphical representation 800 comparing the efficacy of fludioxonil delivered by wax versus the composition disclosed herein (referred to as Invention) in controlling blue mold (P. expansum) infections in Gala apples. The graphical representation 800 comprises a bar chart 802 and a bar chart 804.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO The bar chart 802 presents the percentage of fruit infected with P. expansum. The bar chart 804 depicts the severity of infection measured as the average diameter of lesions in millimeters.

[0120] In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, freshly picked and untreated organic Gala apples were injured, inoculated with P. expansum, and subsequently treated with a fungicide such as fludioxonil. The fungicide was delivered by either a carnauba wax-based coating or the composition disclosed herein. Two different concentrations of fludioxonil were used to analyze the infection rate and infection severity. The bar chart 802 demonstrates that apples treated with fludioxonil delivered by the wax-based coating showed an approximate infection rate of about 5%, regardless of the fungicide concentration. In stark contrast, apples treated with the composition disclosed herein exhibited no detectable infections. Similarly, the bar chart 804 reveals that apples treated with wax plus fludioxonil displayed lesion sizes ranging between 20-25 mm, independent of fungicide concentration. In contrast, apples treated with the composition disclosed herein showed no measurable lesions, as there were no visible infections.

[0121] The results presented in FIGS. 8A and 8B demonstrate that the composition disclosed herein significantly enhances the efficacy of fungicides such as fludioxonil in controlling P. expansum infections compared to wax-based coatings. The enhanced efficacy is attributed to the uniform fungicide distribution, controlled release, and improved bioavailability provided by the composition.

[0122] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C collectively illustrate a graphical representation 900 comparing the efficacy of a fungicide imazalil delivered by wax versus theDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO composition disclosed herein (Invention) in controlling green mold (P. digitatum) infections in Valencia oranges. The graphical representation comprises a bar chart 902, a bar chart 904, and a bar chart 906. The bar chart 902 presents the percentage of fruit infected, the bar chart 904 presents infection severity in millimeters, and the bar chart 906 depicts the percentage of sporulating fruit.

[0123] In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, Valencia oranges were treated with imazalil delivered by either a shellac-polyethylene wax or the composition disclosed herein at a concentration of 2000 ppm. The treated fruits were stored at 20°C for 14 days, and the percentage of infection, infection severity, and sporulation were analyzed after a specified duration.

[0124] The bar chart 902 demonstrates that fruits treated with wax exhibited about 12% infection rate, while fruit treated with the composition disclosed herein showed no detectable infections. The bar chart 904 highlights that the infection severity in fruits treated with wax reached approximately 16 mm, while fruit treated with the composition disclosed herein exhibited minimal infection severity. The bar chart 906 reveals that 1.7% of wax-treated fruit exhibited fungal sporulation, whereas no sporulation was observed in fruit treated with the composition disclosed herein. The data presented in FIGs. 9A – 9C underscore the comprehensive protection offered by the composition disclosed herein against green mold infection, infection severity, and sporulation. These results demonstrate the versatility of the composition in enhancing fungicide delivery and decay control across different fruit categories.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO

[0125] The data presented in FIGS. 8A - 9C collectively highlight the superior performance of the composition disclosed herein over wax-based coatings in controlling fungal infections (blue mold and green mold) across different pathogens (such as P. expansum and P. digitatum) and fruit categories (such as apples and oranges). FIGS. 8A and 8B focus on blue mold infection and lesion severity in Gala apples, while FIGS. 9A – 9C extend the analysis to green mold infection, lesion severity, and sporulation in Valencia oranges. Together, these figures demonstrate the broad-spectrum anti-fungal efficacy of the composition, showcasing its potential as a superior alternative to wax-based formulations for fungicide delivery.

[0126] FIGS. 7A - 9C collectively demonstrate the superior efficacy of the composition disclosed herein in enhancing fungicide delivery, bioavailability, and anti- fungal activity across a range of fungal pathogens and produce types. FIGS. 7A – 7D highlight the significant increase in kill zone areas for both citrus pathogens (P. digitatum) and pome fruit pathogens (P. expansum), showing up to a ten fold improvement in fungicidal activity when fungicides are delivered by the composition compared to wax- based formulations. FIGS. 8A – 8B further validate the enhanced performance by illustrating the complete prevention of blue mold infections in apples treated with fludioxonil delivered by the composition, as opposed to wax-based formulations which demonstrated persistent infection rates and lesion severity. FIGS.9A – 9C complement the findings by extending the analysis to green mold infections in oranges, where the composition not only eliminated infection but also prevented sporulation, showcasing its comprehensive protection against decay. Collectively, FIGS. 7A - 9C establish the broad- spectrum anti-fungal efficacy, improved fungicide bioavailability, and scalability of theDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO composition for commercial applications, making it a superior alternative to traditional wax-based coatings for post-harvest produce treatment.

[0127] FIG. 10 illustrates a graphical representation 1000 comparing the percentage decay levels in Persian limes treated with wax containing 2000 ppm Imazalil versus the composition disclosed herein (Invention) containing 2000 ppm Imazalil. The graphical representation 1000 demonstrates decay levels across three time points, namely, Day 0, Day 5, and Day 12, under identical post-harvest treatment and storage conditions.

[0128] In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, a commercial-scale trial was conducted on Persian limes. The Persian limes were treated post-harvest with either wax containing 2000 ppm Imazalil or the composition disclosed herein as an Imazalil delivery agent. The treated Persian limes of equal size and appearance were removed from the pack line, placed in totes, weighed, and stored at 20°C. The percentage of decay was determined by calculating the difference in mass of the fruit before and after the removal of infected fruit at the specified time points. The results revealed that the Persian limes treated with wax plus Imazalil exhibited substantial decay, with approximately 18% decay observed on Day 5 and 30% decay on Day 12. In contrast, the Persian limes treated with the composition disclosed herein containing Imazalil exhibited zero decay at all recorded time points, namely, Day 0, Day 5, and Day 12. Therefore, the Persian limes trial demonstrates the superior efficacy of the composition disclosed herein in delivering Imazalil and controlling decay compared to wax-based formulations.

[0129] The data presented in FIG. 10 highlights enhanced fungicide delivery and decay control achieved by the composition disclosed herein. The superior performanceDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO of the composition in controlling decay is attributed to its ability to ensure uniform fungicide distribution, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release, resulting in effective decay prevention over an extended storage period. Furthermore, the ability of the composition disclosed herein to deliver Imazalil without encapsulating the fungicide in a wax matrix ensures maximum fungicidal activity. The results also highlight the scalability of the composition disclosed herein for commercial pack-line operations, making it a practical and efficient solution for post-harvest decay control. The trial further demonstrates the scalability of the composition disclosed herein for commercial pack-line operations, offering a practical, efficient, and sustainable solution for post-harvest decay control in citrus fruits.

[0130] FIGS. 11A and 11B collectively illustrate a graphical representation 1100 comparing the percentage decay levels in organic citrus fruits such as lemons and grapefruits. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment of the present invention the lemons and grapefruits were treated with either wax containing cinnamon extract or the composition disclosed herein (Invention). The graphical representation 1100 comprises a bar chart 1102 and a bar chart 1104. The bar chart 1102 presents the decay percentages for organic lemons, and the bar chart 1104 presents the decay percentages for organic grapefruits under identical storage conditions.

[0131] In the illustrated exemplary embodiment a commercial trial was conducted on organic citrus fruits such as lemons and grapefruits. The organic fruits were treated post-harvest with either wax containing cinnamon extract or the composition disclosed herein without the inclusion of fungicides. A set of untreated fruit was used as a control to evaluate the inherent anti-fungal properties of the composition disclosed herein.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO The treated fruits were stored at 10°C for 21 days, and the percentage of decay was determined by calculating the mass of the treated fruit at the start of the trial and the mass of infected fruit removed at the end of the trial. The bar chart 1102 demonstrates that about 40% of control lemons treated with wax plus cinnamon extract were lost due to fungal decay, whereas lemons treated with the composition disclosed herein exhibited a lower decay rate of about 35%. The bar chart 1104 highlights a more striking result for grapefruits, where fruit treated with the composition disclosed herein demonstrated about a 50% reduction in decay compared to those treated with wax containing cinnamon extract.

[0132] The data presented in FIGS. 11A and 11B highlight the inherent anti- fungal properties of the composition disclosed herein when used on organic citrus fruits. While wax-based coatings with natural additives such as cinnamon extract are commonly used to control decay in organic produce, they are limited in their effectiveness and result in significant decay loss during storage. In contrast, the composition disclosed herein provides both physiological benefits and enhanced decay control, even in the absence of fungicides, making it an ideal processing aid for organic produce. The antimicrobial activity of some components of the composition disclosed herein contributes to this superior performance, ensuring decay control without the need for additional bio- fungicides or expensive additives.

[0133] Furthermore, the composition disclosed herein is compatible with organic produce standards in both the USA and the EU, providing a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for decay control in organic fruit. The ability of the composition disclosed herein to reduce fungal decay without fungicides demonstrates its versatility and utility in organic agriculture, offering significant advantages over existing wax-basedDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO formulations. Additionally, the biodegradability and water-solubility of the composition disclosed herein ensure compliance with environmental sustainability requirements, further enhancing its value as a novel solution for organic produce decay control. The composition disclosed herein provides a scalable and practical approach to decay control for organic and conventional agriculture, ensuring environmental sustainability while maintaining produce quality during storage and transport.

[0134] FIGS. 12A and 12B collectively illustrate a graphical representation 1200 comparing fungicide residue levels post-washing between wax-based coatings and the composition disclosed herein (Invention). The graphical representation includes a bar chart 1202 and a bar chart 1204. The bar chart 1202 depicts the residue levels of Imazalil, and the bar chart 1204 depicts the residue levels of Fludioxonil. The bar charts compare the efficacy of wax-based coatings and the composition disclosed herein in delivering fungicides and their subsequent washability under standardized commercial conditions.

[0135] In an exemplary embodiment, a commercial trial was conducted on Meyer lemons. For the trial the fungicides Imazalil and Fludioxonil were applied using wax formulations and the composition disclosed herein, with both containing 2000 ppm of the respective fungicides. The treated lemons were dried for 24 hours at ambient temperature and subsequently washed for 5 seconds to simulate common consumer practices. A fungicide residue analysis was conducted on both unwashed and washed samples after 7 days of storage at 20°C. The bar chart 1202 demonstrates that wax-coated fruits retained about 90% of Imazalil residues even after washing, whereas the composition disclosed herein reduced residues by about 95% post-washing. Similarly, the bar chartDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO 1204 highlights that wax-coated fruits retained about 90% of Fludioxonil residues, while residues from the composition disclosed herein were nearly undetectable after washing.

[0136] The results depicted in the FIGS. 12A and 12B collectively underscore the limitations of wax-based coatings in removing fungicide residues post-washing. These coatings encapsulate fungicides, making them resistant to removal and posing challenges for compliance with global food safety standards. In contrast, the composition disclosed herein is water-soluble, enabling fungicide residues to be removed effectively with a simple water rinse while maintaining fungicide efficacy prior to washing. This property ensures compatibility with stringent residue regulations and organic produce standards, addressing critical food safety concerns.

[0137] The composition disclosed herein provides additional benefits, including enhanced fungicide bioavailability, versatility across fungicide types (e.g., Imazalil and Fludioxonil), and suitability for pre-harvest and post-harvest applications. Its water-soluble and biodegradable nature eliminates the need for harsh solvents, reducing environmental impact. The composition disclosed herein achieves controlled fungicide release, superior washability, and effective residue removal, making it a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional wax coatings.

[0138] The comparative analysis of the composition disclosed herein against traditional wax coatings highlights its significant advantages in fungicide delivery, post- harvest decay control, and residue management. The results presented in FIGS. 4 through 12B collectively demonstrate the composition’s superior performance across diverse application methods, fungicide types, and post-harvest scenarios. In both spray andDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO drencher systems, the composition disclosed herein consistently delivered two- to six-fold increases in fungicide residues on fruit surfaces, as illustrated, emphasising its enhanced adherence and bioavailability under commercial conditions.

[0139] In vitro assays, represented by FIGS. 6A to 7D, further validated the superior fungicide delivery properties of the composition. The fungicides delivered by the composition exhibited significantly larger fungal kill zones compared to wax-based systems, indicating increased mobility and bioavailability of fungicides within the composition matrix. The enhanced dispersion translated into improved antimicrobial efficacy, as observed in inoculation studies on pome and citrus fruits. For example, FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C highlight the reduced infection rates and lesion sizes on apples treated with fludioxonil via the composition disclosed herein, while FIGS. 8A and 8B demonstrate the decreased decay rates and sporulation in citrus fruits treated with imazalil.

[0140] The composition’s unique washability, illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B, is another critical advantage over wax coatings. While the fungicide residues from wax are difficult to remove, residues delivered by the composition were almost eliminated with brief washing. The washability property of the composition addresses both consumer safety concerns regarding pesticide residues and the stringent regulatory requirements for residue limits in key markets. By enabling effective residue removal, the composition offers flexibility in residue management that is unattainable with wax-based systems.

[0141] Furthermore, trials on organic citrus fruits, including lemons and grapefruits (FIGS. 11A and 11B), demonstrated the composition’s suitability for organic applications. Even in the absence of fungicides, the composition reduced decay ratesDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO compared to wax treatments containing natural additives. The inherent antimicrobial effect, combined with its compliance with organic produce standards, positions the composition as an innovative solution for organic producers seeking sustainable decay control methods.

[0142] In conclusion, the composition disclosed herein offers a transformative alternative to traditional wax coatings, delivering enhanced fungicide efficacy, superior washability, and compatibility with both conventional and organic production systems. The combined findings across FIGS. 4 to 12B underscore its potential to reshape post-harvest fruit preservation, offering a versatile and environmentally sustainable approach for global produce markets.

[0143] FIG. 13 illustrates a method flowchart 1300 for a method for synthesis and application of the composition disclosed herein. At step 1302 the method comprises mixing under high-shear conditions the components of the composition disclosed herein. At step 1304 the method comprises applying composition on the produce under high shear conditions.

[0144] In accordance with various embodiments, the method comprises enhancing fungicide delivery and decay control in produce by preparing and applying a thixotropic aqueous composition with optimized fungicide bioavailability and adhesion properties. The method comprises mixing water with carefully selected smectite clay, water-soluble polymer, fungicide, and antioxidant, followed by the application of the composition onto produce. The method involves mixing at least one smectite clay selected from sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, or laponite, in an amount ranging from 1.0% to 3.5% by weight, with water. The smectite clay functions as a thixotropic agent, ensuringDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO the rheological behaviour that allows the coating to maintain fluidity during application and rapid viscosity recovery post-application. The method comprises that at least one water-soluble polymer that promotes self-assembly is incorporated into the composition to enhance film-forming properties, coating adhesion, and elasticity. The water-soluble polymer is selected from polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) with low hydrolyzation, gum Arabic, pectin, or pullulan, in an amount ranging from 1.0% to 3.0% by weight. These polymers ensure uniform distribution of active ingredients and facilitate controlled release of the fungicide. The method further comprises mixing at least one fungicide selected from commercially available fungicides, including biofungicides, or combinations thereof, in an amount from 300 ppm to 700 ppm into the composition. The fungicide remains evenly dispersed within the thixotropic matrix, preventing sedimentation and ensuring continuous bioavailability. The method may further comprises an addition of an antioxidant to enhance oxidative stability and extend produce freshness. The antioxidant is selected from ascorbic acid, tocopherol, or citric acid, in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight. These antioxidants prevent oxidative degradation, maintaining the structural integrity and efficacy of the coating. In an exemplary embodiment, the mixing is executed under high shear conditions. The high-shear mixing process disperses all components homogeneously, forming a thixotropic aqueous dispersion with viscosity recovery occurring within 1 second after shear stress removal. This ensures immediate stabilization of the coating post- application, preventing fungicide runoff and enhancing adhesion to the produce surface.

[0145] The prepared thixotropic aqueous composition is then applied to produce using spray bars, dip tanks, brush beds, or combinations thereof, allowing for even coating distribution and maximum surface coverage. This water-soluble, biodegradableDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO coating enhances fungicide retention, extends produce shelf life, and ensures easy removal of residues via simple washing, providing a sustainable alternative to wax-based coatings.

[0146] In various embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous composition is applied using a spray bar system equipped with high-precision nozzles, ensuring uniform coverage across irregularly shaped produce surfaces. This controlled application prevents fungicide runoff and enhances coating consistency. The composition is suitable for application on a variety of produce types, including citrus fruits, pome fruits, berries, and stone fruits. The formulation is designed to effectively adhere to different fruit surfaces while maintaining optimal fungicide bioavailability. A key advantage of the disclosed method is the ability of the composition to reduce fungicide residues to undetectable levels after a water wash, ensuring compliance with food safety regulations and reducing consumer exposure to residual fungicides. In some embodiments, the thixotropic aqueous composition is applied at a pre-harvest stage, offering early protection against fungal decay during harvest and transportation. The composition’s ability to form a stable, protective layer before post- harvest storage minimizes fungal infection risks. The post-application coating thickness of the aqueous dispersion is less than 5 microns, ensuring a thin, transparent layer that does not alter the appearance or texture of the treated produce. The composition may be dried under ambient temperatures below 30°C to facilitate film formation while preserving the integrity of the applied fungicide. The controlled drying process prevents premature loss of active ingredients. The preparation of the thixotropic aqueous dispersion involves high- shear mixing at speeds ranging from 500 to 2000 rpm, ensuring homogeneous dispersion of smectite clay, self-assembling water-soluble polymers, fungicides, and antioxidants. This process establishes the desired thixotropic behavior, enabling viscosity recovery afterDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO application. The composition is applied using a dedicated application system, which may include a dip tank, spray bar, brush bed, or any combination thereof, depending on the commercial processing requirements. In an embodiment, the application system integrates an air-assisted rotary nozzle, which enhances spray coverage and minimizes runoff of the composition, ensuring optimal deposition of fungicides on produce surfaces. The spray bar system is further optimized to apply the thixotropic aqueous dispersion at a rate of 1000 to 7000 milliliters per ton of treated produce, balancing effective coverage and minimal waste for large-scale commercial applications.

[0147] The present disclosure provides an advanced thixotropic aqueous composition and method for enhancing fungicide delivery, decay control, and residue management in produce. The experimental data and graphical analyses are presented in FIGS. 1 to 13 collectively demonstrate the superior performance of the disclosed composition over conventional wax-based coatings. FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate in vitro fungicide bioavailability and efficacy, highlighting the larger kill zones achieved by the composition compared to wax-based coatings. The increased fungicide mobility within the composition ensures greater fungal inhibition while preventing encapsulation in a hydrophobic matrix. FIG. 4 further supports this by demonstrating enhanced fungicide residue adherence on produce surfaces, leading to improved decay prevention. FIGS. 5 to 7 compare the commercial-scale fungicide delivery between the composition and wax. The residue retention and bioavailability studies indicate that the disclosed composition facilitates two- to six-fold increases in fungicide deposition through both spray and drench applications. Furthermore, the kill-zone analysis (FIG. 7) establishes the composition’sDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO ability to provide extended anti-fungal protection with greater diffusion of active ingredients.

[0148] FIGS.8 and 9 analyze fungicide efficacy and decay control, showcasing significantly lower decay rates in produce treated with the composition, particularly in pome and citrus fruits. The ability to maintain fungicide stability, uniform distribution, and extended protection ensures optimal post-harvest preservation. FIG. 10 further validates the long-term anti-fungal benefits of the composition by measuring decay progression over time. Compared to wax-based coatings, the composition maintains zero to minimal decay in commercial citrus trials, confirming enhanced fungicide performance and long-lasting decay resistance. FIGS.11 and 12 emphasize the composition’s compatibility with organic produce standards and its water-solubility, which enables complete fungicide removal with a simple water wash. Unlike wax coatings, which retain up to 90% of fungicide residues, the disclosed composition reduces fungicide levels to below detectable limits, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and minimizing consumer exposure to residual chemicals. FIG. 13 showcases scalability and adaptability in different commercial fruit- processing systems, reinforcing the versatility of the composition across multiple application methods including spray bars, dip tanks, and brush beds. The thixotropic nature of the composition enables controlled viscosity recovery, preventing fungicide runoff while ensuring even surface coverage on irregularly shaped produce.

[0149] Taken together, these findings confirm that the disclosed thixotropic aqueous composition delivers enhanced fungicide retention, improved decay control, superior washability, and broad commercial applicability. The biodegradable, food-safe, and regulatory-compliant nature of the composition establishes it as a sustainableDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO alternative to traditional wax coatings, offering unparalleled post-harvest protection for fruits and vegetables.

[0150] The terms "comprising," "including," and "having," as used in the claims and specification herein, shall be considered as indicating an open group that may include other elements not specified. The terms "a," "an," and the singular forms of words shall be taken to include the plural form of the same words, such that the terms mean that one or more of something is provided. The term "one" or "single" may be used to indicate that one and only one of something is intended. Similarly, other specific integer values, such as "two," may be used when a specific number of things is intended. The terms "preferably," "preferred," "prefer," "optionally," "may," and similar terms are used to indicate that an item, condition or step being referred to is an optional (not required) feature of the invention.

[0151] The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that methods, devices, device elements, materials, procedures and techniques other than those specifically described herein can be applied to the practice of the invention as broadly disclosed herein without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents of methods, devices, device elements, materials, procedures and techniques described herein are intended to be encompassed by this invention. Whenever a range is disclosed, all subranges and individual values are intended to be encompassed. This invention is not to be limitedDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO by the embodiments disclosed, including any shown in the drawings or exemplified in the specification, which are given by way of example and not of limitation.

[0152] While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.

[0153] All references throughout this application, for example patent documents including issued or granted patents or equivalents, patent application publications, and non-patent literature documents or other source material, are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the disclosure in the present application (for example, a reference that is partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the partially inconsistent portion of the reference).

Claims

Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO CLAIMS: We Claim:

1. An organic thixotropic aqueous mixture to increase shelf life and ready-to-eat window of produce and improve targeted concentration and efficacy of fungicide comprising at least one smectite clay, a self-assembling water-soluble polymer, and a fungicide.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic thixotropic aqueous mixture further comprises a glycerophospholipid.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the glycerophospholipid is lecithin.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the smectite clay is sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, or laponite, or mixtures thereof.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the self-assembling water-soluble polymer is PVOH, gum Arabic, or pectin, or mixtures thereof.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fungicide is fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, imidazole, thiabendazole, imazalil, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP), fenhexamid, natamycin, biofungicides or combinations thereof.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one smectite clay-to-water-soluble polymer ratio is between 1:4 and 4:1.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one smectite clay-to-water-soluble polymer ratio is about 1:

1.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the aqueous dispersion is between 1% and 6% solids.

10. A method of applying the composition of claim 1 to the surface of produce to increase shelf life and ready-to-eat window and improve delivery and efficacy of fungicide comprising the step of applying the composition with a combination spray bar and brush bed.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the spray rate of the spray bar applies the composition at a range of 1000 to 7000 pounds / liter of treated fruit.

12. A method of applying the composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied in a dip tank, spray bar, or brush bed, or any combination thereof.

13. A composition for improving fungicide delivery and decay control in produce, comprising: an aqueous dispersion with a total solids content of 1% to 6% by the total weight of the composition; at least one smectite clay selected from sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, and laponite, in an amount of 1.0% to 3.5% by a total weight of the composition mixed with the aqueous dispersion; at least one self-assembling water-soluble polymer selected from polyvinyl alcohol, gum arabic, pectin, and pullulan, in an amount of 1.0%Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO to 3.0% by the total weight of the composition mixed with the aqueous dispersion; at least one fungicide selected from fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, imazalil, thiabendazole, imazalil, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, sodium orthophenylphenate (SOPP), fenhexamid, natamycin, and a biofungicide in an amount from 300 ppm to 700 ppm mixed with the aqueous dispersion; wherein the aqueous dispersion forms a thixotropic coating post-mixing, the thixotropic coating being water-soluble with viscosity recovery within 1 second after shear stress removal.

14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the smectite clay-to-water-soluble polymer ratio is 2:3, providing enhanced viscosity recovery and uniform coating formation.

15. The composition of claim 13, wherein the fungicide comprises a mixture of fludioxonil and imazalil for synergistic decay control on citrus fruits.

16. The composition of claim 13, wherein the self-assembling water-soluble polymer comprises gum Arabic to improve film-forming properties of the coating.

17. The composition of claim 13, wherein the composition reduces fungicide residue to undetectable levels after washing with water for a predefined amount of time.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO 18. The composition of claim 13, wherein the thixotropic coating has a thickness of less than 5 microns after application.

19. The composition of claim 13, wherein the aqueous dispersion is prepared by mixing under high-shear conditions to ensure homogeneity.

20. The composition of claim 13, wherein the aqueous dispersion further comprises an antioxidant selected from ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and citric acid, in an amount from 0.1% to 1.0% by the total weight of the composition mixed with the aqueous dispersion.

21. The composition of claim 21, wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid, enhancing the stability of the coating during storage.

22. A method of enhancing fungicide delivery and decay control in produce, comprising: mixing water under high-shear conditions with at least one smectite clay selected from sodium montmorillonite, hectorite, or laponite, in an amount from 1.0% to 3.5% by weight, at least one self-assembling water-soluble polymer selected from polyvinyl alcohol, gum Arabic, pectin, or pullulan, in an amount from 1.0% to 3.0% by weight, at least one fungicide selected from fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, imazalil, or thiabendazole, in an amount from 300 ppm to 700 ppm, andDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO to form a thixotropic aqueous dispersion with viscosity recovery within 1 second after shear stress removal; and applying the thixotropic aqueous composition to produce.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the thixotropic aqueous composition is applied using a spray bar system with high-precision nozzles for ensuring uniform coverage across irregularly shaped produce surfaces.

24. The method of claim 22, further comprising applying the composition to produce selected from citrus fruits, pome fruits, berries, or stone fruits.

25. The method of claim 22, wherein the composition reduces fungicide residue to undetectable levels after a water wash for a stipulated amount of time.

26. The method of claim 22, further comprising applying the thixotropic aqueous composition at a pre-harvest stage, ensuring protection from fungal decay during harvest and transportation.

27. The method of claim 22, wherein a post application thickness of the thixotropic aqueous dispersion is less than 5 microns.

28. The method of claim 22, further comprising drying the thixotropic aqueous dispersion post application under ambient temperatures below 30°C.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO 29. The method of claim 22, wherein mixing with water under high shear conditions is performed at a speed of 500 to 2000 rpm.

30. The method of claim 22, further comprising using an application system for applying the thixotropic aqueous dispersion on the produce.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the application system a dip tank, spray bar, or brush bed, or any combination thereof.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein the application system integrates with an air- assisted rotary nozzle, enhancing coverage and minimizing runoff of the composition during application.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein the spray bar applies the thixotropic aqueous dispersion at a rate of 1000 to 7000 millilitres per ton of treated produce.

34. The method of claim 22, wherein the aqueous dispersion further comprises an antioxidant selected from ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and citric acid, in an amount from 0.1% to 1.0% by the total weight of the composition mixed with the aqueous dispersion.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid, enhancing the stability of the coating during storage.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO 36. A washable thixotropic aqueous mixture for protecting produce from dehydration and / or oxidation, comprising: at least one smectite clay; and at least one self-assembling water-soluble polymer.

37. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 36, wherein the smectite clay is montmorillonite, Laponite, or bentonite, or montmorillonite and Laponite.

38. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 36, wherein the self-assembling water- soluble polymer comprises one or more polysaccharide.

39. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 38, wherein the polysaccharide is xanthan gum, gum Arabic, pullulan, pectin, or combinations thereof.

40. The thixotropic mixture of claim 36, wherein the self-assembling water-soluble polymer is PVOH.

41. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 36, wherein the smectite clay is present in the thixotropic aqueous mixture in an amount from 0.5 to 6.5 wt.%, optionally from 1.0 to 5.0 wt.%, optionally from 1.0 to 1.5 wt.%.

42. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 36, further comprising a glycerophospholipid.Docket No. 093558-0002-10WO 43. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 42, wherein the glycerophospholipid is lecithin; optionally wherein the lecithin is or is derived from soy lecithin, sunflower lecithin, or egg lecithin.

44. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 42, wherein the glycerophospholipid is present in the thixotropic aqueous mixture in an amount from 0.5 to 4.0 wt.%, optionally from 1.5 to 3.5 wt.%, optionally from 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%.

45. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 42, wherein the ratio of the smectite clay to the glycerophospholipid is from 3:1 to 0.3:1 (w / w), optionally from 1.5:1 to 0.5:1, or from 1:1 to 0.5:1; optionally at about 0.7:1 (w / w).

46. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 36, further comprising an antioxidant; optionally wherein the antioxidant is sodium citrate.

47. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 46, wherein the antioxidant is present in the mixture in an amount from 0.05 to 0.5 wt.%, optionally from 0.1 to 0.3 wt.%.

48. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 46, comprising: smectite clay; a self-assembling water-soluble polymer; lecithin; andDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO sodium citrate.

49. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 46, comprising: smectite clay; gum Arabic; lecithin; and sodium citrate.

50. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 46, comprising smectite clay; gum Arabic; and sodium citrate.

51. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 40, wherein the PVOH is present in the mixture in an amount from 1.0 to 3.0 wt. %, optionally from 1.5 to 2.5 wt.%, optionally at about 2.0 wt. %.

52. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 46, comprising: smectite clay; xanthan gum or gum Arabic; and sodium citrate.

53. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 38, wherein the one or more polysaccharide is present in the mixture in an amount from 0.2 to 6.5 wt.%; optionally wherein xanthan gum is present in the mixture in an amount from 0.2 toDocket No. 093558-0002-10WO 0.6 wt. %; optionally wherein gum Arabic is present in the mixture in an amount from 0.2 to 2.0 wt. %, optionally from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. %.

54. The thixotropic aqueous mixture of claim 36, wherein the total solids content of the thixotropic aqueous mixture is between 1 and 9% solids, optionally between 3 and 6% solids, optionally between 3.5 and 5.5% solids.

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