A new acoustic pad for surface coverings and a surface covering containing the same
Patent Information
- Application Number
- AU2025219632
- Authority / Receiving Office
- AU · AU
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-06
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-20
AI Technical Summary
Existing rigid core PVC flooring lacks effective noise reduction and recycling efficiency due to the use of non-PVC cushion pads, which compromise material integrity and complicate the recycling process.
A PVC-based acoustic pad with a foamed resin composition, comprising PVC resin, plasticizer, and foaming agent, providing superior acoustic performance and indentation resistance, allowing for homogeneous recycling.
The PVC-based acoustic pad enhances sound insulation and indentation resistance while ensuring material homogeneity, simplifying the recycling process and maintaining the integrity of the flooring structure.
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Abstract
Description
A new acoustic pad for surface coverings and a surface covering containing the sameField of Invention
[0001] This application specifically relates to an acoustic pad and a surface covering containing the same.Background
[0002] The surface coverings industry comprises of countertops, wall panels and flooring has experienced rapid development. Particularly on the flooring products, it has been evidenced a wide variety of flooring types, including carpet, solid wood flooring, laminate flooring, engineered wood flooring, and resilient flooring. Among these, the resilient flooring category has gained significant popularity due to its versatility on surface properties of stain, scratch and scuff resistances, durability of tear and gouge resistance, ease of installation and maintenance, as well as aesthetic appealing mimicking natural looks products such as wood, stone and granites etc, . Luxury Vinyl Tiles (LVT) , particularly the rigid core PVC flooring, have dominated as the leading category in terms of market growth within all flooring products.Summary of Invention
[0003] Compared to the traditional soft surface floor, one inherent end-use disadvantage for rigid core PVC flooring is the noise reduction. Various methods have been developed to improve sound insulation in rigid core PVC flooring. The inventor found that one common approach is to attach a cushion pad on the underside of the product to dissipate sound wave energy generated by impact force. The cushion pad can be made from synthetic materials such as irradiated cross-linked polyethylene (IXPE) , ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) , crosslinked or non-crosslinked polyolefins, polyurethane or natural materials like cork. The inventor found that these cushion pads can effectively enhance impact sound insulation, nonetheless, they present certain drawbacks. For instance, products with IXPE or EVA pads often compromise indentation resistance, including residual and static indentation resistance, due to the softness and lack of resilience of the pad. Cork pads, although less compromising on indentation resistance, do not perform as well as synthetic pads in terms of impact sound insulation. Furthermore, the use of dissimilar materials from the cushion pad to the PVC based flooring jeopardizes the integrity of the material homogeneousness of the flooring body and complicates the recycling process. Namely, the pad must be manually removed first before recycling the in-process scraps or inferior-quality products, the reason is to avoid a contamination of foreign materials mixed into virgin waste streams. The process for stripping off the non-PVC pad can be time consuming, labor intensive and costly. Therefore, it is essential to invent a flooring product with PVC based padding for rigid core PVC flooring. With PVC based padding, it can simplify and enhance the efficiency of the recycling process and reduce wastes going into a landfill. The present application is designed to provide a new acoustic pad for resilient surface floorings having good acoustic performance and superior indentation resistance. And this acoustic pad is based on PVC foam composition and structure. When used on the LVT product, it can simplify the recycling process and maintain integrity of the structure due to homogeneous, single source of polymeric material used for both floor and pad.
[0004] In the first aspect, the present application provides an acoustic pad made of a foamed resin material. The foamed resin material comprises: at least one polymeric resin, 100 weight parts, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises at least one PVC resin; a plasticizer, 20~100 weight parts; and a foaming agent, 0.5~10 weight parts. The acoustic pad has a thickness of 0.5~2mm, a density of 200 ~ 450Kg / m3, tensile strength in MD and AMD directions of 0.5MPa~1.55MPa, and 50%compression resistant force of 45~85Kpa.
[0005] The acoustic pad according to the present application has a permanent deformation of no higher than 3%.
[0006] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the at least one polymeric resin consists of the at least one PVC resin.
[0007] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the at least one polymeric resin further comprises at least one additional resin accounting for no higher than 50%of the total weight parts of the at least one polymeric resin.
[0008] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the at least one additional resin comprises one or more of co-polymerizable resins of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinylidene chloride.
[0009] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the plasticizer is selected from at least one of linear and branched chain of phthalates and adipates.
[0010] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the plasticizer is Dioctyl Terephthalate (DOTP) .
[0011] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the plasticizer is a mixture of Dioctyl Terephthalate (DOTP) and at least one material selected from a group including Diisononyl Cyclohexanae-1, 2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) , Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB) , Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DPGDB) and a bio-based plasticizer made from fatty acid methyl esters and derivatives.
[0012] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the weight ratio of the DOTP to the at least one material is 1: 2 ~ 16.5: 1.
[0013] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the foaming agent is at least one of azodicarbonamide (AC) and Expandable Microsphere Foaming Agent (EMFA) .
[0014] In the acoustic pad according to the present application, the weight ratio of the AC to the EMFA is no higher than 6: 1 if the foaming agent is a mixture of the AC and the EMFA.
[0015] The acoustic pad according to the present application further comprises: a secondary plasticizer, 2~10 weight parts; a lubricant, 0.1~1 weight part; optionally, an activator, no higher than 10 weight parts; optionally, a stabilizer, no higher than 15 weight parts; optionally, an organic filler, no higher than 150 weight parts; and optionally, a pigment, no higher than 1 weight part.
[0016] In the second aspect, the present application provides a surface covering product comprising the acoustic pad according to the present application.
[0017] The surface covering product according to the present application further comprises: a surface ornamental layer, and a supporting layer attached to a bottom surface of the surface ornamental layer. The acoustic pad is attached to a bottom surface of the supporting layer.
[0018] The surface covering product according to the present application is a rigid PVC flooring panel, a flexible PVC flooring panel, a laminate flooring panel or a wood flooring panel.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0019] The application will be explained in greater details in the following with reference to the embodiments, referring to the appended drawings, in which:
[0020] FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing the steps for manufacturing the acoustic pad according to the present application.
[0021] FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an exemplary surface covering product according to this application.
[0022] FIG. 2B is a section view along A-Aline of FIG. 2A.
[0023] Detailed Description of the Embodiment
[0024] This application discloses a broad description of various exemplary embodiments of the application. The description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical if not impossible. It will be understood that any feature, characteristic, component, composition, ingredient, product, step, or methodology described herein can be deleted, combined with, or substituted for, in whole or part, any other feature, characteristic, component, composition, ingredient, product, step or methodology described herein. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent while still falling within the scope of the claims. All publications and patents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference.
[0025] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. In case of conflict, the present application including the definitions will control. Also, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities, and plural terms shall include the singular. All publications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
[0026] Unless otherwise specified, when the following abbreviations are used herein, they have the following meaning:
[0027] As used herein, the terms “comprises, ” “comprising, ” includes, ” “including, ” “has, ” “having, ” “contains, ” or “containing, ” or any other variation thereof, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. For example, a composition, a mixture, a process, a method, an article, or an apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) , and B is false (or not present) , A is false (or not present) , and B is true (present) , and both A and B are true (or present) .
[0028] Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the application are intended to be non-restrictive regarding the number of instances, that is, occurrences of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.
[0029] The term “application” or “present application” as used herein is a non-limiting term and is not intended to refer to any single embodiment of the application but encompasses all possible embodiments as described in the application.
[0030] The terms “about” and “approximately, ” when referring to a numerical value or range are intended to encompass the values resulting from experimental error that can occur when taking measurements. Concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or subranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a weight range of about 1 weight percentage (wt %) to about 20 weight percentage (wt %) should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited concentration limits of 1 wt %to approximately 20 wt %, but also to include individual concentrations such as 2 wt %, 3 wt %, 4 wt %, and sub-ranges such as 5 wt %to 15 wt %, 10 wt %to 20 wt %, etc.
[0031] According to this application, the acoustic pad is made from foamed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) . In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the acoustic pad is glued, thermally bonded or bonded by other means such as ultrasonic bonding to the bottom of the flooring panels as the bottom layer of the floor panels. In another exemplary embodiment, the acoustic pad can also be used as a single layer or multiple layers in the structure of flooring panels.
[0032] According to this application, the acoustic pad has superior morphology structure manifested by its closed cell structure and physical properties measured as density, tensile strength and compression resistance force according to ISO 3386-1. This method measures the force required to compress a specimen of a foam padding to a 50%of its original thicknesss, the higher value of the compression force corresponds to a minimum permanent deformation of the padding under compression. As a result, the floor panels equipped with this acoustic pad can achieve higher indentation resistance as well as comfort foot feeling.
[0033] According to this application, the acoustic pad is made from a foamed resin material comprising at least one polymeric resin, a plasticizer and a foaming agent. In one embodiment, the polymeric resin is at least one PVC resin selecting from homopolymer of PVC, and a copolymer, block polymer, graft polymer of PVC. In an embodiment, one or more other co-polymerizable resins such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinylidene chloride etc., can be added in the formulation as an additional resin to lower processing temperature, viscosity and increase solubility which is important for coating application. In one embodiment, the additional resin accounts for no higher than 50%of the total weight parts of the total polymeric resin. In one embodiment, expressed as parts per hundred parts of the polymeric resin ( “phr” ) , the acoustic pad comprises 20 to 100 phr of a plasticizer and 0.5 to 10 phr of a foaming agent. In some embodiments, the acoustic pad further contains a filler and / or other additives such as activators, stabilizers, pigments, antioxidants, anti-foam agents, viscosity modifiers, etc.
[0034] In some embodiments, the PVC resin is a dispersion PVC resin which is very fine particle size resin made via an emulsion polymerization process. An average particle size is typically in the range of 0.5-2 microns. The molecular weight is in the range of 60,000 to 150,000 grams per mole (g / mol) with the average molecular weight being around 100,000 g / mole, which is typically expressed by the relative viscosity of 2.50 cP (K-value: 72) . This resin provides good physical properties and medium to high density foam.
[0035] The plasticizer impacts fluidity to the polymeric resins. The addition of plasticizer has a profound effect on rheology and impacts the required flexibility and other properties to the finished products. Plasticizer selection is not only to consider its effect on viscosity, fusion rate, end-product performance, economics as well as its impact to the human health and environmental aspects. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is at least one material selected from linear and branched chain of phthalates and adipates. In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the plasticizer is Dioctyl Terephthalate (DOTP) . In another exemplary embodiment, the plasticizer is a mixture of DOTP and at least one or any combination of the followingmaterials, including Diisononyl Cyclohexanae-1, 2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) , Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB) , Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DPGDB) and a bio-based plasticizer made from fatty acid methyl esters and derivatives. In an exemplary embodiment of using a mixture of DOTP and the at least one another material, the weight ratio of DOTP to the at least one another material is 1: 2 ~ 16.5: 1. In another exemplary embodiment, the weight ratio of DOTP to the at least one another material is 8.5: 1 ~15: 1. In another exemplary embodiment, the weight ratio of DOTP to the at least one another material is 10.7: 1 ~ 14: 1. One skilled in the art should appreciate that other plasticizers can be used in other embodiments.
[0036] The considerations for selection a foaming agent are weight reduction, sound insulation, mechanical properties, flexibility, softness, warmth and resilience. In one embodiment, the acoustic pad of the present application contains a chemical foaming agent of azodicarbonamide, also known as AC or ADC, as the foaming agent. The formulation of foamed PVC acoustic pad using AC foaming agent is designed to be thermally unstable and decomposed to yield gas at a desired processing temperature. The AC foaming agent is selected because 1) the decomposition temperature of AC to release gas is the same as the PVC processing temperature; 2) the rate of gas release is controllable and fast; 3) the residues of AC after decomposing is non-toxic and odorless; 4) cost effectiveness; 5) the cell structure of the foamed product is uniform and closed cells. In some other embodiments, the acoustic pad of the present application further contains is relatively small volume of other classes of chemical foaming agents, which include but are not limited to 4, 4'-Oxydibenzenesulfonyl hydrazide (OBSH) .
[0037] The decomposition temperature of the chemical foaming agent can be reduced by adding activators also referred to as “kicker” such as metal stabilizers including but not limited to the metal compounds of Zinc, Calcium, Cadmium, Barium containing in the form of oxides. Same types of stabilizer are also normally used in the formula of PVC polymer to protect thermal discoloration during the process. In an exemplary embodiment, expressed as part of hundred parts of the polymeric resin, the activator is added at 0 ~10 phr.
[0038] In an alternative embodiment, a physical foaming agent such as Expandable Microsphere Foaming Agent (EMFA) is used to substitute the AC foaming agent. When heated to the designated temperature, the thermoplastic shell of EMFA softens. The liquid hydrocarbon or other substances inside the microsphere gasify and expand due to the increase in temperature and pressure. As a result, the volume of the microsphere can expand rapidly to multiple times its original size, achieving the foaming effect. In an exemplary embodiment, the foaming activation temperature for EMFA ranges from 160 to 210 ℃. The diameter of the EMFA before foaming is 20~40 μm. Larger diameter of EMFA can lead to coarser surface of the acoustic pad.
[0039] In another alternative embodiment, azodicarbonamide and EMFA are combined used with the weight ratio of azodicarbonamide to EMFA no larger than 6: 1. In another exemplary embodiment, the weight ratio of azodicarbonamide to EMFA is 0.5: 1 ~ 3.3: 1. In another exemplary embodiment, the weight ratio of azodicarbonamide to EMFA is 0.7: 1 ~ 2: 1.
[0040] In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the acoustic pad contains a secondary plasticizer for better processability and physical properties. The secondary plasticizer is one or any combination of the following selections: epoxidized soybean oil, octyl epoxidized soybean oil, methyl epoxidized acetyl ricinoleate, and epoxidized sunflower oil. In an exemplary embodiment, expressed as part of hundred parts of polymeric resin, the secondary plasticizer is added at 2 ~ 10 phr.
[0041] In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the acoustic pad contains a lubricant for better processability. The lubricant is one or any combination of the following selections: polyethylene wax, paraffin wax, oxidized polyethylene wax and steric acid. In exemplary embodiment, expressed as part of hundred parts of polymeric resin, the lubricant is added at 0.1 ~ 1 phr.
[0042] In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the acoustic pad can also contain a stabilizer. The incorporation of a stabilizer helps prevent the degradation of PVC resin during the foaming process. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a liquid zinc stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a calcium-zinc complex stabilizer. In an exemplary embodiment, expressed as part of hundred parts of polymeric resin, the stabilizer is 0-15 phr.
[0043] In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the acoustic pad can also contain an inorganic filler and a pigment. The inorganic filler can increase the density and physical strength of the acoustic pad. In an exemplary embodiment, the inorganic filler can be one or any combination of the following selections: limestone powder, dolomite powder, talcum powder. The pigment can be one or any combination of the following selections: titanium dioxide, antioxidant such as 2, 2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (BPA) , and etc. In an exemplary embodiment, expressed as part of hundred parts of polymeric resin, the inorganic filler is 0-150 phr, and the pigment is 0-1 phr.
[0044] An exemplary formula of the PVC foamed acoustic pad according to the present application is described in Table 1 below. However, it is to be recognized that such an exemplary formula is merely for an illustration and is not to be construed as a limitation of a broader aspects of the present invention concept.
[0045] Table1 Exemplary Formula of PVC Foamed Acoustic Pad
[0046] According to this application, the density of the acoustic pad ranges from 200 to 450 kg / m3; Tensile strength in MD direction ranges from 0.5MPa to 1.55MPa. 50%compression resistant force (ISO 3386-1) ranges from 45 to 85 KPa. According to ASTM F1914, under 51kg load, 6.3mm diameter flat foot, and 10 minutes under loaded weight, the permanent deformation for the acoustic pad is not higher than 3%at end of the 60 min recovery. In an exemplary embodiment, the density of the acoustic pad ranges from 200 to 300 kg / m3. In another exemplary embodiment, the density of the acoustic pad ranges from 210 to 250 kg / m3. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength in MD direction ranges from 0.85MPa to 1.4MPa. In another exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength in MD direction ranges from 0.9MPa to 1.1MPa. In an exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength in AMD direction ranges from 0.85MPa to 1.4MPa. In another exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength in AMD direction ranges from 0.9MPa to 1.1MPa. In an exemplary embodiment, the 50%compression resistant force ranges from 49 to 65 KPa. In an exemplary embodiment, the thickness of acoustic pad according to this application ranges from 0.5mm to 2mm. In another exemplary embodiment, the thickness of acoustic pad according to this application ranges from 0.9mm to 1.1mm.
[0047] The acoustic pad according to this application has a porous structure with small and closed cells uniformly distributed. When sound waves enter this structure, sound energy is dissipated by thermal loss caused by friction of air molecules with the pore walls and viscous loss brought by viscous airflow within the materials. As a result, it reduces the sound wave reflection and transmission in the room leading to noise reduction effect. In addition to the acoustic benefit, thanks to the superior resilience of this pad reflected by the high 50%compression resistant force value and low permanent deformation after long term indentation, the flooring product especially resilient floor equipped with this pad has demonstrated great indentation resistance.
[0048] The acoustic pad according to this application can situate as the bottom layer or other layers in a multiple layer flooring product including but not limited to a laminated floor, an engineering wood floor, a PVC floor or other non-PVC type of resilient floors. Since the acoustic pad according to this application is produced from foamed PVC material, the PVC floor equipped with this acoustic pad does not require separation of the pad for recycling during either in production or at end of the product life cycle. This feature significantly simplifies the recycling process versus the PVC floor with common acoustic pads such as IXPE or EVA.
[0049] The exemplary procedure for manufacturing the acoustic pad according to this application is described as below with reference to Fig. 1:
[0050] 1) The ingredients according to the formulation are weighed and uniformly mixed with a high shear mixer to form a uniform plastisol coating material. The primary desired result of mixing is to break up agglomerates of the solid ingredients and to disperse the solid ingredients homogeneously throughout the liquid medium and achieve the most desirable viscosity ranges for the subsequent coating application. Typically, a higher shear mixer is applied for this application to allow solid ingredients fully in contact with liquid medium. The shearing intensity by the rotation speed of the blades within the mixing vessel is properly controlled to maintain an adequate mixing time before it reaches to the discharge temperature around 32 ℃. After mixture reaches to the 32 ℃, large quantities of air are entrapped during the mixing operation, therefore, it is necessary to remove the entrapped air, otherwise the air can cause bubbles and blisters upon the subsequent gelation and fusion process. The practice of deaerating entrapped air is normally done by applying reduced pressure during the mixing cycle in mixers which is equipped the vacuum deaeration function.
[0051] 2) The well mixed and deaerated PVC plastisol are then coated on a releasable carrier such as release paper, releasable felt or Teflon belt etc. The thickness of the PVC plastisol layer applied on the release carrier depends on the formula and the finished product specification. The wet coating thickness of the PVC plastisol layer is in the range from 0.3 mm to 2 mm. The coated PVC plastisol layer of is substantially uniform on the surface of the release carrier.
[0052] 3) The PVC plastisol layer on the releasable carrier is then heated for a period from 1 minutes to 15 minutes in a heating drum, oven, tunnel or other suitable apparatus under the temperature from 50℃ to about 232 ℃. The coated PVC plastisol layer is transformed from the liquid form to the gelled form and then blown form. The time and the temperature of heating are interdependent, namely the higher the temperature, the shorter the time is required and vice versa. The heating process typically comprises two stages. In the first stage, the PVC plastisol layer is pre-foamed under a lower temperature from 50℃ to about 100 ℃ and lasts 5 ~15 mins. The second stage of the heating process is to activate or to decompose the foaming agent in the coated PVC plastisol layer, which expands the PVC plastisol layer and to achieve the desirable thickness, foam density, cell structure and performance of the foamed layer. The second stage is conducted at the temperature ranging from 170℃ to about 232 ℃ and lasts 5~15 mins.
[0053] 4) The freshly foamed layer is still relatively soft, moldable, it is then undergone the cooling process to quickly bring down the temperature of the foamed layer to the room or ambient temperature to obtain the hardness and firmness of the foamed layer.
[0054] 5) The final stage of the manufacture process is to strip off the release carrier from the foamed layer and rolled up the foamed layer to obtain the acoustic pad. According to this application, the finished acoustic pad thickness ranges from 0.5mm to 2.0mm and the density ranges from 200 kg / m3 to 450 kg / m3.
[0055] Now with reference to the Figs. 2A and 2B, a surface covering product 200 contains the acoustic pad according to this application is described. In one embodiment, the surface covering product 200 is a flooring panel, including but not limited to a rigid PVC flooring panel, a flexible PVC flooring panel, a laminate flooring panel or a wood flooring panel. The surface covering product 200 with layered structure comprising, from top to bottom, a surface ornamental layer 210, supporting layer 206 and backing layer 209. The top surface of the supporting layer 206 is attached to the bottom surface of the surface ornamental layer 210. The bottom surface of the supporting layer 206 is attached to the top surface of the backing layer 209. In an exemplary embodiment, the surface covering product has a thickness ranging from 3.2 mm to 11.6 mm. In an exemplary embodiment, the surface ornamental layer 210, the supporting layer 206 and the backing layer 209 are laminated together by hot press lamination. In another exemplary embodiment, the surface ornamental layer 210, the supporting layer 206 and the backing layer 209 are laminated by adhesive. The adhesive is either a pressure sensitive hot melt adhesive, apolyurethane reactive adhesive, or other types of adhesives appreciated by a professional skilled of art. Although the surface covering product according to FIG. 2A has layered structure only comprising the surface ornamental layer 210, the supporting layer 206 and the backing layer 209. In an exemplary embodiment, there is at least one additional layer attached on the top and / or bottom surface for the supporting layer 206. In an exemplary embodiment, the backing layer 209 is the acoustic pad according to this application.
[0056] In an exemplary embodiment of this application, the surface ornamental layer 210 also has a layered structure comprising, from top to bottom, a scratch resistant coating layer 201, a wear layer 202 and a décor layer 203. These layers can be bonded by a hot press lamination or a gluing process. The adhesive can be a pressure sensitive hot melt adhesive, a polyurethan reactive adhesive or other types of adhesives appreciated by a professional skilled of art. In an exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the surface ornamental layer 210 ranges from 0.16 mm to 2.6 mm. The surface ornamental layer 210 provides various properties to the surface covering product 200 including, but not limited to, stain resistance, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, slip resistance, indentation resistance, tear resistance, and clarity. Additionally, the surface ornamental layer 210 provides aesthetics to the surface covering product 200 including color, gloss, sheen, and decoration features.
[0057] In an exemplary embodiment of the application, the coat layer 201 is a wear-resistant radiation-cured topcoat. In an exemplary embodiment, the coat layer 201 is an ultra-violet (UV) curing urethane acrylates system with coating weight ranges from 8 grams / m2 to 40 grams / m2. The UV coating can be applied by one station or two stations of a pair of a coater and an UV curing chamber, each UV curing chamber is equipped with roll coaters or an air knife coater, a knife over a roll coater, etc. After the coating being applied, the panel with a wet UV coating is carried through a curing chamber comprising of multiple UV lamps, reflectors and an ancillary equipment such as blower to release heat buildup inside the curing chamber. Inside the lamp, it can be filled with mercury vapor, Xenon or other sources to produce the proper wavelength of lights to cure and harden the UV coating on the surface of coverings. In an exemplary embodiment, the coat layer 201 is a two-coat matte finish system having a sealer coat and a topcoat. The curing energy to solidify the liquids of the sealer coat and the topcoat is approximately 550 millijoule / cm2 and 1000 millijoule / cm2 respectively. In another exemplary embodiment, the coat layer 201 is a two-coat finish system cured with a 172nm Excimer UV lamp under nitrogen atmosphere. In an exemplary embodiment, the thickness of the coat layer 201 is approximately 0.01 ~ 0.1mm. The coat layer 201 provides the surface covering product 200 with improved surface properties including stain resistance, anti-microbial function, scuff &scratch and abrasive resistance among others.
[0058] The wear layer 202 can be produced from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) , polyolefins (PO) , polyester (PET) , polylactic acid (PLA) , or other thermoplastic materials. In an exemplary embodiment of the application, the wear layer 202 is made from a transparent PVC composition without containing a phthalate plasticizer component. The transparency of the wear layer 202 allows the aesthetic print on the decor layer 203 to be visible through. Although the thickness of the wear layer 202 may vary, it could be in the range of approximately 0.1m to 1mm. The wear layer 202 provides protection to the aesthetic appearance of the underlying decor layer 203 from foot traffic and other disrupting forces.
[0059] In an exemplary embodiment of the application, the composition of the wear layer 202 includes polyvinyl chloride and optionally at least one plasticizer. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is at least one selected from non-phthalate-type plasticizers such as dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) , 1, 2-cyclo-hexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) , Diethylene glycol dibenzoate (DEGDB) , Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (DPGDB) , and a bio-based plasticizer (i.e., a vegetable oil based PVC plasticizer with major components of Octa-decanoic acid, 10-chloro-9-methoxy-, methyl ester. ) . However, one skilled in the art should appreciate that other plasticizers can be used in other embodiments. In an exemplary embodiment, the wear layer 202 also contains at least one stabilizer such as but not limited to a non-toxic metal soap stabilizer. In some embodiments, calcium stearate, zinc stearate or the mixture thereof is used as the stabilizer. In another exemplary embodiment, the wear layer 202 further contains at least one co-stabilizer such as but not limited to epoxidized soybean oil. In an exemplary embodiment, the wear layer 202 further contains at least one UV light stabilizer. In some embodiment, the UV light stabilizer includes a UV light absorber and a hinder amine to maximize the efficiency of UV light stability. In an exemplary embodiment, the wear layer 202 further contains at least one processing aid.
[0060] The decor layer 203 can be produced by a printed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film, printed melamine paper or other printed decorative films. In an exemplary embodiment of the application, the decor layer 203 is a pre-printed PVC film with a thickness ranging from 0.05 to 1.5mm. In an exemplary embodiment, the thickness of decor layer 203 is about 0.07mm. In another exemplary embodiment, the décor layer 203 can be natural decorative materials such as but not limited to wood veneer or stone veneer. The decor layer 203 provides the surface covering product 200 with unique aesthetic design and color.
[0061] In an exemplary embodiment, the supporting layer 206 is produced from a polymeric resin compound with inorganic fillers and additives. The polymeric resin is selected from at least one of thermoplastic materials including, but not limited to, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) , polyolefins (PO) , polyester (PET) , polylactic acid (PLA) , or others alike. In an exemplary embodiment, the supporting layer 206 is produced from PVC filled with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and additives. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition in the supporting layer 206 can contain at least one non-phthalate plasticizer (or bio-plasticizer) ranging from 0 to 17 phr to reach the desired rigidity. The PVC rigid floor as described in the application examples as below has zero or trace amount (no higher than 2 phr) of plasticizer. The PVC flexible floor as described contains 12 to 17 phr of plasticizer. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition in the supporting layer 206 also contains additive such as epoxided soybean oi to help the plasticization, a stabilizer to improve the thermal stability of PVC during process, and pigment such as carbon black to provide certain color to the supporting layer 206. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition of the supporting layer expressed as parts per hundred parts of the polymer resin ( “phr” ) comprises at least one bio-plasticizer 12 to 17 phr, a soybean oil 2 to 5 phr, calcium carbonate powder 300 to 450 phr, at least one stabilizer 3 to 5 phr, and carbon black 0 to 0.5 phr. In an exemplary embodiment, the polymeric resin in the above composition is PVC.
[0062] Coupling structures are incorporated into the supporting layer 206 to interlock with the adjacent surface covering products 200. As illustrated in the figures, the coupling structures comprise a tongue structure 208 and a groove structur1, which are respectively constructed on the opposite lateral sides of the supporting layer 206. The two adjacent surface covering products 200 are joined together by inserting the tongue structure 208 of one surface covering product 200 into the groove structure 207 of the adjacent surface covering product 200.
[0063] Several Examples of the acoustic pad according to the present application are described in the below.
[0064] Application Example I
[0065] The acoustic pad according to this example is produced by the foaming process as described above. The first stage for the foaming process lasts 5 mins at 70℃ and the second stage lasts 8 mins at 200℃. The formulation is described as Table 2 below.
[0066] Table 2 Formulation of Application Example I
[0067] Application Example II
[0068] The acoustic pad according to this example is produced by the foaming process as described above. The first stage of the foaming process lasts 5 mins at 70℃ and the second 2 lasts 8 mins at 200℃. The formulation is described as Table 3 below.
[0069] Table 3 Formulation of Application Example II
[0070] Application Example III
[0071] The acoustic pad according to this example is produced by the foaming process as described above. The first stage of the foaming process lasts 5 mins at 70℃ and the second stage lasts 12 mins at 200℃. The formulation is described as Table 4 below. EMFA is 980 DU 100 provided by Nouryon.
[0072] Table 4 Formulation of Application Example III
[0073] Comparative Example I
[0074] The acoustic pad according to this comparative example is produced by the foaming process as described above. The first stage of the foaming process lasts 5 mins at 60℃ and the second stage lasts 8 mins at 190℃. The formulation is described as Table 5 below.
[0075] Table 5 Formulation of Comparative Example I
[0076] Test results
[0077] All application examples and the comparative example have been subjected to the following tests:
[0078] · Density measurement per ISO 845: 2006 method
[0079] · Tensile strength by stretching in both MD and AMD direction following method ISO 527
[0080] · 50%compression resistant force following ISO 3386-1 method
[0081] · Permanent deformation. In this test, the initial thickness t0 of the sample is measured following the test method ASTM F387. Then the sample is subjected to 10 minutes indentation with 51kg load weight and 11.3mm diameter flat foot. After indentation, the sample is recovering for 60 minutes and the final thickness after recovery is measured as t1. The permanent deformation is calculated by equation (t0-t1) / t0 and expressed as percentage of the initial thickness.
[0082] The test results are shown in Table 6.
[0083] Table 6 Test results of Application Examples I-III and Comparative Example 1
[0084] Based on the result as listed in Table 6, the three application examples have higher density and lower tensile strength than Comparative Example I. This makes the acoustic pad according to the application examples more adapt to the traditional slitting process for the PVC flooring with less risk of being ripped and creating burred edges. Furthermore, this also makes the acoustic pad according to the application examples less risk of edge curl compared with comparative example during the lamination process while attaching to the surface covering product. The application examples also have higher density and 50%compression resistance force than the comparative examples, which leads to lower permanent deformation. As a result, the surface covering product attached with the acoustic pad according to the application examples shows better indentation resistance compared with the surface covering product attached with the comparative example.
[0085] The acoustic pad according to the Application Example I has been laminated by a gluing process on the bottom of both PVC rigid and PVC flexible floor products to create Application Examples IV and V. The other types of acoustic pads including IXPE, EVA and cork pads have been glued to the bottom of same types of PVC rigid floor and PVC flexible floor products to create Comparative Examples II, III, IV, V and VI.
[0086] Application Example IV
[0087] In this example, the acoustic pad according to the Application Example I has been laminated by a gluing process to the bottom of a PVC rigid floor. The thickness of the PVC rigid floor is 5.0mm and the thickness of the acoustic pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the floor is 6.0mm.
[0088] The finished PVC rigid floor comprises multiple layers including, from top to bottom, a UV coating layer, a wear layer, a print film layer, a supporting layer and an acoustic pad layer. The UV coating layer is an ultra-violet (UV) curing urethane acrylates system. The wear layer is made from a transparent PVC composition without containing a phthalate plasticizer component. The thickness of the wear layer is 0.5mm. The print film is a pre-printed PVC film, and the thickness is 0.07mm. The supporting layer contains mostly PVC resin and calcium carbonate filler and contains zero or trace of plasticizers. The calcium carbonate filler accounts for about 70%of the total weight of the supporting layer. The thickness of the supporting layer is 4.5mm with density about 2050kg / m3. The bottom acoustic pad is made according to the Application Example I.
[0089] Application Example V
[0090] In this example, the acoustic pad according to the Application Example I has been laminated by a gluing process to the bottom of a PVC flexible floor. The thickness of the PVC flexible floor is 4.5mm and the thickness of the acoustic pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the floor is 5.5mm.
[0091] The finished PVC flexible floor comprises multiple layers including, from top to bottom, a UV coating layer, a wear layer, a print film layer, base layer and an acoustic pad layer. The UV coating layer is an ultra-violet (UV) curing urethane acrylates system applied by roller coating process. The wear layer is made from a transparent PVC composition without containing a phthalate plasticizer component. The thickness of the wear layer is 0.5mm. The print film is a pre-printed PVC film, and the thickness is 0.07mm. The base layer contains mostly PVC resin, calcium carbonate filler and a bio-based plasticizer made from fatty acid methyl esters and derivatives. The calcium carbonate filler accounts for about 65%of the total weight of the supporting layer and the plasticizer content is about 9%. The thickness of the base layer is about 4.4mm with density about 1700kg / m3. The bottom acoustic pad is made according to the Application Example I.
[0092] Comparative Example II
[0093] In this example, the acoustic pad according to the Comparative Example I has been laminated by a gluing process to the bottom of a PVC rigid floor which is same as the PVC rigid floor in the Application Example IV. The thickness of the PVC rigid floor is 5.0mm and the thickness of the acoustic pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the floor is 6.0mm.
[0094] The finished PVC rigid floor comprises multiple layers including, from top to bottom, a UV a coating layer, a wear layer, a print film layer, a supporting layer and an acoustic pad layer. The UV coating layer is an ultra-violet (UV) curing urethane acrylates system applied by roller coating process. The wear layer is made from a transparent PVC composition without containing a phthalate plasticizer component. The thickness of the wear layer is 0.5mm. The print film is a pre-printed PVC film, and the thickness is 0.07mm. The supporting layer contains mostly PVC resin and calcium carbonate filler and zero or trace of plasticizers. The calcium carbonate filler accounts for about 70%of the total weight of the supporting layer. The thickness of the supporting layer is 4.5mm with density about 2050kg / m3. The bottom acoustic pad is made according to the Comparative Example I.
[0095] The only difference between the Comparative Example II and the Application Example IV is the different formulation of the PVC acoustic pad.
[0096] Comparative Example III
[0097] In this example, an irradiated cross-linked polyethylene (IXPE) pad has been laminated by a gluing process to the bottom of the PVC rigid floor which is same as the one used in the Application Example IV. The thickness of the PVC rigid floor is 5.0mm. The thickness of the IXPE pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the product is 6.0mm.
[0098] The only difference between the Application Example IV and the Comparative Example III is the different types of the acoustic pads (i.e., the IXPE pad versus the acoustic pad according to this application) .
[0099] Comparative Example IV
[0100] In this example, a cork pad has been laminated by a gluing process to the bottom of the PVC rigid floor which is same as the one used in the Application Example IV. The thickness of the PVC rigid floor is 5.0mm. The thickness of the cork pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the product is 6.0mm.
[0101] The only difference between the Application Example IV and the Comparative Example III is the different types of acoustic pads (i.e., the cork pad versus the acoustic pad according to this application) .
[0102] Comparative Example V
[0103] In this example, a foamed EVA pad has been laminated by a gluing process to the bottom of the PVC rigid floor which is same as the one used in the Application Example IV. The thickness of the PVC rigid floor is 5.0mm. The thickness of the cork pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the product is 6.0mm.
[0104] The only difference between the Application Example IV and the Comparative Example III is the different types of acoustic pads (i.e., the EVA foamed pad versus the acoustic pad according to this application) .
[0105] Comparative Example VI
[0106] In this example, an irradiated cross-linked polyethylene (IXPE) pad has been laminated by gluing process to the bottom of the PVC flexible floor which is same as the one used in the Application Example V. The thickness of the PVC flexible floor is 4.5 mm. The thickness of the IXPE pad is 1.0mm. The total thickness of the product is 5.5mm.
[0107] The finished PVC flexible floor comprises multiple layers including, from top to bottom, a UV coating layer, a wear layer, a print film layer, a base layer and an acoustic pad layer. The UV coating layer is an ultra-violet (UV) curing urethane acrylates system applied by a roller coating process. The wear layer is made from a transparent PVC composition without containing a phthalate plasticizer component. The thickness of the wear layer is 0.5mm. The print film is a pre-printed PVC film, and the thickness is 0.07mm. The base layer contains mostly PVC resin, calcium carbonate filler and a bio-based plasticizer made from fatty acid methyl esters and derivatives. The calcium carbonate filler accounts for about 65%of the total weight of the supporting layer and the plasticizer content is about 9%. The thickness of the base layer is about 4.4mm with density about 1700kg / m3. The bottom acoustic pad is made according to the Application Example I.
[0108] The only difference between the Comparative Example VI and the Application Example V is the different types of the acoustic pads (i.e., the IXPE pad versus the acoustic pad according to this application) .
[0109] Test Results
[0110] The following test has been conducted for the samples produced according to the Application Examples IV, V and the Comparative Examples II, III, IV, V and VI.
[0111] ● The acoustic test was performed in a self-developed acoustic testing facility simulating the impact sound insulation class (IIC) rating according to ASTM E492. A higher IIC means better sound insulation.
[0112] ● Residue indentation per ASTM F1914 method.
[0113] ○ For the PVC rigid product samples according to the Application Example IV and the Comparative Examples II, III, IV and V. The test method follows ASTM F1914 with 75lbs loading weight, 6.35mm diameter flat foot and 15 mins indentation. Recovering time is 1 hour after indentation.
[0114] ○ For the PVC flexible product samples according to the Application Example V and the Comparative Example VI. The test method follows ASTM F1914 with 140lbs loading weight, 4.5mm diameter flat foot and 10 mins indentation. The recovering time is 1 hour after indentation.
[0115] ● Residue indentation per ISO24343-1 method.
[0116] The results are listed in Table 7 and Table 8 as below.
[0117] Table 1 Test results for the PVC rigid products with different acoustic pads
[0118] Table 8 Test results for the PVC flexible products with different acoustic pads
[0119] Table 7 lists the test results for same PVC rigid floor with different types of pads including the acoustic pad according to Application Example I, the acoustic pad according to Comparative Example I, the IXPE pad, the EVA pad, and the cork pad. The results clearly shows that the PVC rigid floor with the acoustic pad according to the Application Example I has the best indentation resistance following both ASTM and ISO standard. Furthermore, it achieves the superior indentation resistance without compromising the acoustic performance proven by the IIC value. By comparison between the Application Example IV and the Comparative Examples II-V in Table 7, it is clearly that the acoustic pad needs to have the right physical properties measured by density, tensile strength and 50%compression resistant force to be able to bring the expected indentation resistance performance to the PVC rigid product.
[0120] Table 8 lists test results for same PVC flexible floor with the acoustic pad according to the Application Example I and IXPE pad. Same conclusion can be drawn that the flexible floor product with the acoustic pad according to the Application Example I is substantially better than the same floor product with the IXPE pad in terms of both acoustic performance and indentation resistance.
[0121] As a summary, the floor equipped with the acoustic pad according to this application have achieved at least the following technical effects:
[0122] ● The acoustic pad according to this application is produced with a foamed material in which closed cells uniformly distributed in the structure. This has provided superior acoustic performance to the flooring product equipped with this pad.
[0123] ● Due to the combination of the physical properties of the acoustic pad according to this application, the flooring product equipped with this acoustic pad has demonstrated better indentation resistance compared with those equipped with other types acoustic pads.
[0124] ● The acoustic pad according to this application has appropriate tensile strength which reduces the risk of edge ripping off and burred cutting during slitting process in flooring production.
[0125] ● The polymeric materials used for the acoustic pad according to this application is same as the flooring body of the PVC flooring, which is in favor of the recycling process for PVC flooring either during production or at the end of the product life cycle.
Claims
1.An acoustic pad, characterized in that the acoustic pad is made of a foamed resin material comprising:at least one polymeric resin, 100 weight parts, wherein the at least one polymeric resin comprises at least one PVC resin;a plasticizer, 20~100 weight parts; anda foaming agent, 0.5~10 weight parts;wherein the acoustic pad has a thickness of 0.5~2mm, a density of 200 ~ 450Kg / m3, tensile strength in MD and AMD directions of 0.5MPa~1.55MPa, and 50%compression resistant force of 45~85Kpa.2.The acoustic pad according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe acoustic pad has a permanent deformation of no higher than 3%.3.The acoustic pad according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe at least one polymeric resin consists of the at least one PVC resin.4.The acoustic pad according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe at least one polymeric resin further comprises at least one additional resin accounting for no higher than 50%of the total weight parts of the at least one polymeric resin.5.The acoustic pad according to claim 4, characterized in thatthe at least one additional resin comprises one or more of co-polymerizable resins of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinylidene chloride.6.The acoustic pad according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe plasticizer is selected from at least one of linear and branched chain of phthalates and adipates.7.The acoustic pad according to claim 6, characterized in thatthe plasticizer is Dioctyl Terephthalate (DOTP) .8.The acoustic pad according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe plasticizer is a mixture of Dioctyl Terephthalate (DOTP) and at least one material selected from a group including Diisononyl Cyclohexanae-1, 2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) , Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DEGDB) , Dipropylene Glycol Dibenzoate (DPGDB) and a bio-based plasticizer made from fatty acid methyl esters and derivatives.9.The acoustic pad according to claim 8, characterized in thatthe weight ratio of the DOTP to the at least one material is 1: 2 ~ 16.5: 1.10.The acoustic pad according to claim 1, characterized in thatthe foaming agent is at least one of azodicarbonamide (AC) and Expandable Microsphere Foaming Agent (EMFA) .11.The acoustic pad according to claim 10, characterized in thatthe weight ratio of the AC to the EMFA is no higher than 6: 1 if the foaming agent is a mixture of the AC and the EMFA.12.The acoustic pad according to claim 1 characterized by further comprising:a secondary plasticizer, 2~10 weight parts;a lubricant, 0.1~1 weight part;optionally, an activator, no higher than 10 weight parts;optionally, a stabilizer, no higher than 15 weight parts;optionally, an organic filler, no higher than 150 weight parts; andoptionally, a pigment, no higher than 1 weight part.13.A surface covering product, characterized by comprising the acoustic pad according to any one of claims 1-12.14.The surface covering product according to claim 13, characterized by further comprising:a surface ornamental layer; anda supporting layer attached to a bottom surface of the surface ornamental layer;wherein the acoustic pad is attached to a bottom surface of the supporting layer.15.The surface covering product according to claim 13, characterized in thatthe surface covering product is a rigid PVC flooring panel, a flexible PVC flooring panel, a laminate flooring panel or a wood flooring panel.