Convergent liquid phase syntheses of oligonucleotides

Abstract

Abstract The present disclosure describes a convergent liquid phase process for manufacturing oligonucleotides by coupling two or more (e.g., three, four, five, six, etc.) oligonucleotide fragments, each of which have two or more (e.g., three, four, five, six, etc.) nucleotides. It is surprisingly found that the convergent liquid phase process of the present disclosure can be used to synthesize protected oligonucleotides with high purity without the need of purification by chromatography (e.g., column chromatography), which renders the process suitable for use as a large-scale manufacturing process. After deprotection and standard downstream purification, high purity ASO oligonucleotides suitable for therapeutic uses can be obtained. Also provided by the present disclosure are reaction steps involved the convergent liquid phase process. Abstract

Description

RELATED APPLICATION

[01] This application claims the benefit of the filing date, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 856,160, filed on May 8, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[02] Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA oligomers that can be chemically synthesized for a wide range of applications. Recent developments in utilizing synthetic oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents have increased demand for synthetic methods that can produce oligonucleotides in large quantities with high efficiency and purity.

[03] Traditionally, oligonucleotides are synthesized by a solid phase automated synthesizer utilizing phosphoramidite chemistry, limited to a scale of less than 2 moles. Thus, the solid phase synthesis is insufficient for the production of materials needed for clinical development and commercialization of oligonucleotide drugs in large indications. In addition, the solid phase synthesis often requires the use of excess reagents and consequently increases the cost associated with the production of the target oligonucleotides.

[04] Hence, there is a need for a robust method for synthesizing oligonucleotides that is suitable for large scale manufacturing process with high efficiency and purity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[05] The present disclosure describes a convergent liquid phase process for manufacturing oligonucleotides by coupling two or more (e.g., three, four, five, six, etc.) oligonucleotide fragments, each of which have two or more (e.g., three, four, five, six, etc.) nucleotides. It is surprisingly found that the convergent liquid phase process of the present disclosure can be used to synthesize protected oligonucleotides with high purity without the need of purification by chromatography (e.g., column chromatography), which renders the process suitable for use as a large-scale manufacturing process. After deprotection and standard downstream purification, high purity ASO oligonucleotides suitable for therapeutic uses can be obtained. Also provided by the present disclosure are reaction steps involved the convergent liquid phase process. This data, for application number 2020268415, is current as of 2026-07-21 15:39 AEST 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[06] FIG. 1 shows reverse phase HPLC and MS of compound 1-7-a obtained after ammonolysis of product compound 1-7.

[07] FIG. 2 shows HPLC and MS of product compound 2-9 obtained after precipitation.

[08] FIG. 3 shows HPLC and MS of product compound 3-5 obtained after precipitation.

[09] FIG. 4 shows HPLC and MS of product compound 4-9 obtained after precipitation.

[010] FIG. 5 shows HPLC and MS of compound 5-2-a obtained after ammonolysis of product compound 5-2.

[011] FIG. 6 shows HPLC and MS of compound 5-3-a obtained after ammonolysis of product compound 5-3

[012] FIG. 7 shows HPLC and MS of compound 5-5-a obtained after ammonolysis of product compound 5-5.

[013] FIG. 8 shows HPLC and MS of compound 5-6-a obtained after ammonolysis of product compound 5-6.

[014] FIG. 9 shows HPLC and MS of compound 1-a obtained after ammonolysis of product compound 1.

[015] FIG. 10 shows HPLC comparison of deamination product obtained during UCC trimer detritylation reaction.

[016] FIG. 11 shows HPLC comparison of deamination product obtained during CC dimer detritylation reaction.

[017] FIG. 12 shows HPLC-MS of product ASO 9.

[018] FIG. 13 shows MS of 6-mer DMT-dG-dT- dT-dG-dT-dT-OTBDPS.

[019] FIG. 14 shows MS of 10-mer DMT-Moe G-Moe U- Moe U-Moe U- Moe U-dT- dT-dG- dT- dT-OTBDPS.

[020] FIG. 15 shows MS of compound 1-3A-H.

[021] FIG. 16 shows MS of compound 4-3A-H.

[022] FIG. 17 shows MS of compound 5-3A-H.

[023] FIG. 18 shows HPLC and MS of 15-mer 5'-ACoAGATATTTTTGTT-3'-OTBDPS.

[024] FIG. 19 shows HPLC and MS of product ASO 8.

[025] FIG. 20 shows MS of 5'-DMT-GUUUUUGCAA-NO2-Benzoyl.

[026] FIG. 21 shows HPLC and MS of LHPG deprotected compound 7-a.

[027] FIG. 22 shows HPLC and MS of LHPG deprotected compound 7-b.

[028] FIG. 23 shows HPLC and MS of LHPG deprotected compound 7-c.

[029] FIG. 24 shows HPLC and MS of LHPG deprotected 7-d compound. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[030] FIG. 25 shows HPLC and MS of ASO-9-1.

[031] FIG. 26 shows HPLC and MS of LHPG deprotected 7-e compound.

[032] FIG. 27 shows HPLC and MS of ASO-9-2.

[033] FIG. 28 shows chiral SFC-MS of compound 8.4.

[034] FIG. 29 shows SFC-MS of racemic mixture of compound 8.4.

[035] FIG. 30 shows HPLC and MS of compound 8A.

[036] FIG. 31 shows HPLC and MS of compound 8.2.12.

[037] FIG. 32 shows HPLC and MS of compound 8B.

[038] FIG. 33 shows HPLC and MS of compound 8C. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[039] The inventors of the present disclosure for the first time developed a convergent liquid phase process for preparing target oligonucleotdies. Surprisingly, the convergent liquid phase process can produce protected target oligonucleotides on a large-scale with high purity without the need for chromatographic purification from the assembly of oligonucleotide fragments. The convergent liquid phase process can produce target oligonucleotides by elongation in the direction from the 3’-terminal to the 5’-terminal (i.e., 3’-5’ elongation) or from the 5’-terminal to the 3’-terminal (i.e., 5’-3’ elongation). The present disclosure also provides methods of selective deprotection of 3’-hydroxyl protecting group that do not affect other sensitive groups to minize the generation of side products. The inventors of the present disclosure discovered that the presence of water in the detritylation reaction can lead to deamination side reactions (e.g., deamination of cytosine or 5-methylcytosine or their derivatives commonly used in oligonucleotide synthesis). To reduce or prevent the formation of the deamination side product(s), the reaction conditions to control and minimize water level have been developed to minimize deamination during the detritylation step. In addition, it was also discovered that the use of a cation scavenger (e.g., RSH) in the detritylation reaction facilitates the completion of the detritylation reaction (i.e., the reaction goes into completion more readily). The presence of the cation scavenger also makes the reaction less prone to reverse detritylation (i.e., the DMT protection group being added back on the deprotected 5’-OH group). It has also been demonstrated that phosphitylation of the 3’-hydroxyl group can be carried out in liquid phase without purification by chromatography. Oligonucleotide fragments with four or five nucleotides have been successfully synthesized 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 and coupled to fully protected target oligonucleotides in liquid phase using the methods of the present disclosure. Generally, the liquid phase processes described in the present disclosure can be used to synthesize large quantities of the desired protected nucleotide or oligonucleotide products without chromatographic purification. After deprotection and standard downstream purification, high purity ASO oligonucleotides suitable for therapeutic uses are obtained. Definitions

[040] The term “nucleobase” means the heterocyclic base portion of a nucleoside. Nucleobases may be naturally occurring or may be modified. In certain embodiments, a nucleobase may comprise any atom or group of atoms capable of hydrogen bonding to a nucleobase of another nucleic acid. In particular, the nucleobase is a heterocyclic base, typically purines and pyrimidines. In addition to “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases such as the purine nucleobases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine nucleobases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U), many modified nucleobases or nucleobase mimetics known to those skilled in the art are amenable to incorporation into the compounds synthesized by the method described herein. In certain embodiments, a modified nucleobase is a nucleobase that is fairly similar in structure to the parent nucleobase, such as for example a 7-deaza purine, a 5-methyl cytosine, or a G-clamp. In certain embodiments, nucleobase mimetic include more complicated structures, such as for example a tricyclic phenoxazine nucleobase mimetic. Methods for preparation of the above noted modified nucleobases are well known to those skilled in the art.

[041] The term “nucleoside” means a compound comprising a heterocyclic base moiety and a sugar moiety, which can be modified at the 2’-end.

[042] The term “nucleotide” means a nucleoside comprising a phosphate or thiophosphate or dithiophosphate linking group.

[043] The term "oligonucleotide" refers to a compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, one or more of the plurality of nucleosides is modified. In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises one or more ribonucleosides (RNA) and / or deoxyribonucleosides (DNA).

[044] As used herein, “target oligonucleotide” refers to the oliogonucleotide product that can be prepared by the convergent liquid phase process of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the target oligonucleotide comprises at least 10 or at least 15 nucleotides. In 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 certain embodiments, the target oligonucleotide has 10 to 500, 15 to 500, 15 to 200, 15 to 100, 15 to 50, 15 to 40, 15 to 30 or 16 to 30 nucleotides.

[045] As used herein, “convergent synthesis” refers to synthetic process for making a target oligonucleotide, wherein two or more oligonucleotide fragments are assembled from either the 5’-3’ direction or the 3’-5’ direction.

[046] As used herein, “oligonucleotide fragments” refers to short oligonucleotides that are assembled to make the target oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide fragment has 3 to 10, 3 to 8, 3 to 6 or 4 to 6 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide fragment has 4 or 5 nucleotides.

[047] The term “internucleoside linkage” means a covalent linkage between adjacent nucleosides of an oligonucleotide.

[048] The term "gapmer" means a chimeric antisense compound in which an internal region having a plurality of nucleosides that support RNase H cleavage is positioned between external regions having one or more nucleosides, wherein the nucleosides comprising the internal region are chemically distinct from the nucleoside or nucleosides comprising the external regions.

[049] As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to a fully saturated branched or unbranched hydrocarbon moiety. Preferably the alkyl comprises 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, an alkyl comprises from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, or n-decyl.

[050] The term "aryl" refers to monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms in the ring portion. In one embodiment, the term aryl refers to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl.

[051] The term "aryl" also refers to a bicyclic or tricyclic group in which at least one ring is aromatic and is fused to one or two non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring(s). Nonlimiting examples include tetrahydronaphthalene, dihydronaphthalenyl and indanyl.

[052] Optional substituents for both the alkyl or aryl groups are, in each occurrence, independently selected from Ci.6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, 3- to 7-membered carbocyclyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, halo, -CN, -C(O)Ra, -C(O)2Ra, - 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 C(O)N(Ra)2, -ORa, -N(Ra)2, -N(Ra)C(O)Ra, -N(Ra)N(Ra)2, -NO2, -N(Ra)C(O)2Ra, -N(Ra)C(O)N(Ra)2, -N(Ra)S(O)2Ra, -SRa, -S(O)Ra, -S(O)2Ra, -S(O)N(Ra)2, and -S(O)2N(Ra)2; and

[053] Ra in each occurrence is independently selected from H, Ci.ealkyl, 3- to 6-membered monocyclic carbocyclyl, and 3- to 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclyl.

[054] As used herein, the term "carbocyclyl" refers to saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-7 carbon atoms, 3-6, or 5-7 carbon atoms. The term “carbocyclyl” encompasses cycloalkyl groups and aromatic groups. The term “cycloalkyl” refers to completely saturated monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3-7 carbon atoms, 3-6 carbon atoms, or 5-7 carbon atoms. Exemplary monocyclic carbocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclo hexyl, cyclo heptyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopenentyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclobutadienyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptadienyl, phenyl and cycloheptatrienyl. Exemplary bicyclic carbocyclyl groups include bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, tricyclo[2.2.1.02’6]heptanyl, 6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, or 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, spiro[2.2]pentanyl, and spiro[3.3]heptanyl.

[055] The term “bridged ring system,” as used herein, is a ring system that has a carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring wherein two non-adjacent atoms of the ring are connected (bridged) by one or more (preferably from one to three) atoms selected from C, N, O, or S. A bridged ring system may have from 6-7 ring members.

[056] The term “spiro ring system,” as used herein, is a ring system that has two rings each of which are independently selected from a carbocyclyl or a heterocyclyl, wherein the two ring structures having one ring atom in common. Spiro ring systems have from 5 to 7 ring members.

[057] As used herein, the term "heterocyclyl" refers to a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic (e.g., bridged or spiro ring systems) ring system which has from 3- to 7-ring members, or in particular 3- to 6- ring members or 5- to 7- ring members, at least one of which is a heteroatom, and up to 4 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) of which may be heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are independently selected from O, S and N, and wherein C can be oxidized (e.g., C(O)), N can be oxidized (e.g., N(O)) or quaternized, and S can be optionally oxidized to sulfoxide and sulfone. Unsaturated heterocyclic rings include heteroaryl rings. As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic 5 or 6 membered monocyclic ring system, having 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N, and wherein N can be oxidized (e.g., N(O)) or quaternized, and S can be optionally oxidized to sulfoxide and 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 sulfone. In one embodiment, a heterocyclyl is a 3-to 7-membered saturated monocyclic or a 3-to 6-membered saturated monocyclic or a 5-to 7-membered saturated monocyclic ring. In one embodiment, a heterocyclyl is a 3-to 7-membered monocyclic or a 3-to 6-membered monocyclic or a 5-to 7-membered monocyclic ring. In another embodiment, a heterocyclyl is a 6 or-7-membered bicyclic ring. The heterocyclyl group can be attached at a heteroatom or a carbon atom. Examples of heterocyclyls include aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, oxaziridinyl, dioxiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiolanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, dioxolanyl, dithiolanyl, oxathiolanyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thianyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxanyl, dithianyl, trioxanyl, trithianyl, azepanyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, dihydrofuranyl, imidazolinyl, dihydropyranyl, and heteroaryl rings including azirinyl, oxirenyl, thiirenyl, diazirinyl, azetyl, oxetyl, thietyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl (or thienyl), imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furazanyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, dithiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, dithiinyl, oxathianyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, azepinyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl, diazepinyl, and thiazepinyl and the like. Examples of bicyclic heterocyclic ring systems include 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, and5-azaspiro [2.3 ] hexany 1.

[058] "Halogen" or "halo" may be fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

[059] As used herein the term “ substantially anhydrous” refers to a water content of approximately 1000 parts per million (ppm) or less, preferably 500 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less. The water content is between 500-1000 ppm, between 100-500 ppm, between 50-100 ppm or less than 50 ppm. The organic solution or solvent is made substantially anhydrous by using drying agents or through azeotropic removal of water (azeotropic distillation).

[060] As used herein the term “drying agent” refers to a chemical reagent used to remove water from from an organic solvent or an organic compound, or a solution of organic compounds. Any suitable drying agents can be used. Exemplary drying agents include, but are not limited to, calclium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate or molecular sieves. In some embodiments, molecular sieves are 3A or 4 A.

[061] As used hererein, a “hydroxyl protecting group” refers to a group that is suitable for protecting a hydroxyl group, -OH, from reacting with other reagents. Examples of hydroxyl 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 protecting groups can be found in Greene, TW et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed., John Wiley and Sons (2007).

[062] In certain embodiments, the hydroxyl protecting groups can be selected from, for example, acetyl (Ac); benzoyl (Bz); benzyl (Bn); P-methoxyethoxymethyl ether (MEM); methoxymethyl ether (MOM); methoxytrityl [(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, MMT); p-methoxybenzyl ether (PMB); methylthiomethyl ether; pivaloyl (Piv); tetrahydropyranyl (THP); tetrahydrofuran (THF); silyl ether (including, but not limited to, trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl (TOM), and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) ethers); methyl ethers, and ethoxyethyl ethers (EE).

[063] In certain embodiments, the hydroxyl protecting group protects the 3’ -hydroxyl of a nucleoside (referred to as 3’-hydroxyl protecting group). In certain embodiments, the 3’-hydroxyl protecting groups include a silyl hydroxyl protecting group, such as trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, di-t-butylmethylsilyl tri(trimethylsilyl)silyl, t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl, and t-butoxydiphenylsilyl. In certain embodiments, the 3’-hydroxyl protecting group is TBDPS. In certain embodiments, the 3’-hydroxyl protecting group is a large hydrophobic protecting group (LHPG), such as those described herein.

[064] In certain embodiments, the hydroxyl protecting group protects the 5’ -hydroxyl of a nucleoside (referred to as 5’-hydroxyl protecting group). Exemplary 5’-hydoxyl groups include, but are not limited to those as described herein (e.g., R15 in any of the aspects or embodiments). In a specific embodiment, 5’-hydoxyl protecting group is an acid-labile 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (or bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl) (DMT or DMTr) protecting group. In certain embodiments, the 5’-hydroxyl protecting group is a large hydrophobic protecting group (LHPG), such as those described herein.

[065] As used herein, the term “azeotropic distillation” refers to removal of water from an organic solution or solvent by distillation using a material separation agent. A material separation agent includes, but is not limited to, benzene, toluene.

[066] As used herein, “selective precipitation” refers to a purification method that separates the desired product from one or more impurities in a solution by adding the solution to a solvent that precipitates out the product; while leaving the one or more impurities in the solution. Alternatively, the solvent can be added to the solution comprising the crude product and the one or more impurities to precipitate out the product. In certain embodiments, the 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 desired compound or oligonucleotide of the present disclosure comprises a hydrophobic group (e.g., hydrophobic 3’-hydroxyl protecting group or hydrophobic 5’-hydroxyl protecting group (e.g., LHPG group described herein)) and the addition of a polar solvent (e.g. CH3CN) into the solution containing the compound or oligonucleotide and one or more impurities to precipitate out the desired oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the desired compound or oligonucleotide of the present disclosure can be purified by adding a co-solvent or solvent mixture (e.g., heptane, tert-butylmethylether (TBME or MBTE), heptane / MBTE mixture (e.g. a heptane / MBTE mixture with volume ratio of heptane to MBTE in the range of 20:1 to 1:20, 9:1 to 1:9, or 4:1 to 1:4, or a heptane / MBTE mixture with heptane to MBTE volume ratio of 9:1, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:5, 1:2, 1:4 or 1:9) to a solution comprising the crude product and the one or more impurities in an organic solvent (e.g., dichloromethane (DCM) or ethylacetate (EtOAc)) to precipitate out the product. Alternatively, the solution comprising the crude product and the one or more impurities can be added to the non-polar or less polar solvent or solvent mixture to precipitate out the product. Suitable co-solvent can be determined based on the hydrophobicity of the product. In certain embodiments, the co-solvent is less polar than the oganic solvent the product is dissolved in.

[067] As used herein, “extraction” refers to a purification method that separates the desired product from one or more impurities in a solution by contacting the solution with a solvent that the product is soluble in; while the one or more impurities are insoluble. Alteratively, the solution containing the product and one or more impurities can be contacted with a solvent that the one or more impurities are soluble in; while the product is insoluble. In certain embodiments, the solution (e.g., a reaction mixture or a solution of crude produt) containing the product and one or more impurities in an organic solvent (e.g., DCM, EtOAc or THF) or an organic solvent mixture can be contacted (extracted or washed) with water or an aqueous solution (e.g., NaHCO3 / H2O solution or NaCl / H2O solution) to remove hydrophilic impurities.

[068] As used herein the term “strong acid” refers to an acid that dissociates completely in solutions as shown below: HA + S SH+ + A" S represents a solvent molecule. Exemplary strong acid includes, but are not limited to, HC1, HBr, HI, triflic acid, perchloric acid, CCI3COOH, CHC12COOH and CH2C1COOH. In certain embodiments, the strong acid is a strong organic acid, such as CF3COOH, CHCflCOOH and CH2CICOOH. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[069] As used herein the term “base” refers to a substance that can produce hydroxide ion (OH) in water solutions or a substance that can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons. Exemplary bases include, but are not limited to, alkaline hydroxide, alkaline earth hydroxide, alkylamines (e.g., tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, 2-methylpropan-2-amine), 8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene (DBU), imidazole, N-methylimidazole, pyridine and 3-picoline.

[070] As used herein, the term “salt” refers to an organic or inorganic salt of a compound, nucleotide or oligonucleotide described herein. In certain embodiments, the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and / or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and / or the mammal being treated therewith. In certain embodiments, the salt of the compound, nucleotide or oligonucleotide described herein is a sodium salt, a potassium salt or an ammonium salt. In certain embodiments, the salt is a sodium salt or ammonium salt. Methods of The Present Disclosure I. Fragment Synthesis:

[071] The process described herein involves a stepwise addition of nucleotides in liquid (solution) phase, to form the desired oligonucleotide fragments. In certain embodiments, each nucleotide addition involves at least three reactions (coupling, sulfurization or oxidation, and deprotection) to add the nucleotide to the growing oligonucleotide. First, the 5’ end of a first nucleoside is coupled to the 3’ end of a second nucleotide to form a dimer. Then the dimer is sulfurized or oxidized form a phospho thio ate (i.e., a P=S bond) or a phosphodiester (i.e., a P=O bond). The 5’-hydroxyl group of the second nucleotide is then deprotected and the process is repeated to add the next nucleoside. a. 5’-Deprotection Reactions:

[072] In a first apect, the present disclosure provides a deprotection method of removing 5’-hydroxyl protecting group on a nucleotide, a nucleoside or an oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the deprotection method is a detritylation method for removing a 5’-trityl group. It is discovered that when the detritylation reaction is carried out under anhydrous or substantially anhydrous conditions, significant reduction of side reactions (e.g., deamination of nucleobase cytosine or 5-methylcytosine or their derivatives commonly used for oligonucleotide synthesis) can be achieved (see Example 3). The present detritylation method also involves the addition of a cation scavenger to facilitate the completion of the 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 reaction. As a result, the product with high purity can be obtained without the need of chromatography (e.g., column chromatography). Water level of the detritylation reaction can be controlled by the use of drying agent (e.g., molecular sieves), azeoptropic distillation or other suitable methods known in the art. Alternatively, solvents, acids, and other reagents used in the detritylation reaction, substrates to be subjected to detritylation reaction, and the reaction vessle can be dried to meet the residual water levels prior to use for the detritylation reaction.

[073] A first embodiment of the first aspect is a liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (AIa): or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (AIIa): w               (AIIa), or a salt thereof, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in a solution that is anhydrous or substantially anhydrous and wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or z is 0 or an integer from 1 to 200; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; W is H, Y or Z; Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain; and Z is a hydroxyl protecting group.

[074] The first embodiment of the first aspect also includes a liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (AI): or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (All): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in a solution that is anhydrous or substantially anhydrous and wherein the variables are as defined above for formulae (AIa) and (AIIa).

[075] Also included in the first embodiment is a liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (AI): lx                 , w             (AI), or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (All): or a salt thereof, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in a solution that is anhydrous or substantially anhydrous and wherein W is H or Z; Z is a silyl hydroxyl 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 protecting group; and the remaining variables are as defined above for formulae (AIa) and (AIIa).

[076] In a specific embodiment, R16is one of the following: See Nat Biotechnol. 2017 Sep;35(9):845-851; J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 7515-7522; Biopolymers (Peptide Science), 2001, 60, 3, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[077] In a second embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out in the presence of a drying agent. Any suitable drying agents can be used in the deprotection reaction. In some embodiments, the drying agent is selected from calclium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and molecular sieves.

[078] In a third embodiment, the drying agent used in the second embodiment is molecular sieves.

[079] In a fourth embodiment, the size of molecular sieves of the third embodiment is 3A or 4A. In a preferred embodiment, the size of molecular sieves is 3 A.

[080] In a fifth embodiment, the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution for the deprotection reaction is obtained by removing water using azeotropic distillation prior to the deprotection reaction.

[081] Alternatively, solvents, acids or acid solutions, and other reagents or solutions comprising the reagents to be used in the detritylation reaction, substrates or substrate solutions to be subjected to detritylation reaction, and the reaction vessle can be dried individually or combined prior to the detritylation reaction. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[082] In a sixth embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out in the presence of a scavenger selected from a cation scavenger comprising a -SH group, a silane scanveger (such as HSiPh3, HSiBu3, triisopropylsilane etc.), siloxane, polystyrene, furan, pyrrole and indole.

[083] In a specific embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out in the presence of a scavenger selected from 1-dodecanethiol, cyclohexanethiol, 1-octanethiol, triisopropylsilane, indole, 2,3-dimethylfuran, diphenylsilane, 2-mercaptoimidazole, diphenylmethylsilane, phenylsilane, 5-methoxyindole, methylphenylsilane, chlorodimethylsilane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1-thioglycerol, triphenylsilane, / erZ-butyldimethylsilane, butylsilane, methyldiethoxysilane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane, hexylsilane, (mercaptomethyl)polystyrene, or dimethylphenylsilane.

[084] In a seventh embodiment, the cation scavenger of sixth embodiment is a compound of formula RSH, wherein R is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkyl, an aryl or a heteroaryl group, each of which is optionally substituted.

[085] In an eighth embodiment, the RSH group of the seventh embodiment is CH3(CH2)5SH, CH3(CH2)hSH, cyclohexanethiol (CySH), or CH3CH2OC(=O)CH2CH2SH.

[086] A ninth embodiment of the present disclosure is a process as described in any one of the first to eighth embodiments, wherein R15 is a 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl (DMT) group.

[087] In a tenth embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (All) with a detritylation reagent. Any suitable detritylation reagent can be used.

[088] In an eleventh embodiment, the detritylation reagent of the tenth embodiment is a strong organic acid.

[089] In a twelfth embodiment, the detritylation reagent is selected from CF3COOH, CC13COOH, CHC12COOH, CH2C1COOH, H3PO4, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), CC1F2COOH, CHF2COOH, PhSO2H (phenylsulfinic acid) etc. In a preferred embodiment, the detritylation reagent is CH2C1COOH. In another specific embodiment, the detritylation reagent is CF3COOH. In yet another specific embodiment, the detritylation reagent is CHC12COOH.

[090] In certain embodiments, the detritylation reagent is citric acid. In certain embodiments, the detritylation reagent is saturated citric acid solution.

[091] A thirteenth embodiment of the first aspect is a process as described in any one of the above disclosed embodiments, wherein W is Z.

[092] In a fourteenth embodiment, the Z group is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group. Exemplary silyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 triisopropylsilyl, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, di-t-butylmethylsilyl tri(trimethylsilyl) silyl, t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl, and t-butoxydiphenylsilyl.

[093] In a fifteenth embodiment, the silyl hydroxyl protecting group of the fourteenth embodiment is selected from TBDPS, TBoDPS and TBDAS. TBDPS        TBoDPS and TBDAS wherein R5, Re and R7 are each independently H, Ci-soalkyl, or Ci-soalkoxy.

[094] In a sixteenth embodiment, the silyl protecting group of the fourteenth embodiment is: wherein s is an integer from 1 to 30.

[095] In a seventeenth embodiment, Z group of the fourteenth embodiment is TBDPS.

[096] An eighteenth embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the first to twelfth embodiments, wherein W is Y represented by the following formula: wherein Xo is Ci-ioalkyl, wherein one or more CH2 groups are independently replaced with C(O), C(O)NH2, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl group; and Xi is Ci.25alkyl or Ci.25alkoxy. In a specific embodiment, Y is represented by the following formula: 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 wherein p is an integer from 1 to 10; Het is a saturated heterocycle; and the remaining variables are as described above. In a more specific embodiment, Het is piperazine.

[097] In a nineteenth embodiment, Y of the eighteenth embodiment is represented by the following formula:

[098] A twentieth embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the first to nineteenth embodiments, wherein the compound of formula (AI) or (AI’) or a salt thereof is not purified by chromatography (e.g., column chromatography).

[099] A twenty-first embodiment discloses a process described in first to twentieth embodiments, wherein the compound of formula (AI) or (AI’) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction. In certain embodiment, the compound of formula (AI) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the selective precipitation the compound of formula (AI) or a salt thereof can be achieved by adding acetonitrile to a solution of the crude product in DCM. Alternatively, the solution of the crude product can be added to acetonitrile to precipitate out the desired product.

[0100] In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (AI’) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (AI’) or a salt thereof is purified by extraction a solution comprising the compound of formula (AI’) or a salt thereof in an organic solvent (MBTE, EtOAc, heptane / MBTE mixture, DCM, etc.) with an aqueous solution (e.g., NaHCO3 / H2O or NaCl / H2O) in addition to selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the extraction is carried out before selective preciptation. Alternatively, the extraction is carried out after selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the selective precipitation of the compound of formula (AI’) or a salt thereof 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 can be achieved by adding heptane or a heptane / MBTE mixture to a solution of the crude product in DCM or EtOAc. Alternatively, the solution of the crude product can be added to heptane or a heptane / MBTE mixture to precipitate out the desired product. A heptane / MBTE mixture with a suitale volume ratio (e.g., a volume ratio described herein) can be used.

[0101] In some embodiments, for the processes of the first aspect or any embodiments described there (e.g., the process described in any one of the first to the twenty-first embodiments), z is 1 to 150, 1 to 100, 1 to 50, 1 to 20, 1 to 10 or 1 to 5.

[0102] In some embodiments, for the processes the first aspect or any embodiments described there (e.g., the process described in any one of the first to the twenty-first embodiments), R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen;

[0103] In some embodiments, for the processes the first aspect or any embodiments described there (e.g., the process described in any one of the first to the twenty-first embodiments): each R is independently selected from H, halogen or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy; R4 is H; and 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R16 is -CH2CH2CN.

[0104] In a specific embodiment, R2 is -OCH2CH2OMe. b.3’-Deprotection Reactions:

[0105] In a second aspect, the present disclosure describes a liquid phase deprotection method of removing a 3’-hydroxyl protecting group on oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the deprotection method is a desilylation process. It is discovered that the desilylation process of the present disclosure can selectively remove the silyl protecting group of the 3’-hydroxyl group without affecting other sensitive groups on the oligonucleotide, such as the 5’-trityl group, various protecting groups of the nucleobases (e.g., benzoyl or isobutyryl group), cyanoethyl and -OCH2CH2OMe (also known as methoxyethyl (MOE)) groups.

[0106] In a twenty-second embodiment, the second aspect of the present disclosure relates to a liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (BI): or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (BII): or a salt thereof, to form the compound of formula (BI), or a salt thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 2 R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or q is an integer from 1 to 200; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a hydroxyl protecting group (e.g., a silyl hydroxyl protecting group).

[0107] In a twenty-third embodiment, the second aspect of the present disclosure relates to a liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (B2I): or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (B2II): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, to form the compound of formula (B2I) or a salt thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or R16 is O , or n^cf3 q is an integer from 1 to 200; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain; and Z is a hydroxyl protecting group.

[0108] In a twenty-fourth embodiment, Y of the twenty-third embodiment is represented by the following formula: 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 O 9 wherein Xa is Ci-walkyl, wherein one or more CH2 groups are independently replaced with C(O), C(O)NH2, cycloalkyl or Ci-eheterocylcyl group; and Xi is Ci.25alkyl or Ci.25alkoxy. In a specific embodiment, Y is represented by the following formula: wherein p is an integer from 1 to 10; Het is a saturated heterocycle; and the remaining variables are as described above. In a more specific embodiment, Het is piperazine.

[0109] In a twenty-fifth embodiment, Y of the twenty-third embodiment is represented by the following formula:

[0110] In a twenty-sixth embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (BII) or (B2II) or a salt thereof with HF in the presence of a base.

[0111] In a twenty-seventh embodiment, the base in twenty-sixth embodiment is imidazole or pyridine, wherein imidazole or pyridine are optionally substituted.

[0112] A twenty-eighth embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the twenty-second totwenty-seventh embodiments, wherein excess amount of base relative to HF is used. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0113] In a twenty-ninth embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (BII) or (B2II) or a salt thereof with HF in the presence of pyridine and imidazole.

[0114] In a thirtieth embodiment, the molar ratio of imidazole to HF of the twenty-ninth embodiment is in the range of 1.1:1 to 5:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of imidazole to HF is in the range of 1.1:1 to 3:1, 1.5:1 to 3:1, or 1.5:1 to 2.5:1.

[0115] In a thirty-first embodiment, the molar ratio of imidazole to HF in the thirtieth embodiment is 2:1.

[0116] In a thirty-second embodiment, for the process described in any of the twenty-ninth to thirty first embodiments, the molar ratio of pyridine to HF is in the range 1.1:1 to 20:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of pyridine to HF is in the range of 5:1 to 20:1 or 5:1 to 15:1. In a specific embodiment, the molar ratio of pyridine to HF is 10:1.

[0117] A thirty-third embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the twenty-second to thirty-second embodiments, wherein Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, the silyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those described above in the fourteenth embodiment.

[0118] In a thirty-fourth embodiment, the silyl hydroxyl protecting group is TBDPS, ToBDPS or TBDAS as described in the fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth embodiment. In certain embodiments, the silyl hydroxyl protecting group is TBDPS.

[0119] In certain embodiments, the deprotection reaction described above (e.g., in any one of the twenty-third to thirty-fouth embodiments) is carried out in a suitable organic solvent, e.g.,THF.

[0120] A thirty-fifth embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the twenty-second to thirty-fourth embodiments, wherein the compound of formula (BI) or (B2I) or a salt thereof is not purified by chromatography (e.g., column chromatography).

[0121] In a thirty-sixth embodiment, the compound of formula (BI) or (B2I) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction. In certain embodiment, the compound of formula (B2I) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the selective precipitation the compound of formula (B2I) or a salt thereof can be achieved by adding acetonitrile to a solution of the crude product in DCM. Alternatively, the solution of the crude product can be added to acetonitrile to precipitate out the desired product.

[0122] In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (BI) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (BI) or a salt 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 thereof is purified by extraction a solution comprising the compound of formula (BI) or a salt thereof in an organic solvent (MBTE, EtOAc, heptane / MBTE mixture, DCM, etc.) with an aqueous solution (e.g., NaHCO3 / H2O or NaCl / H2O) in addition to selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the extraction is carried out before selective preciptation. Alternatively, the extraction is carried out after selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the selective precipitation of the compound of formula (BI) or a salt thereof can be achieved by adding heptane or a heptane / MBTE mixture to a solution of the crude product in DCM or EtOAc. Alternatively, the solution of the crude product can be added to heptane or a heptane / MBTE mixture to precipitate out the desired product. A heptane / MBTE mixture with a suitale volume ratio (e.g., a volume ratio described herein) can be used.

[0123] In some embodiments, for the process described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g. the twenty-second, twenty-sixth to thirty-sixth embodiment), R15 is 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl (DMT) group.

[0124] In some embodiments, for the process described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g. the twenty-second to thirty-sixth embodiments), each R is independently selected from H or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy; R4 is H; and R16 is -CH2CH2CN.

[0125] In some embodiments, for the process described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g. the twenty-second, twenty-sixth to thirty-sixth embodiment), each R is independently selected from H, halo, or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy; R4 is H; R15 is 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl; and R16 is -CH2CH2CN. In a specific embodiment, R is MOE.

[0126] In some embodiments, for the process described in the second aspect or any 2 embodiments described therein (e.g. the twenty-second to thirty-sixth embodiments), each R is independently selected from H, halo (e.g., F), or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy; R4 is H; and R16 is -CH2CH2CN. In a specific embodiment, R2 is -OCH2CH2OCH3 (MOE). c.Phosphitylation Reactions

[0127] A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a liquid phase phosphitylation method of an oligonucleotide described herein. The method comprises reacting the 3’-OH group with a phosphordiamidite or H-phosphonate (HO)P(O)H. The phosphitylation 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 methods of the present disclosure can be used to synthesize oligonucleotide fragments with 3 or more nucleotides with high purity without chromatographic purification.

[0128] A thirty-seventh embodiment discloses a liquid process for preparing a compound of formula (CI) or (CI’): or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (CII): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 or H-phosphonate (HO)P(O)H to form the compound of formula (CI) or (CI’), respectively, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl ql is an integer from 2 to 200; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

[0129] A thirty-eighth embodiment discloses a liquid process for preparing a compound of formula (C2I): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (C2II): or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 to form the compound of formula (C2I), or a salt theref, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl ql is an integer from 2 to 200; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

[0130] In some embodiments, for the process described in the thirty-eighth embodiment, each R is independently selected from H, F, or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy; R4 is H; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; R17a and R17b are independently Ci.6alkyl; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group described herein. In some embodiments, Z is selected from TBDPS, TBoDPS and TBDAS. In a specific embodiment, R2 is H, R4 is H; R16 is - 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 CH2CH2CN; R17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2; and Z is TBDPS. In another specific embodiment, R2 is MOE, R4 is H; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; R17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2; and Z is TBDPS.

[0131] A thirty-ninth embodiment discloses a process described in the third aspect or any embodiments described therien (e.g. thirty-seventh or thirty-eighth embodiment), wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of an activator. As used herein, an activator is a chemical reagent that facilitates the reaction between the phosphordiamidite or H- phosphonate and 3’-hydroxyl group of oligonucleotide (e.g., compound of formula (CII) or (C2II)). Exemplary activators include, but are not limited to, the following reagents: CN S^CN H DCI (4,5-Dicyanoimidazole) N-N Tetrazole 5-(4-n itrop heny I )-1 H-tetrazole N-N N'N^SCH3 H 5-methylthio-1 H-tetrazole ■ OH BTT Py.TFA N-N " \\ n'N^sch2ch3 H 5-ethy Ith io-1 H-tetrazole zf~N < Ji - CF3SOsH N-MethyI imidazolium triflate —N Ji ■ cf3co2h V CH3 N-Methyl imidazolium trifluoroacetate N-Methyl benzoimidazolium triflate Ph a CF3SOsH Ph N-Ptenyl imidazolium triflate N-Phenyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate

[0132] In a fortieth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a process as described in thirty-ninth embodiment, wherien the activator is pyridine trifluoroacetate (Py*TFA) or N-methylimidazolium triflate.

[0133] A forty-first embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the thirty-fourth to thirty-sixth embodiments, wherein the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) is not purified by chromatography (e.g., column chromatography).

[0134] A forty-second embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the thirtyfourth to thirty-sixth embodiments, wherein the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) or 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction. In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) or a salt thereof is purified by selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) or a salt thereof is purified by extraction a solution comprising the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) or a salt thereof in an organic solvent (MBTE, EtOAc, heptane / MBTE mixture, DCM, etc.) with an aqueous solution (e.g., NaHCO3 / H2O or NaCl / H2O) in addition to selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the extraction is carried out before selective preciptation. Alternatively, the extraction is carried out after selective precipitation. In certain embodiments, the selective precipitation of the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) or a salt thereof can be achieved by adding heptane or a heptane / MBTE mixture to a solution of the crude product in DCM or EtOAc. Alternatively, the solution of the crude product can be added to heptane or a heptane / MBTE mixture to precipitate out the desired product. A heptane / MBTE mixture with a suitale volume ratio (e.g., a volume ratio described herein) can be used.

[0135] In some embodiments, for the process descrbied in the third aspect or any embodiments described therien (e.g., the thirty-seventh embodiment), the variables for formula (CI), (CI’) or (CII) are as defined below: each R is independently selected from H, F, or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy; R4 is H; R15 is 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; and R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl.

[0136] In a specific embodiment, R is MOE. In another specific embodiment, R is H; R is H; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; and R17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2. In another specific embodiment, R2 is MOE, R4 is H; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; and R17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2.

[0137] A forty-third embodiment discloses a liquid process for preparing a compound of formula (CI’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 comprising the steps of: 1) reacting the compound of formula (CI’A): R (CI’A), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (Al): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (CI’B): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 3) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (CI’B), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (CI’C): 4) deprotecting the compound of formula (CI’C), or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (CI’D): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 5) starting with the compound of formula (CI’D), repeating steps 1), 2) 3) and 4) for ql-3 times, followed by repeating steps 1), 2) and 3) to yield the fragment of formula (CI’), or a salt thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group (e.g., DMT group); R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or R16 is R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl; ql is an integer from 2 to 200; and X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S.

[0138] A forty-fourth embodiment discloses a liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (CIC): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 comprising coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (CIa): with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (CIb): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 oligonucleotide of formula (CIC) or a salt thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or qla is an integer from 2 to 20; qlb is an integer from 2 to 20; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is hydroxyl protecting group.

[0139] In certain embodiments, the coupling reaction of the forty-fourth embodiment is carried out in the presence of an acyl chloride. In a specific embodiment, the coupling reaction between the oligonucleotide of formula (CIa) and the oligonucleotide of formula (CIb) is carried out in the presence of pivaloyl chloride. In another specific embodiment, the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of pivaloyl chloride and a base (e.g., pyridine).

[0140] In certain embodiments, for the process described in the forty-third or forty-fouth embodiment, no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 reaction steps described therein. In certain embodimetns, the reaction product of any one of reaction steps described therein is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction as described herein (e.g., as described in the twenty-first, thirty-five or forty-second embodiment). d. Syntheses of 3’-oligonucleotide fragments

[0141] In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure describes a liquid phase process of preparing an oligonucleotide fragment bearing a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group at the 3’-end (referrend herein as the “3’-fragment”). It is surprisingly discovered that the methods of the present disclosure for synthesizing the 3’-fragment can be used to prepare an oligonucletide fragment having 3 to 20 (e.g., 3 to 10, 3 to 8, 3 to 5 or 4 to 5) nucleotides with high purity without chromatographic purification. In some embodiments, a hydrophobic 3’-hydroxyl protecting group is used, which facilitates the separation of the oligonucleotide fragment product by selective precipitation. In some embodiments, the liquid phase process comprises (1) 5’-OH deprotection step, (2) coupling step, and (3) oxidiation or sulfurization step, wherein the steps (1), (2) and (3) are repeated until the desired number of nucleotides are linked together to form the 3’-oligonucleotide fragment.

[0142] A forty-fifth embodiment discloses a liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (I), or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of: 1) deprotecting a compound of formula (I’A): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IA): R1 HO (IA), or a salt thereof; 2) reacting the compound of formula (IA), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (Al): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IB): 3) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (IB), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (IC): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 4) deprotecting the compound of formula (IC), or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (ID): 5) starting with the compound of formula (ID), repeating steps 2), 3) and 4) for n-2 times to yield the fragment of formula (I), or a salt thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl; n is an integer from 2 to 20; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain.

[0143] A forty-sixth embodiment discloses a process described in forty-fifth embodiment, wherein the fragment for formula (I) is not purified by chromatography (e.g., column chromatography).

[0144] A forty-seventh embodiment discloses a process described in forty-fifth or forty-sixth embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (I) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction. In certain embodiments, the fragment of formula (I) is purified by selective precipation. In a specific embodiment, the fragment of formula (I) is purified by adding CH3CN to the reaction mixture containing the crude product, followed by filtration to isolate the fragment product.

[0145] A forty-eighth embodiment discloses a process described in the forty-fifth, forty-sixth or forty-seventh embodiment, wherein no chromatography (e.g., column chromatography) is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps 1), 2), 3) and 4).

[0146] A forty-ninth embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the forty-fifth to forty-eighth embodiments, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1), 2), 3) and 4) is purified by selective precipitation (e.g., as described in the twenty-first, thirty-five or forty-second embodiment).

[0147] In a fiftieth embodiment, for the processes described in any one of the forty-fifth to forty-ninth emboidments, Y is represented by the following formula: 0 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 wherein Xo is Ci-walkyl, wherein one or more CH2 groups are independently replaced with C(O), C(O)NH2, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl group; and Xi is Ci.25alkyl or Ci.25alkoxy. In a specific embodiment, Y is represented by the following formula: wherein p is an integer from 1 to 10; Het is a saturated heterocycle; and the remaining variables are as described above. In a more specific embodiment, Het is piperazine.

[0148] A fifty-first embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the forty-fifth to forty-ninth embodiments, wherein Y is:

[0149] In certain emboidments, for the process described in the fourth aspect or any embodiments describe therein (e.g., the forty-fifth to fifty-first embodiments), the deprotection reactions of step 1) and / or step 4) are carried out as described in the first aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the second to twelfth embodiments).

[0150] In certain embodiments, for the process described in the fourth aspect or any embodiments describe therein (e.g., the forty-fifth to fifty-first embodiments), the coupling reaction of step 2) can be carried out in the presence of an activator described herein (e.g. activators described in the thirty-ninth embodiment). In certain embodiments, the activator is 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI) or 5-ethylthio-lH-tetrazole (ETT).

[0151] In certain embodiments, for the process described in the fourth aspect or any embodiments describe therein (e.g., forty-fifth to fifty-first embodiments), the sulfurization reaction of step 3) is carried out using a sulfurizing agent, such as 3-amino-l,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (xanthane hydride or ADTT), 3-(N,N-dimethylamino-methylidene)amino)-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole (DDTT), phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS), 3H-l,2-benzodithio 1-3-one 1,1-dioxide (Beaucage Reagent), or phenyl-3H-l,2,4-dithiazo 1-3-one (POS). In a specific embodimet, the 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 sulfurizing agent is DDTT. In a specific embodimet, the sulfurizing agent is xanthane hydride. In certain embodiments, the sulfurization reaction is carried out in the presence of a base as described herein. In certain embodiments, the base is pyridine or imidazole. In certain embodiments, the sulfurization raction of step 3) is carried out in the presence of DDTT and 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI).

[0152] In certain embodiments, for the process described in the fourth aspect or any embodiments describe therein (e.g., forty-fifth to fifty-first embodiments), the oxidation reaction of step 3) is carried out by using standard oxidizing agents known in the literature. Exemplary oxidizing agent include, but are not limited to, tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), (lS)-(+)-(10-camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridine (CSO), E, and iodine-pyridine-water oxidizer solution. In a specific embodimet, the oxidizing agent is t-BuOOH. e. Synthesis of 5’-oligonucleotide fragments

[0153] In a fifth aspect, the present disclosure describes a liquid phase process of preparing an oligonucleotide fragment (5’-fragment) having a phosphoramidite group that can be coupled with the 3’-fragment described above. It is surpringly discovered that the methods of the present disclosure for preparing 5’-fragments can be used to synthesize an oligonucletide fragment having 3 to 20 (e.g., 3 to 10, 3 to 8, 3 to 5 or 4 to 5) nucleotides with high purity without chromatographic purification. In some embodiments, the methods involve selective deprotection of 3’-hydroxyl protecting group. In some embodiments, the liquid phase process comprises (1) 5’-OH deprotection step, (2) coupling step, and (3) oxidiation or sulfurization step, wherein the steps (1), (2) and (3) are repeated until the desired number of nucleotides are linked together to form the 5’-oligonucleotide fragment.

[0154] A fifty-second embodiment discloses a liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II), 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of: 1’) deprotecting a compound of formula (IIA’): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIA): R1 HO (IIA), or a salt thereof; 2’) reacting a compound of formula (IIA), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (A2): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIB): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 z               (IIB), or a salt thereof; and 3’) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (IIB), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (IIC): 4’) deprotecting the compound of formula (IIC), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IID): 5’) when m is 3, starting with the compound of formula (IID), or a salt thereof, repeating step 2’) and step 3’) to form a compound of formula (IIE) or a salt thereof, or when m is greater than 3, starting with the compound of formula (IID), or a salt thereof, repeating the steps 2’), 3’) and 4’) for m-3 times, followed by step 2’) and step 3’) to from a compound of formula (IIE): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 z                 (IIE), or a salt thereof; 6’) deprotecting the compound of formula (IIE), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIF): 7’) reacting the compound of formula (IIF), or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b )2 to yield the fragment of formula (II), or a salt thereof: wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl; m is an integer from 2 to 20; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a hydroxyl silyl protecting group.

[0155] In a fifty-third embodiment, for the process described in the fifty-second embodiment, the fragment of formula (II) is not purified by chromatography (e.g. column chromatography).

[0156] A fifty-fourth embodiment discloses a process as described in the fifty-second or fifty-third embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (II) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation as described herein (e.g., as described in twenty-first, thirty-five or forty-second embodiments) .

[0157] A fifty-fifth embodiment discloses a process as described in fifty-second to fiftyfourth embodiments, wherein no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps 1’), 2’), 3’), 4’), 5’), 6’) and 7’).

[0158] A fifty-sixth embodiment discloses a process as described in the fifty-second to fiftyfifth embodiments, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1’), 2’) 3’), 4’), 5’), 6’) and 7’) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation as described herein (e.g., as described in twenty-first, thirty-five or forty-second embodiments).

[0159] In some embodiments, the deprotection reactions of step 1’) and step 4’) are carried out as described in the first aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., any one of the second to twelfth embodiments).

[0160] In some embodiments, the coupling reaction of step 2’) is carried out as described in the fourth aspect. In certain embodiments, the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of an activator described herein (e.g. activators described in the thirty-ninth embodiment). In certain embodiments, the activator is 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI) or 5-ethylthio-lH-tetrazole (ETT).

[0161] In some embodiments, the sulfurization or oxidation reaction of step 3’) is carried out as described in the fourth aspect. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0162] In some embodiments, the deprotection reaction of step 6’) is carried out as described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., any one of the twenty-sixth to thirty-fourth embodiments).

[0163] In some embodiments, the phosphitylation reaction of step 7’) is carried out as described in the third aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., any one of the thirty ninth to forty-second embodiments). II. Synthesis of Target Oligonucleotides i) 3’-5’ elongation:

[0164] In a sixth aspect, the present disclosure describes a liquid phase convergent synthesis of target oligonucleotides, wherein the target oligonucleotide is assembled in the direction of the 3’-terminal to the 5’-terminal (3’-5’ direction). It has been demonstrated that the convergent liquid phase process of the present disclosure is succefully used to synthesize target oligonucleotides in large quantities. In addition, high purity protected target oligonucleotide can be obtained by the methods of the present disclosure without chromatographic purification.

[0165] In certain embodiments, the convergent liquid phase process described herein involves step by step addition of oligonucleotide fragments in liquid (solution) phase to synthesize the target oligonucleotide. For example, 5-mer and 4-mer fragments are coupled first to synthesize a 9-mer fragment which is further reacted with another 5-mer fragment to synthesize 14-mer oligonucleotide. The 14-mer oligonucleotide can be further coupled with another fragment until the desired length of the target oligonucleotide is obtained. In certain embodiments, a 5-mer fragment having a 3’-hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group (3’-LHPG) (3’-end fragment) is first coupled with 5-mer fragment to form a 10-mer fragment having 3’-LHPG group, which is then further reacted with a 4-mer fragment to form a 14-mer fragment, which is in turn coupled with another 4-mer fragment to form the target 18-mer oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the 3’-end fragment having n nucleotides (e.g. 5-mer fragment) is synthesized by coupling a single nucleotide having the 3’-LHPG group with a fragment having n-1 nucleotides (e.g., 4-mer fragment).

[0166] A fifty-seventh embodiment discloses a convergent liquid phase process for preparing a target oligonucleotide comprising the steps of: a) coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (I): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II): in a solution to form an oligonucleotide of formula (III): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 thereof; and b) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (III), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IV): wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl; n is an integer from 2 to 200; m is an integer from 2 to 20 X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain.

[0167] Also included in the fifty-seventh embodiment is a convergent liquid phase process for preparing a target oligonucleotide comprising the steps of: a) coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (I): with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (IIa): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof; wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or n is an integer from 2 to 200; m is an integer from 2 to 20 X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain.

[0168] A fifty-eighth embodiment discloses a process described in the fifty-seventh embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (I) can be synthesized by coupling a nucleotide of formula (lai): y                 (I&1), or a salt thereof, with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (Ia2): in a solution to form the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (I) or a salt thereof. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0169] In certain embodiments, for the process described in the fifty-eighth embodiment, n is an integer from 3 to 20. In a specific embodiment, n is 3 to 6. In another specific embodiment, n is 5.

[0170] In certain embodiments, for the process described in the fifty-eighth embodiment, the fragment (I) is not purified by chromatography. In another embodiment, the fragment (I) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction (e.g. as described in forty-sixth and fortyseventh embodiments).

[0171] A fifty-ninth embodiment discloses a process as described in the fifty-seventh or fiftyeighth embodiment, further comprising step c) of deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (IV), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (V): thereof.

[0172] Also provided in the fifty-ninth embodiment is a process as decribed in the fiftyseventh or fifty-eighth embodiment, further comprising step b) of deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (IIIa), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (Va): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0173] A sixtieth embodiment discloses a process described in the fifty-ninth embodiment, further comprising: d) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (V), or a salt thereof, with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 thereof, e) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (VI) to form an a salt thereof, f) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (VII), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VIII): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 thereof, g) repeating the steps of d), e) and f) for r-1 times followed by repeating the steps of d) and e) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX): wherein: r is an integer from 1 to 50; Pi, for each occurrence, is independently an integer from 2 to 20, i is an integer from 1 to r; and Ptotal — ■-!   •

[0174] A sixty-first embodiment discloses a process as described in sixtieth embodiment, wherein r is 2 and the oligonucleotide of formula (IX) is represented by formula (X): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 wherein pl and p2 are each independently an integer from 2 to 20. In certain embodiments, m, n, pl and p2 are each independently an integer from 3 to 10, 3 to 6 or 4 to 6. In certain embodiments, m, n, pl and p2 are each independently 4 or 5. In certain embodiments, m and n are both 5; and pl and p2 are both 4.

[0175] A sixty-second embodiment discloses a process described in the fifty-seventh to sixty-first embodiments, wherein no chromatography (e.g. column chromatography) is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g).

[0176] A sixty-third embodiment discloses a process described in fifty-seventh to sixty-second embodiments, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation as described herein (e.g. as described in the twenty-first, thirty-five, forty-two, forty-sixth and forty-seventh embodiments).

[0177] In certain embodiments, the process described in the sixtieth to sixty-third embodiments, the process further comprises the step of: hl) deprotecting oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) to form oligonucleotide of formula (IXA) or (XA): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof.

[0178] In certain embodiments, the process described in the sixtieth to sixty-third embodiments, the process further comprises the step of: hl) deprotecting oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof to form oligonucleotide of formula (IXA) or (XA): h2) deprotecting oligonucleotide (IXA) or (XA) or a salt therof to form oligonucleotide of formula (IXB) or (XB): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof.

[0179] In certain embodiments, for step hl) described above, the oligonucleotide of formula (IXA) or (XA) is obtained by reacting the oligonucleotide of formula (IX) or (X) with NH4OH. In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH also removes other protecting group in the oligonucleotides, such as protecting groups in any nucleobases (e.g., the NH2 protecting group on a nucleobase). In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH results in oligonucleotides of formula (IXA) or (XA) or a salt thereof thereof, wherein R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is unprotected.

[0180] In sixty-fourth embodiment, the process described in the sixtieth to sixty-third embodiments, wherein when R16 is -CH2CH2CN, deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof forms an oligonucleotide of formula (IXAb) or (XAb): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof with NH4OH to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IXAb) or (XAb). In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH also removes other protecting group in the oligonucleotides, such as protecting groups in any nucleobases (e.g., the NH2 protecting group on a nucleobase). In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH results in oligonucleotides of formula (IXAb) or (XAb) or a salt thereof thereof, wherein RI, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is unprotected.

[0181] In certain embodiments, in the process described in sixty-fourth embodiment, the process further comprises the step of: deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IXAb) or (XAb) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXBa) or (XBa): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide (IXA) or (XA) is reacted with citric acid to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IXBa) or (XBa).

[0182] In sixty-fifth embodiment, in the process described in the sixtieth to sixty-third embodiments, wherein R16 is -CH2CH2CN, the process further comprises the step of: hl) deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXAa) or (XAa): or a salt thereof.

[0183] In certain embodiments, in the process of sixty-fifth embodiment, the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof with a base. In certain embodiments, the base is selected from l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 alkylamine (e.g., tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine, trimethylamine) and other suitable organic bases.

[0184] A sixty-sixth embodiment discloses a process described in sixty-fifth embodiment, wherein the method further comprises the step of deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IXAa) or (XAa) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXAb) or (XAb): or a salt thereof.

[0185] In certain embodiments, in the process described in sixty-sixth embodiment, the deprotection of the oligonucleotide (IXAa) or (XAa) or a salt thereof is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IXAa) or (XAa) or a salt thereof with NH4OH. In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH also removes other protecting group in the oligonucleotides, such as protecting groups in any nucleobases (e.g., the NH2 protecting group on a nucleobase). In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH results in oligonucleotides of formula (IXAb) or (XAb) or a sal thereof thereof, wherein R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is unprotected.

[0186] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide (IXAb) or (XAb) or a salt thereof can further react with a deprotecting reagent (e.g., de-tritylation reagent) to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IXBa) or (XBa) or a salt thereof. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0187] In one embodiment, for processes described in the sixth aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the fifthy-seventh to sixty-sixth embodiments), Y is:

[0188] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (IXA) or (XA) obtained from step hl) or the oligonucleotide of formula (IXAb) or (XAb) is purified by depth filtration. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture of step hl) is diluted with ammonium sulfate solution before being subjected to depth filtration. Dilution with ammonium sulfate may prevent the oligonucleotide from sticking to the filter.

[0189] In certain embodiments, the concentration for the ammonium sulfate solution is between 100 mM and 5M, between 500 mM and 2M, between 500 mM and 1500 mM, or between 1000 mM and 1200 mM.

[0190] Any suitable depth filters can be used for depth filtration. As used herein, the term “depth filter” refers to filters that use a porous filtration medium to retain particles throut the medium, rather than just on the surface of the medium. These filters are commonly used when the fluid to be filtered contains a high load of particles because, relative to other types of filters, they can retain a large mass of particles before becoming clogged. It is surprisingly found that depth filtration can efficiently remove the by-product LHPG-OH (e.g. Y-OH) from the reaction mixture before subjecting the mixture to HIC purification.

[0191] In certain embodiments, depth filters comprises a filter aid, such as diatomaceous earth, cellulose, polyacrylic fiber and silica, and activated carbon.

[0192] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (IXA), (IXAb), (XA) or (XAb) obtained from step hl) is purified by depth filtration followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC).

[0193] In certain embodiment, for step h2) described above, the oligonucleotide of formula (IXA), (IXAa), (IXAb), (XA), (XAa) or (XAb) is reacted with a detritylation reagent described herein to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IXB), (IXBa), (XB) or (XBa). In one embodiment, the detritylation reagent is an organic acid. In one embodiment, the organic acid is acetic acid or citric acid. In a specific embodiment, the detritylation reagent is citric 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 acid. In one embodiment, R15 in formula (IXA), (IXAa), (IXAb), (XA), (XAa) or (XAb) is a 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl group. In certain embodiments, the detritylation reaction of step h2) is carried out in an aqueous solution.

[0194] In certain embodiment, the oligonucleotide of formula (IXB), (IXBa), (XB) or (XBa) obtained from step h2) is purified by anion exchange chromatography.

[0195] A sixty-seventh embodiment discloses a process described in fifty-seventh to sixtysixth embodiments, wherein the fragment (I) is obtained by: 1) deprotecting a compound of formula (I’A): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IA): R1 HO (IA), or a salt thereof; 2) reacting the compound of formula (IA), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (Al): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IB): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 3) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (IB), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (IC): 4) deprotecting the compound of formula (IC), or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (ID): 5) starting with the compound of formula (ID), repeating steps 2) 3) and 4) for n-2 times to yield the fragment of formula (I), or a salt thereof.

[0196] A sixty-eighth embodiment discloses a process described in the sixty-seven embodiments, wherein no chromatography (e.g., column chromatography) is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps 1), 2), 3), 4) and 5). 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0197] A sixty-ninth embodiment discloses a process described in the sixty-seven or sixtyeighth embodiment, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1), 2), 3), 4) and 5) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation as described herein (e.g., as describe in the twenty-first, thirty-five, forty-two, forty-sixth or forty-seventh embodiments).

[0198] A seventieth embodiment discloses a process described in the fifty-seventh to sixtyninth embodiments, wherein Y is represented by the following formula: o wherein Xo is Ci-ioalkyl, wherein one or more CH2 groups are independently replaced with C(O), C(O)NH2, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl group; and Xi is Ci.25alkyl or Ci.25alkoxy. In a specific embodiment, Y is represented by the following formula: wherein p is an integer from 1 to 10; Het is a saturated heterocycle; and the remaining variables are as described above. In a more specific embodiment, Het is piperazine.

[0199] A seventy-first embodiment discloses a process described in the fifty-seventh to sixty-ninth embodiments, wherein Y is:

[0200] A seventy-second embodiment discloses a process described in fifty-seventh to seventy-first embodiments, wherein the fragment of formula (II) is obtained by: 1’) deprotecting a compound of formula (IIA’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIA): R1 HO (IIA), or a salt thereof; 2’) reacting a compound of formula (IIA), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (A2): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIB): 3’) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (IIB), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (IIC): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 4’) deprotecting the compound of formula (IIC), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IID): 5’) when m is 3, starting with the compound of formula (IID), or a salt thereof, repeating step 2’) and step 3’) to form a compound of formula (IIE) or a salt thereof, or when m is greater than 3, starting with the compound of formula (IID), or a salt thereof, repeating the steps 2’), 3’) and 4’) for m-3 times, followed by step 2’) and step 3’) to from a compound of formula (IIE): R15—O z (IIE), or a salt thereof; 6’) deprotecting the compound of formula (IIE), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIF): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 7’) reacting the compound of formula (IIF), or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2to yield the fragment of formula (II), or a salt thereof, wherein Z is a hydroxyl protecting group.

[0201] A seventy-third embodiment discloses a process described in seventy-second embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (II) is not purified by chromatography before reacting with fragment of formula (I).

[0202] A seventy-fourth embodiment discloses a process described in seventy-second or seventy-third embodiment, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1’), 2’), 3’), 4’), 5’), 6’) and 7’) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation (e.g., as described in the twenty-first, thirty-five, forty-two, forty-sixth or forty-seventh embodiment).

[0203] A seventy-fifth embodiment discloses a process described in fifty-ninth to seventyfourth embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (II’) is prepared by: 1”) deprotecting a compound of formula (II’A’): R1 HO R15O (II’A’), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’A): (II’A), or a salt thereof, 2”) reacting a compound of formula (II’A), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (A2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R1®   / p\ ^R17a O N R17b (A2), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’B): (II’B), or a salt thereof; and 3”) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (II’B), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (II’C): 4”) deprotecting the compound of formula (II’C), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’D): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 5”) starting with the compound of formula (II’D), or a salt thereof, repeating the steps 1’), 2’) and 3’) for pi-2 times, followed by step 1’) and step 2’) to from a compound of formula (II’E): z                (II’E), or a salt thereof; 6”) deprotecting the compound of formula (II’E), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’F): 7”) reacting the compound of formula (II’F), or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2to yield the fragment of formula (II’), or a salt thereof, wherein Z is a hydroxyl protecting group. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0204] A seventy-sixth embodiment discloses a process described in the seventy-fifth embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (II’) is not purified by chromatography (column chromatography) before reacting with oligonucleotide of formula (V).

[0205] A seventy-seventh embodiment discloses a process described in the seventy-fifth or seventy-sixth embodiment, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1”), 2”), 3”), 4”), 5”), 6”) and 7”) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation as described herein (e.g., as described in the twenty-first, thirty-five, forty-two, forty-sixth or forty-seventh embodiment).

[0206] A seventy-eighth embodiment discloses a process of any one of the fifty-seventh to seventy-seventh embodiments, wherein n is 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0207] A seventy-ninth embodiment discloses a process of any one of the fifty-seventh to seventy-eighth embodiments , wherein m is 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0208] An eightieth embodiment discloses a process of any one of fifty-ninth to seventyninth embodiments, wherein pi, for each occurrence, is independently 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0209] An eighty-first embodiment discloses a process of any one of sixtieth to seventy-ninth embodiments, wherein pl and p2 are each independently 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0210] An eighty-second embodiment discloses a process of any one of sixtieth to eighty-first embodiments, wherein r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0211] In some embodiments, the deprotection reactions of steps c), f), 1), 4), 1’), 4’), 1”) and 4”) or de-tritylation reactions are carried out as described in the first aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the second to twelfth embodiments).

[0212] In some embodiments, the coupling reactions of steps a), d), 2), 2’) and 2”) can be carried out by adding an activator to the organic solution containing 3’-OH protected nucleotide fragment and 5’-OH protected phosphamidite or phosphonate fragment.

[0213] In some embodiments, the sulfurization reactions of steps b), e), 3), 3’) and 3”) can be carried out by using sulfurizing agents (e.g. 3-amino-l,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (XH or ADTT), 3-(N,N-dimethylamino-methylidene)amino)-3H-l,2,4-dithiazole (DDTT), phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS), 3H-l,2-benzodithio 1-3-one 1,1-dioxide (Beaucage Reagent), or phenyl-3H-l,2,4-dithiazo 1-3-one (POS). In a specific embodimet, the sulfurizing agent is DDTT. In certain embodiments, the base is pyridine or imidazole.

[0214] In certain embodiments, the oxidation reactions of steps b), e), 3), 3’) and 3”) can be carried out by using standard oxidizing agents known in the literature. Exemplary oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to.tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), (lS)-(+)-(10- 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridine (CSO), I2, and iodine-pyridine-water oxidizer solution. In a specific embodimet, the oxidizing agent is t-BuOOH.

[0215] In some embodiments, the deprotection reaction of step 6’) or 6”) is as described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the twenty-third to thirty-first embodiments).

[0216] In some embodiments, the phosphitylation reaction of step 7’) or 7”) is as described in the third aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., thirty-fifth to thirty-eighth embodiments). ii) 5’-3’ elongation:

[0217] In a seventh aspect, the present disclosure describes a liquid phase convergent synthesis of target oligonucleotides, wherein the target oligonucleotide is assembled in the direction of the 5’-terminal to the 3’-terminal (5’-3’ direction). . It has been demonstrated that the convergent liquid phase process of the present disclosure in 5’-3’ direction is succefully used to synthesize target oligonucleotides. In addition, high purity protected target oligonucleotide can be obtained by the methods of the present disclosure without chromatographic purification.

[0218] In certain embodiments, the convergent liquid phase process described herein involves step by step addition of oligonucleotide fragments in liquid (solution) phase to synthesize the target oligonucleotide. For example, a 5-mer fragment having a 5’-hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group (5’-LHPG) (5’-end fragment) is first coupled with 5-mer fragment to form a 10-mer fragment having 5’-LHPG group, which is then further reacted with another 5-mer fragment to form a 15-mer oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the 5’-end fragment having n nucleotides (e.g. 5-mer fragment) is synthesized by coupling a single nucleotide having the 5’-LHPG group with a fragment having n-1 nucleotides (e.g., 4-mer fragment).

[0219] An eighty-third embodiment discloses aconvergent liquid phase process for preparing a target oligonucleotide comprising the steps of: a) coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (112): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (12): in a solution to form an oligonucleotide of formula (III2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 b) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (III2), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IV2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or O , or R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl; ni is an integer from 2 to 20; mi is an integer from 2 to 200; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain; Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

[0220] An eighty-fourth embodiment discloses a process described in eighty-third embodiment, wherein fragment (112) is prepared by: ia) coupling nucleotide of formula (II2al): (II2al), or a salt thereof, with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II2a2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 z                (II2a2), or a salt thereof, in a solution to form an oligonucleotide of formula (II2a3): thereof; iia) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (II2a3) or a salt thereof to from an oligonucleotide of formula (II2a4): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 iia) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (II2a4) or a salt thereof to form the oligonucleotide of formula (112) or a salt thereof.

[0221] An eighty-fifth embodiment discloses a process described in eighty-fourth embodiment, wherein fragment (II2a2) is obtained by reacting an oligonucleotide of formula (II2a5): with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 to form the compound of (II2a2).

[0222] An eighty-sixth embodiment discloses a process described in eighty-fifth embodiment, wherein the oligonucleotide of formula (II2a3) is obtained by: iA) deprotecting a compound of formula (II2A’): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II2A): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R1 HO (II2A), or a salt thereof; iiA) reacting a compound of formula (II2A), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (A12): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II2B): (II2B),or a salt thereof; and iiiA) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (II2B), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (II2C): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 ivA) deprotecting the compound of formula (II2C), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IID): vA) when mi is greater than 3, starting from the compound of formula (IID), repeating the steps of ii), iii) and iv) for mi-3 times to from the compound of formula (II2a3) or a salt thereof.

[0223] In certain embodiments, the process disclosed in any of the eighty-fourth to eightysixth embodiments, mi is an integer from 3 to 20. In a specific embodiment, mi is an 3 to 6. In another specific embodiment, mi is 4. In yet another specific embodiment, mi is 5.

[0224] An eighty-seventh embodiment discloses a process as described in the seventh aspect or any of the eighty-third to eighty-sixth embodiments, wherein fragment (12) is obtained by reacting an oligonucleotide of formula (I2al): with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 to form the fragment of formula (12).

[0225] An eighty-eighth embodiment discloses a process as described in eighty-seventh embodiment, wherein the oligonucleotide of formula (I2al) is obtained by: i’) deprotecting a compound of formula (I2A’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (I2A): R1 HO (I2A), or a salt thereof; ii’) reacting a compound of formula (12A), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (All): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (I2B): iii’) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (I2B), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (I2C): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 iv’) deprotecting the compound of formula (I2C), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (I2D): v’) when ni is greater than 2, starting from compound of formula (I2D), repeating the steps of ii’), iii’) and iv’) for ni-2 times to form the compound of formula (I2al) or a salt thereof.

[0226] An eighty-ninth embodiment discloses a process as described in the eighty-third to eighty-eighth embodiments, further comprising, further comprising step c) of deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (IV2), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (V2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0227] A ninetieth embodiment discloses a process as described in the eighty-ninth embodiment, further comprising: d) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (V2), or a salt thereof, with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (112’): to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VI2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 e) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (VI2) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VII2): f) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (VII2), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VIII2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 a salt thereof, g) repeating the steps of d), e) and f) for n-1 times followed by repeating the steps of d) and e) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (1X2): wherein: ri is an integer from 1 to 50; Si, for each occurrence, is independently an integer from 2 to 20, i is an integer from 1 to ri; and ri i=l 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0228] A ninety-first embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninetieth embodiment, wherein ri is 2 and the oligonucleotide of formula (1X2) is represented by formula (X2): or a salt thereof, wherein si and s2 are each independently an integer from 2 to 20.

[0229] A ninety-second embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninetieth embodiment, wherein rl is 1 and the the oligonucleotide of formula (1X2) is represented by formula (X2’): or a salt thereof, wherein si is an integer from 2 to 20.

[0230] In certain embodiments, for the process of the ninety-first or ninety-second embodiment, si, s2, ml and nl are each independently an integer from 3 to 10, 3 to 6 or 4 to 6. In certain embodiments, si, s2, ml and nl are each independently 4 or 5.

[0231] A ninety-third embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninetieth, ninety-first or ninety-second embodiment, wherein the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (112’) is obtained by reacting an oligonucleotide of formula (II2al’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 to form the fragment of formula (112’) or a salt threrof.

[0232] A ninety-fourth embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninety-third embodiment, wherein the oligonucleotide of formula (II2al’) is obtained by: i”) deprotecting a compound of formula (II’2A’): or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’2A): R1 HO (II’2A), or a salt thereof; ii”) reacting a compound of formula (II’2A), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (A12’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’2B): iii”) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (II’2B), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (II’2C): iv”) deprotecting the compound of formula (II’2C), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (II’2D): v”) when Si is greater than 2, starting from the compound of (II’2D), repeating the steps of ii”), iii”) and iv”) for Sj-2 times to from the compound of formula (II2al’) or a salt thereof. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0233] A ninety-fifth embodiment discloses a process as described in the eighty-third to ninety-fourth embodiments, wherein no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g).

[0234] A ninety-sixth embodiment discloses a process as described in the eighty-third to ninety-fourth embodiments, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g) is purified by extraction and / or selective precipitation as described herein (e.g., as described in the twenty-first, thirty-five, forty-two, forty-sixth or forty-seventh embodiment).

[0235] A ninety-seventh embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninetieth to ninety-sixth embodiments, wherein the method further comprises deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula of (1X2), (X2) or (X2’) or a salt thereof to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IX2A), (X2A) or (X2A’) or a salt thereof: 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0236] In certain embodiments, the Z is group in formula (1X2), (X2) or (X2’) is selected from TBDPS, ToBDPS and TBDAS. In certain embodiments, the deprotection reaction is carried out as described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., in the twenty-sixth to thirty-second embodiments).

[0237] A ninety-eighth embodiment discloses a process as described in any of the eighty-third to ninety-seventh embodiments, wherein, when R16 is -CH2CH2CN, the process further comprises the step of: hl) deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX2A), (X2A) or (X2A’) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX2Aa), (X2Aa) or (X2Aa’): or a salt thereof.

[0238] A ninety-ninth embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninety-eighth embodiment, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the the 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 oligonucleotide (IX2A), (X2A) or (X2A’) or a salt thereof with a base. In some embodiments, the base is selected from l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, alkylamine (e.g., tertbutylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine) and other suitable organic base.

[0239] A 100th embodiment discloses a process as described in the ninety-eighth or ninetyninth embodiment, wherein the method further comprises the step of deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX2Aa), (X2Aa) or (X2Aa’) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX2B), (X2B) or (X2B’):

[0240] A 101st embodiment discloses a process as described in the 100th embodiment, wherein the deprotection is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IX2Aa) or (X2Aa) or a salt thereof with NH4OH. In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH also removes 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 other protecting group in the oligonucleotides, such as protecting groups in any nucleobases (e.g., the NH2 protecting group on a nucleobase). In certain embodiments, treatment with NH4OH results in oligonucleotides of formula (IX2B), (X2B) or (X2B’) or a salt thereof thereof, wherein R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is unprotected.

[0241] A 102nd embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the eighty-third to 101st embodiments, wherein ni is 3, 4, 5 or 6. rd

[0242] A 103 embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the ninetieth to 101st embodiments, wherein Si, for each occurrence, is independently 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0243] A 104th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the ninety-first to 101st embodiments, wherein si and S2 ae each independently 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0244] A 105th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the eighty-third to 101st embodiments, wherein ri is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0245] A 106th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the first to 105th embodiments, wherein all of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

[0246] A 107th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the first to 105th embodiments, wherein all of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=O.

[0247] A 108th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the first to 105th embodiments, wherein greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

[0248] A 109th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the first to 105th embodiments, wherein 10-90%, 20-80%, 30-70% or 40-60% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

[0249] A 110th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the first to 105th embodiments, wherein 10-90%, 20-80%, 30-70% or 40-60% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=O.

[0250] In some embodiments, the deprotection reactions of steps iia), step c) and f) of any of the eighty fourth to ninetieth embodiments, and of the ninety-sixth embodiment can be carried out as described in the first aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g. twentysixth to thirty-fourth embodiments)

[0251] In some embodiments, the deprotection step of iA), ivA), i’), iv’), i”) and iv”) of the seventh aspect can be carried out as described in the first aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the second to twelfth embodiments). 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0252] In some embodiments, the coupling reactions of steps a), ia), ii), iiA), ii’),d) and ii”) can be carried out by adding an activator to the organic solution containing 3’-OH protected nucleotide fragment and 5’-OH protected phosphamidite or phosphonate fragment.

[0253] In some embodiments, the sulfurization reactions of steps b), iii), iiiA), iii’) e) and iii”) can be carried out by using sulfurizing agents (e.g. 3-amino-l,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (XH or ADTT), 3-(N,N-dimethylamino-methylidene)amino)-3H-l,2,4-dithiazole (DDTT), phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS), 3H-l,2-benzodithio 1-3-one 1,1-dioxide (Beaucage Reagent), or phenyl-3H-l,2,4-dithiazo 1-3-one (POS). In a specific embodimet, the sulfurizing agent is DDTT. In certain embodiments, the base is pyridine or imidazole.

[0254] In certain embodiments, the oxidation reactions of steps b), iii), iiiA), iii’) e) and iii”) can be carried out by using standard oxidizing agents known in the literature. Exemplary oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to.tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), (1S)-(+)-(10-camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridine (CSO), D, and iodine-pyridine-water oxidizer solution. In a specific embodimet, the oxidizing agent is t-BuOOH.

[0255] In some embodiments, the phosphitylation reaction of eighty-fifth, eighty-seventh and ninety-second embodiments can be carried out as described in the third aspect or any embodiments described therein (e.g., thirty-ninth to forty-second embodiments).

[0256] In one embodiment, Y is:

[0257] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (IX2B), (X2B) or (X2B’) obtained from the deprotection reaction is purified by depth filtration. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture of the deprotection reaction is diluted with ammonium sulfate solution before being subjected to depth filtration. Dilution with ammonium sulfate may prevent the oligonucleotide from sticking to the filter.

[0258] In certain embodiments, the concentration for the ammonium sulfate solution is between 100 mM and 5M, between 500 mM and 2M, between 500 mM and 1500 mM, or between 1000 mM and 1200 mM. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0259] Any suitable depth filters can be used for depth filtration, e.g., suitable depth filters described herein.

[0260] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (IX2A), (IX2Aa), (IX2Aa’), (X2A), (X2A’), (X2Aa), (X2Aa’), (X2B) or (X2B’) can be purified by depth filtration followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC).

[0261] In certain embodiments, any of the reactions described in the first to eighth aspects or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the first to 135th embodiments) can be carried out in a suitable solvent or a mixture of suitable solvents. In certain embodiments, the reactions can be carried out in a suitable organic solvent or a mixture of suitable organic solvents.. Exemplary organic solvents can be used in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, 2-methyltetrahydro furan, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl acetate, etc.

[0262] In certain embodiments, any of the reactions described in the first to eighth aspects or any embodiments described therein (e.g., the first to 135th embodiments) can be carried out at a suitable temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at room temperature. In certain embodiment, the reaction is carried out at a temperature between 20 °C and 30 °C. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature between -10 °C and 10 °C, between -5 °C and 5 °C. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at 25 ±2 °C. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at 0 ±2 °C.

[0263] A 111th embodiment discloses a process of any one of the embodiments described herein (e.g., the first to 135th embodiments), wherein the nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 7-methylguanine, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, wherein the NH2 group of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by PhCO-, CH3CO-, z’PrCO-, Me2N-CH=, or Me2N-CMe=.

[0264] A 112th embodiment discloses a process of any one of the embodiments desribed herein (e.g., the first to 135th embodiments), wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil, and 5-methylcytosine, wherein the NH2 group of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by PhCO-, CH3CO-, z’PrCO-, Me2N-CH=, or Me2N-CMe=.

[0265] A 113th embodiment discloses a process of any one of the embodiments described herein (e.g., the first to 135th embodiments), wherein: each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, and Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 4                                                                              2 each R is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R , wherein the ring is a 5 or 6-membered ring optionally substituted with 1 to 3 Cm alkyl groups; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; and R17a and R17b are independently CiMalkyl.

[0266] In a specific embodiment, the process is a process described in the 113th embodiment, wherein: each R2 is independently H or -OCH2CH2OMe; each R4 is H; R16 is -CH2CH2CN; and R17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2.

[0267] A 114th embodiment discloses a process described in any one of the fifty-first to 135th embodiments, wherein the target oligonucleotide is an anti-sense oligonucleotide comprising 16 to 30 nucleotides.

[0268] A 115th embodiment discloses a process described in the 114th embodiment, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide comprises modified RNA only.

[0269] A 116th embodiment discloses a process described the 114th embodiment, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide comprises DNA and modified RNA.

[0270] A 117th embodiment discloses a process described in the one 114th embodiment, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide is a gapmer.

[0271] A 118th embodiment discloses a process described the one hundred-fourteenth embodiment, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide comprises DNA only.

[0272] In certain embodiments, the target oligonucleotide describe herein having 5’-DMT group (represented by R15) is purified by chromatography (e.g., hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)), followed by detritylation reaction to remove the 5’-DMT group. III.    Synthesis of oligonucleotide with chiral phosphorothioate linkage

[0273] In an eighth aspect, the present disclosure describes liquid phase processes for the synthesis of stereospecific oligonucleotides using a P(V)-PSI reagent (K.W. Knouse, J. N. deGruyter, M.A. Schmidt, et al. Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6408, ppl234-1238 (2018)). Linearly synthesized oligonucleotide fragments can be combined using liquid phase convergent synthesis methods described herein to yield stereoselective target oligonucleotides (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs)).

[0274] A 119th embodiment discloses a liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (PI1) or (PI2), 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R15—O (PI2), or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of: 1) coupling a compound of formula (PIB): Z                   (PIB), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (PI1A) or (PI2A): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R4 Zw      I H 0        R2 z^               (PI2C), or a salt thereof; 2) deprotecting the compound of formula (PI1C) or (PI2C), or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (PHD) or (PI2D): -O        R2 (pud), z                 (PI2D), or a salt thereof; 3) starting with the compound of formula (PHD) or (PI2D) or a salt thereof, repeating steps 1) and 2) for t-3 times, followed by step 1) to yield the formula (PI’), or a salt thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; t is an integer from 3 to 20; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

[0275] In a 120th embodiment, for the process described in the 119th embodiment, the compound of formula (PI1A) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (PIA1): (PIA1), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (1): to form the compound of formula (PI1A) or a salt thereof; and the compound of formula (PI2A) is prepared by reacting the compound of formula (PIA1) or a salt thereof with a compound of formula (2): F Me (2), to form the compound of formula (PI2A) or a salt thereof.

[0276] A 121st embodiment discloses a process as described in the process of 119th or 120th embodiment, wherein the fragment of formula (PIB) is prepared by deprotecting a compound of formula (PIB1) (PIB 1), or a salt thereof. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0277] A 122nd embodiment discloses a process as described in the process of the 119th, 120th or 121st embodiment, wherein the coupling reaction of step 1) is carried out in the presence of a base. In certain embodiments, the base is selected from 8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene (DBU), alkylamine (e.g., tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, 2-methylpropan-2-amine etc.) and other suitable organic bases. In a specific embodiment, the base is DBU.

[0278] In certain embodiments, the coupling reaction of step 1) is carried out in an anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution in the presence of a base. In certain embodiments, the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution is obtained by removing water using azeotropic distillation prior to the reaction. In certain embodiments, the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution is obtained by the addition of a drying agent.

[0279] A 123rd embodiment discloses a process as described in the process of 122nd embodiment, wherein the coupling reaction is carried out in presence of a base and a drying agent. Any suitable drying agent can be used. In some embodiments, the drying agent is selected for calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and molecular sieves. In a specific embodiment, the drying agent is molecular sieves.

[0280] In certain embodiments, the base is DBU and the drying agent is molecular sieves. In a specific embodiment, the size of molecular sieves is 3 A.

[0281] A 124th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the 119th to 121st embodiments, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound with a detritylation reagent. In certain embodiments, the detritylation reagent is an organic acid. In certain embodiments, the detritylation reagent is CF3COOH, CCI3COOH, CHCI2COOH, CH2CICOOH, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, CCIF2COOH, CHF2COOH, or PhSO2H. In a specific embodiment, the detritylation reagent is CHCI2COOH. In another preferred embodiment, the detritylation reagent is citric acid.

[0282] A 125th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the 119th embodiment to 124th embodiment, wherein R15 is a 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl group.

[0283] A 126th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the 120th to 125th embodiments, wherein the reaction between the compound of formula (PIA1) and the compound of formula (1) or (2) is carried out in an anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution in the presence of a base.

[0284] In certain embodiments, the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution is obtained by removing water using azeotropic distillation prior to the reaction. In certain 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 embodiments, the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution is obtained by the addition of a drying agent.

[0285] In certain embodiments, the base is selected from l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene (DBU), alkylamine (e.g., tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine etc.) and other suitable organic bases. In a specific embodiment, the base is DBU.

[0286] A 127th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the 119th to 126th embodiments, wherein the process further comprises deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (PI1) or (PI2) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PIU) or (PI2’): (PIU), R (PI2’), or a salt thereof.

[0287] A 128th embodiment discloses a process as described in the 127th embodiment, wherein the silyl protecting group is selected from TBDPS, TBoDPS and TBDAS. TBDPS        TBoDPS        TBDAS 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 wherein R5, Re and R7 are each independently H, Ci-soalkyl, or Ci-soalkoxy. In a specific embodiment, Z is TBDPS.

[0288] A 129th embodiment discloses a process as described in the 128th embodiment, wherein the deprotection reaction is reaction is carried out by reaction the oligonucleotide of formula (PI1) or (PI2) or a salt thereof desilylation reagent (e.g., as described in the second aspect or any embodiments described therein). In certain embodimetns, the disilylation reagent is tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TEAF).

[0289] A 130th embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the 119th to 129th embodiments, wherein: each R is independently selected from H, F, or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy; and R is H. In a specific embodiment, R is H. In another specific embodiment, R2 is -OCH2CH2OCH3.

[0290] A 131st embodiment discloses a process as described in any one of the 119th to 130th embodiments, wherein the compound of formula (PI1A), (PI2A) (PIB), (PI1C), (PI2C), (PHD), (PI2D), (PI1), (PI2), (PH’) and / or (PI2’) are purified by column chromatography.

[0291] The present disclosure also provides a convergent liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide, wherein at least a portion of the phosphorothiolate linkages in the oligonucleotide is diastereospecific phosphorothiolate.

[0292] A 132nd embodiment discloses a convergent liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide comprising the steps of coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F1) or (P2F2): H—O (P1F1) 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Z with an oligonucleotide of formula (P1F2) or (P2F2): (P2F1) or a salt thereof, 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, to form the oligonucleotide of formula (PHI 1) or (PIII2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 thereof, wherein: R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; tl is an integer from 3 to 20; xl is an integer from 3 to 20; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

[0293] Specifically, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIII1) or a salt thereof is formed by the coupling reaction between the an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F1) or a salt thereof and the oligonucleotide of formula (P1F2) or a salt thereof. Similarly, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIII2) or a salt thereof is formed by the coupling reaction between the an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P2F1) or a salt thereof and the oligonucleotide of formula (P2F2) or a salt thereof

[0294] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIII1) or (PIII2) or a salt thereof is purified by chromatography. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 rd

[0295] A 133 embodiment discloses a convergent liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide comprising the steps of coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F3) or (P2F3): with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (PF4): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PIV1) or (PIV2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group; R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy; R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2; R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group; X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S t2 is an integer from 3 to 20; x2 is an integer from 3 to 20; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

[0296] Specifically, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV1) or a salt thereof is formed by the coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F3) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (PF4) or salt thereof. Similarly, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV2) or a salt thereof is formed by the coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P2F3) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (PF4) or salt thereof 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0297] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV1) or (PIV2) or a salt thereof is purified by chromatography.

[0298] A 134th embodiment discloses a process as described in the 133rd embodiment, wherein the process further comprises the step of: a) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV1) or (PIV2) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PIVT) or (PIV2’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 thereof; and b) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (PIVF) or (PIV2’) or a salt thereof with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F5) or (P2F5): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PV1) or (PV2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof, wherein yl is an integer from 3 to 20.

[0299] Specifically, the oligonucleotide of formula (PV1) or salt thereof is formed by coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide of formula (PIVF) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F5) or a salt thereof. Similarly, the oligonucleotide of formula (PV2) or salt thereof is formed by coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV2’) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P2F5) or a salt thereof.

[0300] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (PIVF) or (PIV2’) or a salt thereof and / or the oligonucleotide of formula (PV1) or (PV2) or a salt thereof are purified by chromatography.

[0301] In certain embodiment, the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F5) or (P2F5) or a salt thereof is prepared by reacting an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (PF5a): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof with the PSI reagent (i.e., compound of formula (1) or (2) or a salt thereof).

[0302] In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide of formula (PF5a) or a salt thereof is prepared by reacting an oligonucleotide of formula (PF5b): R15—O------ R1 OH or a salt thereof, with a base, wherein R16 is -CH2CH2CN. In certain embodiments, the base is selected fromDBU, alkylamine (e.g., tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, 2-methylpropan-2-amine etc.) and other suitable organic bases. In a specific embodiment, the base is triethylamine or 2-methylpropan-2-amine. In another specific embodiment, the base is triethylamine.

[0303] A 135th embodiment discloses a process as described in the 133rd embodiment, wherein the process further comprises the steps of: a) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV1) or (PIV2) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PIVF) or (PIV2’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 b) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (PIVF) or (PIV2’) or a salt thereof with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F6) or (P2F6): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PVI1) or (PVI2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 or a salt thereof; c) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (PVI1) or (PIV2) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of (PVIT) or (PVI2’): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 c) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (PVIF) or (PVI2’) or a salt thereof with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F5) or (P2F5): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 to form an oligonucleotide of formula (PVII1) or (PVII2): 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 ) or a salt thereof, wherein yl is an integer from 3 to 20; and zl is an integer from 3 to 20.

[0304] Specifically, the oligonucleotide of formula (PVI1) or a salt thereof is formed by coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide of formula (PIVF) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F6) or a salt thereof and the oligonucleotide of formula (PVII1) or a salt thereof is formed by coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide of formula (PVIF) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P1F5) or a salt thereof. Similarly, the oligonucleotide of formula (PVI2) or a salt thereof is formed by coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide of formula (PIV2’) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P2F6) or a salt thereof and the oligonucleotide of formula (PVII2) or a salt thereof is formed by coupling reaction of the oligonucleotide of formula (PVI2’) or a salt thereof with the oligonucleotide fragment of formula (P2F5) or a salt thereof.

[0305] In certain embodiments, any one of the oligonucleotide of formulae (PIVF), (PIV2’), (PVI1), (PVI2), (PVIF), (PVI2’), (PVII1) and (PVII2) or a salt thereof is purified by chromatography. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0306] In certain embodiments, the coupling reaction described in the any one of the 132nd to 135th embodiments is carried out as described in the 122nd or 123rd embodiment. In a specific embodiment, the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of a base. In another specific embodiment, the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of a base and a drying agent. In yet another specific embodiment, the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of DBU and molecular sieves.

[0307] In certain embodiments, the deprotection reaction described any one of the 132nd to 135th embodiments is carried out as describe in the 124th embodiment.

[0308] In certain embodiments, the process disclosed herein involves preparation of following oligonucleotides: 1. ASO 1 (BIIB 058) (SEQ ID NO: 1), an 18-mer phosphoro thio ate oligonucleotide, in which each riboligonucleotide includes methoxy-ethyl (MoE) at the 2’ position. 2. ASO 2 (BIIB 067) (SEQ ID NO: 2), a 5-10-5 gapmer phospho thioester and phosphodiester mixed backbone oligonucleotide. The central block of a gapmer is 10 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of 2’-MoE ribonucleotides. 3. Phosphoro thio ate oligonucleotides A, B, C, D, and E as shown in Table 2, below. 4. ASO 8 (SEQ ID NO:8), a 4-8-6 gapmer phosphothioester and phosphodiester mixed backbone oligonucleotide. The central block of a gapmer is 8 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of 2’-MoE ribonucleotides. 5' - GMeUp.oMeUp.oMeUp.oMeUMeCATMeCAATATCMeUp.oGp.oMeCAA - 3' (SEQ ID NO:8) 5. ASO 9 (SEQ ID NO:9), a 5-8-5 gapmer phosphothioester and phosphodiester mixed backbone oligonucleotide. The central block of the gapmer is 8 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of 2’-MoE ribonucleotides. 5, MecMeCp nGUUTTMeCTTAMecMeCAMeCp nMecMecu 3, (SEQ jD N0;9) 59 Me Mep ft tttt t t Mep rp rp * Mep Mep a Mep Mep L.P=O Vp=O<JP=oU Up=O 1 P=O 1 P=O Vp=o 1 P=o A P=OAp=o Vp=O Vp=OAp=o Vp=o VP ^nMeCp^U-3, (ASO 9-1) 5, Mcv. Mez- zi TTiTTTMerT T a Mep Me / --   * Mep Mep Mep TT - L.p=o Cp=o<jp=qUU 11 cip=o 1 p=oAp=o        cp=oA|to wp=o _Lp=o wp^okh 31 (ASO 9-2) wherein:     underline: MOE ribonucleotide P=O: phosphodiester any others: phospho thioester 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Table 1. Phosphoro thio ate oligonucleotides A, B, C, D, and E Code Sequence Type Oligonucleotide Sequence with modified bases A Fully DNA sequence MeCGAMeCT ATAMeCGMeCGMeCAA TATGG ASO 3(SEQ ID NO: 3) B 5-10-5 gapmer The central block of a gapmer is 10 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of 2’-0Me ribonucleotides. MeCGAMeCU ATAMeCGMeCGMeCAA UAUGG ASO 4 (SEQ ID NO: 4) C 5-10-5 gapmer The central block of a gapmer is 10 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of 2’-MoE ribonucleotides. MeCGAMeCT ATAMeCGMeCGMeCAA TATGG ASO 5 (SEQ ID NO: 5) D 5-10-5 gapmer The central block of a gapmer is 10 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of cEt ribonucleotides. MeCGAMeCU ATAMeCGMeCGMeCAA UAUGG ASO 6 (SEQ ID NO: 6) E 5-10-5 gapmer The central block of a gapmer is 10 deoxy ribonucleotides, which is flanked by blocks of 2’-Fluoro ribonucleotides. CGACU ATAMeCGMeCGMeCAA UAUGG ASO 7 (SEQ ID NO: 7)

[0309] In certain embodiments, the target anti-sense oligonucleotide is a phosphoro thio ate oligonucleotide having a sequence of (from 5' to 3') TCACTTTCATAATGCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is a phosphoro thio ate linkage, each nucleoside of the oligonucleotide is a 2'-O- methoxyethyl (MOE) nucleoside, and each cytosine is a 5-methylcytosine. SEQ ID NO: 1 is also known as BIIB058, and is described in WO2007 / 002390, WO2010 / 148249, and US8,980,853, the teaching of each are herein incorporated by reference.

[0310] In certain embodiments, the sequence of the anti-sense oligonucleotide is a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, having a sequence of (from 5' to 3') CAGGATACATTTCTACAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 16-20 are 2'-O-methoxyethylribose modified nucleosides, and each of nucleosides 6- 15 are 2'-deoxynucleosides, wherein the internucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 16 to 17, and 18 to 19 are phosphodiester linkages and the internucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16, 17 to 18, and 19 to 20 are phosphoro thio ate linkages, and wherein each cytosine is a 5'-methylcytosine. SEQ ID NO:2 is described by the following chemical notation: mCes Aeo Ges Geo Aes Tds Ads mCds Ads Tds Tds Tds mCds Tds Ads mCeo Aes Geo mCes Te; wherein, A = an adenine, mC = a 5'-methylcytosine G = a guanine, T = a thymine, e = a 2'-O-methoxyethylribose modified sugar, d = a 2'-deoxyribose sugar, s = a phosphoro thio ate internucleoside linkage, and o = a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage. SEQ ID NO: 2 is as known as BIIB067 or ISIS 666853 and is described in WO2015153800, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0311] In certain embodiments, the process is as described in any of the above embodiments, or any of the aspects thereof, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide is a 4-8-6 gapmer, having a sequence of (from 5' to 3'): GUUUUCATCAATATCUGCAA (SEQ ID NO: 8) wherein each of nucleosides 1-4 and 13-18 are 2'-O-methoxyethylribose modified nucleosides, and each of nucleosides 5-12 are 2'-deoxy ribonucleotides, wherein the internucleoside linkages between nucleosides 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, and 15 to 16 are phosphodiester linkages and the internucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 16 to 17 and 17 to 18 are phosphoro thio ate linkages, wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine, and wherein the uracil is 5-methyluracil. SEQ ID NO:8 is described by the following chemical notation: 5' - G',cLph)',cLph)',cLph / ,cL',cCAT',cCAAT^^^^                    - 3' Underline = MoE ribonucleotide G = guanine MeC = 5-methylcytosine T = thymine A = adenine MeU = 5-methyluracil (also known as thymine) P=O = phosphodiester internucleoside linkage 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Any other internucleoside linkages are phospho thioester linkage.

[0312] In certain embodiments, the process is as described in any of the above embodiments, or any of the aspects thereof, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide is a 5-8-5 gapmer (ASO 9), having a sequence of (from 5' to 3'): CCGUUTTCTTACCACCCU (SEQ ID NO: 9) wherein each of nucleosides 1-5 and 14-18 are 2'-O-methoxyethylribose modified nucleosides, and each of nucleosides 6-13 are 2'-deoxy ribonucleotides, wherein the internucleoside linkages between nucleosides 3 to 4, and 16 to 17 are phosphodiester linkages and the internucleoside linkages between nucleosides 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 9, 9 to 10, 10 to 11, 11 to 12, 12 to 13, 13 to 14, 14 to 15, 15 to 16 and 17 to 18 are phosphoro thio ate linkages, wherein each cytosine is 5-methylcytosine, and wherein the uracil is 5-methyluracil. SEQ ID NO:9 is described by the following chemical notation: 5, MecMeCp nGMuMUTTMeCTTAMecMeCAMeCp nMecMecMu 3, (SEQ jD N0;9) Underline = MoE ribonucleotide G = guanine MeC = 5-methylcytosine T = thymine A = adenine MeU = 5-methyluracil (also known as thymine) P=O = phosphodiester internucleoside linkage

[0313] In certain embodiments, ASO 9 was prepared using convergent liquid phase proceess of oligonucleotide synthesis of present disclosure as follows:

[0314] In certain embodiments, ASO 9 was prepared using convergent liquid phase process of oligonucleotide synthesis of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the process involves addition of phosphoramidite at 3’-hydroxyl for the fragment DMTrO-TsTsAsCsCs-OH to yield fragment DMTrO-TsTsAsCsCs-OP. The fragment DMTrO-TsTsAsCsCs-OP is coupled with HO-AsCoCsCsU-LHPG followed by sulfurization to give DMTrO-TSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU-LHPG. This DMT- protected fragment undergoes 5’-hydoxyl deprotection (detritylation) to yield HO-TsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-LHPG which is further coupled with phosphoramidite fragment DMTrO-UsTsTsC-OP (synthesized with a method similar to DMTrO-TsTsAsCsCs-OP synthesis as discussed above) followed by sulfurization to give DMTrO-UsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-LHPG. This DMT- protected fragment undergoes 5’-hydoxyl deprotection (detritylation) to yield HO- 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 USTSTSCSTSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU-LHPG which is coupled with DMTrO-CsCoGsU-OP ((synthesized with a method similar to DMTrO-TsTsAsCsCs-OP synthesis as discussed above)) followed by sulfurization to give DMTrO-CsCoGsUsUsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-LHPG (fully protected ASO 9). In certain embodiments, fragment HO-AsCoCsCsU-LHPG can be prepared by coupling HO-U-LHPG with DMTrOAsCoCsCP, followed by sulfurization and 5’-hydroxyl deprotection (detritylation). The fragment DMTrOAsCoCsCP can prepared by addition of phosphoramidite at 3’hydroxyl of the fragment DMTrOAsCoCsC-OH. As used herein, O is a phospodiester linkage and s is a phosphothiolate linkage. EXEMPLIFICATION Abbreviation ACN = acetonitrile DBU = 8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene DCA = CHCI2COOH or dichloro acetic acid DCM = dichloro methane DDTT = 3-(N,N-dimethylamino-methylidene)amino)-3H-l,2,4-dithiazole DCI = 4,5-dicyanoimidazole DI = DIE A = N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMT or DMTr = 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl or bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide EtOAc or EA = ethyl acetate ETT = 5-ethylthio-lH-tetrazole h or hr = hour HBTU = 3-[bis(dimethylamino)methyliumyl]-3 / / -benzotriazol-l-oxide hexafluorophosphate HOBt = hydroxybenzotriazole imid = imidazole iPrOH = isopropyl alcohol MOE = methoxyethyl MS = molecular sieve MTBE or TBME = methyl tert-butyl ether Py = pyridine RT = retention time TBAF = tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 TBuAA = tributylamine acetate TBDPSC1 = tert-butyl(chloro)diphenylsilane TCA = trichloroacetic acid TEA = triethylamine TEAB = tetraethylammonium bromide TFA = trifluoro acetic acid THF = tetrahydro furan Example 1.  Synthesis of ASO 9 A.    Preparation of 3’-Fragment: 1. Synthesis o / 5'-OH-ACCCU-LHPG fragment ( Fragment 1) General procedure for preparation of compound 1-2

[0315] To a solution of compound 1-1 (176 g, 103 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (1800 mL) was added DCA (66.8 g, 518 mmol, 42.6 mL, 5.00 eq) and CySH (24.1 g, 207 mmol, 25.3 mL, 2.00 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.43) indicated compound 1-1 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition NaHCOs (2.50%, 2000 mL) and collected the dichloromethane (DCM) layer. Anhydrous acetonitrile (ACN) (5000 mL, 30.0 V) was added slowly at 25°C to precipitate the product. Compound 1-2 (144 g, 103 mmol, 99.5% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 1-3 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (1.5 eq) 1-2 1) DCI (2 eq), ACN / DCM (14 V), 25°C, 2 h 2) DDTT (2 eq), 25°C, 0.5 h 3) iPrOH (0.6 eq) 4) TFA (10 V), CySH (2 eq), 0°C, 2 h 1-3 5)Py(12eq)

[0316] Compound 1-2 (125 g, 89.6 mmol, 1.00 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (124 g, 134 mmol, 1.50 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (300 mL) and DCM (700 mL). To a solution of compound 1-2 (125 g, 89.6 mmol, 1.00 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (124 g, 134 mmol, 1.50 eq) in DCM / ACN = 3:1 (1800 mL) was added molecular sieve 3A (54.0 g). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. The mixture was added DCI (21.1 g, 179 mmol, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.55) indicated compound 1-2 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0317] The mixture was added DDTT (36.7 g, 178 mmol, 2.00 eq) and propan-2-ol (3.22 g, 53.6 mmol, 4.11 rnL, 0.600 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.55) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0318] The mixture was added CySH (20.6 g, 178 mmol, 21.7 rnL, 2.00 eq) and TFA (101 g, 890 mmol, 65.9 mL, 10.0 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.51) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0319] Pyrinde (Py) (84.4 g, 1.07 mol, 86.2 mL, 12.0 eq) was added to the mixture. Molecular sieves were removed by filtration and the solid cake was washed with DCM (500 mL). The pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 6-7 with 2.5 % NaHCOs aqueous (1000 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Mg2SO4, filtered and concenntrated. The crude was re-dissolve in DCM (450 rnL) and dropped into ACN (4000 ml, 30.0 V) with vigorous stirring. Desiredd product was precipitated out. Compound 1-3 (173 g, 88.9 mmol, 99.9% yield) was obtained as a white solid. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 General procedure for preparation of compound 1-4

[0320] Compound 1-3 (123 g, 63.2 mmol, 1 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (87.4 g, 94.8 mmol, 1.50 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (500 mL) and DCM (1500 mL). To a solution of compound 1-3 (123 g, 63.2 mmol, 1.00 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (87.4 g, 94.8 mmol, 1.50 eq) in DCM / ACN = 3:1 (1600 mL) was added molecular sieve 3A (48.0 g). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. The mixture was added DCI (14.9 g, 126 mmol, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.64) indicated compound 1-3 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0321] To the mixture was added DDTT (25.9 g, 126 mmol, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. The mixture was added propan-2-ol (2.28 g, 37.95 mmol, 2.91 mL, 0.6 eq) at 25°C. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.68) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0322] To the mixture was added trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (86.5 g, 758 mmol, 56.1 mL, 12.0 eq) and CySH (14.7 g, 126 mmol, 15.4 mL, 2.00 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.56) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0323] Py (70.03 g, 885.31 mmol, 71.46 mL, 14 eq) was added to the mixture. Molecular sieves were removed by filtration and the solid cake was washed with DCM (1000 mL). The pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 6-7 with 2.5% NaHCOs aqueous (2000 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Mg2SO4. The crude was re-dissolve in 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 DCM (600 mL) and dropped into ACN (5000 ml, 30 V) with vigorous stirring. Desired product was precipitated out. Compound 1-4 (143 g, 57.31 mmol, 90.63% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 1-5 1-5

[0324] Compound 1-4 (290 g, 116 mmol, 1.00 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (160 g, 174 mmol, 1.50 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (500 mL) and DCM (1500 mL). To a solution of compound 1-4 (290 g, 116.23 mmol, 1 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE C-3'-P amidite (160 g, 174 mmol, 1.50 eq) in DCM / ACN = 3:1 (2300 mL) was added molecular sieve 3A(69.0 g). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. The mixture was added DCI (34.3 g, 290 mmol, 2.50 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.70) indicated compound 1-4 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0325] To the mixture was added t-BuOOH (H2O, 31.8 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq) and the resultant mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.72) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. Molecular sieves were removed by filtration and the solid cake was washed with DCM (1000 mL). The crude was dropped into ACN (9000 ml, 30.0 V) with 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 vigorous stirring. Desiredd product was precipitated out. Compound 1-5 (386 g, 116 mmol, 99.8% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 1-6

[0326] To a solution of compound 1-5 (386 g, 115 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (5700 mL) was added CySH (40.3 g, 347 mmol, 42.5 mL, 3.00 eq) and dichloro acetic acid (DCA) (298 g, 2.32 mol, 190 mL, 20.0 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.46) indicated compound 1-5 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. Py (201 g, 2.55 mol, 205 mL, 22.0 eq) was added to the mixture. Molecular sieves were removed by filtration and the solid cake was washed with DCM (800 mL). The pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 6-7 with 2.5% NaHCOs aqueous (4000 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Mg2SO4. The crude was redissolve in DCM (500 mL) and dropped into ACN (12000 ml, 30 V) with vigorous stirring. Desired product was precipitated out. Compound 1-6 (310 g, 102 mmol, 88.3% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 1-7 (5'-OH-ACCCU-LHPG) 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 1-6 NHBz DMTrO~. qJ1 N O 5'-DMT-MOE A-3'-P amidite (1.5 eq) 1) DCI (2.5 eq), ACN / DCM (7.5 V), 25°C, 2 h 2) DDTT (1.7 eq), 25°C, 0.5 h 3) iPrOH (0.6 eq) 4) TFA (13 eq), CySH (2 eq), 0°C, 1 h 5)Py(15eq) q gHo-zO C18H37O NHBz HO CigHsyO NC-^~O-P=S

[0327] Compound 1-6 (154 g, 50.8 mmol, 1.00 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE A-3'-P amidite (71.0 g, 76.2 mmol, 1.50 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (500 mL) and DCM (1500 mL).

[0328] To a solution of compound 1-6 (154 g, 50.8 mmol, 1.00 eq) and 5'-DMT-MOE A-3'-P amidite (71.0 g, 76.2 mmol, 1.50 eq) in DCM / ACN = 3:1 (1200 mL) was added molecular sieve 3A (36.0 g). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. The mixture was added DCI (15.0 g, 127 mmol, 2.50 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.57) indicated compound 1-6 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. The mixture was added DDTT (17.7 g, 86.3 mmol, 1.70 eq) and propan-2-ol (iPrOH) (1.83 g, 30.4 mmol, 2.33 rnL, 0.600 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.59) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0329] To the mixture was added TFA (75.2 g, 659 mmol, 48.8 mL, 13.0 eq) and CySH (11.7 g, 101 mmol, 12.4 mL, 2.00 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Ethyl acetate: Methanol = 10:10:1, product Rf = 0.47) indicated one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0330] Py (58.5 g, 739 mmol, 59.7 rnL, 15.0 eq) was added to the mixture. Molecular sieves were removed by filtration and the solid cake was washed with DCM (300 mL). The pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 6-7 with 2.5 % NaHCOs aqueous (2000 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Mg2SO4. The crude was re-dissolve in DCM 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 (400 mL) and dropped into ACN (4500 ml, 30.0 V) with vigorous stirring. Desired product was precipitated out. Compound 1-7 (5'-OH-ACCCU-LHPG) (169 g, 47.0 mmol, 92.7% yield) was obtained as a white solid. For HPLC and LC-MS analyses of compound 1-7, it was deprotected using ammonolysis (NH3 / H2O) procedure similar to the one used for compound 1 ammonolysis disclosed below to obtain 1-7-a (5'-OH-ACCCU-OH). HPLC and LC-MS of compound 1-7-a is shown in FIG. 1. 1-7 1-7a

[0331] HPLC-MS method for compound 1-7-a is described below: • Column -ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 Column, 130A, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm; • Column temperature: 65°C; • Mass spec scan range: 300-2000 m / z; • MS polarity: negative • Solution A: 5mM tributylamine acetate (TBuAA) in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA • Gradient: Time min A 0. 0 B 0. 0 Flow mL / min Pressure bar 0.00 84.00 16.00 0.45 — 0.50 84.00 16.00 0.45 — 1.50 84.00 16.00 0.45 — 30.0 68.00 32.00 0.45 — 35.0 15.00 85.00 0.45 36.0 15.00 85.00 0.45 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 37.0 84.00 16.00    0.45 41.0 84.00 16.00    0.45 2. Alternate Synthesis o / 5'-OH-ACCCU-LHPG fragment ( Fragment 1) Preparation of 5’-DMT-ACCC-3’ OH 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0332] 5’-DMT-ACCC-3’-OH (1-8) was prepared based on the scheme depicted above using similar procedures as described above for compound 1-3. General procedure for preparation of 5’-DMT-ACCC-3’-P amidite (l-8a) Py.TFA(2.0 eq.) -5-5°C / THF

[0333] 5’-DMT-ACCC-3’-OH (280.0 g, 1.0 eq.) was charged in a reactor (RI) under N2 protection. DCM (1000 mL 3.57V) was charged in the flask under N2 protection. The 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 compound was co-evaporated with DCM under vacuum at 25-30 °C. The co-evaporation with DCM was repeated three time until the residual water level is below 0.01%. THF (1400 mL 5V) was charged into RI under N2 protection. A sample was collected for analysis. Temperature of RI was adjusted between -5 °C to 5 °C. P-reagent (106.7 g, 2.992 eq.) was charged into RI under N2 protection. (pyridine;2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid 45.7 g, 2.001 eq.) into RI under N2 protection and the reaction micture was stirred for 1 hour at -5 °C to 5 °C.

[0334] Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (10080 mL 36V) was charged into another flask (R2) under N2 protection. Py (70 mL 0.25V) was charged into R2 under N2 protection. Heptane (3920 mL 14V) was charged into RI under N2 protection. Purge R2 with N2 at -5 °C to 5 °C for 30 minutes. Solution from Rlwas charged slowly to the solution of R2 under N2 protection. R2 was stirred for 1 hour at -5 °C to 5 °C. The reaction mixture was filtered. The cake was washed twice with a solution of MTBE:heptane (5:2, 700 mL). A sample of the filtrate was collected for analysis. The cake was dried at 25 °C to 30 °C for 24 hours to obtain 5’-DMT-ACCC-3’-P amidite l-8a (292.3 g, Yield: 96.25%, Purity: 98%). General procedure for preparation of 5’-DMT-ACCCU-3’-LHPG (1-9) 5'-DMT-ACCC-3'-P-amidite (1-8a) 5'-HO-U-3'-LHPG (1-8b)

[0335] 5’-HO-U-3’-LHPG (120.0 g) was charged to a reactor followed by molecular sieves (3A) (300.0 g), 5’-DMT-ACCC-P-Amidite (280.68 g, 1.27 eq.) and DCM (3000 mL, 25 V). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 20 °C~30 °C. DCI (20.33 g, 2.00 eq.) was charged into the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 20 °C~30 °C. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Sample was collected for analysis. DDTT (35.35 g, 2.0 eq.) was charged into the reaction mixture. Sample was collected for analysis. Reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and dissolved with DCM (720 mL,6V). DCM solution was added dropwise into a solution of ACN (9000 mL, 75 V), followed by removing most of the DCM by rotary distillation. The mixture was filtered and the cake was washed with ACN (600 mL, 10 V) twice. The wet cake was dried at 20 °C~30 °C for 16 hours to obtain 5’-DMT-ACCCU-3’-LHPG (287.15 g, 85.7% yield). General procedure for preparation of S’-OH-ACCCU-S’-LHPG (1-7) 5'-HO-ACCCU-3'-LHPG (1-7)

[0336] 5’-DMT-ACCCC-3’-LHPG (285.54 g), molecular sieves(3A) (142.77 g) and DCM (2855 mL, 10 V) were charged into a reactor. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 20 °C~30 °C, and the reaction temperature was adjusted to -5 °C~5 °C. Dodecane-1-thiol (51.97 g, 3.5 eq.) was charged into the reactor followed by TFA (58.55 g, 7.0 eq.), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at -5 °C~5 °C. 1-methylimidazole (NMI) (54.21 g, 9.0 eq.) was charged into the reactor, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at 20 °C~30 °C. The reaction mixture was filtered and the solution was concentrated to remove DCM. The crude product was dissolved in DCM (427.5 mL, 1.5 V), and this solution was added dropwise into a solution of ACN (8566 mL, 30 V). The resulting mixture was concentrated by removing most of DCM by rotary distillation and filtered. The cake was 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 washed with ACN (571 mL, 4 V) twice and dried at 20 °C~30 °C to obtain compound 1-7 (239.92 g; 91.1% yield). B.    General procedure for preparation of 5’-Fragment: 1. Synthesis of deoxy-TTACC 5mer Fragment (Fragment 2) General procedure for preparation of compound 2-2 1. imid (3.0 eq), TBDPSCI (1.3 eq) DCM (0.2 M), 25°C, 16 h 2. TFA (8.0 eq), CySH (1.3 eq), DCM (0.2 M), 0°C, 1 h 2-1

[0337] To a solution of compound 2-1 (300 g, 463 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (2300 mL) was added imidazole (94.6 g, 1.39 mol, 3.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was light yellow homogenous solution. TBDPSCI (tert-butyl(chloro)diphenylsilane) (166 g, 602 mmol, 155 mL, 1.30 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 12 hrs. Note: Temperature increased by 5°C during the addition of TBDPSCI. HPLC showed reactant was consumed completely. Propan-2-ol (27.8 g, 463 mmol, 35.5 mL, 1.00 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr.

[0338] To the above solution was added cyclohexanethiol (70.0 g, 602 mmol, 73.7 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 15 min. TFA (264.06 g, 2.32 mol, 171.47 mL, 5 eq) was added dropwise at 0°C over a period of 45 min. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 hr. The color of solution was changed from light yellow to deep red, white solid was observed during the addition of TFA. HPLC showed the reaction completed.

[0339] The reaction mixture was poured into the Na2CO3 solution (245 g Na2CO3 in 1.5 L water), diluted with methyl tert-butyl ether (TBME or MTBE) (1.5 L) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine (750 mL x 2), dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (232 g) filtered through celite and concentrated. Note that some white solid was observed during the addition of aq.Na2CO3 and the product was not precipitated out during the concentration process until evaporated to dryness to give the crude product as yellow foam solid.

[0340] The crude product was dissolved in DCM (300 mL) and loaded in a 1000 mL separation funnel. To the solvent mixture of Heptane / TBME (v / v 9:1, 3.0 L) was slowly 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30 minutes. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (100 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound 2-2 (235 g, 395 mmol, 85.2% yield, 98.0% purity) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 2-4 NHBz OTBDPS 1. ETT (1.5 eq) ACN / DCM (0.1 M, v / v 1:1), 25°C, 0.5 h 2. Xanthane Hydride (1.1 eq), 25°C, 0.5 h 3. TEA (6.0 eq), CySH (1.3 eq), 0°C, 1 h 2-2                   Monomer 2-3

[0341] Compound 2-2 (10.0 g, 17.1 mmol, 1.00 eq) and compound Monomer 2-3 (17.4 g, 20.6 mmol, 1.20 eq) were co-evaporated with CH3CN (20 mL x 2) under Ar2 in a 250 mL single-necked round bottle.

[0342] Compound 2-2 (10.0 g, 17.1 mmol, 1.00 eq) and compound Monomer 2-3 (17.4 g, 20.6 mmol, 1.20 eq) was dissolved in ACN (80 mL) and DCM (80 mL) (CH3CN / DCM = 1 / 1) at 25°C. ETT (3.34 g, 25.7 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added and the mixture solution was stirred at 25°C for 30 min under Ar2. It is important to note that Acetonitrile used in the reaction was 99.9% pure and was further dried with molecular sieves to get water content of < 50 ppm. DCM used was also Anhydrous DCM. The mixture was changed from light yellow homogenous solution to light yellow cloudy. HPLC showed compound 2-2 was consumed completely.

[0343] To the above solution was added xanthane hydride (2.83 g, 18.8 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. Note: The mixture was changed from light yellow homogenous solution to yellow cloudy. HPLC showed the reaction completed.

[0344] The above solution was cooled to 0°C in ice water bath for 30 min. TFA (13.7 g, 120 mmol, 8.88 mL, 7.00 eq) was added to reaction mixture at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2.5 hrs. The color of mixture was changed from yellow cloudy to red. HPLC showed the reaction completed. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0345] The Na2COs solution (12.7 g Na2CO3 in 83 mL water) was added slowly to the reaction mixture (watched for the speed of CO2 release to avoid the bumping of reaction solution). The naturalization process was done in about 12 hrs and then all the solvents of reaction mixture were removed by rotavapor to give a milk-white water suspension of crude product.

[0346] The crude product was dissolved in the mixture solvent of EtOAc / TBME (v / v 1:3, 800 mL) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (400 mL), brine (2 x 400 mL) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-42.0 g). filtered through celite and concentrated.

[0347] The crude product was dissolved in DCM (55 mL) and loaded in a 100 mL separation funnel. To the solvent mixture of Heptane / TBME (v / v 9:1, 1600 mL) was slowly added the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 60 minutes. The time of quenching step was extended for 1 hr.

[0348] The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel. The cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane(50 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry.Compound Dimer 2-4 (25.5 g, 16.6 mmol, 96.6% yield, 68.2% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 2-6 OTBDPS Dimer 2-4 NHBz OTBDPS Trimer2-6

[0349] Compound Dimer 2-4 (10.0 g, 9.43 mmol, 1.00 eq) and compound Monomer 2-5 (8.90 g, 10.4 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (100 mL x 3) in a 500 rnL singenecked round bottle and then dissolved in ACN (30 mL) and DCM (30 mL) (CH3CN / DCM = 1 / 1) at 25°C. 5-ethylsulfanyl-2H-tetrazole (1.84 g, 14.2 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added at 25°C 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 and the mixture was stirred at 25°C for 30 min. HPLC indicated reactant dimer 2-4 was consumed completely.

[0350] To the above solution was added 5-amino-l, 2, 4-dithiazole-3-thione (1.56 g, 10.4 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. The mixture was changed from light yellow homogenous solution to yellow cloudy. HPLC showed the reaction completed.

[0351] The above solution was cooled to 0°C. TFA (6.45 g, 56.6 mmol, 4.20 mL, 6.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0-25 °C for 3 hr. The color of mixture was changed from yellow cloudy to orange-yellow suspension. HPLC showed the reaction completed.

[0352] The Na2COs solution (6.00 g, Na2CO3 in 46.6 mL water) was added slowly to the reaction mixture (watched for the speed of CO2 release to avoid the bumping of reaction solution). The naturalization process was done in about 1 hr and then all the solvents of reaction mixture were removed by rotavapor to give a milk-white water suspension of crude product. The crude product was dissolved in the mixture solvent of EtOAc / TBME (v / v 3:1, 622 mL) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (155 mL), brine (2 x 155 mL) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-15.5 g) filtered and concentrated in vacuum. Note that in this process, no yellow gel solids were precipitated out. The crude product was dissolved in DCM (70 mL) and loaded in a 100 mL separation funnel.

[0353] To the solvent of TBME (1.24 L) was slowly added the solution of crude product from funnel for the precipitation process. This process took about 1.5 h. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (50 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound Trimer 2-6 (11.4 g, 6.63 mmol, 70.3% yield, 90.0% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 2-8 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Tetramer 2-8

[0354] To a solution of compound Trimer 2-6 (4.20g, 2.72 mmol, 1.00 eq) in CH3CN (10 mL) was added Monomer 2-7 (3.03 g, 4.07 mmol, 1.50 eq) and the solution was coevaporated with CH3CN (10 mL x 2) under Ar2 in a 100 mL single-necked round bottle.

[0355] Compound Trimer 2-6 (4.20 g, 2.72 mmol, 1.00 eq) and Monomer 2-7 (3.03 g, 4.07 mmol, 1.50 eq) was dissolved in CH3CN (12 mL) and DCM (12 mL) (CH3CN / DCM = 1 / 1) at 25°C. Molecular sieve 3A (4.00 g, 1.00 eq) was added and the mixture solution was stirred at 25°C for 1 hr under Ar2. 5-ethylsulfanyl-2H-tetrazole (530 mg, 4.07 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. The mixture was changed from light yellow homogenous solution to light yellow cloudy. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the 3 A molecular sieves.

[0356] It is important to note that acetonitrile and DCM were both redistilled freshly. HPLC showed trimer was consumed completely.

[0357] To the above solution was added 5-amino-l, 2, 4-dithiazole-3-thione (449 mg, 2.99 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. The mixture was changed from light yellow homogenous solution to yellow cloudy. HPLC showed reaction completed.

[0358] To the above mixture was added TFA (2.48 g, 21.7 mmol, 1.61 mL, 8.00 eq) dropwise at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 4.5 hrs. The mixture was changed from yellow cloudy to orange-yellow suspension. HPLC showed reaction completed.

[0359] The Na2CO3 solution (2.88 g Na2CO3 in 20 mL water) was added slowly to the reaction mixture (watched for the speed of CO2 release to avoid the bumping of reaction 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 solution). The naturalization process was done in about 1 hr and then all the solvents of reaction mixture were removed by rotavapor to give a milk-white water suspension of crude product.

[0360] The crude product was dissolved in the mixture solvent of EtOAc / TBME (v / v 3:1, 260 mL) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (64 mL), brine (2 x 64 mL) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-6.44 g) filtered throuth celite and concentrated.

[0361] The crude product was dissolved in DCM (28 mL) and loaded in a 100 mL separation funnel. To the solvent TBME (518 mL) was slowly dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30 minutes.

[0362] The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel. The cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane(20 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry.Compound Tetramer 2-8 (4.37 g, 2.07 mmol, 76.2% yield, 91.0% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 2-9 (deoxy-TTACC 5mer) 1. Py TFA (1.5 eq), ACN (0.2 M), 25°C, 0.5 h 2. DDTT (1.1 eq), 25°C, 0.5 h 3. Py (10 eq), HF.py (10 eq), imidazole (20 eq), 0°C, 3 h Tetramer 2-8 500 g, 95%

[0363] Tetramer 2-8 (120 g, 62.5 mmol, 1.00 eq) was co-evaporated with ACN (500 mL x 2), then Monomer 2-7 (51.2 g, 68.8 mmol, 1.10 eq) was added and the solution was coevaporated with ACN (500 mL x 2) under Ar2 in a 3 L single-necked round. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0364] To the mixture solution of Tetramer 2-8 (120 g, 62.5 mmol, 1.00 eq) and Monomer 2-7 (51.2 g, 68.8 mmol, 1.10 eq) in ACN (485 mL) was added Molecular sieve 3A (36 g) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. Py*TFA (1 M, 93.8 mL, 1.50 eq) was added at 25°C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25°C for 30 min. It is important to note that Acetonitrile was redistilled freshly. HPLC indicated Tetramer 2-8 was consumed completely.

[0365] To the above mixture was added DDTT (14.1 g, 68.8 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. After the completion of sulfurization, the above mixture was diluted with redistilled MeCN (480 mL) and then cooled to 0°C. Py (49.4 g, 625 mmol, 50.5 mL, 10.0 eq) was added at 0°C.

[0366] At the same time, a 1 L three-neck round bottom flask was charged with imidazole (85.1 g, 1.25 mol, 20.0 eq) and anhydrous THF (240 mL) and placed in the ice bath for 30 min. The HF (17.9 g, 625 mmol, 16.3 mL, 70% purity, 10.0 eq) was slowly added and then stirred for another 15 min (A homogeneous was obtained from this step). The solution was added to the above suspension at 0°C by syringe pump (2 mL / min dropping rate). The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 3 h. HPLC showed the reaction was completed.

[0367] The reaction mixture was dissolved in the EtOAc (2.8 L). The organic layer was washed with sat.aq.NaHCOs (1.4 L x 2), water (1.4 L x 3), brine (1.4 L) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-208 g) filtered and concentrated in vacuum. In this process, no yellow gel solids were precipitated out.

[0368] The crude product was dissolved in DCM (840 mL) and ACN (240 mL) loaded in a 1 L separation funnel. To the solvent of TBME (8.5 L) was slowly added the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 3 h. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of TBME (1 L x 2) and concentrated to dry. deoxy -TTACC 5mer (145.5 g, 57.8 mmol, 92.4% yield, 93.6% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC-MS for deoxy-TTACC 5mer (2-9) with RT = 7.174 min is shown in FIG. 2.

[0369] HPLC-MS method for compound 2-9: • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 Column, 130A, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm; • Column temperature: 60°C; • MS analysis was done on the Thermo Orbitrap Fusion with 60k resolution and mass range from 700 to 2000; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 • MS polarity: positive • Mobile phase A: 20 mM Ammonium Acetate in ACN:Water=25:75; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; • Gradient: Time A B  Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min bar 0.00 64.00 36.00 1.00 64.00 36.00 29.0 54.00 46.00 30.0 20.00 80.00 31.0 20.00 80.00 32.0 64.00 36.00 35.0 64.00 36.00 36.0 64.00 36.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2. Synthesis of UTTC 4mer (Fragment 3) General procedure for preparation of compound 3-2 1. TBDPSCI (1.1 eq), imid (3.0 eq), PCM (0.2 M), 25°C, 16 h 2. TFA (5.0 eq), CySH (1.3 eq), PCM (0.2 M), 0°C, 1 h OTBDPS 3-2

[0370] To a solution of compound 3-1 (500 g, 772 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (3800 mL) was added imidazole (158 g, 2.32 mol, 3.00 eq). The TBDPSCI (276 g, 1.00 mol, 258 mL, 1.30 eq) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 16 h. TLC (Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate = 5 / 1, product: Rf = 0.40) indicated compound 3-1 was consumed completely. Propan-2-ol (46.4 g, 59.1 mL, 1.00 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 30 min.

[0371] To the above solution was added CySH (117 g, 1.00 mol, 123 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 15 min. TFA (440 g, 3.86 mol, 286 mL, 5.00 eq) was added drop-wise at 0°C over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. HPLC showed the reaction completed. Note that the color of solution was changed from light yellow to deep red observed during the addition of TFA.

[0372] The reaction mixture was poured into the Na2CO3 solution (410 g Na2CO3 in 2.5 L water), diluted with TBME (2.5 L) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 washed with brine (1.3 L x 2), dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (321 g) filtered through celite and concentrated.

[0373] The crude product was dissolved in DCM (600 mL) and loaded in a 1000 mL separation funnel. To the solvent mixture of Heptane / TBME (v / v 9:1, 5.0 L) was slowly added the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30 min. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (500 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound 3-2 (390 g, 660 mmol, 85.5% yield, 98.8% purity) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 3-3 dT amidite 1. ETT (1.5 eq), ACN / DCM (v / v 1:1, 0.2 M), 25°C, 30 min 2. Xanthane Hydride (1.1 eq), 25°C, 30 min 3. TFA (10.0 eq), CySH (1.1 eq), 0°C, 1 h 3-3

[0374] Compound 3-2 (110 g, 188 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dT amidite (168 g, 226 mmol, 1.20 eq) was co-evaporated with CH3CN (1.0 L x 3). The mixture was dissolved in CH3CN (500 mL) and DCM (500 mL) at 25°C. 5-(Ethylthio)-lH-tetrazole (ETT) (1.67 g, 12.8 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added with stirring and the mixture solution was stirred at 25°C for 30 min under Ar2 atmosphere. Note that Acetonitrile and DCM were both redistilled freshly. HPLC indicated compound 3-2 was consumed completely. Note that dT amidite is DMT-2'-deoxythymidine-pho sphoramidite: 00¾ 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0375] To the above solution was added Xanthane Hydride (31.1 g, 207 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. HPLC indicated the reaction completed.

[0376] To the above solution was cooled to 0°C in ice water. CySH (24.1 g, 207 mmol, 25.4 mL, 1.10 eq) was added the reaction mixture at 0°C. TFA (215 g, 1.88 mol, 140 mL, 10.0 eq) was added the reaction mixture at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 2 h. HPLC indicated the reaction completed. The color of mixture was changed from yellow cloudy to red.

[0377] The Na2COs solution (254 g, Na2CO3 in 3.4 L water) was added slowly to the reaction mixture (watched for the speed of CO2 release to avoid the bumping of reaction solution). The naturalization process was done in about 1 hr and then all the solvents of reaction mixture were removed by rotavapor to give a milk-white water suspension of crude product.

[0378] Two reactions were combined here and the resulted water solution of crude product was diluted with 7.5 L MeCN (the addition of MeCN can dissolve the cake of crude product) and extracted by TBME / Heptane (3 x 3.4 L, v / v, 1:4) three times to remove non-polar impurities (such as CySH and DMTrSCy etc.). The water layer fraction was collected in a 3.0 L round-bottom flask and reduced pressure was applied by rotavapor to remove all MeCN to give a water solution with yellow-gel cake of crude product again.

[0379] The water solution of crude product was diluted with the mixture solvent of EtOAc / TBME (v / v = 1:3, 5.1 L) (make sure no gel solid left in the solution) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with DI water three times (3 x 2.5 L), brine (2.5 L) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-500 g) and condensed to dryness to yield a yellow foam of crude product which was directly used for next step without further treatment. Compound 3-3 (420 g, 330 mmol, 88.5% yield, 76.0% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 General procedure for preparation of compound 3-4 o OTBDPS dT amidite 1.3AMS, 25°C, 1 h 2. ETT (1.5 eq), ACN / DCM (0.2 M, v / v 1:1), 25°C, 30 min 3. Xanthane Hydride (1.1 eq), 25°C, 30 min 4. TFA (10.0 eq), CySH (1.1 eq), 0°C, 1 h OTBDPS 3-4 3-3

[0380] Compound 3-3 (200 g, 208 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dT amidite (186 g, 250 mmol, 1.20 eq) was co-evaporated with ACN (1.0 L x 3) under Ar2 in a 3 L single-necked round. The above solution in ACN (525 mL) and DCM (525 mL) was added Molecular sieve 3A (52.0 g) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. ETT (40.8 g, 313 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added at 25°C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25°C for 30 min. Note that Acetonitrile and DCM were both redistilled freshly. HPLC indicated compound 3-3 was consumed completely.

[0381] To the above solution was added Xanthane Hydride (34.5 g, 229 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. HPLC indicated the reaction completed.

[0382] To the above solution was cooled to 0°C in ice water. CySH (26.7 g, 229 mmol, 28.1 mL, 1.10 eq) was added to the reaction mixture at 0°C for 10 min. TFA (238 g, 2.09 mol, 154 mL, 10.0 eq) was added to the reaction mixture at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 2 h. HPLC indicated the reaction completed. Note that the color of mixture was changed from yellow cloudy to red.

[0383] The Na2CO3 solution (156 g, Na2CO3 in 2100 mL water) was added slowly to the reaction mixture (watched for the speed of CO2 release to avoid the bumping of reaction solution). The naturalization process was done in about 1 h and then all the solvents of reaction mixture were removed by rotavab to give a milk-white water suspension of crude product. The crude product was dissolved in the mixture solvent of EtOAc / TBME (v / v 1:2, 6400 mL) and two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (3 x 3200 mL), 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 brine (3200 mL) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-520 g) filtered and concentrated in vacuum.

[0384] Two reactions were combined here and the crude product was dissolved in DCM (1.0 L x 2) and loaded in a 1000 mL separation funnel. To the solvent of TBME / Heptane (v / v = 9:1, 21 L) was slowly added the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 3 h. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (800 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound 3-4 (301 g, 216 mmol, 51.8% yield, 95.8% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. HPLC shows Compound 2-4: RT = 6.778 min. General procedure for preparation of 3-5 (UTTC 4mer) o OTBDPS 3. DDTT (1.1 eq), 25°C, 30 min 4. HF py (10 eq), imidazole (20 eq), 0°C, 2 h 3-4 MOE U amidite 1.3AMS, 25°C, 1 h 2. Py TFA (1.5 eq), ACN (0.2 M), 25°C, 30 min

[0385] Compound 3-4 (200 g, 150 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE U amidite (129 g, 157.85 mmol, 1.05 eq) was co-evaporated with CH3CN (500 mL x 3). To a solution of compound 34 (200 g, 150 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE U amidite (129 g, 157 mmol, 1.05 eq) in anhydrous CH3CN (800 mL) was added Molecular sieve (MS) 3 A (40.0 g, 150 mmol, 1.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. Then the Py-TFA (1.00 M, 225 mL, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture reaction at 25°C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25°C for 30 min. Note that Acetonitrile and DCM were both redistilled freshly. HPLC indicated compound 2-4 was consumed completely. Note that MOE U amidite is: 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0386] To the above solution was added DDTT (33.9 g, 165 mmol, 1.10 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. And then the mixture cooled down to 0°C in ice bath for 30 min. HPLC indicated the reaction completed. Note that the mixture was changed from yellow cloudy to yellow homogenous solution.

[0387] At the same time, a 1 L three-neck round bottom flask was charged with imidazole (204 g, 3.01 mol, 20.0 eq) and anhydrous THF (400 mL) and placed in the ice bath for 30 min. The HF (43.0 g, 1.50 mol, 39.1 mL, 70.0% purity, 10.0 eq) was slowly added and then stirred for another 15 min. The mixture was added to the above suspension at 0°C for 1 h. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. HPLC indicated the reaction completed.

[0388] The reaction mixture was dissolved in the EtOAc (5.2 L). The organic layer was washed with sat.aq.NaHCCL (3.6 L x 2), water (2.6 L x 3), brine (2.6 L) and dried by anhydrous MgSO4 (-440 g) filtered and concentrated in vacuum. Note that in this process, no yellow gel solids were precipitated out.

[0389] The crude product was dissolved in DCM (2.0 L) and loaded in a 1 L separation funnel. To the solvent mixture of TBME (17.6 L) was slowly added the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30 minutes. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of TBME (500 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry.Compound 3-5 (UTTC 4mer) (258 g, 134 mmol, 89.0% yield, 95.6% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. HPLC-MS for compound UTTC 4mer (3-5) is shown in FIG. 3.

[0390] HPLC-MS method for compound 3-5: • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 Column, 130A, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm; • Column temperature: 60°C; • MS analysis was done on the Thermo Orbitrap Fusion with 60k resolution and mass range from 300 to 2000; • MS polarity: positive; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 • Mobile phase A: 20 mM Ammonium Acetate in ACN:Water=25:75; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; • Gradient: Time A B  Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min bar 0.00 70.00 30.00 0.50   — 1.00 70.00 30.00 0.50  — 28.0 55.00 45.00 0.50   — 30.0 10.00 90.00 0.50   — 31.0 10.00 90.00 0.50 32.0 70.00 30.00 0.50 35.0 70.00 30.00 0.50 36.0 70.00 30.00 0.50 3. Synthesis of 5' DMT-MOE CCGU-OH (Fragment 4) General procedure for preparation of compound 4-2 4-1 2) TFA , CySH DCM, 0°C, 1h 1) TBDPSCI, IMIDAZOLE DCM, 25°C, 12 h

[0391] To a solution of compound 4-1 (200 g, 323 mmol) in DCM (1600 mL) was added IMIDAZOLE (66.0 g, 969 mmol) and TBDPSCI (115 g, 420 mmol, 107 mL) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 12 hr. TLC (Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate = 1 / 1, Rf = 0.63 min) indicated compound 4-1 along with one major new spot with lower polarity. Propan-2-ol (19.4 g, 323 mmol, 24.7 mL ) was added into the mixture and stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h.

[0392] To a solution of the last step was added dropwise CySH (48.8 g, 420 mmol) and TFA (184 g, 1.62 mol) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h. TLC (Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate = 1 / 1, Rf = 0.50) showed the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition Na2CO3 solution (185 g, 1600 mL DI H2O) at 25°C, and then diluted with TBME (500 mL) and two layers were separated. The combined organic layers were washed with brine (500 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product compound 4-2 was dissolved in ACN (2000 mL) and DI H2O (300 mL) and extracted with Heptane / TBME (4 / 1, 8L, 1.6L x 5). The ACN layer was diluted with DCM (3.2 L) separated the water, dried over dry MgSO4, filtered and 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. Compound 4-2 (176 g, 98.1% yield, 95.8% purity) was obtained as a white foam. 'H NMR: 400 MHz DMSO : 11.30 (s, 1H), 7.69 (m, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 7.61 (dd, J = 1.13, 1.47 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (m, 6H), 5.97 (d, J = 5.87 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (t, J = 4.89, 4.89 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (m, 1H), 3.9 (q, J = 2.8, 2.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (t, J = 5.38, 5.38 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.28 (m, 2H), 3.21 (ddd, J = 12.23, 4.4, 3.13 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 1.73 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H) General procedure for preparation of compound 4-4

[0393] Compound 4-3 (164 g, 179 mmol) and compound 4-2 (90.5 g, 163 mmol) were coevaporated with ACN (450 mL x 3) under Ar2 in a 3000 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3A molecular sieve (10.0 g ) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar2 pressure ACN (1000 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h, and then DCI (28.9 g, 244 mmol) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0394] After the completion of coupling reaction, DDTT (37.7 g, 183 mmol) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr, and then DI H2O (0.12 mL), PPha (4.38 g, 16.7 mmol) were added to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0395] Remove most of the ACN by rotavapor, and then dilute the reaction with tBuOMe / EtOAc (3 / 1, 1500 mL). Yellow solid was precipitated out. Filter and wash the filtrate with DI H2O (1000 mLx2), brine (600 mL x 2). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness. The compound 4-4 (233.8 g, crude, 80.1% purity) was obtained as light yellow solid used into the next step without further purification. General procedure for preparation of compound 4-5 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 4-5

[0396] Compound 4-4 (234 g, 167 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (1600 mL), then at 0°C TCA (81.8 g, 501 mmol) and CySH (29.1 g, 250 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 0.5 hr. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0397] The reaction was quenched by slowly add NaHCO3 / H2O (84.0 g NaHCO, in 1200 mL DI H2O). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 10 min and two layers were separated. The H2O layer was extracted with DCM (600 mL), and the combined organic layer was dried and condensed to dryness. The mixture was re-dissolved in CH3CN / DI H2O (2 / 1, 1200 mL), and the CH3CN / H2O layer was washed by Heptane / tBuOMe (4 / 1, 1000 mL x 5). Remove most of the CH3CN by rotavapor, and then dilute the mixture with tBuOMe / EtOAc (2 / 1, 1500 mL), wash the mixture with NaHCO3 / H2O (1000 mL x 2, remove DCI), Brine (600 mL x2). The organic layer was dried with MgSO4, filtered and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was used into the next step without further purification. The crude product compound 4-5 (180 g, 98.2% yield, 94.6% purity) was obtained as light yellow solid used into the next step without further purification.

[0398] General procedure for preparation of compound 4-7 4-7 Compound 4-5 (115 g, 104 mmol) and compound 4-6 (106 g, 115 mmol) were co-evaporated 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 with ACN (500 mL x3) under Ar2 in a 2000 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (45.0 g ) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar2 pressure ACN (1050 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 hour, and then DCI (18.6 g, 157 mmol) was added to the mixture. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0399] After the coupling reaction finished, tBuOOH (5.5 M, 38.1 mL) and H2O (10 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25°C for 30 min. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0400] After the completion of oxidation, the reaction mixture was cooled down to 0°C in ice water bath for 5 min, and the commercial grade L oxidation solution (628.87 mL 0.05 M in pyridine / H2O, v / v 9:1) was added to the mixture in 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for an additional five minutes. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0401] The reaction mixture was poured slowly into Na2S2O3 / H2O solution (Na2S2O3 33.1 g in 2300 mL H2O) and the solution was stirred vigorously for 10 min. The mixture was then diluted with 3000 mL mixture solvent of EtOAc / tBuOMe (1 / 3) . The organic layer was separated and washed with NaHC03 / H20(2000 mL), Brine (1000 mL). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was re-dissolve in DCM / tBuOMe (1 / 1, 460 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent mixture of Heptane / BuOMe (2 / 1, 2300 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a light-yellow solid after filtration, the solid cake was washed with heptane / BuOMe (1 / 1, 230 mL x 2). The compound 7 (217 g, crude, 87.6% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid used into the next step without further purification.

[0402] General procedure for preparation of compound 4-8 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0403] Compound 4-7 (204 g, 104 mmol) was disloved in anhydrous DCM (2000 mL), then at 0°C DCA (67.5 g, 524 mmol) and CySH (18.2 g, 157 mmol) were added. The mixture was warm to 25°C and stirred for 2 h. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0404] The reaction was quenched by slowly add Na2CO3 / H2O (77.4 g Na2CO3 in 1200 mL DI H2O). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 10 min and two layers were separated. The H2O layer was extracted with DCM (600 mL), and the combined organic layer was dried and condensed to dryness. The mixture was re-dissolved in CH3CN / H2O (2 / 1, 900 mL), and the CH3CN / H2O layer was washed by Heptane / tBuOMe = (4 / 1, 800 mL x 5). Remove most of the CN3CN by rotavapor, and then dilute the mixture with tBuOMe / EtOAc (1 / 3, 1800 mL), wash the mixture with NaHCO3 / H2O (900 mL x 2), Brine (600 mL). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness. The crude product was used for next step without further purification. The compound 4-8 (130 g, 75.3% yield, 92.4% purity) was obtained as light yellow solid used into the next step without further purification.

[0405] General procedure for preparation of 5' DMT-MOE CCGU-OH 4-8 4-9 5' DMT-MOE CCGU-OH Compound 4-8 (153 g, 92.8 mmol) and compound 4-6 (89.9 g, 97.5 mmol) were co evaporated with ACN (400 mL x 3) under Ar2 in a 3000 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3A molecular sieve (45.0 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar2 pressure ACN (928 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for an hour, and then Py-TFA (IM, 139 mL) was added to the mixture. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0406] After the coupling reaction finished DDTT (20.0 g, 97.5 mmol) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 hr and changed from yellow cloudy to yellow homogenous solution which suggested the reaction went to completion and then cooled down to 0°C in ice bath for 30 min.

[0407] At the same time, a 500 mL round bottom flask was charged with imidazole (127 g, 1.87 mol) and anhydrous THF (232 mL) and placed in the ice bath for 30 min. The HF-Py (24.3 mL, 70.0% purity) was slowly added and then stirred for another 15 min (A homogeneous solution was obtained from this step). The solution from the last step was slowly added to the reaction mixture from the last reaction mixture by the peristaltic pump (1 mL / 5min dropping rate) and stirred for 1-2 hours at 0°C. The completion of reaction can be monitored by HPLC. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with EA (4500 mL) and slowly neutralized by NaHCO3 / H2O (2500 mL) at 0°C. The organic layer was separated and washed with NaHCO3 / H2O (2500 mL), brine (2000 mL). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness. The crude was redissolved in DCM (600 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of tBuOMe (6000 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a lightyellow solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with tBuOMe (600 mL x2). 4-9 (5' DMT-MOE CCGU-OH) (190 g, 90.5% yield, 94.8% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. HPLC-MS for MOE-CCGU 4mer (4-9) is shown in FIG. 4.

[0408] HPLC-MS method for compound 4-9: • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 Column, 130A, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm; • Column temperature: 60°C; • MS analysis was done on the Thermo Orbitrap Fusion with 60k resolution and mass range from 400 to 2000; • MS polarity: positive • Mobile phase A: 20 mM Ammonium Acetate in ACN:Water=25:75; Mobile phase B: acetonitrile; • Gradient: Time A  B  Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min bar 0.00 60.00 40.00 0.50   — 1.00 60.00 40.00 0.50   — 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 28.0 40.00 60.00 0.50 30.0 10.00 90.00 0.50 31.0 10.00 90.00 0.50 32.0 60.00 40.00 0.50 35.0 60.00 40.00 0.50 36.0 60.00 40.00 0.50 C. Convergent Synthesis of Target Oligonucleotide General procedure for preparation of compound 5-1 1. AMidite reagent(5.0 eq), DMTrO—TSTSASCSCS—O DMTrO—TSTSASCSC —OH py.TFA(3.0 eq), THF, 0°C                         p-N 2. precipitation in                                  / 0     / 2-9 TBME / py(v / v 95:5, 50V)                 NC

[0409] To a solution of Amidite Reagent (63.9 g, 212 mmol, 67.3 mL, 5.0 eq) and compound 2-9 (100 g, 42.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (400 mL) was added Py-TFA (24.5 g, 127 mmol, 15.9 mL, 3.0 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 hr. HPLC showed the compound 29 was consumed completely.

[0410] The reaction mixture was transferred to 500 mL separation funnel (-20 mL after combining with DCM washing volume). To the solvent TBME / py (v / v 100: 0.7, 15 L) was slowly dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 90 min. The pure product was collected as an off-white solid from the previous step, the cake of product was washed with pure TBME (1.0 L x 3) and dried by vacuum. Compound 5-1 (106 g, 90.8% yield, 93% purity) was obtained as a white solid. Please note that anhydrous THF was used. Compound 2-9 and Py-TFA were coevaporated with THF 3 times. Pyridine was added to maintain the basic environment to minimize the hydrolysis of amidite product. General procedure for preparation of Compound 5-2 + HO—ASCOCSCSU—OLHPG 1-7 1. DCI, DCM. CH3CN   DMTrO—TsTsAsCsCsAsC0CsCsU—OLHPG 2. DDTT 5-2

[0411] Compound 5-1 (122 g, 48.0 mmol, 1.5 eq), 3A molecular sieve (45.0 g) and Compound 1-7 (115 g, 32.0 mmol, 1.0 eq) was in DCM / ACN =2 / 1 (900 mL) was added DCI (9.46 g, 80.08 mmol, 2.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at 10 °C for Ih. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0412] Monitor the reaction by TLC (60 min full conversion). After the coupling reaction finished DDTT (9.87 g, 48.05 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 10°C for 30 min. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to 1 / 2 volumn. The residue solution was added to ACN (5.0 L). Product was precipitated out. Filtered and the filter cake was collected. The filter cake was washed with ACN (1 L).and dried under vacum. Compound 5-2 (194 g, 99.6% yield) was obtained as a light yellow solid. Please note that Acetonitrile and DCM were both redistilled freshly. The compound 5-1 and compound 1-7 were co-evaporated with DCM / ACN three times.

[0413] For HPLC and LC-MS analyses of compound 5-2, it was deprotected using ammonolysis (NH3 / H2O) procedure similar to the one used for compound 1 ammonolysis disclosed below to obtain 5-2-a (DMTrO-TsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-OH). HPLC and LC-MS of compound 5-2-a is shown in FIG. 5.

[0414] General procedure for preparation of Compound 5-3 TCA, CySH, Py DMTrO—TSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU—OLHPG ------------► HO—TSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU—OLHPG DCM 5-2                                               5-3 The compound 5-2 (194 g, 31.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 3A molecular sieve (65.0 g) were added to a round flask, under Ar pressure anhydrous DCM (1.3 L) was added. The mixture was stirred at 15°C for 1 hour, and then CySH (7.42 g, 63.8 mmol, 7.81 mL, 2.0 eq) and TCA (52.1 g, 319 mmol, 32.1 mL, 10.0 eq) was added to the mixture at 0°C.

[0415] The reaction was stirred at 0°C for 90 min (check reaction by TLC), and then Py (30.2 g, 382 mmol, 30.9 mL, 12.0 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 15°C for 5 min. 3A molecular sieves were removed by filtration. The DCM solvent was added to CH3CN (7.0 L) slowly, light yellow solid precipitate out. Remove most of the DCM by rotavap, and the white precipitation was collected and washed with CH3CN (500 ml x 3). Compound 5-3 (180 g, 97.6% yield) was obtained as a light yellow solid. Please note that DCM was redistilled freshly. The compound 5-2 was co-evaporated with DCM 3 times. The product has good dissolvability in DCM, it’s important to remove most of the DCM before filtration. For HPLC and LC-MS analyses of compound 5-3, it was deprotected using ammonolysis (NH3 / H2O) procedure similar to the one used for compound 1 ammonolysis disclosed below to obtain 5-3-a (HO-TsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-OH). HPLC and LC-MS of compound 5-3-a is shown in FIG. 6.

[0416] HPLC-MS method for 5-3-a 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 Column, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm; • Column temperature: 50°C; • Ionization Mode : API-ES; • mass range from 1350 to 2300; • MS polarity: Negative; • Mobile phase A: 5mM TBuAA in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; • Gradient Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.14 60.00 40.00  0.51    - 3.70 20.00 80.00  0.51   — 4.00 10.00 90.00  0.51    - 4.20 60.00 40.00  0.51    - 5.00 60.00 40.00  0.51 General procedure for preparation of Compound 5-4 1. AMidite reagent(5.0 eq),                                    \ py.TFA(3.0 eq), THF, 0°C DMTrO—usTsTsC —<3   )-- DMTrO— USTSTSC —OH ---------------------*■                      __ 2. precipitation in                                    / O / TBME / Heptane / Py (95 /               NC^ 7 5 / 1) 3-5                                                         5-4

[0417] The compound 3-5 (102 g, 55.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) were co-evaporated with THF (300 mL x 3). Py-TFA (32.0 g, 166 mmol, 3.0 eq) were co-evaporated with THF (300 mL x 3). To a 2000 mL round bottom flask, compound 3-5 (102 g, 55.3 mmol, 1.0 eq) and AMidite reagent (83.4 g, 276 mmol, 87.9 mL, 5.0 eq) were added in anhydrous THF (400 mL) and cooled down to 0°C in ice bath for 30 min. Activator Py-TFA (32.0 g, 166 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added and then the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 hour. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0418] To the solvent TBME / Heptane / Py (95 / 5 / 1, 15.8 L) was slowly dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30minutes. The pure product was collected as an off-white solid from the previous step, the cake of product was washed with pure TBME (500 mL x 3) and dried by high vacuum for 3 hours. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0419] Compound 5-4 (107 g, 52.4 mmol, 94.6% yield) was obtained as a white solid. Please note that THF was Anhydrous, and Compound 3-5 and Py-TFA were co-evaporated with anhydrous THF 3 times. General procedure for preparation of compound 5-5 HO—TSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU—OLHPG + 5-3 DMTrO — USTSTSC— O 1. DCI, DCM. CH3CN 2. DDTT 5-4 DMTrO-USTSTSCSTSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU — OLHPG 5-5

[0420] The compound 5-3 (177 g, 30.6 mmol, 1.0 eq), compound 5-4 (106 g, 52.0 mmol, 1.7 eq), and 3A molecular sieve (60 g) were added to a round flask, under Ar pressure in anhydrous DCM (850 mL, H2O < 50 ppm), ACN (425 mL, H2O < 50 PPM) were added. The mixture was stirred at 15°C for 1 hour, and then DCI (9.05 g, 76.6 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 15°C for 0.67 h. TLC (DCM: MeOH = 10:1) indicated compound 5-3 was consumed completely.

[0421] After the coupling reaction finished, DDTT (10.7 g, 52.0 mmol, 1.7 eq) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 15°C for 10 min.

[0422] 3A molecular sieve were removed by filtration, and the reaction was diluted with 6000 ml CH3CN (white solid precipitate out). Remove DCM by rotovap, and the white solid was collected and washed with CH3CN (500 mL x 3). The light yellow solid was directly used for next step without any purification. Compound 5-5 (237 g, 99.6% yield) was obtained as a light yellow solid.

[0423] For HPLC and LC-MS analyses of compound 5-5, it was deprotected using ammonolysis (NH3 / H2O) procedure similar to the one used for compound 1 ammonolysis disclosed below to obtain 5-5-a (DMTrO-UsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-OH). HPLC and LC-MS of compound 5-5-a is shown in FIG. 7.

[0424] HPLC-MS method for 5-5-a • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 Column, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm; • Column temperature: 50°C; • Ionization Mode : APLES; • mass range from 1350 to 2300; • MS polarity: Negative; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 • Mobile phase A: 5mM TBuAA in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; • Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.14 60.00 40.00 0.51   — 3.70 20.00 80.00 0.51   — 4.00 10.00 90.00 0.51   — 4.20 60.00 40.00 0.51   — 5.00 60.00 40.00 0.51 General procedure for preparation of compound 5-6 TCA, CySH DMTrO—UsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-OLHPG -------------► HO-USTSTSCSTSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU—OLHPG DCM 5-5                                                            5-6

[0425] The compound 5-5 (234 g, 30.2 mmol, 1.0 eq), and 3A molecular sieve (12.5 g) were added to a round flask, under Ar pressure anhydrous DCM (1500 mL, H2O < 50 ppm) was added. The mixture was stirred at 15°C for 1 hour, and then CySH (10.5 g, 90.5 mmol, 11.1 mL, 3.0 eq) and TCA (59.2 g, 362 mmol, 12.0 eq) was added to the mixture.

[0426] The reaction was stirred at 0°C for 60 min (check reaction by TLC), and then Py (35.8 g, 452 mmol, 36.5 mL, 15.0 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture stirred at 15°C for 5 min,

[0427] The 3A molecular sieves were removed by filtration. The DCM solvent was added to CH3CN 10 L slowly, light yellow solid precipitate out. Remove most of the DCM by rotavap, and the white precipitation was collected and washed with CH3CN (500 ml x 3). Compound 5-6 (210 g, 93.3% yield) was obtained as a light yellow solid.

[0428] For HPLC and LC-MS analyses of compound 5-6, it was deprotected using ammonolysis (NH3 / H2O) procedure similar to the one used for compound 1 ammonolysis disclosed below to obtain 5-6-a (HO-UsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-OH). HPLC and LC-MS of compound 5-6-a is shown in FIG. 8.

[0429] HPLC-MS method for 5-6-a • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 Column, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm; • Column temperature: 50°C; 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 • Ionization Mode : API-ES; • mass range from 1350 to 2300; • MS polarity: Negative; • Mobile phase A: 5mM TBuAA in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; • Gradient: Time A B  Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min bar 0.14 60.00 40.00 0.51   — 3.70 20.00 80.00 0.51   — 4.00 10.00 90.00 0.51   — 4.20 60.00 40.00 0.51   — 5.00 60.00 40.00 0.51 General procedure for preparation of compound 5-7 1. AMidite reagent(5.0 eq), py.TFA(3.0 eq), THF, 0°C DMTrO—CSCOGSU —O^ DMTrO—CSCOGSU —OH 4-9 2. precipitation in TBME / Heptane / py(v / v 90:10 :1,40V) 5-7

[0430] To a 2000 mL round bottom flask, compound 4-9 (130 g, 57.8 mmol, 1.0 eq), Amidite reagent (87.2 g, 289 mmol, 91.9 mL, 5.0 eq), were added in anhydrous THF (520 mL) and cooled down to 0°C in ice bath for 30 min. Activator Py-TFA (33.5 g, 173 mmol, 34.2 mL, 3.0 eq) was added and then the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 hour. HPLC showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0431] To the solvent TBME / HEPTANE / Py (95 / 5 / 1, 15850 mL) was slowly added to the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30minutes. The pure product was collected as an off-white solid from the previous step, the cake of product was washed with pure TBME (500 mL x 3) and dried unser high vacuum for 3 hours.

[0432] Compound 5-7 (133 g, 93.9% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 1, the fully protected ASO 9 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 HO-UsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU—OLHPG 5-6 DMTrO-CsCoGsU-O  )— P-N )— NC^ 5.7 ' ----------------------► DMTrO-CSCOGSUSUSTSTSCSTSTSASCSCSASCOCSCSU—OLHPG 1. DOI, DOM. CH3CN 2. DDTT Compound 1

[0433] To compound 5-6 (242 g, 32.5 mmol, 1.0 eq), compound 5-7 (135 g, 55.2 mmol, 1.7 eq) and 3A molecular sieve (80.0 g) in a round flask were added anhydrous DCM (1200 mL, H2O < 50 ppm) and ACN (600 mL, H2O < 50 PPM) under Ar pressure. The mixture was stirred at 15°C for 1 hour, and then DCI (9.60 g, 81.2 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 15 °C for 1 h. The reaction completion was confirmed with TLC.

[0434] After the coupling reaction finished, DDTT (11.3 g, 55.2 mmol, 1.7 eq) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 15°C for 10 min. 3A molecular sieves were removed by filtration, and the reaction was diluted with 10 L CH3CN (light yellow solid precipitate out). DCM was removed by rotovap, and the light yellow solid was collected and washed with CH3CN (500 mL x 3). Compound 1 (264 g, 82.8% yield) was obtained as a light yellow solid.

[0435] HPLC and LC-MS analyses of compound 1, it was deprotected using ammonolysis (NH3 / H2O) procedure described below to obtain 1-a (DMTrO-CsCoGsUsUsTsTsCsTsTsAsCsCsAsCoCsCsU-OH). HPLC and LC-MS for compound 1-a is shown in FIG. 9.

[0436] HPLC-MS method for 1-a • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 Column, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm; • Column temperature: 50°C; • Ionization Mode : APLES; • mass range from 1350 to 2300; • MS polarity: Negative; • Mobile phase A: 5mM TBuAA in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; • Gradient: Time A  B  Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.14 60.00 40.00 0.51    — 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 3.70 20.00 80.00 0.51   — 4.00 10.00 90.00  0.51    — 4.20 60.00 40.00  0.51    — 5.00 60.00 40.00  0.51 Deprotection and Ammonolysis of compound 1, fully protected ASO 9 1                                                                 DMT-on ASO 9

[0437] To a 1-L flask was added compound 1 (64 g) and CHaCNiEtaN (640 ml, v / v). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for two hours then solvents were removed by Rotovap. To the flask was added 500 ml NH4OH (~ 30% wt) and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for ~ 30 min. The resultant solution was transferred into a 1-L glass pressure flask and the mixture was heated to 65 °C for 5 hours. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature for downstream purification. ASO 9 Purification Process:

[0438] The DMT-on ASO 9 from ammonolysis (2L) was diluted with 1111 mM ammonium sulfate solution (18L) to final ammonium sulfate concentration -1000 mM. The suspension was then filtered through a depth filter, which was wet, flushed, and equilibrated with 3 bed volumes of a solution (1000 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5).

[0439] For the hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) step, a 20cm bed height (BH) x 14cm inner diameter (ID) HIC column was equilibrated with 4 column volumes (CVs) of equilibration buffer (1000 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5). The filtrate from the depth filter was loaded onto the column. The column was chased with 4 CVs of buffer (1000 mM ammonium sulfate, 50mM tris, pH 8.5), washed with buffer (800 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5) at lOOcm / hr until UV gate (2mm flowcell) hits 0.5 AU. Once the UV gate hit 0.5 AU, the column was washed with 2 more CVs of the same buffer (800 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5). For the wash step, the flow rate was 100 cm / hr. The column was eluted with 8 CVs of buffer (50 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5) to provide the DMT-on ASO 9. The column was stripped with 4 CVs of deionized water. The column was cleaned with 3 CVs of IN sodium hydroxide and stored in 0.1N sodium hydroxide. The HIC process was run at 200cm / hr with the exception of the wash which was run at lOOcm / hr. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0440] The HIC eluate (~9 L) containing DMT-on ASO 9 was cooled to 10°C and a solution (0.9 L) of 25% (w / w) citric acid was added to make pH of the mixture 2.7. This mixture was stirred at 10 °C for 4.5 hours and 5N sodium hydroxide (0.8 L) was added to make pH 8.5. The mixture was then filtered to remove DMT-OH byproduct using a 0.22pm sterilizing filter. The filtrate was then purified by anion exchange chromatography.

[0441] For the anion exchange chromatography (AEX), a 15cm BH x 14cm ID AEX column was charged with 2 CVs of a high salt buffer solution (2000 mM sodium chloride, 250 mM tris, pH 8.5) and equilibrated with 4 CVs of equilibration buffer solution (100 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5). The filtrate from the detritylation step was diluted with water to the conductivity of ~20 mS and loaded to the column. The column was washed with buffer solution (300 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5) until UV gate (2mm flowcell) reaches 0.4 AU. The column was washed continuously with 4 more CVs of the same buffer (300 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5). The column was eluted with 7 CVs of a buffer (525 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM tris, pH 8.5) to provide the ASO 9 solution. The column was stripped with 4 CVs of buffer (2000mM sodium chloride, 250mM tris, pH 8.5) and then cleaned with 3 CVs of IN sodium hydroxide and stored in 0.1N sodium hydroxide. The AEX process was run at 200cm / hr. HPLC-MS for ASO 9 is shown in FIG. 12. Example 2. Synthesis of ASO using 5’ end to 3’end elongation strategy (10-mer) 1.     General Synthesis of 5’ P amidite fragment (5-mer)

[0442] Starting with 1-2A and phorphoramidite, compound 2-2A was obtained in >98% yield using similar procedure as described above for the synthesis of compound l-8a. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 2.    Synthesis of an ASO 6-mer

[0443] Compound 4-2A was coupled with compound 3-2A to yield a 6-mer (compound 5-2A) in >98% yield, using a similar procedure as described above for the synthesis of fragment 1-9 followed by desilylation procedure described in step 3 of 4-9 synthesis. The mass spectrum of ASO 6-mer before desilylation is shown in FIG. 13. 3.    Synthesis of an ASO 10-mer 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0444] The ASO 5-mer 6-2A was coupled with 5-mer fragment 2-2A to yield ASO 10-mer in >98% yield, using a similar procedure as described above for the synthesis of fragment 1-9. The mass spectrum of ASO 10-mer is shown in FIG. 14. 4. Convergent Synthesis of ASO 15-mer 5'-ACoAGATATTTTTGTT-3'-OH 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 5'-LHPG-ACoAGA-3'-OH NHBz HO MOE 1-3A 5'-P-TTGTT-3'-OTBDPS III 2-3A                                     3'3A Underlined letters: MOE nucleotides, o is oxidation (phosphodiester linkage), All other phosphorus atoms are thiolated (phosphorothioate). 5'-P-TATTT-3'-OTBDPS 5'-LHPG-ACoAGA-3'-OH ----------—------— 5'-LHPG-ACoAGATATTT-3'-OTBDPS HF / imidazole . 1) 3 A MS, DCI, ACN                                                                        THF, 0 °C 1-3A                               o’! DDTT uu                                               4.3^                         > 99% conversion > 99% conversion 5'-P-TTGTT-3'-OTBDPS S'-LHPG-ACoAGATATTT-S’-OH 5-3A 3-3A 1)3 A MS, DCI, ACN 2) DDTT > 99% conversion 1.35 eq 5'-LHPG-ACoAGATATTTTTGTT-3'-OTBDPS 6-3A

[0445] The ASO 15-mer was synthesized based on a convergent synthesis method shown in the scheme above using similar procedures as described above. The three fragments used in the convergent synthesis are: 5'-LHPG-ACoAGA-3'-OH (fragment 1); 5'-P-TATTT-3'-OTBDPS (fragment 2); and 5'-P-TTGTT-3'-OTBDPS (fragment 3). 1)    Synthesis of Fragment 1: 5 '-LHPG-ACoAGA-3OH( 1-3A) 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 TBDPSO MOE 1.3 eq 5'-P-CAGA-3'-TBDPS 1)3 A MS, DCI, ACN 2) DDTT > 99% conversion 3) HF / lmidazole > 99% conversion 5'-LHPG-A-OH 1)3 A MS, DCI, ACN                                          . . 5'-P-CoAGA -3'-TBDPS 2>DDTT---------5'-LHPG -ACoAGA -3'-TBDPS HF,lm'dazole’ THF. 5'-LHPG -ACoAGA -3'-OH 1-3 A

[0446] Fragment 1 (compound 1-3A) was synthesized as shown in the Scheme above using similar procedures as described above. Mass spectrum for deprotected fragment 1 (compound 1-3A-H) is shown in FIG. 15. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 NH3 / H2O Chemical Formula: C65H93N23O32P4S3 Exact Mass: 1927.45 MW. 1928.66 1-3A-H 2) Synthesis of Fragment 2: 5'-P-TATTT-3'-OTBDPS (compound 2-3A) Fragment 2 was synthesized using similar procedure as described above for the 2-2A synthesis. 3) Synthesis of Fragment 3: 5'-P-TTGTT-3'-OTBDPS (compound 3-3A) Fragment 3 was also synthesized using similar procedure as described above for the 2-2A synthesis. 4)     Convergent synthesis of ASO 15-mer: The ASO 15-mer was synthesized using the liquid phase convergent synthesis method described herein. Fragment 1 and fragment 2 were coupled, followed by sulfurization to form compound 4-3A. Desilylation of compound 4-3A to remove 3’-TBDPS group yielded copound 5-3A, which was then coupled with fragment 3, followed by sulfurization to yield ASO 15-mer 6-3A. The formation of 4-3A and 5-3A was confirmed by the LC-MS analysis of the corresponding deprotected product 4-3A-H and 5-3A-H, which was formed by treating the compound 4-3A or 5-3A with NH3 / H2O. Mass spectrum of compounds 4-3A-H and 5-3A-H are shown in FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, respectively. The ammonolysis reactions of compounds 4-3A and 5-3A are shown below: 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 NH3 / H2O 4-3A Chemical Formula: C-^-iH-iysNseOeoPgSQSi Exact Mass: 3774.69 MW. 3777.36 4-3A-H 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 5-3A NH3 / H2O Chemical Formula: C115H157N36O60P9S8 Exact Mass: 3536.57 MW. 3538.96 5-3A-H 5) Deprotection and ammonolysis of ASO 15-mer 6-3A NH3 / H2O 5 '-LHPG-ACoAGATATTTTTGTT-3 '-OTBDPS -------► 5 '-ACoAGATATTTTTGTT-3 '-OTBDPS 6-3A                                             + 6a 5 '-ACoAGATATTTTTGTT-3 '-OH 6b Using a similar deprotection and ammonolysis procedure as described above for the DMT-on ASO 9 synthesis, treatment of ASO 15-mer 6-3A with NH4OH resulted in a mixture of 6a 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 and 6b, indicating the complete removal of 5’-LHPG protecting group and partial removal of the TBDPS group at the 3’-end (see FIG. 18). Example 3: Deamination study during 5’OH deprotection: Detritylation study ofUCC trimer and CC dimer 1. UCC trimer deamination study:

[0447] Detritylation of UCC trimer was studied under different reaction conditions to find out the best conditions and reagents required to minimize deamination side reaction. Table 1 shows a comparison of different reaction conditions and the amount of undesired deamination o product under those conditions. As can be seen in Fig. 9, use of 3A molecule sieves and quenching the reaction with pyridine resulted in < 0.5% deamination as compared to 7% deamination with no sieves and 10% deamination with no sieves and no pyridine quench. 5'-DMT-CCU-LHPG 2A 5'-OH-CCU-LHPG 3A Deamination product 5'-OH-UCU-LHPG Table 1: Comparison of reaction conditions and deamination product for UCC trimer Reaction Conditions Deamination Product 5'-DMT-CCU- LHPG 12 eq DC A, HPLC grade DCM, reaction at zero degree, NaHCO3 / H2O quench 10% deamination (FIG. 10, entry 1) 5'-DMT-CCU- LHPG 12 eq DC A, HPLC grade DCM, reaction at zero degree, pyridine quench 7% deamination 5'-DMT-CCU- LHPG 12 eq DCA, anhydrous DCM, add 5% (v / v to DCM) 3A molecule sieve, reaction at zero degree, pyridine quench < 0.5% deamination (FIG. 10, entry 2) 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 2. CC dimer deamination study:

[0448] Similar to the above study done for UCC trimer, detritylation was performed on CC dimer with various reagents and conditions to minimize or avoid the deamination reaction. As can be seen in table 2 and FIG. 11, no deamination product was detected after 14 hrs at room temperature even with addition of water when DCA, thiol and 3 A molecure sieves were used. On the other hand 4.46% deamination product was obtained when no molecular sieves and no water were added and 49% deamination product with water but no molecular sieves with stirring for 14 hrs at romm temperature Deamiantion product NHBz 4 Deamination product Table 2: Comparison of reaction conditions and deamination product for CC Dimer DC M DCA / Thiol / H20 45 min 0°C 120 min 0°C rt 14 h 5’-DMTr-Moe-CC-TBDPS 14 ml DCA 8 eq Thiol 1.5 eq Deamination Not detected Deamination Not detected 4.46% Deamination 500 mg 5’-DMTr-Moe-CC-TBDPS 7 ml DCA 8 eq, Thiol 1.5 eq H2O 14 mg, (2.4 eq, 1500 ppm) 0.47% (254 nm) Deamination 1.31% (254 nm) Deamination 49% (254 nm) Deamination 500 mg 5’-DMTr-Moe-CC-TBDPS 7 ml DCA 8 eq, Thiol 1.5 eq H2O 14 mg, (2.4 eq, 1500 ppm), DCA 8 eq 3A molecular sieves 350 mg Deamination Not detected Deamination Not detected Deamination Not detected 3. Deamination study results of detritylation from fragment synthesis 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0449] Five-mer MOE DMTO-ACoCCU-OH (from DMTO-ACCCU-OLHPG) contained -10% deamination impurities (la, lb, and Ie combined, ratio has not been determined) (Scheme A). Scheme A. High Levels of Deamination Impurities in DMTO-ACCCU-OLHPG HO-U-OLHPG 1. Coupling 2. Sulfurization 3. Detritylation ----HO-CU-OLHPG Dimer __  > DMTO-ACoCCU-OH -90% DMTO-ACoCUU-OH + DMTO-AC oUCU-OH + DMTO-AUoCCU-OH Synthesis of its analogue, HO-CCC-OTBDPS, was then completed using the same procedure and it was found that this trimer product contained at least 10% total deamination impurities (Scheme B). Scheme B: High Levels of Deamination Impurities in HO-CCC-OTBDPS 1. coupling 2. Sulfurization 3. detritylation                     ---------► HO-C-OTBDPS-----► HO-CC-OTBDPS -----► HO-CCC-OTBDPS Product HO-CCU-OTBDPS + HO-CUC-OTBDPS + HO-UCC-OTBDPS If ,                            Ig               , Ih > 10%

[0450] MOE Fragment-LHPG (I): with the above results, five-mer MOE DMTO-ACqCCU-OH, was repeated with modification of the procedure for detritylation. In this synthesis, the solutions were dried over 3A molecular sieves before the acid was added for every detritylation reaction. The deamination side products were completely suppressed (Table 3). 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 HO-U-HLPG 1. Coupling 2. Sulfurization 3. Acid, 1 h, 0 C -------► HO-CU-HLPG HO-ACoCCU-HLPG deamination impurities la, lb, Ic Table 3. Impact of Drying of on Deamination impurity in MOE DMTO-ACoCCU-OH expt Step 3. Treatment of detritylation reaction mixture before acid addition Product (% UV area) la+Ib+Ic (% UV area) DMTO-ACqCCU Without 3A MS drying 90 10 DMTO-ACqCCU Dried with 3 A MS for 1 h 100 < 0.5% Example 4. Syntheis of ASO 8

[0451] The fully protected ASO 8 having DMT group at the 5’-end and the LHPS group at the 3’-end was prepared using similar procedures described in Example 1 for ASO 9. The oligonucleotide fragments used for the synthesis are shown in the schemes below. 1. Synthesis of ASO 8 through 5+6+(4+5) coupling DMTrO-GUoUoUol+amidite 5-mer CATC 4-mer DMTO-AATATC-amidite HO-UoGoCAA-OLHPG 6 -mer 5-mer HO-AATATCUoGoCAA-OLHPG 11-mer DMTrO-GUoUoUoUCATC-amidite | (5+4)-mer DMTrO-GUoUoUoUCATCAATATCUoGoCAA-OLHPG i ammonolysis DMTrO-GUoUoUoUCATCAATATCUoGoCAA-OH 2. Synthesis of ASO 8 through 5+6+4+5 coupling 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 DMTrO*AATATC*&fttklit® * HO-UoGoCAAAXHPG 6-mer         §          5-m®r » DMTrQ--CATC^^ * HQ-AATATCUoGoCAA»OLHPG 4«fngc          ,              11 -met' i DMTrG-GUoUoUoU^midte^ H(MXrCAATATCU&GoC^^ 5-mer             ;            15-mer i D MTrQ-GUoMoU £iU C ATCAATATC I ammonolysis i ' DJurTrO-GUoUoUoUCATCM^ DMTr on ASO S

[0452] The DMT-on ASO 8 was detritylated and purified using prosedures similar to those described in Example 1 for ASO 9. HPLC-MS for ASO 8 is shown in FIG. 19.

[0453] HPLC-MS method for ASO 8: • Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 Column, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm; • Column temperature: 50°C; • Ionization Mode : APLES; • mass range from 1350 to 2300; • MS polarity: Negative; • Mobile phase A: 5mM TBuAA in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; • Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.14 60.00 40.00  0.51    - 3.70 20.00 80.00  0.51   — 4.00 10.00 90.00  0.51    - 4.20 60.00 40.00  0.51    - 5.00 60.00 40.00  0.51 Example 5. Desilylation Study

[0454] A novel facile, mild, and clean deprotection method of 3’-OTBDPS was developed to minimize impurity formation. It was discovered that the presence of imidazole greatly accelerated the TBDPS deprotection and produces least amounts of impurities. A comparative study described below shows that desilylation using known conditions led to the 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 formation of various by-products, such as N-2 and diol by-products. In contrast, the new desilylation method result in significant reduction of these by-products. a. DMTO. DMTO Desilylaiton ofCCGU tetramer using known desilylation conditions: (cYcYgYu) HF 20 eq, 30 eq Py       X^YcYgYuJ + S ° S^OTBDPS 0°C, 7 h *          S ° S >3H 250 mg .j                                                           2 250 mg TBAF 5 eq, THF 0°C, 30 min Complex Yc) N-2 vGXuJ OH N-2 2% YcYcYgYuj OH Diol ~1%

[0455] 250 mg of CCGU tetramer was treated with 20 eq. of HF and 30 eq. of pyridine at 0 °C for 7 hours. The N-2 and diol by-products were observed. Desilylation reactions with other known methods, such as TBAF or CsF lead to complex mixture.

[0456] The presence of the N-2 and diol by-products can significantly influence the purity of the final target oligonucleotides. b. Desilylation ofCCGU tetramer under HF / imidazole desilylation condition: V7YHF 5 eq (0.5 eq Py), imidazole 10 eq OTBDPS         THF 0°C mars                             OH 25 gram 1                      Full conversion                             2 HF 10 eq (1 eq Py), imidazole 20 eq ”       ' OTBDPS           THF 0°C mis'!                           '   ' OH 2.5 gram 1                         Fu|| conversion                                 2

[0457] In contrast to the desilylation reactions carried out with known conditions described above, desilylation with HF / imidazole resulted in the completion of desilylation reaction in 2 hours with less than 0.5% diol and N-2 by-products observed. In addition, only 5 equivalents of HF was needed to achieve full conversion of the starting material, as compared to the 20 equivalents of HF needed with the known desillylation conditions. Example 6. Synthesis of 5'-DMT-GUUUUUGCAA-NO2-Benzoyl through H phosphonate chemistry 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0458] SM 1 (3.78 g) and SM 2 (2.64 g) were dissolved in 20 ml CH3CN. At 0 °C, pyridine 2.4 ml and pivaloyl chloride 0.62 ml were added to the mixture slowly. After stirred at 0 °C for 40 min, 12 / py (0.05 M 40 ml) was added to the mixture. After stirred at 0 °C for 30 min the reaction was quenched by Na2S2O3 / H2O solution and 5'-DMT-GUUUUUGCAA-NO2-Benzoyl was obtained as a light yellow solid. The structure of 5'-DMT-GUUUUUGCAA-NO2-Benzoyl was confirmed by MS (see FIG. 20). Example 7. Evaluation of feasibility of convergent liquid-phase synthesis of ASO 9 analogues with various PO / PS linkages

[0459] HPLC method (A). 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Column: Xbridge Shield RP18 5 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm column. Column temperature: 40°C; Mobile phases: Solution A: lOmM NH4HCO3 water solution Solution B: 100% Acetonitrile Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.01 90.00 10.00  0.80    — 8.00 20.00 80.00  0.80    — 9.00 20.00 80.00  0.80    — 9.01 90.00 10.00  1.20    — 10.00 90.00 10.00 1.20    —

[0460] HPLC method (B). Column: Xbridge C18 3.5 pm, 4.6 mm X 150 mm column. Column temperature: 40°C; Mobile phases: Solution A: lOrnM NH4HCO3 water solution Solution B: 100% Acetonitrile Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.00 50.00 50.00   1.00    — 15.00 0.00 100.00  1.00    — 15.01 50.00 50.00  1.00    — 20.00 50.00 50.00  1.00    —

[0461] HPLC method (C). Column: Xbridge Shield RP18 5 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm column. Column temperature: 40°C; Mobile phases: Solution A: lOrnM NH4HCO3 water solution Solution B: 100% Acetonitrile Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 min %  % mL / min bar 0.01 100.00 0.00  0.80    — 4.50 70.00 30.00  0.80    — 5.30 70.00 30.00  0.80    — 5.31 100.00 0.00  1.20    — 6.00 100.00 0.00  1.20    —

[0462] HPLC-MS method (D). Column: Xbridge Shield RP18 5 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm column. Column temperature: 40°C; Mass range from 100 to 1000; MS polarity: Negative Mobile phases: Solution A: lOmM NH4HCO3 water solution Solution B: 100% Acetonitrile Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min  bar 0.01 95.00 5.00  1.00    — 1.00 5.00 95.00 1.00    — 1.80 0.00 100.00 1.00    — 1.81 95.00 5.00  1.00    — 2.20 95.00 5.00  1.00    —

[0463] HPLC-MS method (E). Column: Luna C18 3.0 pm, 2.0 mm X 30 mm column. Column temperature: 40°C; Mass range from 100 to 2000; MS polarity: Positive Mobile phases: Solution A: 0.037% TFA (v / v) water solution Solution B: 0.018% TFA (v / v) acetonitrile solution. Gradient: Time A  B  Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min bar 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 0.01 95.00 5.00  1.00    — 1.00 5.00 95.00  1.00    — 1.80 0.00 100.00 1.00    — 1.81 95.00 5.00  1.20    — 2.00 95.00 5.00  1.20    —

[0464] HPLC-MS method (F). Column: Xbridge Shield RP18 5 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm column. Column temperature: 40°C; Mass range from 100 to 1000; MS polarity: Positive Mobile phases: Solution A: lOmM NH4HCO3 water solution Solution B: 100% Acetonitrile Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  %  mL / min  bar 0.01 95.00 5.00  1.00    — 1.00 5.00 95.00 1.00    — 1.80 0.00 100.00 1.00    — 1.81 95.00 5.00  1.00    — 2.20 95.00 5.00  1.00    —

[0465] HPLC-MS method (G) for amidite compounds 7-l-6a, 7-3-10a and 7-4-8a. Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 50 mm column. Column temperature: 50°C; Mass range from 500 to 2200; MS polarity: Negative Mobile phases: Solution A: 5mM tributylamine acetate (TBuAA) in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % mL / min bar 0.20 92.50 7.50 0.51    — 9.00 5.00 95.00 0.51    — 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 10.00 5.00 95.00 0.51

[0466] ASO 9 analogues with different numbers of P=O / S linkages were synthesized. Synthetic strategy for accessing ASO 9 analogs A. Preparation of 5’ fragment 1. Preparation of 5’-DMTr-CCGU-OH or 5’-OH-CCGU-TBDPS 4mer (Fragment 4) Synthesis of compound 7-1-2 7-1-1 1. imidazole (5.0 eq), TBDPSCI (1.3 eq) DCM (5V),25°C, 16 h ------------------► 2. dodecane-1-thiol (1.30 eq), TFA (8.0 eq), 0 °C, 1 h 7-1-2

[0467] To a solution of compound 7-1-1 (8.50 g, 13.7 mmol, 1.00 eq) and imidazole (4.68 g, 68.7 mmol, 5.00 eq) in DCM (85 mL) was added TBDPSCI (4.15 g, 15.1 mmol, 3.88 mL, 1.10 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 16 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate = 1: 2, Product: Rf = 0.55) indicated compound 7-1-1 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. Propan-2-ol (825 mg, 13.7 mmol, 1.00 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0468] To the above solution was added dodecane-1-thiol (7.23 g, 35.7 mmol, 8.56 mL, 1.30 eq) cooled to 0 °C, and then TFA (25.0 g, 219 mmol, 16.2 mL, 8.00 eq) was added the reaction mixture at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate = 1:2, Product: Rf = 0.28) indicated that the starting material was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0469] The reaction mixture was quenched by addition NaHCOs (500 mL), and then diluted with DCM (100 mL) and extracted with NaHCOs (200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was dissolved in DCM (600 mL) and loaded in a 1000 mL separation funnel.

[0470] The crude product was dissolved in ACN 100mL and 50 mL DI water, the mixture was extracted by Heptane: TBME = 4: 1 (120 mL x 4). (TLC indicated of the product was clean in the ACN and DI water). The product was in ACN and water. The mixture was extracted by TBME (100 mL) and the organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness as a white solid. Compound 7-2 (14.0 g, 23.4 mmol, 85.1% yield, 92.7% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 3.446 min; LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.371 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 555.3 for compound 7-1-2. Synthesis of compound 7-1-3 MOE G amidite 1.ACN (5 V), 3AMS, 25 °C, 1 h. 2.DCI (1.50 eq), 25 °C, 1 h 7-1-2 3. BuOOH (2.00 eq), 25 °C, 0.5 h

[0471] Compound 7-1-2 (12.0 g, 21.6 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE G amidite (21.7 g, 23.8 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (10 mL x 3) under Argon in a 250 mL singlenecked round bottle, and 3A molecular sieves (3.00 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Argon pressure ACN (60 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (3.83 g, 32.4 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 25 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 15:1, Product: Rf = 0.39) indicated compound 7-1-2 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. HPLC (product: RT = 7.199 min; start material: RT = 5.194 min) indicated compound 2 was consumed completely.

[0472] To the above solution was added BuOOH (3.90 g, 43.2 mmol, 4.15 mL, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (7-1-3, Product: RT = 6.869 min; start material: RT = 7.199 min) indicated the reaction completed. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCO, and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with DCM (100 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. Compound 7-1-3 (32.0 g, 18.9 mmol, 87.6% yield, 82.0% purity) was obtained as a light yellow foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 6.868 min; LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.501, 1.520 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1383.5 for compound 7-1-3. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-1-3a 7-1-3 0 °C, 1 h dodecane-1-thiol (1.30 eq), TFA (8.00 eq), 7-1-3a

[0473] Compound 7-1-3 (25.0 g, 18.0 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (120 mL) Was added dodecane-1-thiol (4.75 g, 23.4 mmol, 5.63 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (16.4 g, 144 mmol, 10.7 mL, 8.00 eq) was added the reaction mixture at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 10: 1, Product: Rf = 0.24) indicated compound 7-1-3 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0474] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, solution (10.0 eq NaHCO, in 300 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with DCM (100 mL) and two layers were 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCOs (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated.

[0475] The mixture was re-dissolved in CH3CN: H2O (2: 1, 70 mL), and the CH3CN / H2O layer was washed by Heptane: MTBE = 4: 1 (100 mL x 4), and then dilute the layer of CH3CN and H2O with EtOAc (100 mL), the organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. Compound 7-l-3a (17.0g, 15.0 mmol, 83.3% yield, 95.8% purity) was obtained as a light yellow foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 6.778 min; LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.322 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1081.4 for compound 7-l-3a. Synthesis of compound 7-1-4 NHBz

[0476] Compound 7-l-3a (17.0 g, 15.7 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE C amidite (15.9 g, 17.2 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (50 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL singlenecked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (4.00 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (85 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (2.78 g, 23.5 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 7.932, 8.001 min; start material: RT = 5.111, 5.169 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0477] To the above solution was added BuOOH (4.05 g, 31.4 mmol, 4.31 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (7-1-4, product: RT = 7.746, 7.832, 7.916 min; start material: RT = 7.932, 8.001 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0478] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCOs and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (100 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. Compound 7-1-4 (33.4 g, 12.7 mmol, 81.3% yield, 73.5% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.746, 7.832, 7.916 min; LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.603 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1917.7 for compound 7-1-4. Synthesis of compound 7-l-4a

[0479] To Compound 7-1-4 (23.0 g, 11.9 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (120 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (3.15 g, 15.5 mmol, 3.73 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (10.9 g, 95.8 mmol, 7.10 mL, 8.00 eq) was added the reaction mixture at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 7: 1, Product: Rf = 0.40) indicated compound 7-1-4 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0480] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, (10.0 eq NaHCCL in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were seperated, the organic layer was washed with aq.NaHCOs (150 mL), brine (150 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. The crude was re-dissolve in DCM (50 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of isopropyl ether (500 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a light-yellow solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 with isopropyl ether (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-l-4a (22.0 g, 11.1 mmol, 93.0% yield, 81.9% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. Compound 7-l-4a (13.0 g, 8.04 mmol, 86.9% yield, 98.3% purity) was obtained as a white foam after HPLC purification. HPLC (Method A): RT= 6.127, 6.193, 6.277 minutes, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.431 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1615.5. Preparation of CCGU 4mer MOE C amidite 1.ACN (5 V), 3A MS, 25 °C, 1 h. 2.DOI ¢1.50 eq), 25°O, 1 h 3. BuOOH (2.00 eq), 25 °C, 0.5 h 7-1-5(CCGU) 7-1-4a

[0481] Compound 7-l-4a (13.0 g, 8.04 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE C amidite (8.17 g, 8.84 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (30 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL singlenecked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (3.50 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (65 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (1.42 g, 12.0 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 8.547 min; starting material: RT = 6.127, 6.193, 6.277 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0482] To the above solution was added BuOOH (2.07 g, 16.0 mmol, 2.20 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (7-5, product: RT = 8.400 min; starting material: RT = 8.547 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0483] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCOs and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 500 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (300 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCOs (200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (50 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of isopropyl ether (600 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a light-yellow solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-1-5 (CCGU) (15.0 g, 5.94 mmol, 73.9% yield, 97.3% purity) was obtained as a yellow solid after HPLC purification. HPLC (Method B): RT= 8.400 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.665 min; m / z: [M+2H]2+ / 2 = 1226.4 Preparation o / DMTr-CCGU-OH (7-1-6)

[0484] To a solution of 7-1-5 (6.00 g, 2.44 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (35 mL) and then pyridine;hydrofluoride (698 mg, 24.4 mmol, 634 uL, 70.0% purity, 10.0 eq) and imidazole (3.33 g, 48.8 mmol, 20.0 eq) in THF (8 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 3 h. TLC (Dichloromethane : Methanol = 10:1, Product: Rf = 10:1) indicated compound 7-1-5 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0485] The reaction mixture was dissolved in the EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated aq.NaHCCE (20 mL x 2), brine (20 mL) and dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (5 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (50 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-1-6 (4.90 g, 2.07 mmol, 84.5% yield, 93.5% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method B): RT = 10.986, 11.182, 11.264 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.502 min; m / z: [M+2H]2+ / 2 = 1107.4. Preparation o / DMTr-CCGU-OH (7-l-6a) 7-1-6 7-l-6a was synthesized from 7-1-6 using similar procedure as described above for the phosphoramidite synthesis. HPLC-MS (Method G): RT = 9.740, 9.843, 9.949 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 1205.8 for compound 7-l-6a. Preparation o / HO-CCGU-OTBDPS (7-1-7) 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 NHBz 7-1 -7(HO-CCGU-OTDPS)

[0486] To a solution of 7-1-5 (6.20 g, 2.52 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (30 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (766 mg, 3.79 mmol, 906 uL, 1.50 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (2.30 g, 20.1 mmol, 1.49 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:l, Product: Rf = 0.35) indicated compound 7-1-5 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC.

[0487] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCOs in 100 mL DI water), and then diluted with EtOAc 50 mL and extracted with aq.NaHCCL 100 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude was redissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (300 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2).

[0488] Compound 7-1-7 (4.86 g, 2.18 mmol, 86.4% yield, 96.6% purity) was obtained as a white solid with HPLC purification. HPLC (Method B): RT = 0.664, 10.794, 10.917 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.431 min; m / z: [M+2H]2+ / 2 = 1075.9. B. Preparation of 3’ fragment 1. General procedure for preparation of 5’-OH-ACCCU-LHPG 5mer (Fragment 1) General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-1 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 7-2-a                                                    7-2-1

[0489] Compound 7-2-a was co-evaporated with toluene (60.0 ml x 3). To a solution of compound 7-2-a (10.0 g, 16.1 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (100 mL) was added N,N-diethylethanamine (8.18 g, 80.8 mmol, 11.2 mL, 5.00 eq) and tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dione (3.24 g, 32.3 mmol, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 4 hr. HPLC indicated compound 7-2-a was consumed completely. The reaction mixture washed with TEAB (0.5 M, 300 ml), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. Compound 7-2-1 (11.0 g, 15.3 mmol, 94.6% yield) was obtained as a brown solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 2.405 min General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-2 7-2-1a 0 7-2-1 ,HBTU, HOBt, DIEA DCM, 0.5 h, 25°C

[0490] To a solution of compound 7-2-la (10.1 g, 10.2 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (300 mL) was added compound 7-2-2 (11.0 g, 14.5 mmol, 1.43 eq, HC1), HBTU (13.1 g, 34.6 mmol, 3.40 eq), HOBt (4.69 g, 34.6 mmol, 3.40 eq) and DIEA (4.48 g, 34.6 mmol, 6.04 mL, 3.40 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 hr . TLC (start material, Rf= 0.38, product, Rf= 0.42) indicated compound 7-2-la was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove solvent. The crude product was triturated with ACN (700 ml) at 25 °C for 15 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-2 (16.0 g, 9.43 mmol, 92.4% yield) was obtained as a brown solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-3 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 dodecane-1 -thiol, TFA DCM, 1 h, 0°C

[0491] To a solution of compound 7-2-2 (16.0 g, 9.43 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (160 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (5.73 g, 28.3 mmol, 6.78 mL, 3.00 eq) and TFA (10.7 g, 94.3 mmol, 6.98 mL, 10.0 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hr. TLC (DCM:MeOH = 10:1, start material, Rf= 0.50, product, Rf= 0.43) indicated compound 7-2-2 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was washed with aq. sat. NaHCOs until pH>7, extracted with Dichloromethane (300 mL ), washed with brine (200 ml), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was triturated with ACN (800 ml) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-3 (11.7 g, 8.39 mmol, 88.9% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-4 MOE C amidite, DCI 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane DCM, ACN, 2h, 25°C C18H37° C18H37O 0 NHBz 7-2-4

[0492] Compound 7-2-3 and MOE C amidite was co-evaporated with (ACN 60.0 ml x 3) and (DCM 20.0 ml x 3). To a solution of compound 7-2-3 (11.7 g, 8.39 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE C amidite (15.4 g, 16.7 mmol, 2.00 eq) was added in DCM (120 mL) and ACN (20 mL), then added 3A MS, the mixture was stirred for 1 h, then added DCI (2.98 g, 20.98 mmol, 2.50 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, then added 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane (3.24 g, 25.1 mmol, 5.04 mL, 5M, 3.00 eq) in 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 25 °C. TLC (DCM : MeOH = 20:1, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.48) indicated compound 7-2-3 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was washed with aqueous NaHCOs and aqueous Na2SOs (200 ml), washed with brine (200 ml), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was triturated with ACN (350 ml) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-4 (17.1 g, 7.33 mmol, 87.2% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-5 NHBz

[0493] To a solution of compound 7-2-4 (17.1 g, 7.33 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (170 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (4.45 g, 21.9 mmol, 5.26 mL, 3.00 eq) and TFA (8.35 g, 73.2 mmol, 5.42 mL, 10.0 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hr. TLC (DCM : MeOH=10:l, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.48) indicated compound 7-2-4 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was washed with aqueous saturated NaHCO, until pH>7, extracted with Dichloromethane (300 mL), washed with brine (200 ml), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was triturated with ACN at 0 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-5 (13.7 g, 6.74 mmol, 92.0% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-6 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 NHBz MOE C amidite, DCI 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane DCM, ACN, 2h, 25°C

[0494] Compound 5 and MOE C amidite was co-evaporated with (ACN 80.0 ml x 3) and (DCM 30.0 ml x 3). To a solution of compound 7-2-5 (13.7 g, 6.74 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE C amidite (12.4 g, 13.4 mmol, 2.00 eq) was added in DCM (80.0 mL) and ACN (20.0 mL), then added 3A molecular sieves, the mixture was stirred for 1 h, then added DCI (2.39 g, 16.8 mmol, 2.50 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, then added 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane (5 M, 4.05 mL, 3.00 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 25°C. TLC (DCM:MeOH = 15:1, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.50) indicated compound 7-2-5 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was triturated with ACN at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-6 (17.0 g, 6.15 mmol, 91.1% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-7 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 dodecane-1 -thiol, TFA DCM, 1 h, 0°C NHBz

[0495] To a solution of compound 7-2-6 (17.0 g, 6.15 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (190 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (3.73 g, 18.4 mmol, 4.42 mL, 3.00 eq) and TFA (7.01 g, 61.4 mmol, 4.55 mL, 10.0 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hr. TLC (DCM : MeOH = 10:1, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.38) indicated compound 7-2-6 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was washed with aq. Saturated NaHCOs until pH>7, extracted with Dichloromethane (300 mL ), washed with brine (200 ml), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was triturated with ACN at 0 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-7 (14.7 g, 5.97 mmol, 97.0% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-8 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 NHBz

[0496] Compound 7-2-7 and MOE C amidite was co-evaporated with (ACN 60.0 ml x 3) and (DCM 20.0 ml x 3). To a solution of compound 7-2-7 (13.0 g, 5.31 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE C amidite (9.80 g, 10.6 mmol, 2.00 eq) was added in DCM (60.0 mL) and ACN (20.0 mL), then added 3A molecular sieves (MS), the mixture was stirred for 1 h, then added DCI (1.89 g, 13.2 mmol, 2.50 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, then added 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane (5 M, 3.19 mL, 3.00 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 25°C. TLC (DCM:MeOH = 15:1, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.48) indicated compound 7-2-7 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was triturated with ACN (800 ml) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-8 (14.4 g, 4.36 mmol, 82.1% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-9 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 dodecane-1 -thiol, TFA DCM, 1 h, 0°C

[0497] To a solution of compound 7-2-8 (14.47 g, 4.39 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (70.0 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (2.66 g, 13.1 mmol, 3.15 mL, 3.00 e^)and TFA (5.00 g, 43.8 mmol, 3.25 mL, 10.0 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hr. TLC (DCM:MeOH = 10:1,start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.38) indicated compound 7-2-8 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was washed with aq. sat. NaHCOs until pH>7, extracted with Dichloromethane (300 mL ), washed with brine (200 ml), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was triturated with ACN (800 ml) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-9 (11.6 g, 3.88 mmol, 88.5% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-2-10 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 MOE A amidite, DCI 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane DCM, ACN, 2h, 25°C

[0498] Compound 7-2-9 and MOE A amidite was co-evaporated with (ACN 60 ml x 3) and (DCM 20 ml x 3). To a solution of compound 7-2-9 (11.6 g, 3.87 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE A amidite (7.21 g, 7.74 mmol, 2.00 eq) was added in DCM (60.0 mL) and ACN (20.0 mL), then added 3A MS, the mixture was stirred for 1 h, then added DCI (1.37 g, 9.67 mmol, 2.50 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, then added 2-hydroperoxy-2-methyl-propane (5 M, 2.32 mL, 3.00 eq) in the mixture, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 25°C. TLC (DCM:MeOH = 15:1, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.47) indicated compound 7-2-9 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was triturated with ACN (800 ml) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-10 (14.0 g, 3.64 mmol, 94.1% yield) was obtained as a white solid. General procedure for preparation of Fragment 1 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 DMTrO. Y A O   O^NHBz O-P=o 1  Y A Y^ ? ° fHBz o-p=o \ X 1     IIA °\   LL X ° / nc^ ? ° rBz o-p=o । YA °\ A ]       N O Y^z o °^o NC.         l          Y O-P=O \ X I YY °\ I A ]       N   O OC18H37     o     5—C / -o _ J. _ I                 H           ।      x /                     dodecane-1-thiol, TFA 18 37 11 N J      O                      DCM, 1h, 0°C Ci 8H37O”'''Xl'''''s'^^ 18 37            H                      7-2-10 ho.      Zl J Vox \  \   / —a O   O^NHBz INC.              I                 I o-p=o \Xhl 1     Y । o.   L X Y°j ° z O   O^NHBz NC.           1              1 o-p=o \X>kl । YA o. LL X X°J ° z NC^ ? °AHBZ o-p=o । YA A o °^o NC.             I               || o-p=o \ X I  IT °\   X AoJ ° / OCi8H37      O                 / O ► c18h37ckA CiaH37O 7-2-11(Fragment 1)

[0499] To a solution of compound 7-2-10 (14.0 g, 3.64 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (70.0 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (2.21 g, 10.9 mmol, 2.62 mL, 3.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (DCM : MeOH = 15:1, start material, Rf= 0.43, product, Rf= 0.39) indicated compound 7-2-10 was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was washed with aq. sat. NaHCOs until pH>7, extracted with Dichloromethane (300 mL ), washed with brine (200 ml), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude product was triturated with ACN (800 ml) at 25 °C for 30 min. Then filtered and washed with ACN (100 ml x 2). Compound 7-2-10 (Fragment 1) (10.0 g, 2.82 mmol, 77.5% yield) was obtained as a white solid. 7-2-10 (Fragment 1) was characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry after deprotecting LHPG group using ammonolysis. HPLC (Method C): RT = 2.11 min and LCMS (Method D): RT = 0.219 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 916.6. 2.    General procedure for preparation of 5’-Deoxy-TTACC 5mer or 5’-DMTr- TTACC-OH or 5’-OH-TTACC-TBDPS 5mer (Fragment 2) General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-2 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 OTBDPS NHBz                                            NHBz N 1. TBDPSCI (1.3 eq), imid (5.0 eq), U _______PCM (5 V), 25 °C, 16 h__________ 2. dodecane-1-thiol (1.30 eq), TFA (8.0 eq) 0°C, 1 h 7-3-1                                                          7-3-2

[0500] To a solution of compound 7-3-1 (40.0 g, 61.7 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (200 mL) was added imidazole (21.0 g, 308 mmol, 5.00 eq). The mixture was light yellow homogenous solution. TBDPSCI (22.0 g, 80.2 mmol, 20.6 mL, 1.30 eq) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 16 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate = 2: 1, Product: Rf = 0.46) indicated compound 7-3-1 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0501] Propan-2-ol (4.73 mL, 1.00 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0.5 h. The above mixture was cooled to 0 °C in ice water bath. Dodecane-1-thiol (16.2 g, 80.2 mmol, 19.2 mL, 1.30 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min. TFA (56.3 g, 494 mmol, 36.5 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate = 2:1, Rf = 0.24) indicated starting material was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCOs in 500 mL DI water), and then diluted with DCM 100 mL and extracted with aq. NaHCOs 200 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0502] The crude product was dissolved in DCM 100 mL, to the solvent mixture of Heptane / TBME (v / v 9:1, 1200 mL) was slowly dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 30 min. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (100 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound 7-3-2 (34.8 g, 56.1 mmol, 91.0% yield, 94.2% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.136 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.570 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 584.2. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-3 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0503] To a solution of compound 7-3-2 (13.0 g, 22.2 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dC amidite (20.7 g, 24.5 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (100 mL x3) under Ar in a 250 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3A molecular sieve (3.00 g) was added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN / DCM=1:1 (100 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (3.94 g, 33.4 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 6.207 min; start material: RT = 7.136 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0504] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (5.73 g, 44.5 mmol, 6.10 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (7-3-3, product: RT = 9.028 min; start material: RT = 6.027 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCO, and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. Compound 7-3-3 (33.0 g, 22.0 mmol, 98.7% yield, 89.7% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 5.518 min, and LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.787 min; m / z: [M-H]’ = 1344.6. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-4 7-3-3 dodecane-1-thiol (1.30 eq), TFA(8.00 eq), 0 °C, 1 h 7-3-4

[0505] Compound 7-3-3 (24.0 g, 17.8 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (120 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (4.69 g, 23.1 mmol, 5.55 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (16.2 g, 142 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 mmol, 10.5 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 10: 1, Product: Rf = 0.55) indicated compound 7-3-3 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, (10.0 eq NaHCO, in 300 mL DI water), and then diluted with EtOAc 100 mL and extracted with aq.NaHCCL 100 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The mixture was re-dissolved in CH3CN:H2O (2:1, 100 mL), and the CH3CN / H2O layer was washed by Heptane : tBuOMe = 4:1 (200 mL x 4), and then dilute the layer of CH3CN and H2O with EtOAc / MTBE (1 / 3, 120 mL). The organic layer was washed with DI water (100 mL) the organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. Compound 7-3-4 (16.4 g, 14.3 mmol, 80.4% yield, 91.2% purity) was obtained as a white solid. The crude product was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (pH = 7 condition). Compound 7-3-4 (14.7 g, 13.4 mmol, 87.4% yield, 95.2% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.344 min, and LCMS (Method E): RT = 1.451 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1044.7. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-5

[0506] A solution of compound 7-3-4 (14.7 g, 14.0 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dA amidite (13.2 g, 15.4 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (100 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (4.00 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (75 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (2.49 g, 21.1 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 7.344 min; start material: RT =8.501 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0507] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (3.62 g, 28.1 mmol, 3.86 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (7-3-5, product: RT = 8.232 min; start material: RT = 8.501 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCOs and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 500 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated.

[0508] The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (1000 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-3-5 (30.0 g, 13.4 mmol, 95.7% yield, 81.6% purity) was obtained as a white solid. The crude product was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (pH=7 condition). Compound 7-3-5 (24.0 g, 13.0 mmol, 96.9% yield, 98.8% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 8.233 min.; LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.622 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 906.8. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-6

[0509] To a solution of compound 7-3-5 (18.3 g, 10.0 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (90 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (2.65 g, 13.0 mmol, 3.14 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (9.19 g, 80.5 mmol, 5.97 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (DCM: MeOH = 10:1, Product: Rf = 0.43) indicated compound 7-3-5 was consumed completely and two spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC.

[0510] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, (10.0 eq NaHCO, in 300 mL DI water), and then diluted with EtOAc 100 mL and extracted with aq. NaHCO, 100 mL. The 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The crude was redissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (1000 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether Heptane (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-3-6 (14.3 g, 9.34 mmol, 92.7% yield, 98.8% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.008 min.; LCMS (Method E): RT = 1.444 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1514.8. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-7 7-3-6                                                                           7-3-7

[0511] Compound 7-3-6 (14.3 g, 9.44 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dT amidite (7.73 g, 10.3 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (50 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (4.00 g) was added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (75 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (1.67 g, 14.1 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (Product: RT = 8.061 min; start material: RT = 7.008 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0512] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (2.43 g, 18.8 mmol, 2.59 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (7-3-7, product: RT = 7.856 min; start material: RT = 8.061 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCO, and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 400 mL DI water), 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCOs (200 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated.

[0513] Compound 7-3-7 (21.9 g, 8.78 mmol, 93.0% yield, 87.1% purity) was obtained as a white solid. The crude product was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (pH=7 condition). Compound 7-3-7(19.0 g, 8.57 mmol, 97.6% yield, 98.0% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.848 min; LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.569 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 1085.5. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-3-8 dodecane-1-thiol (1.30 eq), TFA (8.00 eq), 0 °C, 1 h 7-3-8

[0514] To a solution of compound 7-3-7 (14.0 g, 6.44 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (70 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (1.69 g, 8.37 mmol, 2.01 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (5.87 g, 51.5 mmol, 3.81 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Methanol: Dichloromethane = 10: 1, Product: Rf = 0.41) indicated compound 7-3-7 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCCL in 300 mL Deionized (DI) water), and then diluted with EtOAc 100 mL and extracted with aq. NaHCOs 100 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0515] The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (1000 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-3-8 (11.5 g, 6.00 mmol, 93.1% yield, 97.6% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 6.705 min. General procedure for preparation of deoxy-TTACC 5mer 7-3-9 7-3-8 7-3-9 (TTACC)

[0516] To a solution of compound 7-3-8 (11.5 g, 6.14 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dT amidite (5.03 g, 6.76 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (50 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (4.00 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (75 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (1.67 g, 14.1 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT =7.730 min; start material: RT =6.705 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0517] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (1.58 g, 12.2 mmol, 1.68 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 7.517 min; start material: RT = 7.730 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCCL and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 500 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0518] The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (800 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). LCMS: product: RT = 1.443 min. The crude product was purified by re versed-phase HPLC (pH=7 condition). 7-3-9 (deoxy-TTACC 5mer) (14.3 g, 5.47 mmol, 89.3% yield, 96.8% purity) was obtained as a light yellow solid. HPLC (Method B): RT = 11.993, 12.120, 12.240 min; LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.443 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 1263.7. General procedure for preparation of DMTr-TTACC-OH 7-3-10 7-3-10 (DMTr-TTACC-OH)

[0519] To a solution of compound 7-3-9 (7.20 g, 2.84 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (35 mL) and then pyridine; hydrofluoride (813 mg, 28.4 mmol, 739 uL, 70.0% purity, 10.0 eq) and imidazole (3.87 g, 56.8 mmol, 20.0 eq) in THF (12 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 3 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 10:1, Purity: Rf = 0.30) indicated compound 7-3-9 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0520] The reaction mixture was dissolved in the EtOAc (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat. aq. NaHCOs (100 mL x 2), brine (100 mL) and dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (5 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (300 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-3-10 DMTr-TTACC-OH (6.00 g, 2.33 mmol, 82.0% yield, 89.1% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method B): RT= 6.449, 6.591 min.; LCMS (Method F): RT= 1.312 min; m / z: [M+2H]2+ / 2 = 1147.4. Preparation of compound 7-3-10a o '""'rf'NH DMTrO.       [1 L o      9 NC.            1              JI °-p-° V^nh °\ Li k O < < >    N O NC. / X 1 —O-P=O \ 1                                              1 °\   L T^o- o NC.          1 o-p=o 1 °\ < o 'Yi'NH DMTrO.       [1 L ° o      9 NC. / X 1     . U °-P-° ^[|'NH °\ L k N ° q            NHBz NC ^--^0-1==0 n^Xn A < X J NHBz                                        > X X                                        6      NHBz N             nL   K * 1 *•                   Nc^ ZX 1         X Phosphitylation                       o-p=o *              L JL NHBz                                            ] Q N^O 1 X                           y_z I Jx                                                O       NHBz N O                                               NC. ^-x   1          J -J                                             o-p=o y                                                             । h Y °\  X Jx NHBz                                                ] Q N'^O X / X                                              o   I N                                                                                                              1 NC. / X zP\ Xx 7                                     — O N DH 7-3-10                                                                         7-3-10a 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0521] Compound 7-3-10a was synthesized from 7-3-10 using similar procedure as described above for the phosphoramidite synthesis. HPLC-MS (Mothod G): RT = 8.174, 8.251, 8.420, 8.494 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 1245.4 for compound 7-3-10a. Preparation of HO-TTACC-OTBDPS 7-3-11 7-3-11 (HO-TTACC-TBDPS)

[0522] To a solution of compound 7-3-9 (6.60 g, 2.61 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (35 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (791 mg, 3.91 mmol, 936 uL, 1.50 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (2.38 g, 20.8 mmol, 1.54 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (DCM : MeOH=10:l, Product: Rf = 0.35) indicated compound 7-3-9 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCOs in 100 mL DI water), and then diluted with EtOAc 50 mL and extracted with aq.NaHCCL 100 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0523] The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (300 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-3-11 (HO-TTACC-OTBDPS) (5.35 g, 2.37 mmol, 90.7% yield, 98.6% purity) was obtained as a white solid. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 HPLC (Method B): RT = 9.508, 9.650 min.; LCMS (Method D):RT=1.444 min; m / z: [M-2H]272 = 1113.3. 3.    General procedure for preparation of 5’-UTTC 4mer or 5’-DMTr-UTTC-OH or 5’-OH-UTTC-TBDPS 4mer (Fragment 3) General procedure for preparation of compound 7-4-2 1. imid (5.0 eq), TBDPSCI (1.3 eq) PCM (5 V), 25°C, 16 h 2. dodecane-1 -thiol (1.30 eq), TFA(8.0eq), 0 °C, 1 h 7-4-1 NHBz OTBDPS 7-4-2

[0524] To a solution of compound 7-4-1 (40.0 g, 61.7 mmol, 1.00 eq) in DCM (200 mL) was added imidazole (21.0 g, 308 mmol, 5.00 eq). The mixture was light yellow homogenous solution. TBDPSCI (22.0 g, 80.2 mmol, 20.6 mL, 1.30 eq) was added. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 16 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate = 2: 1, Product: Rf = 0.46) indicated compound 7-4-1 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC.

[0525] Propan-2-ol (4.73 mL, 1.00 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0.5 h. The above mixture was cooled to 0 °C in ice water bath. Dodecane-1-thiol (16.2 g, 80.2 mmol, 19.2 mL, 1.30 eq) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 15 min. TFA (56.3 g, 494 mmol, 36.5 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate = 2:1, Rf = 0.24) indicated the starting mixture was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCOs in 500 mL DI water), and then diluted with DCM 100 mL and extracted with aq.NaHCCL 200 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0526] The crude product was dissolved in DCM 100 mL, to the solvent mixture of Heptane / TBME (v / v 9:1, 1200 mL) was slowly dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 0.5 h. The pure product was collected as a white solid with Buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (100 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound 7-4-2 (34.8 g, 56.1 mmol, 91.0% yield, 94.2% purity) was obtained as a white solid. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.136 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.570 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 584.2 General procedure for preparation of compound 7-4-3 o OTBDPS 7-4-2                                                                        7-4-3

[0527] Compound 7-4-2 (15.0 g, 25.7 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dT amidite (21.0 g, 28.2 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN / DCM (1 / 1, 100 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL singlenecked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (6.50 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (60 mL) and DCM (60 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (4.55 g, 38.5 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 8.233 min) indicated compound 74-2 was consumed completely.

[0528] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (6.62 g, 51.3 mmol, 7.04 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (product: RT = 7.764, 7.826 min) indicated the reaction completed. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, and Na2SO3 solution (10.0 eq NaHCO, and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with DCM (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated.

[0529] Compound 7-4-3 (36.0 g, 24.9 mmol, 97.1% yield, 86.2% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC: product: RT = 7.764, 7.826 min.; LCMS: compound 7-4-3, RT = 1.602 min. The crude compound 3 was used for the next step.

[0530] Compound 7-4-3 (10.0 g, 6.93 mmol, 86.2% purity) was purified by reversed-phase MPLC (pH = 7 condition MeCN / water). Compound 7-4-3 (8.00 g, 6.19 mmol, 89.2% yield, 96.1% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.792, 7.845 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.602 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1243.4. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-4-4 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 7-4-3 dodecane-1 -thiol (1.30 eq), TFA (8.00 eq), 0 °C, 1 h OTBDPS 7-4-4

[0531] To a solution of compound 7-4-3 (26.0 g, 20.9 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (120 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (5.50 g, 27.18 mmol, 6.51 mL, 1.30 eq) cooled to 0 °C, and then TFA (19.0 g, 167 mmol, 12.3 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 10: 1, Product: Rf = 0.46) indicated compound 7-4-3 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCO, solution (10.0 eq NaHCO, in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (300 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0532] The mixture was re-dissolved in CH3CN:H2O (2:1, 100 mL), and the CH3CN / H2O layer was washed by Heptane: tBuOMe = 4: 1 (200 mL x 4), and then dilute the layer of CH3CN and H2O with EtOAc / MTBE (1 / 3, 120 mL). The organic layer was washed with DI water (100 mL) the organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. Compound 7-4-4 (17.0 g, 16.7 mmol, 80.0% yield, 92.6% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 5.977 min, and LCMS (Method E): RT = 1.241 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 941.5. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-4-5 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 OTBDPS 7-4-4 dT amidite 1.ACN (5 V), 3A MS, 25 °C, 1 h. 2.DCI (1.50 eq), 25°C, 1 h 3. BuOOH (2.00 eq), 25 °C, 0.5 h O OTBDPS 7-4-5

[0533] Compound 7-4-4 (17.0 g, 18.0 mmol, 1.00 eq) and dT amidite (14.8 g, 19.8 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (100 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL single-necked round bottle, and 3 A molecular sieve (4.50 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (85 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (3.20 g, 27.1 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (product: RT = 7.451 min; start material: RT = 5.977 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0534] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (4.65 g, 36.1 mmol, 4.95 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (product: RT = 7.810 min; start material: RT = 7.451 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs and Na2SOs solution (10.0 eq NaHCOs and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 400 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCO, (200 mL), brine (100 mL), dried filtered and concentrated. Compound 7-4-5 (34.0 g, 17.2 mmol, 95.2% yield, 81.0% purity) was obtained as a white foam.

[0535] Compound 7-4-5 (24.0 g, 15.0 mmol, 81.0% purity) was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (pH = 7 condition; MeCN / water). Compound 7-4-5 (17.8 g, 11.1 mmol, 89.7% yield, 98.2% purity) was obtained as a white foam. HPLC (Method A): RT = 7.179 min, and LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.530 min; m / z: [M-H]’ = 1599.6. General procedure for preparation of compound 7-4-6 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 OTBDPS 7-4-5 7-4-6

[0536] To a solution of compound 7-4-5 (12.6 g, 7.87 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (65 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (2.07 g, 10.2 mmol, 2.45 mL, 1.30 eq) at 0 °C, and then TFA (7.18 g, 62.9 mmol, 4.66 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 10: 1, Product: Rf = 0.36) indicated compound 7-4-5 was consumed completely and one new spot formed. The reaction was clean according to TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCOs in 200 mL DI water), and then diluted with EtOAc 100 mL and extracted with aq.NaHCCL 100 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0537] The crude product was dissolved in DCM 100 mL, to the solvent mixture of Heptane / TBME (v / v 9:1, 500 mL) was slowly dropped the solution of crude product from funnel to performance the precipitation process. This process took about 0.5 h. The pure product was collected as a white solid with buchner funnel, the cake of product was washed with the solvent mixture of Heptane (100 mL x 2) and concentrated to dry. Compound 7-4-6 (11.0 g, 7.75 mmol, 98.4% yield, 91.4% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method A): RT = 5.661 min, and LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.365 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1298.4. General procedure for preparation of UTTC 4mer 7-4-7 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 OTBDPS MOE T amidite 1.ACN (5 V), 3A MS, 25 °C, 1 h. 2.DCI (1.50 eq), 25°C, 1 h 3. BuOOH (2.00 eq), 25 °C, 0.5 h 7-4-6 7-4-7 (UTTC)

[0538] Compound 7-4-6 (11.0 g, 8.47 mmol, 1.00 eq) and MOE T amidite (7.63 g, 9.32 mmol, 1.10 eq) were co-evaporated with ACN (100 mL x 3) under Ar in a 250 mL singlenecked round bottle, and 3A molecular sieve (3.00 g) were added to the single-necked bottle, under Ar pressure ACN (55 mL) was added. The mixture was stir at 25 °C for 1 h, and then DCI (1.50 g, 12.7 mmol, 1.50 eq) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. HPLC (Product: RT = 7.056, 7.180 min; start material: RT = 5.661 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely.

[0539] After the coupling reaction finished, to the above solution was added BuOOH (2.18 g, 16.9 mmol, 2.32 mL, 70.0% purity, 2.00 eq). The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. HPLC (product: RT = 6.897, 6.961 min; start material: RT =7.056, 7.180 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs and Na2SOs solution (10.0 eq NaHCOs and 5.00 eq Na2SO3 in 500 mL DI water), and then dilute the mixture with EtOAc (200 mL) and two layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with NaHCOs (200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried filtered and concentrated.

[0540] The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (50 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (600 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). The crude solid was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (pH = 7 condition; MeCN / water). Compound 7-4-7 (UTTC 4mer) (14.5 g, 7.06 mmol, 83.3% yield, 98.9% purity) was obtained as a white solid. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 HPLC (Method B): RT = 10.638, 10.822 min, and LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.396 min; m / z: [M-H]’= 1014.3. General procedure for preparation of 7-4-8 (DMTr-UTTC-OH)

[0541] To a solution of 7-4-7 (6.60 g, 3.25 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (35 mL) and then pyridine; hydrofluoride (928 mg, 32.4 mmol, 844 uL, 70.0% purity, 10.0 eq) and imidazole (4.42 g, 64.9 mmol, 20.0 eq) in THF (8 mL) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 3 h. TLC (Dichloromethane: Methanol = 10:1, Product: Rf = 0.33) indicated compound 7-4-7 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC.

[0542] The reaction mixture was dissolved in the EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat.aq.NaHCCL (50 mL x 2), brine (20 mL) and dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude was redissolve in DCM (5 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (300 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-4-8 (DMTr-UTTC-OH) (5.57 g, 2.90 mmol, 89.3% yield, 93.4% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method B): RT = 4.461, 4.761 min, and LCMS (Method D): RT = 1.237 min; m / z: [M-H]’= 1791.5. General procedure for preparation o / 7-4-8a (Fragment 3) 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 7-4-8a

[0543] Compound 7-4-8a was synthesized from 7-4-8 using similar procedure as described above for the phosphoramidite synthesis. HPLC-MS (Method G): RT = 7.335, 7.446, 7.583, 7.637 min; m / z: [M-H]' = 1991.6 for compound 7-4-8a. General procedure for preparation of 7-4-9 (HO-UTTC-OTBDPS) 7-4-9 (HO-UTTC-OTBDPS)

[0544] To a solution of 7-4-7 (6.00 g, 2.95 mmol, 1.00 eq) in ACN (30 mL) was added dodecane-1-thiol (896 mg, 4.43 mmol, 1.06 mL, 1.50 eq) and then TFA (2.69 g, 23.6 mmol, 1.75 mL, 8.00 eq) was added dropwise at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. TLC (DCM: MeOH = 10:1, Product: Rf = 0.35) indicated 7-4-7 was consumed completely and two new spots formed. The reaction was messy according to TLC. 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0545] The reaction mixture was poured into the NaHCOs (10.0 eq NaHCO3 in 100 mL DI water), and then diluted with EtOAc 50 mL and extracted with aq.NaHCO3 100 mL. The combined organic layers were washed with brine 200 mL (100 mL x 2), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue.

[0546] The crude was re-dissolved in DCM (80 mL). The crude solvent was slowly dropped to a solvent of MTBE (300 mL). Desired product was precipitated out. The product was collected as a white solid after filtration, and the solid cake was washed with isopropyl ether MTBE (50 mL x 2). Compound 7-4-9 (HO-UTTC-OTBDPS) (4.97 g, 2.86 mmol, 96.6% yield, and 99.3% purity) was obtained as a white solid. HPLC (Method B): RT = 6.895 min.; LCMS (Method F): RT = 1.323 min; m / z: [M+H]+ = 1729.6. C. Convergent Synthesis of Target Oligonucleotide ASO 9-1

[0547] HPLC-MS method for synthesis of ASO 9-1 & 9-2 and their intermediates 7a-e. Column: ACQUITY UPLC Oligonucleotide BEH C18 Column, 130A, 1.7 pm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm; Column temperature: 35°C; Mass range from 200 to 2300; MS polarity: Negative Mobile phases: Solution A: 5mM tributylamine acetate (TBuAA) in 10% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA; Solution B: 5mM TBuAA in 80% CH3CN, 1 pm EDTA Gradient: Time A B Flow Pressure min %  % rnL / min  bar 0.50 75.00 25.00 0.51    — 5.00 50.00 50.00 0.51    — 18.00 20.00 80.00  0.51    — 19.00 75.00 25.00  0.51    — 20.00 75.00 25.00  0.51    —

[0548] ASO 9-1 was synthesized using the convergent synthesis procedure similar to the above disclosed method for ASO 9 synthesis General procedure for preparation of compound 7-a 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 1. DCI, DCM. CH3CN

[0549] Fragment 1 and 2 were coupled to synthesize 7-a using the similar procedure as disclosed above. 7-a was characterized by HPLC and mass spectrometry after deprotecting LHPG group using ammonolysis; HPLC-MS: RT = 7.247 min and m / z = 1831.5 (see FIG. 21). General procedure for preparation of compound 7-b 7-a dodecane-1-thiol, TFA, DCM, 1 h, 0°C 7-b

[0550] Compound 7-b was synthesized from 7-a using the above-disclosed detritylation method. 7-b was characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry after deprotecting LHPG group using ammonolysis HPLC-MS: RT = 6.250 min and m / z = 1680.4 (see FIG. 22) General procedure for preparation of compound 7-c

[0551] Fragment 3 and 7-b were coupled to synthesize 7-c using the similar procedure as disclosed above. 7-c was characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry after deprotecting LHPG group using ammonolysis HPLC-MS: RT = 7.627 min and m / z = 1650.6 (see FIG. 23) General procedure for preparation of compound 7-d DCM, 1 h, 0°C 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0552] Compound 7-d was synthesized from 7-c using the above-disclosed detritylation method. 7-d was characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry after deprotecting LHPG group using ammonolysis; HPLC-MS: RT = 7.801 min and m / z = 1549.9 (see FIG. 24). General procedure for preparation of compound ASO-9-1 Coupling followed by ammonolysis DMTO ASO-9-1

[0553] ASO-9-1 was synthesized by coupling fragment 7-d and fragment 4 using similar procedure as disclosed for the synthesis of ASO 9. ASO-9-1 was confirmed by HPLC-MS: RT = 10.224 min and m / z: = 2168.0 (see FIG. 25). D. Convergent Synthesis of Target Oligonucleotide ASO-9-2 ASO-9-2

[0554] ASO 9-2 was synthesized using the convergent synthesis procedure similar to the above disclosed method for ASO 9 and ASO-9-1 synthesis. Coupling followed by DMT deprotection

[0555] Compound 7-e was synthesized by coupling fragment 5-4 and fragment 7-b using the above-disclosed coupling procedure followed by the above-disclosed detritylation method. 7-e was characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry after deprotecting LHPG group using ammonolysis; HPLC-MS: RT = 7.773 min and m / z = 1570.9 (see FIG. 26) General procedure for preparation of compound ASO-9-2 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Coupling followed by ammonolysis ASO-9-2 was synthesized by coupling fragment 7-e and fragment 4 using similar procedure as disclosed for the synthesis of ASO 9 and ASO-9-1. ASO-9-2 was confirmed by HPLC-MS:RT = 9.917 min and m / z: = 2189.4 (see FIG. 27). Example 8. Synthesis of stereospecific oligonucleotides using PSI Chemistry

[0556] For the Prep-HPLC method described below, mobile phase solvents are described in the format of [A-B], in which A refers to mobile phase A and B refers to mobile phase B. For example, mobile phase [TEAB(10mM)-ACN] means that 10 mM TEAB was used as mobile phase A and HPLC grade acetonitrile was used as mobile phase B.

[0557] The following analytical methods were used for the synthese of compounds and oligonucleotides described in Example 8.

[0558] HPLC method: Method name: 10-80HPLC-CD-10min Instrument: Shimadzu LC-20AD Column: XBridge Shield RP18 2.1*50mm, 5um Column temperature: 40 °C Mobile phase A(MPA) H2O+10 mM NH4HCO3 Mobile phase B(MPB) HPLC grade acetonitrile Flow rate: 0.8 mL / min(0.01-9 min),1.2mL / min(9.01 -10 min) Gradient Ratio: Time(min) 0.01 8 9 9.01 10 MPA(%) 90 20 20 90 90 MPB(%) 10 80 80 10 10 Detection: Diode array (DAD) 220 nm, 215 nm, 254 nm

[0559] LC-MC method: Method name: 5-95CD-MS2000_2min Instrument: Shimadzu LC-20AD&MS 2020 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Column: Xbridge Shield RP18 2.1*50mm, 5um Column temperature: 40°C Mobile phase A(MPA) H2O+10mM NH4HCO3 Mobile phase B(MPB) Acetonitrile Flow rate: 1.0 mL / min Gradient Ratio: Time(min) 0.01 1.00 1.80 1.81 2.2 MPA(%) 95 5 0 95 95 MPB(%) 5 95 100 5 5 Detection: 220 nm, 254nm STOP time: 2.2 min MS Mode: Positive MS Range: 100-2000 1.1 Linear synthesis of dTdAdCdC Fragment 8.8 dU-PSI DMTrO ^“OTBDPS DBU, CH3CN, 25°C, 0.5 h T A C C 8.9 DCA, DCM, 25°C, 1 h OTBDPS ----------------' 8A Preparation of compound 8.2

[0560] Compound dC (10 g, 15.44 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (10 mLx2 ).To a solution of Compound dC (10 g, 15.44 mmol, 1 eq) and PSI reagent, compound 8.1, (8.96 g, 20.07 mmol, 1.3 eq) in ACN (60 mL) was added DBU (3.06 g, 20.07 mmol, 3.03 mL, 1.3 eq) at 0 °C under N2. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. TLC (Petroleum ether / Ethyl 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 acetate=2:l, Rf = 0.54) indicated Compound dC was consumed completely. The mixture was filtered through a short pad of silica gel, then the silica gel was washed with EA (60 mLx2). The organic phase was washed with sat.KH2PO4 (30 mL), sat. NaHCOs (30mL), brine (30 mLx2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuum. The crude product was purified by chromatography (SiO2, Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate=50 / l to 1 / 1). Compound 8.2 (7.3 g, 8.00 mmol, 51.83% yield, 98% purity) was obtained as a white solid. IPC (in process control): TLC (Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate= 2:1, product (Rf) = 0.54) HPLC shows RT = 8.666. Preparation of compound 8.4

[0561] Compound 8.3 (4 g, 6.85 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (10 mLx2). Compound 8.3 (3.5 g, 6.00 mmol, 1 eq) in ACN (24 mL) was added Molecular Sieve 3A (1 g, 1.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then Compound 8.2 (5.90 g, 6.60 mmol, 1.1 eq) and DBU (2.74 g, 17.99 mmol, 2.71 mL, 3 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5h. LCMS (product: RT = 1.469 min) indicated Compound 8.2 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL), 20% citric acid (10 mL). The organic phase was washed with H2O (10 mL), sat. NaHCOs (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was used without purification. Compound 8.4 [(m / z-H+)=1307.6, 9.48 g, crude] was obtained as a yellow solid.

[0562] Stereoselectivity of Compound 8.4 was tested by superfluid chromatograph (SFC) (described below). Compound 8.4 was demonstrated a single peak at RT = 2.30 min (see FIG. 28). No other peaks are detected. The stereoselectivity is >99.5%. SFC method: Instrument: CAS-TJ-ANA-SFC-1 (Waters SFC-MS) Column: chiralcel OD-3, 4.6* 100mm, 3um Mobile phase: A for SFC CO2 and B for EtOH (0.05%IPAm) Gradient: B is 40% in 10 minutes Flow rate: 4.0mL / min Column temperature: 35°C Wavelength: 220 nm System Back Pressure: 100 bar

[0563] For comparison, a racemic sample was synthesized by amidite chemistry as standard with 2 retention times: 2.79 min and 4.33 min (see FIG. 29). 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 1.DBU, CH3CN, 25°C, 0.5 h 2.C12H25SH, TFA, 0°C, 1 h TBDPSO tBu-NH2 ACN, 25°C, 1 h TBDPSO Preparation of compound 8.5

[0564] To a solution of Compound 8.4 (7.85 g, 5.99 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (55 mL) was added 2,2-dichloroacetic acid (5.18 g, 40.18 mmol, 3.3 mL, 6.70 eq) at 25°C under N2. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. LCMS (product: RT = 1.352 min) indicated Compound 8.4 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with TEAB (10 mL), DCM (10 mL). The organic phase was washed with H2O (10 mL), sat. NaHCO3(10 mL), brine (10 mLx2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuum. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (neutral condition) (column: YMC-Triart Prep C18 250*50mm*10um; mobile phase: [TEAB(10mM)-ACN]; B%: 45%-65%, 22min). Compound 8.5 (3.8 g, 3.70 mmol, 61.68% yield, 98% purity) was obtained as a white solid. MS (m-H+) / z =1005.4, Preparation of compound 8.7

[0565] Compound 8.5 (3.5 g, 3.48 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (10 mLx2). Compound 8.5 (3.5 g, 3.48 mmol, 1 eq) in ACN (25 mL) was added Molecular Sieve 3A (0.5 g, 3.48 mmol, 1.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then Compound 8.6 (4.71 g, 5.21 mmol, 1.5 eq) and DBU (1.59 g, 10.43 mmol, 1.57 rnL, 3 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. LCMS (product: RT = 1.314 min, (m-H+) / z = 1740.4) indicated Compound 8.5 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with DCM (10 mL), 20% citric acid (10 mLx2). The organic phase was washed with H2O (10 rnL), NaHCOs (10 rnL), brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by prep-HPLC (Instrument: Shimadzu 20AP; column: YMC-Actus Triart C18 150*30mm*5um; mobile phase: [TEAB (10mM)-ACN]; B%: 20%-60%, 12 min). Compound 8.7 (2.7g, 53.79% yield, 97% purity) was obtained as a yellow solid. Preparation of compound 8.9 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0566] Compound 8.7 (1 g, 694.20 umol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (5 mLX2).Compound 8.7 (1 g, 694.20 umol, 1 eq) in ACN (7 mL) was added Molecular Sieve 3 A (0.5 g, 208.26 umol, 1.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then Compound 8.8 (1.10 g, 1.39 mmol, 2 eq) and DBU (317.06 mg, 2.08 mmol, 313.92 uL, 3 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. LCMS (product: RT = 1.254 min) indicated Compound 8.7 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with DCM (30 mL), pH=3 citric acid (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with H2O (20 mL), TEAB (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was used without purification. Compound 8.9 was obtained as a yellow solid ( MS (m-2H+) / z=807.3, 2.1 g, 75.49% LCMS purity). Preparation of compound 8A

[0567] To a solution of Compound 8.9 (1.43 g, 693.12 umol, 1 eq) in DCM (12 mL) was added 2,2-dichloroacetic acid (1.13 g, 8.77 mmol, 720.00 uL, 12.65 eq) at 25°C under N2. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 1 h. LCMS (product: RT = 1.168 min) showed the starting material was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with TEAB (15 mL), DCM (25 mL). The organic phase was washed with H2O (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuum. The crude product was purified by prep-HPLC (neutral condition) (column: YMC-Actus Triart C18 150*30mm*5um; mobile phase: [TEAB(10mM)-ACN]; B%: 10%-40%,10min. Compound 8A [(m-2H+) / z=879.6, 522 mg, 41.0% yield for two steps, 97.6% purity) was obtained as a white solid and characterized by HPLC and MS (see FIG. 30). 1.1.1 Coupling conditions during TACC tetramer synthesis: :

[0568] Based on the IPC after coupling reaction, the conversion of coupling steps went completion. The summarized coupling step conditions at different stages and the HPLC purities were as follows: Coupling Stage Equivalent of PSLamidite Equivalent of DBU Reaction time (h) Reaction Temp (°C) Yield (%) Purity (%) Dimer 1.1 3.0 0.5 25 61.68 98 Trimer 1.5 3.0 0.5 25 53.79 97 Tetramer 1.5 3.0 0.5 25 41.00 98 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0569] In conclusion, a tetramer oligonucleotide was synthesized using liquid phase linear elongation method with PSI-reagent. Detritylation with DCAcaused a de-prunination of adenosine. De-tritylation of trimer was achieved by acidic work-up step using 20% citric acid. Coupling efficiency decreases as the oligonucleotide grows longer. Additional equivalent of PSI-amidite and DBU are necessary at later stage of the coupling. The presence of benzyl and isobutyryl protecting group are not disturbed under the coupling conditions, especially under the treatment of DBU. 1.2 Linear elongation of MOE-Fragment DMTO-AGUCU-OH by using PSI chemistry

[0570] The synthesis of MOE-oligo by using PSI reagent is not reported. PSI chemistry was applied on the coupling reaction of 2’ MOE nucleoside, and a liquid phase synthesis process for the elongation of 2’ MOE oligo 8B was developed. DMTO OH 8B 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 8.2.8 TBAF, THF, 25°C, 24 h OH A G U C U 8B Synthesis of compound 8.2.2

[0571] To a solution of Compound 8.2.1 (5.00 g, 6.93 mmol, 1 eq) and PSI reagent (4.02 g, 9.01 mmol, 1.3 eq) in ACN (35 mL) was added DBU (1.37 g, 9.01 mmol, 1.36 mL, 1.3 eq) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. TLC (Petroleum ether: Ethyl acetate=0:1, Rf =0.82) indicated Reactant 8.2.1 was consumed completely. The mixture was filtered through a short pad of silica gel, then the silica gel was washed with EA (80 mL x 2). The filtered was washed with sat.KH2P04(100 mL), sat. NaHCOs (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO2, Petroleum ether / Ethyl acetate=30 / l to 0 / 1). Compound 8.2.2 [(m-H+) / z =966.4, 5.5 g, 5.51 mmol, 79.55% yield, 97% purity] was obtained as a white solid. Synthesis of compound 8.2.4 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0572] Compound 8.2.2 (5.00 g, 9.01 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (40 mL x 2), Compound 8.2.3 (9.60 g, 9.92 mmol, 1.1 eq) was co-evaporated with ACN (40 mL x 2). To a solution of Compound 8.2.2 (5 g, 9.01 mmol, 1 eq) and Compound 8.2.3 (9.60 g, 9.92 mmol, 1.1 eq) in ACN (35 mL) was added DBU (4.12 g, 27.04 mmol, 4.08 mL, 3 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. LCMS indicated Compound 8.2.2 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with EA (150 mL), 20% citric acid (80 mL). The organic phase was washed with sat. NaHCOs (150 mL), H2O (150 mL), brine (150 mL x 2), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was used for the next step without purification. Compound 8.2.4 [(m-H+) / z =1353.6, 12.21 g, crude] was obtained as a yellow solid. Synthesis of compound 8.2.5

[0573] To a solution of Compound 8.2.4 (12.21 g, 9.01 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (85 mL) was added 2,2-dichloroacetic acid (8.01 g, 62.10 mmol, 5.1 mL, 6.89 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. LCMS indicated Compound 8.2.4 was consumed completely. The mixture was added TEAB (150 mL) slowly, extracted with DCM (150 mL). Then the organic phase was washed with sat. NaHCOs (150 mL), H2O (150 mL), brine (150 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC: column: Agela DuraShell C18 250*50mm*10um;mobile phase: [TEAB(10mM)-ACN]; B%: 30%-53%, 22min. Compound 8.2.5 [(m-H+) / z =1050.5, 6.9 g, 6.36 mmol, 70.57% yield, 97% purity] was obtained as a white solid. Synthesis of compound 8.2.7

[0574] Compound 8.2.5 (4.50 g, 4.28 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (40 mL x 2), Compound 8.2.6 (5.55 g, 6.42 mmol, 1.5 eq) was co-evaporated with ACN (40 mL x 2). To a solution of Compound 8.2.5 (4.5 g, 4.28 mmol, 1 eq) in ACN (30 mL) was added Molecular Sieve 3A (2.40 g, 4.28 mmol, 1.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then Compound 8.2.6 (5.55 g, 6.42 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added at 25°C. DBU (1.95 g, 12.83 mmol, 1.93 mL, 3 eq) was added slowly at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. LCMS indicated 8.2.5 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with DCM (200 mL), pH~3 citric acid (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with NaHCOs (200 mL), H2O (200 mL), brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was used for the next step without purification. Compound 8.2.7 (9.3 g, crude) was obtained as yellow solid. Synthesis of compound 8.2.8 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0575] To a solution of Compound 8.2.7 (7.48 g, 4.28 mmol, 1 eq) in DCM (60 mL) was added 2,2-dichloroacetic acid (7.85 g, 60.88 mmol, 5 mL, 14.23 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. LCMS indicated Compound 8.2.7 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with DCM (150 mL), quenched by TEAB (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with NaHCOs (150 mL), H2O (150 mL), brine (150 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with TBME (250 mL), then filtered, the solid was washed with TEAB. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC: column: YMC-Triart Prep C18 250*50mm*10um; mobile phase: [TEAB(10mM)-ACN]; B%: 25%-48%, 22min. Compound 8.2.8 [(m-H+) / z =1444.5, 3.3 g, 2.21 mmol, 51.74% yield, 97% purity] was obtained as a yellow solid. Synthesis of compound 8.2.10

[0576] Compound 2.18 (3.3 g, 2.28 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (20 mL x 2), Compound 8.2.9 (3.29 g, 3.42 mmol, 1.5 eq) was co-evaporated with ACN (20 mL x 2). To a solution of Compound 8.2.8 (3.3 g, 2.28 mmol, 1 eq) in ACN (20 mL) was added Molecular Sieve 3A (1.6 g, 2.28 mmol, 1 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then Compound 8.2.9 (3.29 g, 3.42 mmol, 1.5 eq) and DBU (1.74 g, 11.41 mmol, 1.72 mL, 5 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. LCMS indicated Compound 8.2.8 was consumed completely. The mixture was diluted with DCM (50 mL), 20% citric acid (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with TEAB (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC: column: Agela DuraShell C18 250*50mm*10um;mobile phase: [TEAB(10mM)-ACN];B%: 15%-45%,22min. Compound 8.2.10 [(m-2H+) / z =967.1, 3.1 g, 1.54 mmol, 67.38% yield, 96% purity) was obtained as a white solid. Synthesis of compound 8.2.12

[0577] Compound 8.2.10 (2.1 g, 1.08 mmol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (20 mL x 2), Compound 8.2.11 (2.12 g, 2.17 mmol, 2 eq) was co-evaporated with ACN (20 mL x 2). To a solution of Compound 8.2.10 (2.1 g, 1.08 mmol, 1 eq) in ACN (14 mL) was added Molecular sieve 3A (1.2 g, 1.08 mmol, 1.00 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. Then Compound 8.2.11 (2.12 g, 2.17 mmol, 2 eq) and DBU (495.42 mg, 3.25 mmol, 490.51 uL, 3 eq) was added at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 0.5 h. LCMS indicated Compound 8.2.10 was consumed completely. The mixture was filtered the 3A MS, the filter cake was washed with ACN (5 mL). The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (column: YMC-Triart Prep C18 250*50mm*10um; mobile phase: [TEAB(lOmM)-ACN]; B%: 18%-50%, 22min. Compound 8.2.12 [(m-2H+) / z =1371.8, 1.92 g, 678.28 umol, 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 62.53% yield, 97% purity] was obtained as a white solid, and characterized by HPLC and LCMS (see FIG. 31). Synthesis of compound 8B

[0578] To a solution of Compound 8.2.12 (0.18 g, 65.56 umol, 1 eq) in THF (2 mL) was added TBAF (1 M, 196.67 uL, 3 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 24 h. LCMS indicated Compound 8.2.12 was consumed completely. The mixture was washed with TEAB (10 mL), diluted with DCM (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, then filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (column: YMC-Actus Triart C18 150*30mm*5um; mobile phase: [TEAB(10mM)-ACN]; B%: 30%-60%, 12min). Compound 8B [(m-3H+) / z = 834.8, 0.124 g, 47.48 umol, 72.42% yield, 96% purity) was obtained as a white solid, and characterized by HPLC and LCMS (see FIG. 32). 1.2.1 Coupling conditions for MOE Fragment

[0579] Based on the IPC after coupling reaction, the conversion of coupling steps went completion. The summarized coupling step conditions at different stages and the HPLC purities were listedas follows: Coupling Stage Equivalent of PSLamidite Equivalent of DBU Reaction time (h) Reaction Temp (°C) Yield (%) Purity (%) Dimer 1.1 3.0 0.5 25 70.57 97 Trimer 1.5 3.0 0.5 25 51.74 97 Tetramer 1.5 5.0 0.5 25 67.38 96 Pentamer 2.0 3.0 0.5 25 62.53 97

[0580] In conclusion, a pentamer oligonucleotide was synt resized using liquid phase inear elongation of 2’-MOE amidite with PSLreagent. Detritylation with DCAcaused a de-prunination of adenosine. De-tritylation of trimer was achieved by acidic work-up step using 20% citric acid. Similar to the elongation of deoxy oligonucleotide, coupling efficiency decreases as the oligonucleotide grows longer. Additional equivalent of PSLamidite and DBU are necessary at later stage of the coupling. 1.3 Convergent synthesis of fragments. HO 8C OTBDPS 2026207978   21 Jul 2026

[0581] Fragment 8C was synthesized by combining fragments 8A and 8B-2. The fragment 8B-2 was synthesized from 8B-1 and synthesis of the fragment 8A was described above. Synthesis of UdTdTdC fragment 8B-2

[0582] The formation of UdTdTdC fragment was provided by the cleavage of cyanoethyl group with the treatment of amine of the tetramer fragment obtained from the amidite chemistry during ASO 9 synthesis, and then coupled with PSI reagent (10 eq) in ACN at 0 °C. The product 8B-2 is extremely sensitive to water. If the work up was exposed under air, the product will be hydrolyzed by moisture.

[0583] Two types of amine for the cleavage of cyanoethyl group were screened, 2- methylpropan-2-amine and TEA. The results are listed in the table below: Batch No. Scale Deprotection Result 2026207978   21 Jul 2026 Condition before work-up After work-up 1 3.3 g 2-methylpropan-2-amine Product:hydro lysed =14:1 Product:hydro lysed =1.1:1 2 200 mg TEA No hydrolyzed product Product:hydro lysed =2:1 3 500 mg TEA No hydrolyzed product Product:hydro lyzed =4.8:1 4 550 mg TEA No hydrolyzed product Product:hydro lyzed =5.4:1 Convergent synthesis of ASO 8C 8B-2 8C

[0584] Compound 8A (0.05 g, 28.40 umol, 1 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (2 mL*2). Compound 8B-2 (164.32 mg, 85.19 umol, 3 eq) was azeotropic with ACN (2 mL*2). To compound 8B-2 in ACN (0.1 mL) was added molecular sieve 3 A (0.015 g, 1.00 eq) at 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 0.5 h. Pre-mix the Compound 8A (0.05 g, 28.40 umo...

Claims

1. A liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (AI):Y                (AI),or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (All):Y                 (All),or a salt thereof, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in a solution that is anhydrous or substantially anhydrous and wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R2, for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orThis data, for application number 2020268415, is current as of 2026-07-21 15:39 AEST2026207978   21 Jul 2026z is 0 or an integer from 1 to 200;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; andY is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein R15 is a 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl group.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in thepresence of a drying agent.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the drying is agent is molecular sieves.

5. The process of claim 4, wherein the size of molecular sieves is 3A.

6. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution is obtained by removing water using azeotropic distillation prior to the deprotection reaction.

7. The process of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in the presence of a cation scavenger comprising a -SH group, a silane group, a siloxane group, a polystyrene group, furan, pyrrole or indole.

8. The process of claim 7, wherein the cation scavenger is a compound of formula RSH, wherein R is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkyl, an aryl or a heteroaryl group, each of which is optionally substituted.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein RSH is CH3(CH2)5SH, CH3(CH2)nSH, cyclohexanethiol, CH3CH2OC(=O)CH2CH2SH.

10. The process of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (All) with a detritylation reagent.

11. The process of claim 10, wherein the detritylation reagent is a strong organic acid.2026207978   21 Jul 202612. The process of claim 10, wherein the detritylation reagent is CF3COOH, CCI3COOH, CHCI2COOH, CH2CICOOH, H3PO4, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, CCIF2COOH, CHF2COOH, or PhSO2H.

13. The process of claim 11, wherein the detritylation reagent is CH2CICOOH.

14. The process of claim 10, wherein the detritylation reagent is CF3COOH orCHCI2COOH.

15. The process of any one of claims 1-14, wherein Y is represented by the following formula:wherein X is Ci-ioalkyl, wherein one or more CH2 groups are independently replaced with C(O), C(O)NH2, cycloalkyl or Ci-eheterocylcyl group; and Xi is Ci.25alkyl or Ci.25alkoxy.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein Y is represented by the following formula:

17. The process of any one of claims 1-16, wherein:each R is independently mj ,k H, F or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy;R4 is H; andR16 is -CH2CH2CN.

18. The process of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the compound of formula (AI) is not purified by chromatography.2026207978   21 Jul 202619. The process of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the compound of formula (AI) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction.

20. A liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (I),or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:1) deprotecting a compound of formula (I’A):or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IA):R1HO(IA), or a salt thereof;2) reacting the compound of formula (IA), or a salt thereof, with a compound of formula (Al):or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IB):2026207978   21 Jul 20263) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (IB), or a salt thereof, with a sulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (IC):4) deprotecting the compound of formula (IC), or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (ID):5) starting with the compound of formula (ID), repeating steps 2), 3) and 4) for n-2 times to yield the fragment of formula (I), or a salt thereof, wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;2026207978   21 Jul 20262R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H,halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenylor benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl;n is an integer from 2 to 20;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S;Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain.

21. The process of claim 20, wherein the fragment for formula (I) is not purified by chromatography.

22. The process of claim 21, wherein the fragment of formula (I) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction.

23. The process of any one of claims 20-22, wherein no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps 1), 2), 3) and 4).

24. The process of any one of claims 20-23, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1), 2), 3) and 4) is purified by selective precipitation.

25. The process of any one of claims 20-24, wherein Y is2026207978   21 Jul 202626. The process of any one of claims 20-25, wherein any one of the deprotection reactions in step 1) and step 4) is carried out as defined in claims 2-14.

27. A convergent liquid phase process for preparing a target oligonucleotide comprising the steps of:a) coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (I):H—O(I), or a salt thereof,with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II):2026207978   21 Jul 2026thereof; andb) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (III), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IV):wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;2026207978   21 Jul 2026R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenylor benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl;n is an integer from 2 to 200;m is an integer from 2 to 20X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S;Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain.

28. The process of claim 27, wherein fragment (I) can be synthesized by coupling a nucleotide of formula (lai):HO(lai), or a salt thereof,with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (Ia2):2026207978   21 Jul 2026in a solution to form the oligonucleotide of formula (I) or a salt thereof.

29. The process of claim 27 or 28, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 20.

30. The process of claim 27 or 28, wherein n is 3 to 6.

31. The process of claim 27 or 28, wherein n is 5.

32. The process of any one of claims 27-31, further comprising step c) of deprotecting theoligonucleotide of formula (IV), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (V):2026207978   21 Jul 2026thereof.

33. The process of claim 32, further comprising:d) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (V), or a salt thereof, with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II’):to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VI):2026207978   21 Jul 2026thereof,e) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (VI) to form ana salt thereof,f) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (VII), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VIII):2026207978   21 Jul 2026thereof,g) repeating the steps of d), e) and f) for r-1 times followed by repeating the steps of d) and e) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX):wherein:r is an integer from 1 to 50;Pi, for each occurrence, is independently an integer from 2 to 20,i is an integer from 1 to r; andPtotal — i-1 •34. The process of claim 33, wherein r is 2 and the oligonucleotide of formula (IX) is represented by formula (X):2026207978   21 Jul 2026wherein pl and p2 are each independently an integer from 2 to 2035. The process of any one of claims 27-34, wherein no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g).

36. The process of any one of claims 27-35, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g) is purified by extraction or selective precipitation.

37. The process of any one of claims 33-36, wherein the process further comprises the step of:hl) deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXA) or (XA):2026207978   21 Jul 2026or a salt thereof.

38. The process of claim 37, wherein the method further comprises the step of:h2) deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IXA) or (XA) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXB) or (XB):or a salt thereof, optionally the oligonucleotide (IXA) or (XA) is reacted with citric acid toform the oligonucleotide of formula (IXB) or (XB).

39. The process of claim 37, wherein when R16 is -CH2CH2CN, deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof forms an oligonucleotide of formula (IXAb) or (XAb):2026207978   21 Jul 202640. The process of claim 39, wherein the method further comprises the step of: deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IXAb) or (XAb) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXBa) or (XBa):2026207978   21 Jul 2026or a salt thereof, optionally the oligonucleotide (IXA) or (XA) is reacted with citric acid to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IXBa) or (XBa).

41. The process of any one of claims 33-36, wherein, when R16 is -CH2CH2CN, the process further comprises the step of:hl) deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXAa) or (XAa):or a salt thereof.

42. The process of claim 41, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reactingthe oligonucleotide (IX) or (X) or a salt thereof with a base.2026207978   21 Jul 202643. The process of claim 42, wherein the base is selected from 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and triethylamine.

44. The process of claim 41, 42, or 43, wherein the method further comprises the step of deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IXAa) or (XAa) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IXAb) or (XAb):or a salt thereof.

45. The process of claim 44, wherein the deprotection of the oligonucleotide (IXAa) or (XAa) or a salt thereof is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IXAa) or (XAa) or a salt thereof with NH4OH.

46. The process of any one of claims 27-45, wherein n is 3, 4, 5 or 6.

47. The process of any one of claims 27-46, wherein m is 3, 4, 5 or 6.

48. The process of any one of claims 33-47, wherein pi, for each occurrence, isindependently 3, 4, 5 or 6.2026207978   21 Jul 202649. The process of any one of claims 34-47, wherein pl and p2 are each independently 3, 4, 5, or 6.

50. The process of any one of claims 33 and 35-48, wherein r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

51. A convergent liquid phase process for preparing a target oligonucleotide comprisingthe steps of:a) coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (112):with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (12):z                  (12), or a salt thereof,in a solution to form an oligonucleotide of formula (III2):2026207978   21 Jul 2026b) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (III2), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IV2):2026207978   21 Jul 2026R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenylor benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl;ni is an integer from 2 to 20;mi is an integer from 2 to 200;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S;Y is a hydrophobic hydroxyl protecting group containing an alkyl chain;Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

52. The process of claim 51, wherein fragment (112) is prepared by: ia) coupling nucleotide of formula (II2al):(II2al), or a salt thereof,with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II2a2):2026207978   21 Jul 2026z                (II2a2), or a salt thereof,in a solution to form an oligonucleotide of formula (II2a3) or a salt thereof,thereof;iia) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (II2a3) or a salt thereof to from an oligonucleotide of formula (II2a4):2026207978   21 Jul 2026iia) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (II2a4) or a salt thereof to form the oligonucleotide of formula (112).

53. The process of claim 51 or 52, further comprising step c) of deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (IV2), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (V2):a salt thereof.

54. The process of claim 53, further comprising:d) coupling the oligonucleotide of formula (V2), or a salt thereof, with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (112’):2026207978   21 Jul 2026to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VI2):e) sulfurizing or oxidizing the oligonucleotide of formula (VI2) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VII2):2026207978   21 Jul 2026f) deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula (VII2), or a salt thereof, to form an oligonucleotide of formula (VIII2):a salt thereof,g) repeating the steps of d), e) and f) for n-1 times followed by repeating the steps of d) and e) to form an oligonucleotide of formula (1X2):2026207978   21 Jul 2026wherein:ri is an integer from 1 to 50;Si, for each occurrence, is independently an integer from 2 to 20, i is an integer from 1 to ri; andrii=l55. The process of claim 54, wherein ri is 2 and the oligonucleotide of formula (1X2) is represented by formula (X2):wherein si and s2 are each independently an integer from 2 to 20.

56. The process of any one of claims 51-55, wherein no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g).

57. The process of any one of claims 51-56, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps a), b), c), d), e), f) and g) is purified by extraction or selective precipitation.2026207978   21 Jul 202658. The process of any one of claims 54-57, wherein the method further comprises deprotecting the oligonucleotide of formula of (1X2) or (X2) or a salt thereof to form the oligonucleotide of formula (IX2A) or (X2A) or a salt thereof:

59. The process of any one of claims 54-57, wherein, when R16 is -CH2CH2CN, the process further comprises the step of:hl) deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX2A) or (X2A) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX2Aa) or (X2Aa):2026207978   21 Jul 202660. The process of claim 59, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IX2A) or (X2A) or a salt thereof with a base.

61. The process of claim 60, wherein the base is selected from 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, tert-butylamine, sec-butylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and triethylamine.

62. The process of any one of claims 59-61, wherein the method further comprises the step of deprotecting the oligonucleotide (IX2Aa) or (X2Aa) or a salt thereof to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX2B) or (X2B):2026207978   21 Jul 202663. The process of claim 62, wherein the deprotection is carried out by reacting the oligonucleotide (IX2Aa) or (X2Aa) or a salt thereof with NH4OH.

64. The process of any one of claims 54-63, wherein the method further comprises the step of deprotecting the oligonucleotide (1X2) or (X2) or a salt thereof with NH4OH to form an oligonucleotide of formula (IX2B) or (X2B):or a salt thereof, wherein when R16 is -CH2CH2CN, the deprotection of the oligonucleotide(1X2) or (X2) or a salt thereof forms an oligonucleotide of formula (IX2A) or (X2A):2026207978   21 Jul 202665.    The process of any one of claim 51-64, wherein ni is 3, 4, 5 or 6.

66. The process of any one of claims 51-65, wherein mi is 3, 4, 5 or 6.

67. The process of any one of claims 54-66, wherein Sj, for each occurrence, isindependently 3, 4, 5 or 6.

68. The process of any one of claims 55-66, wherein si and S2 are each independently 3, 4, 5 or 6.

69. The process of any one of claims 54-67, wherein ri is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

70. The process of any one of claims 1-69, wherein all of the P=X groups in thecompound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

71. The process of any one of claims 1-69, wherein all of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=O.

72. The process of any one of claims 1-69, wherein greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

73. The process of any one of claims 1-69, wherein 10-90%, 20-80%, 30-70% or 40-60% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

74. The process of any one of claims 1-73, wherein the nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 7-methylguanine, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, wherein the NH2 group of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by PhCO-, CH3CO-, z’PrCO-, Me2N-CH=, or Me2N-CMe=.2026207978   21 Jul 202675. The process of any one of claims 1-73, wherein the nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil, and 5-methylcytosine, wherein the NH2 group of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by PhCO-, CH3CO-, z’PrCO-, Me2N-CH=, or Me2N-CMe=.

76. The process of any one of claims 1-75, whereineach R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, and Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy;each R is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R , wherein the ring is a 5 or 6-membered ring optionally substituted with 1 to 3 Cm alkyl groups;R16 is -CH2CH2CN; andR17a and R17b are independently CiMalkyl.

77. The process of claim 76, whereineach R is independently selected from H or -OCH2CH2OMe;each R4 is H;R16 is -CH2CH2CN; andR17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2.

78. The process of any one of claims 27-77, wherein the target oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide comprising 16 to 30 nucleotides.

79. The process of claim 78, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide comprises modified RNA only.

80. The process of claim 78, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide comprises DNA and modified RNA.

81. The process of claim 78, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide is a gapmer.

82. The process of claim 78, wherein the anti-sense oligonucleotide comprises DNA only.83 A liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (AI’):2026207978   21 Jul 2026or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (All’):w               (All’),or a salt thereof, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in a solution that is anhydrous or substantially anhydrous and wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or2026207978   21 Jul 2026z is 0 or an integer from 1 to 200;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; W is H or Z; andZ is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

84. The process of claim 83, wherein R15 is a 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl group.

85. The method of claim 83 or 84, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in thepresence of a drying agent.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the drying is agent is molecular sieves.

87. The process of claim 86, wherein the size of molecular sieves is 3A.

88. The process of claim 83 or 84, wherein the anhydrous or substantially anhydrous solution is obtained by removing water using azeotropic distillation prior to the deprotection reaction.

89. The process of any one of claims 83-88, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out in the presence of a cation scavenger comprising a -SH group, a silane group, a siloxane group, a polystyrene group, furan, pyrrole or indole.

90. The process of claim 89, wherein the cation scavenger is a compound of formula RSH, wherein R is an alkyl, a cycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkyl, an aryl or a heteroaryl group, each of which is optionally substituted.

91. The process of claim 90, wherein RSH is CH3(CH2)5SH, CH3(CH2)nSH, cyclohexanethiol, CH3CH2OC(=O)CH2CH2SH.

92. The process of any one of claims 83-91, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (AIT) with a detritylation reagent.

93. The process of claim 92, wherein the detritylation reagent is a strong organic acid.

94. The process of claim 92, wherein the detritylation reagent is CF3COOH, CC13COOH,CHC12COOH, CH2C1COOH, H3PO4, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, CC1F2COOH, CHF2COOH, or PhSO2H.

95. The process of claim 93, wherein the detritylation reagent is CH2C1COOH.2026207978   21 Jul 202696. The process of claim 92, wherein the detritylation reagent is CF3COOH or CHCI2COOH.

97. The process of any one of claims 83-96, wherein W is Z.

98. The process of claim 97, wherein Z is a silyl protecting group selected from TBDPS,TBoDPS and TBDAS.wherein R5, Re and R7 are each independently H, Ci-soalkyl, or Ci.3oalkoxy.

99. The process of claim 98, wherein the TBDAS group is:wherein s is an integer from 1 to 30.

100. The process of claim 97, wherein Z is TBDPS.

101. The process of any one of claims 83-100, wherein z is 0 or an integer from 1 to 10.

102. The process of any one of claims 83-101, wherein:each R is independently selected from H, F or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy;R4 is H; andR16 is -CH2CH2CN.

103. The process of any one of claims 83-102, wherein the compound of formula (AI’) is not purified by chromatography.2026207978   21 Jul 2026104. The process of any one of claims 83-102, wherein the compound of formula (AI’) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction.

105. A liquid process for preparing a compound of formula (BI):or a salt thereof, comprising deprotecting a compound of formula (BII):or a salt thereof, to form the compound of formula (BI), or a salt thereof, wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or2026207978   21 Jul 2026q is an integer from 1 to 200;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

106. The process of 105, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried out by reacting the compound of formula (BII) with HF in the presence of a base.

107. The process of claim 106, wherein the base is imidazole, or pyridine, wherein imidazole or pyridine are optionally substituted108. The process of claim 106 or 107, wherein excess amount of base relative to HF is used.

109. The process of any one of claims 105, wherein the deprotection reaction is carried outby reacting the compound of formula (BII) with HF in the presence of pyridine and imidazole.

110. The process of claim 109, wherein the molar ratio of imidazole to HF is in the rangeof 1.1:1 to 5:1.

111. The process of claim 110, wherein the molar ratio of imidazole to HF is 2:1.

112. The process of any one of claims 109-111, wherein the molar ratio of pyridine to HFis 1.1:1 to 20:1.

113. The process of any one of claims 105-112, wherein Z is a silyl protecting group selected from TBDPS, TBoDPS and TBDAS.2026207978   21 Jul 2026TBDPS        TBoDPS        TBDASwherein R5, Re and R7 are each independently H, Ci-3oalkyl, or Ci-soalkoxy.

114. The process of claim 113, wherein the TBDAS group is:wherein s is an integer from 1 to 30.

115. The process of claim 113, wherein Z is TBDPS.

116. The process of any one of claims 105-115, wherein R15 is 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl group.

117. The process of any one of claims 105-116, wherein:each R is independently selected from H, F, and Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy;R4 is H; andR16 is -CH2CH2CN.

118. The process of any one of claims 105-117, wherein q is an integer from 2 to 10.

119. The process of any one of claims 105-118, wherein the compound of formula (BI) isnot purified by chromatography.

120. The process of any one of claims 105-119, wherein the compound of formula (BI) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction.

121. A liquid process for preparing a compound of formula (CI) or (CI’):2026207978   21 Jul 2026or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (CII):or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 or H-phosphonate to form the compound of formula (CI) or (CI’), wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of thenucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;2026207978   21 Jul 20262R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H,halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenylor benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkylql is an integer from 2 to 200;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

122. A liquid process for preparing a compound of formula (C2I):or a salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of formula (C2II):2026207978   21 Jul 2026or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2 to form the compound of formula (C2I) or a salt thereof, wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with halogen or Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkylql is an integer from 2 to 200;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; and Z is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

123. The process of claim 121, wherein:each R is independently selected from H, F, or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy;R4 is H;R15 is 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl;2026207978   21 Jul 2026R16 is -CH2CH2CN; andR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl.

124. The process of claim 122, wherein:each R is independently selected from H, F, or Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-4alkoxy;R4 is H;R16 is -CH2CH2CN;R17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl; andZ is a silyl hydroxyl protecting group.

125. The process of any one of claims 121-124, wherein ql is an integer from 2 to 10.

126. The process of claim 122, 124 or 125, wherein Z is selected from TBDPS, TBoDPS and TBDAS.

127. The process of any one of claims 121-126, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of an activator.

128. The process of claim 127, wherein the activator is pyridine trifluoroacetate or N-methylimidazole triflate.

129. The process of any one of claims 121-128, wherein the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) is not purified by chromatography.

130. The process of any one of claims 121-129, wherein the compound of formula (CI), (CI’) or (C2I) is purified by selective precipitation and / or extraction.

131. A liquid phase process for preparing a compound of formula (CI’):2026207978   21 Jul 2026comprising the steps of:1) reacting the compound of formula (CI’A):(CI’A), or a salt thereof,with a compound of formula (Al):or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (CI’B):2026207978   21 Jul 20263) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (CI’B), or a salt thereof, with asulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (CI’C):4) deprotecting the compound of formula (CI’C), or a salt thereof to form a compound of formula (CI’D):2026207978   21 Jul 20265) starting with the compound of formula (CI’D), repeating steps 1), 2) 3) and 4) for ql-3 times, followed by repeating steps 1), 2) and 3) to yield the fragment of formula (CI’), or a salt thereof, wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6alkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR16 isR17a and R17b are independently Ci-ealkyl;ql is an integer from 2 to 200; andX, for each occurrence, is independently O or S.

132. A liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide of formula (CIC):2026207978   21 Jul 2026thereof,comprising coupling an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (CIa):with an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (CIb):2026207978   21 Jul 2026oligonucleotide of formula (CIC), wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of thenucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; orR16 isO , orn^cf3qla is an integer from 2 to 20;qlb is an integer from 2 to 20;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; andZ is hydroxyl protecting group.

133. A liquid phase process for preparing an oligonucleotide fragment of formula (II),2026207978   21 Jul 2026or a salt thereof, comprising the steps of:1’) deprotecting a compound of formula (IIA’):or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIA):R1HO(IIA), or a salt thereof;2’) reacting a compound of formula (IIA), or a salt thereof, with a compound offormula (A2):or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IIB):2026207978   21 Jul 2026z               (IIB),or a salt thereof; and3’) sulfurizing or oxidizing the compound of formula (IIB), or a salt thereof, with asulfurization or oxidation agent to form a compound of formula (IIC):4’) deprotecting the compound of formula (IIC), or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (IID):5’) when m is 3, starting with the compound of formula (IID), or a salt thereof, repeating step 2’) and step 3’) to form a compound of formula (IIE) or a salt thereof, orwhen m is greater than 3, starting with the compound of formula (IID), or a salt thereof, repeating the steps 2’), 3’) and 4’) for m-3 times, followed by step 2’) and step 3’) to from a compound of formula (IIE):2026207978   21 Jul 20266’) deprotecting the compound of formula (IIE), or a salt thereof, to form a compoundof formula (IIF):7’) reacting the compound of formula (IIF), or a salt thereof, with a phosphordiamidite (R16O)P(NR17aR17b)2to yield the fragment of formula (II), or a saltthereof:wherein:R1, for each occurrence, is independently a nucleobase, wherein the NH2 of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by an amine protecting group;R , for each occurrence, is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and Ci-ealkoxy optionally substituted with Ci-ealkoxy;R4, for each occurrence, is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R2;R15 is a hydroxyl protecting group;R16, for each occurrence, is independently Ci-ealkyl group, C2-6&lkenyl group, phenyl or benzyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with -CN, -NO2 or halogen; or2026207978   21 Jul 2026R17a and R17b are independently Ci.6alkyl;m is an integer from 2 to 20;X, for each occurrence, is independently O or S; andZ is a hydroxyl silyl protecting group.

134. The process of claim 133, wherein m is an integer from 3 to 10.

135. The process of claim 133 or 134, wherein the fragment of formula (II) is not purifiedby chromatography.

136. The process of any one of claims 133-135, wherein no chromatography is used for purifying the reaction product of any one of steps 1’), 2’), 3’), 4’), 5’), 6’) and 7’).

137. The process of any one of claims 133-135, wherein the reaction product of any one of steps 1’), 2’), 3’), 4’), 5’), 6’) and 7’) is purified by extraction or selective precipitation.

138. The process of any one of claims 133-137, wherein any one of the deprotection reactions in step 1) and step 4) is carried out as defined in any one of claims 85-96.

139. The process of any one of claims 133-138, wherein the deprotection reaction of step 6’) is carried out as defined in any one of claims 106-112.

140. The process of any one of claims 133-139, wherein the phosphitylation reaction of step 7’) is carried out as defined in claim 127 or 128.

141. The process of any one of claims 83-140, wherein all of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

142. The process of any one of claims 83-140, wherein all of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=O.

143. The process of any one of claims 83-140, wherein greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.2026207978   21 Jul 2026144. The process of any one of claims 83-140, wherein 10-90%, 20-80%, 30-70% or 4060% of the P=X groups in the compound or oligonucleotide are P=S.

145. The process of any one of claims 83-144, wherein the nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 7-methylguanine, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, wherein the NH2 group of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by PhCO-, CH3CO-, z’PrCO-, Me2N-CH=, or Me2N-CMe=.

146. The process of any one of claims 83-144, wherein the nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, uracil, and 5-methylcytosine, wherein the NH2 group of the nucleobase, if present, is protected by PhCO-, CH3CO-, z’PrCO-, Me2N-CH=, or Me2N-CMe=.

147. The process of any one of claims 83-146, whereineach R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, and Ci^alkoxy optionally substituted with Ci^alkoxy;each R is independently H or forms a ring with the alkoxy group of R , wherein the ring is a 5 or 6-membered ring optionally substituted with 1 to 3 Cm alkyl groups;R16 is -CH2CH2CN; andR17a and R17b are independently CiMalkyl.

148. The process of claim 147, whereineach R is independently selected from H or -OCH2CH2OMe;each R4 is H;R16 is -CH2CH2CN; andR17a and R17b are both -CH(CH3)2.

Images