Intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in goaf

Abstract

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Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion hazards in underground coal mines, and specifically to an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf. BACKGROUND

[0002] Coal is the primary energy source in China. In the process of coal mining, the risk of spontaneous combustion in the goaf is an unavoidable problem due to limitations of existing mining technologies. Spontaneous combustion of coal will not only allow a resource waste and environmental pollution, but can also induce serious secondary disasters such as gas explosion and coal dust explosion, posing a serious threat to the safe production of coal mines. Therefore, measures such as nitrogen injection, inhibitor spraying, and grouting are typically taken in mines to prevent and extinguish fires in the goaf. Inhibitor spraying can directly act on the coal surface to disrupt the spontaneous combustion reaction chain, and has become one of the important means of preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal due to the advantages such as low cost, rapid reaction, and flexible operation.

[0003] However, conventional inhibitor spraying methods used in mines are mostly manual or semi-automatic, and lack real-time sensing of and intelligent response to complex environmental parameters in the goaf, failing to respond promptly to the dynamic changes in the oxidation reaction of coal. There is a lack of an intelligent and efficient spraying system, and the inhibitor formulation used in such inhibitor spraying methods is monotonous and cannot be precisely adjusted based on the coal temperature and the characteristics of different oxidation stages, resulting in an unstable inhibition effect on spontaneous combustion of coal. SUMMARY

[0004] The present disclosure aims to solve at least one of the technical problems in the related art to some extent. Therefore, a first objective of the present disclosure is to provide an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf, to intelligently determine whether coal in the goaf is at risk of spontaneous combustion, predict the temperature of a risk area, adjust the inhibitor formulation, and automatically spray the inhibitor directionally to the risk area to finally eliminate the risk in the area. 2026201110   13 Feb 2026

[0005] To achieve the above objective, in accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, an embodiment provides an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf, the system including: a data collection and processing unit, an intelligent risk identification unit, a composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit, a high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit, a delivery pipeline, and a spraying unit, where

[0006] the data collection and processing unit is configured to collect an environmental parameter of the goaf and transmit the environmental parameter to the intelligent risk identification unit;

[0007] the intelligent risk identification unit is configured to intelligently determine according to the environmental parameter whether the coal is at risk of the spontaneous combustion, and when determining that the coal is at risk of the spontaneous combustion, determine a dosage ratio of an inhibitor according to a predicted temperature and generate a control signal corresponding to the dosage ratio of the inhibitor;

[0008] the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit is configured to mix an inhibitor raw material and water by stirring according to the control signal to obtain the inhibitor, and a discharge port of the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit is in communication with the delivery pipeline;

[0009] the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit is in communication with the delivery pipeline through a mixing chamber, and the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit is configured to mix nitrogen gas with the inhibitor to obtain a mixture and deliver the mixture to the spraying unit; and

[0010] the spraying unit includes a plurality of spraying ports each equipped with a solenoid valve controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit, and the spraying unit is configured to directionally and uniformly spray the mixture to an area at risk of the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf.

[0011] In addition, the intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to the embodiments of the present disclosure may further have the following additional technical features.

[0012] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the data collection and processing unit includes an environmental monitoring sensor, a data processor, and a wired network, where

[0013] the environmental monitoring sensor is arranged in the goaf, and is configured to acquire concentration data of typical gas components in the goaf in real time and transmit the concentration data to the data processor, where the typical gas components include O2, CO, CO2, CH4, and C2H4; and

[0014] the data processor is configured to perform standardization preprocessing and formatted 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 encoding on the concentration data of the typical gas components to obtain processed data, and transmit the processed data to the intelligent risk identification unit in real time through the wired network.

[0015] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the intelligent risk identification unit performs risk identification on an environmental parameter of the goaf using a warning model for temperature prediction and risk classification based on Conditional Quantile Regression (CQR)-Tabular Prior-data Fitted Network (TabPFN), including:

[0016] performing short-term multi-step prediction on coal temperature using a TabPFN;

[0017] introducing CQR to construct a prediction interval with finite-sample coverage guarantees for a result of the short-term multi-step prediction to achieve temperature prediction with uncertainty measures, and establishing a cumulative link ordinal logistic regression using temperature point prediction, upper and lower limits of the prediction interval, and key gas characteristics as independent variables to achieve ordinal classification of a spontaneous combustion risk level; and

[0018] when determining that the risk of the spontaneous combustion exists, dynamically adjusting the dosage ratio of the inhibitor according to regional temperature data predicted by the warning model.

[0019] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, dynamically adjusting the dosage ratio of the inhibitor according to the regional temperature data predicted by the warning model includes:

[0020] formulating the inhibitor according to a first preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 30°C to 90°C;

[0021] formulating the inhibitor according to a second preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 90°C to 150°C; and

[0022] formulating the inhibitor according to a third preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 150°C to 200°C.

[0023] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first preset ratio is a mass ratio of a 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) solution to a tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) solution being (1.6-2.0):1; the second preset ratio is a mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution being (0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2); and the third preset ratio is a mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution being 1:(1.6-2.0).

[0024] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit includes a first preparation chamber and a second preparation chamber independent of each other, raw material storage chambers are respectively arranged above the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber, and bottoms of the raw material storage chambers are respectively connected to weighing devices to control feeding amounts; the 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 raw material storage chambers are correspondingly in communication with the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber through feeding ports, and other ends of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber are respectively provided with water inlets; a stirring device driven by a motor is arranged in each of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber, and water level sensors are respectively mounted on side walls of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber to monitor water levels in the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively; bottoms of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber are respectively provided with discharge ports, and the discharge ports are in communication with the delivery pipeline; the feeding ports, the water inlets, and the discharge ports are each equipped with a solenoid valve; and the weighing devices, the water level sensors, the stirring devices, and the solenoid valves are centrally controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit.

[0025] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the raw material storage chambers above the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively store a high-concentration BHT inhibitor stock solution and a high-concentration TBHQ inhibitor stock solution.

[0026] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit includes a high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber connected to an inhibitor liquid inlet and a high-pressure nitrogen gas inlet, and the inhibitor liquid inlet is connected to an atomizer to atomize an inhibitor liquid into fine particles; a pressure sensor is arranged in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber to monitor a pressure in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber in real time; and high-pressure nitrogen gas and an atomized inhibitor liquid are thoroughly mixed in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber and are outputted through an outlet.

[0027] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the environmental monitoring sensor arranged in the goaf collects the concentration data of the typical gas components in real time, and transmits the concentration data of the typical gas components to the data processor; the data processor preliminarily processes the concentration data of the typical gas components and transmits processed concentration data to the intelligent risk identification unit, and the intelligent risk identification unit performs comprehensive analysis and judgment on the processed concentration data based on a spontaneous combustion risk warning model built in the intelligent risk identification unit, and when determining that the coal is at risk of the spontaneous combustion, the intelligent risk identification unit controls a solenoid valve of a water supply pipeline to open, and simultaneously sends a control instruction to the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit, to allow the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit to release the inhibitor raw material into the first preparation chamber and the second preparation 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 chamber respectively according to a set dose; and the inhibitor raw material is mixed with water according to a ratio in the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively and is delivered to the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber of the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit through the delivery pipeline, the inhibitor is thoroughly mixed with the high-pressure nitrogen gas in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber to form a stable high-pressure gas-liquid inhibitor mixture, and the stable high-pressure gas-liquid inhibitor mixture is directionally and uniformly sprayed in an atomized form to the area at risk of the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf by the spraying unit.

[0028] Compared with the prior art, the technical solutions of the present disclosure at least have the following advantages.

[0029] 1. The present disclosure makes full use of the existing tube bundle monitoring system and the existing gas chromatography system in the mine to acquire concentration data of typical gases including O2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, etc. in real time without the need to provide additional sensors. In addition, the warning model for temperature prediction and risk classification based on CQR-TabPFN has the advantages of both the CQR and TabPFN technologies. CQR can predict the quantile trend of coal temperature changes. Compared with conventional regression toward the mean (RTM) methods, CQR can simultaneously output predicted temperature values in different confidence intervals, thereby effectively characterizing prediction uncertainty. TabPFN is a deep model for tabular data processing based on prior fitting, which has the characteristics of fast learning and strong generalization ability with small samples, and can achieve high-precision modeling with limited samples from the tube bundled monitoring system in the mine. Through the coupling of this model, not only the temperature of the area at risk of spontaneous combustion of coal can be predicted with high precision, but also graded warning of risk levels can be achieved based on the interval to which the predicted temperature belongs. Through the intelligent analysis of the predicted temperature, the system can automatically adjust the inhibitor formulation, thereby achieving intelligent control of the entire process from data collection, risk identification, to inhibitor spraying, and effectively improving the rationality and accuracy of prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of coal.

[0030] 2. The intelligent risk identification unit and the weighing devices form a collaborative linkage mechanism. When the amount of the inhibitor stored is lower than a set warning threshold, the system can automatically issue a warning signal, thereby effectively avoiding the impact of insufficient inhibitor supply on the spraying effect, and significantly reducing the frequency of manual intervention. Upon receiving the warning signal, operation personnel only need to replenish the high-concentration BHT stock solution and the high-concentration TBHQ stock solution promptly to meet the requirements of subsequent prevention and control, without participating in cumbersome inhibitor preparation and spraying operations. The other operations 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 are automatically implemented by the system. To be specific, the tube bundled monitoring system collects environmental gas parameters in real time and transmits the environmental gas parameters to the intelligent risk identification unit. The intelligent risk identification unit calls the built-in temperature prediction and risk classification model to analyze the monitoring data to determine whether the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion and determine a development trend of the risk, and when determining that the coal is at a risk of spontaneous combustion, automatically starts the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit to control the ratio of BHT to TBHQ according to the interval to which the temperature belongs, to achieve precise preparation of the inhibitor solution. Then, the system controls the synchronous delivery of high-pressure nitrogen gas, so that the inhibitor solution is thoroughly mixed with the nitrogen gas in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber to form a stable gas-liquid mixture. Finally, the inhibitor is directionally released through the solenoid valves of the spraying unit, so that the inhibitor is uniformly sprayed to the target area in the goaf in the form of a high-pressure gas-liquid mixture, to achieve inhibition of the oxidation reaction of coal in deep areas. Through the intelligent and automated control of the entire process, the monitoring, formulation, mixing, and spraying of the inhibitor can be highly integrated, which not only facilitates directional and uniform spraying, but also significantly improves the response speed and reliability of fire prevention and control in coal mines.

[0031] 3. According to the reaction characteristics of different stages of spontaneous combustion of coal, an intelligent strategy of adjusting the inhibitor formulation based on the result of temperature prediction is proposed. BHT has a significant effect on the low-temperature oxidation stage of coal, and TBHQ has better performance in the high-temperature stage. When the temperature ranges from 30°C to 90°C, the mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution is (1.6-2.0):1. When the temperature ranges from 90°C to 150°C, the mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution is (0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2). When the temperature ranges from 150°C to 200°C, the mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution is 1:(1.6-2.0). The dynamic adjustment of the inhibitor formulation enables the inhibitor to suppress spontaneous combustion reactions at different stages in a more targeted manner. In addition, the system makes use of atomization to enhance the dispersion and penetration of the inhibitor particles, and uses nitrogen gas in combination with the inhibitor to achieve a synergistic inhibition effect. The high-pressure gas-liquid mixed state of the inhibitor ensures that the inhibitor can quickly and uniformly enter the deep area at risk of spontaneous combustion of coal in the goaf. Moreover, through the precise opening and closing of the solenoid valves of the spraying unit, the inhibitor is directionally released to the target area in an atomized form, thereby effectively inhibiting the oxidation reaction process of coal.

[0032] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will be partly given in and 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 partly apparent from the description below, or understood through practice of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing deployment of an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 3 is an overall schematic structural diagram of an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit in an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit in an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0038] In the drawings, the reference numerals respectively represent:

[0039] 1. data collection and processing unit; 2. intelligent risk identification unit; 3. composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit; 4. high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit; 5. delivery pipeline; 6. spraying unit; 11. environmental monitoring sensor; 12. data processor; 13. wired network; 31. first preparation chamber; 32. second preparation chamber; 33. raw material storage chamber; 34. weighing device; 35. feeding port; 36. water inlet; 37. motor; 38. stirring device; 39. water level sensor; 310. discharge port; 311. solenoid valve; 41. inhibitor liquid inlet; 42. high-pressure nitrogen gas inlet; 43. high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber; 44. atomizer; 45. pressure sensor; 46. outlet. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0040] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which the same or like reference characters refer to the same or like elements or elements having the same or like functions throughout the specification. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary, and are intended to explain the present disclosure, instead of limiting the present disclosure. 2026201110   13 Feb 2026

[0041] An intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf according to the embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] As shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 5, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf, which may include a data collection and processing unit 1, an intelligent risk identification unit 2, a composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3, a high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit 4, a delivery pipeline 5, and a spraying unit 6. The data collection and processing unit 1 is configured to collect an environmental parameter of a mine and transmit the environmental parameter to the intelligent risk identification unit 2. The intelligent risk identification unit 2 is configured to intelligently determine according to the environmental parameter whether the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion, and when determining that the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion, determine a dosage ratio of an inhibitor according to a predicted temperature and generate a control signal corresponding to the dosage ratio of the inhibitor. The composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 is configured to mix an inhibitor raw material and water by stirring according to the control signal to obtain the inhibitor. A discharge port 310 of the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 is in communication with the delivery pipeline 5. The high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit 4 is in communication with the delivery pipeline 5 through a mixing chamber, and is configured to mix nitrogen gas with the inhibitor and deliver the mixture to the spraying unit 6. The spraying unit 6 includes a plurality of spraying ports each equipped with a solenoid valve 311 controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit, 2 and is configured to directionally and uniformly spray the mixture to an area at risk of spontaneous combustion of coal in the goaf.

[0043] Specifically, in the intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf, first, the data collection and processing unit 1 collects environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, gas concentrations, etc.) of a mine in real time, and transmits the environmental parameters to the intelligent risk identification unit 2. The intelligent risk identification unit 2 intelligently determines based on the environmental parameters whether the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion, and if determining that the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion, calculates a dosage ratio of an inhibitor according to a predicted temperature and generates a control signal. After receiving the control signal, the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 mixes an inhibitor raw material and water by stirring according to the dosage ratio of the inhibitor to form an inhibitor solution. The inhibitor solution enters the delivery pipeline 5 through the discharge port 310, and at the same time, nitrogen gas and the inhibitor solution are thoroughly mixed in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 of the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit 4, thus forming a mixture containing gas and liquid 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 phases to enhance the diffusion effect. Finally, the mixture is delivered to the spraying unit 6 through the delivery pipeline 5, and the spraying ports of the spraying unit 6 are respectively separately adjusted by the solenoid valves 311 controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit 2 to provide directional and uniform spraying for the risk area in the goaf, thereby achieving precise spraying of the inhibitor to deep areas to effectively suppress the spontaneous combustion of coal. The entire process integrates environmental sensing, risk assessment, intelligent linkage, and precise spraying to comprehensively improve the automation and accuracy of prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of coal.

[0044] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the data collection and processing unit 1 includes an environmental monitoring sensor 11, a data processor 12, and a wired network 13. The environmental monitoring sensor 11 is arranged in the goaf, and is configured to acquire concentration data of typical gas components in the goaf in real time and transmit the concentration data to the data processor 12. The typical gas components include O2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, etc. The data processor 12 is configured to perform standardization preprocessing and formatted encoding on the concentration data of the typical gas components, and transmit the processed data to the intelligent risk identification unit 2 in real time through the wired network 13. The environmental monitoring sensor 11 may be an existing tube bundle monitoring system in the mine.

[0045] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the intelligent risk identification unit 2 performs risk identification on environmental gas data of the goaf using a warning model for temperature prediction and risk classification based on Conditional Quantile Regression (CQR)-Tabular Prior-data Fitted Network (TabPFN), specifically including: first performing short-term multi-step prediction of coal temperature using a TabPFN; then introducing CQR to construct a prediction interval with finite-sample coverage guarantees for a result of the short-term multi-step prediction to achieve temperature prediction with uncertainty measures, and establishing a cumulative link ordinal logistic regression using temperature point prediction, upper and lower limits of the prediction interval, and key gas characteristics as independent variables to achieve ordinal classification of a spontaneous combustion risk level; and if determining that there is a risk of spontaneous combustion, dynamically adjusting the dosage ratio of the inhibitor according to regional temperature data predicted by the warning model.

[0046] Specifically, the intelligent risk identification unit 2 first performs high-precision short-term multi-step prediction of the coal temperature in the goaf based on a TabPFN algorithm to generate a temperature change trend; then constructs a prediction interval with statistical confidence for a result of the high-precision short-term multi-step prediction by CQR, to achieve temperature probability prediction with uncertainty measures; and performs multi-dimensional comprehensive analysis using a cumulative link ordinal logistic regression based on predicted 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 values of temperature points, upper and lower limits of the prediction interval, and key gas characteristics (e.g., oxygen concentration, carbon monoxide concentration, etc.), to achieve ordinal classification of a spontaneous combustion risk level. If determining that the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion, the system dynamically performs calculation and adjusts a dosage concentration and a spraying strategy of the inhibitor based on the predicted regional temperature data outputted by the warning model to take accurate prevention and control measures in response to the risk level. The entire process integrates machine learning with statistical inference to significantly improve the reliability of identification of the risk of spontaneous combustion of coal and the rationality of adjustment.

[0047] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the dynamically adjusting the dosage ratio of the inhibitor according to the regional temperature data predicted by the warning model includes: formulating the inhibitor according to a first preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 30°C to 90°C; formulating the inhibitor according to a second preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 90°C to 150°C; and formulating the inhibitor according to a third preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 150°C to 200°C.

[0048] Further, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first preset ratio is a mass ratio of a BHT solution to a TBHQ solution being (1.6-2.0):1; the second preset ratio is a mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution being (0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2); and the third preset ratio is a mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution being 1:(1.6-2.0). The dynamic adjustment of the inhibitor formulation enables the inhibitor to suppress spontaneous combustion reactions at different stages in a more targeted manner. In this embodiment, the concentration of the BHT solution is 30 wt% and the concentration of the TBHQ solution is 60 wt%.

[0049] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 includes a first preparation chamber 31 and a second preparation chamber 32 independent of each other, an independent raw material storage chamber 33 is arranged above each of the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32, and the raw material storage chambers 33 above the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 respectively store a high-concentration BHT inhibitor stock solution and a high-concentration TBHQ inhibitor stock solution. A bottom of each of the raw material storage chambers 33 is connected to a weighing device 34 to control a feeding amount. The raw material storage chambers 33 are respectively in communication with the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 through feeding ports 35. An other end of each of the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 is provided with a water inlet 36. A stirring device 38 driven by a motor 37 is arranged in each of the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32. A water level sensor 39 is mounted on a side 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 wall of the first preparation chamber 31 to monitor a water level in the first preparation chamber 31, and another water level sensor 39 is mounted on a side wall of the second preparation chamber 32 to monitor a water level in the second preparation chamber 32. A bottom of each of the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 is provided with a discharge port 310. The discharge ports 310 are in communication with the delivery pipeline 5. The feeding ports 35, the water inlets 36, and the discharge ports 310 are each equipped with a solenoid valve 311. The weighing devices 34, the water level sensors 39, the stirring devices 38, and the solenoid valves 311 are centrally controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit 2.

[0050] Specifically, as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 includes a first preparation chamber 31 and a second preparation chamber 32 independent of each other, an independent raw material storage chamber 33 is arranged above the first preparation chamber 31 to store a high-concentration BHT inhibitor stock solution, and another independent raw material storage chamber 33 is arranged above the second preparation chamber 32 to store a high-concentration TBHQ inhibitor stock solution. A bottom of each of the raw material storage chambers 33 is equipped with a high-precision weighing device 34, so that the feeding amount of the corresponding inhibitor can be monitored in real time and precisely controlled. During operation, if the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion in the goaf, the intelligent risk identification unit 2 predicts the temperature of the risk area according to the warning model for temperature prediction and risk classification based on CQR-TabPFN. For example, when the predicted temperature is 78°C, the intelligent risk identification unit 2 sends a control instruction to the corresponding storage chambers to open the solenoid valves 311 on the feeding ports 35, to allow the inhibitor stock solutions required by the first preset ratio to respectively enter the corresponding preparation chambers. At the same time, the water inlets 36 of the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 are opened under the control of the corresponding solenoid valves 311, to introduce a certain amount of dilution water. Each of the water level sensors 39 on the side walls of the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 monitors the water inflow in real time, and feeds back a signal to the intelligent risk identification unit 2 to dynamically adjust the water inflow and ensure an accurate ratio of the inhibitor to the water. After the feeding of the inhibitor stock solutions and the introduction of water are completed, the stirring devices 38 driven by the motors 37 in the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 are started, and each of the stirring devices 38 rotating at high speed thoroughly mixes the corresponding inhibitor stock solution with water to generate a stable composite inhibitor solution with uniform concentration. After the stirring is completed, the intelligent risk identification unit 2 controls the solenoid valves 311 on the discharge ports 310 at the bottoms of the preparation chambers to open, to allow the composite inhibitor solutions to enter the delivery pipeline 5 through the corresponding 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 discharge ports 310.

[0051] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit 4 includes a high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 connected to an inhibitor liquid inlet 41 and a high-pressure nitrogen gas inlet 42, and the inhibitor liquid inlet 41 is connected to an atomizer 44 to atomize an inhibitor liquid into fine particles; a pressure sensor 45 is arranged in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 to monitor a pressure in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 in real time; and high-pressure nitrogen gas and the atomized inhibitor liquid are thoroughly mixed in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 and are outputted through an outlet 46.

[0052] Specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit 4 is formed by the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43, on which the inhibitor liquid inlet 41 and the high-pressure nitrogen gas inlet 42 are respectively provided. During operation, the inhibitor solutions from the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 enter the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 through the inhibitor liquid inlet 41. First, the inhibitor solutions are atomized into micron-sized fine droplets by the atomizer 44 arranged at the inhibitor liquid inlet 41, to increase the specific surface area and improve the contact efficiency with nitrogen gas. At the same time, high-pressure nitrogen gas is introduced into the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 through the high-pressure nitrogen gas inlet 42 under the control of a pressure stabilizing device. As such, the inhibitor droplets and the high-speed nitrogen gas are turbulently mixed in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43, thereby achieving thorough gas-liquid mixing. The pressure sensor 45 arranged in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 monitors the pressure in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 in real time, and feeds back a monitoring signal to the intelligent risk identification unit 2, to ensure that the mixing process occurs within a safe pressure range. After thorough mixing, the gas-liquid inhibitor mixture is stably outputted through the outlet 46, enters the delivery pipeline 5, and is guided to the spraying unit 6. Driven by the high-pressure nitrogen gas, the mixture is further atomized and diffused at the spraying ports, and is finally sprayed to the area at risk of spontaneous combustion of coal in the goaf with high coverage and strong penetration, thereby achieving rapid dispersion and uniform distribution of the inhibitor.

[0053] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the environmental monitoring sensor 11 arranged in the goaf collects the concentration data of the typical gas components in real time, and transmits the concentration data of the typical gas components to the data processor 12; the data processor 12 preliminarily processes the concentration data of the typical gas components and transmits the processed concentration data to the intelligent risk identification unit 2, and the intelligent risk identification unit 2 performs comprehensive analysis and judgment on the received concentration data based on a spontaneous combustion 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 risk warning model built therein, and when determining that the coal is at risk of spontaneous combustion, controls a solenoid valve 311 of a water supply pipeline to open, and simultaneously sends a control instruction to the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3, to allow the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit 3 to respectively release an inhibitor into the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 according to a set dose; and the inhibitor is mixed with water according to a ratio in the first preparation chamber 31 and the second preparation chamber 32 respectively and is delivered to the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 of the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit 4 through the delivery pipeline 5, the inhibitor is thoroughly mixed with the high-pressure nitrogen gas in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber 43 to form a stable high-pressure gas-liquid inhibitor mixture, and then the stable high-pressure gas-liquid inhibitor mixture is directionally and uniformly sprayed in an atomized form to the area at risk of spontaneous combustion of coal in the goaf by the spraying unit 6.

[0054] It should be noted that in practical applications, the spontaneous combustion risk warning model built in the intelligent risk identification unit 2 is not limited to the warning model for temperature prediction and risk classification based on CQR-TabPFN in this embodiment, but may be other similar models that can implement graded warning and temperature prediction according to environmental data, which may be adjusted according to actual requirements.

[0055] In the description of the present disclosure, it should be noted that the types of inhibitors are not limited to BHT and TBHQ, and the number of the corresponding independent preparation chambers is not limited to two, but may be more than two. The inhibitor formulation is not limited to the three preset ratios in the embodiments, and the type of the inhibitor and the inhibitor formulation may be specifically adjusted according to actual requirements.

[0056] In the description of the specification, the description with reference to the terms “an embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “example”, “specific example”, or “some example” and so on means that specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment or example are embraced in at least one embodiment or example of the present disclosure. In this specification, exemplary descriptions of the foregoing terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the described specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0057] Furthermore, the terms “first”, and “second” are used merely for the purpose of description, and shall not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implying a quantity of indicated technical features. Therefore, the feature defined by "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present 2026201110   13 Feb 2026 disclosure, unless otherwise clearly specified, "multiple" and "plurality of" mean at least two, e.g., two, three, etc.

[0058] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise clearly specified and defined, the terms such as "mount", "connect", "fix" and variants thereof should be interpreted in a broad sense. For example, "fix" and variants thereof may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; may be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; or may be a direct connection, an indirectly connection via an intermediate medium, or communication between the interiors of two components or an interaction relationship between two elements. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present disclosure can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0059] Although the embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described above, it is to be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and not to be construed as limiting the present disclosure, and that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. An intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling spontaneous combustion of coal in a goaf, comprising: a data collection and processing unit, an intelligent risk identification unit, a composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit, a high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit, a delivery pipeline, and a spraying unit, whereinthe data collection and processing unit is configured to collect an environmental parameter of the goaf and transmit the environmental parameter to the intelligent risk identification unit;the intelligent risk identification unit is configured to intelligently determine according to the environmental parameter whether the coal is at risk of the spontaneous combustion, and when determining that the coal is at risk of the spontaneous combustion, determine a dosage ratio of an inhibitor according to a predicted temperature and generate a control signal corresponding to the dosage ratio of the inhibitor;the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit is configured to mix an inhibitor raw material and water by stirring according to the control signal to obtain the inhibitor, and a discharge port of the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit is in communication with the delivery pipeline;the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit is in communication with the delivery pipeline through a high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber, and the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit is configured to mix nitrogen gas with the inhibitor to obtain a mixture and deliver the mixture to the spraying unit;the spraying unit comprises a plurality of spraying ports each equipped with a solenoid valve controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit, and the spraying unit is configured to directionally and uniformly spray the mixture to an area at risk of the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf;the data collection and processing unit comprises an environmental monitoring sensor, a data processor, and a wired network;the environmental monitoring sensor is arranged in the goaf, and is configured to acquire concentration data of typical gas components in the goaf in real time and transmit the concentration data to the data processor, wherein the typical gas components comprise O2, CO, CO2, CH4, and C2H4;the data processor is configured to perform standardization preprocessing and formatted encoding on the concentration data of the typical gas components to obtain processed data, and transmit the processed data to the intelligent risk identification unit in real time through the wired network; andthe intelligent risk identification unit performs risk identification on the environmental parameter of the goaf using a warning model for temperature prediction and risk classification based on Conditional Quantile Regression (CQR)-Tabular Prior-data Fitted Network (TabPFN), comprising:performing short-term multi-step prediction on coal temperature using a TabPFN;introducing CQR to construct a prediction interval with finite-sample coverage guarantees for a result of the short-term multi-step prediction to achieve temperature prediction with uncertainty measures, and establishing a cumulative link ordinal logistic regression using temperature point prediction, upper and lower limits of the prediction interval, and key gas characteristics as independent variables to achieve ordinal classification of a spontaneous combustion risk level; and2026201110   13 Feb 2026when determining that the risk of the spontaneous combustion exists, dynamically adjusting the dosage ratio of the inhibitor according to regional temperature data predicted by the warning model.

2. The intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf according to claim 1, wherein dynamically adjusting the dosage ratio of the inhibitor according to the regional temperature data predicted by the warning model comprises:formulating the inhibitor according to a first preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 30°C to 90°C;formulating the inhibitor according to a second preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 90°C to 150°C; andformulating the inhibitor according to a third preset ratio when the predicted temperature ranges from 150°C to 200°C.

3. The intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf according to claim 2, wherein the first preset ratio is a mass ratio of a 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) solution to a tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) solution being (1.6-2.0):1; the second preset ratio is a mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution being (0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2); and the third preset ratio is a mass ratio of the BHT solution to the TBHQ solution being 1:(1.6-2.0).

4. The intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf according to claim 1, wherein the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit comprises a first preparation chamber and a second preparation chamber independent of each other, raw material storage chambers are respectively arranged above the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber, and bottoms of the raw material storage chambers are respectively connected to weighing devices to control feeding amounts; the raw material storage chambers are correspondingly in communication with the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber through feeding ports, and other ends of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber are respectively provided with water inlets; a stirring device driven by a motor is arranged in each of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber, and water level sensors are respectively mounted on side walls of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber to monitor water levels in the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively; bottoms of the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber are respectively provided with discharge ports, and the discharge ports are in communication with the delivery pipeline; the feeding ports, the water inlets, and the discharge ports are each equipped with a solenoid valve; and the weighing devices, the water level sensors, the stirring devices, and the solenoid valves are centrally controlled by the intelligent risk identification unit.

5. The intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf according to claim 4, wherein the raw material storage chambers above the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively store a high-concentration BHT inhibitor stock solution and a high-concentration TBHQ inhibitor stock solution.

6. The intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf according to claim 5, wherein the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit comprises the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber connected to an inhibitor liquid inlet and a high-pressure nitrogen gas inlet, and the inhibitor liquid inlet is connected to an2026201110   13 Feb 2026atomizer to atomize an inhibitor liquid into fine particles; a pressure sensor is arranged in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber to monitor a pressure in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber in real time; and high-pressure nitrogen gas and an atomized inhibitor liquid are mixed in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber and are outputted through an outlet.

7. The intelligent inhibitor spraying system for preventing and controlling the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf according to claim 6, wherein the environmental monitoring sensor arranged in the goaf collects the concentration data of the typical gas components in real time, and transmits the concentration data of the typical gas components to the data processor; the data processor preliminarily processes the concentration data of the typical gas components and transmits processed concentration data to the intelligent risk identification unit, and the intelligent risk identification unit performs comprehensive analysis and judgment on the processed concentration data based on a spontaneous combustion risk warning model built in the intelligent risk identification unit, and when determining that the coal is at risk of the spontaneous combustion, the intelligent risk identification unit controls a solenoid valve of a water supply pipeline to open, and simultaneously sends a control instruction to the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit, to allow the composite inhibitor stirring and storage unit to release the inhibitor raw material into the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively according to a set dose; and the inhibitor raw material is mixed with water according to a ratio in the first preparation chamber and the second preparation chamber respectively and is delivered to the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber of the high-pressure nitrogen mixing unit through the delivery pipeline, the inhibitor is mixed with the high-pressure nitrogen gas in the high-pressure-resistant mixing chamber to form a stable high-pressure gas-liquid inhibitor mixture, and the stable high-pressure gas-liquid inhibitor mixture is directionally and uniformly sprayed in an atomized form to the area at risk of the spontaneous combustion of the coal in the goaf by the spraying unit.

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