ANGLE BEAM ELEMENT AND CONTINUOUS ANGLE BEAM OBTAINED BY ASSEMBLING ANGLE BEAM ELEMENTS

Abstract

The invention relates to an angle element (1) configured to form, by assembly of various identical angle elements (1), a continuous architectural and structural angle (10) configured to resist forces applied in cantilever with respect to a wall on which the continuous angle (10) is fixed, the angle element (1) comprising: • An L-shaped profile formed by a horizontal plate (1h) and a vertical plate (1v) • a mechanical reinforcement (1r) connecting the horizontal plate to the vertical plate in order to stiffen the L-shaped profile, in which the horizontal (1h) and vertical (1v) plates are made of polymer, preferably fiber-reinforced, and in which a first end of the element (1) includes a protrusion (2p) and a second end includes an indentation (2i) of complementary geometry allowing a male-female type coupling of the angle element (1) to a second angle element (1) to form a continuous angle (10).

Description

2T0576-BE-P and, because of their high thermal conductivity, if they were used in facade insulation applications, would form significant thermal bridges to the detriment of the energy performance expected from the application of the insulating panels. For example, the thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam insulating panels is on the order of 0.02 to 0.03 W / Km, while stainless steel corner pieces have a thermal conductivity of approximately 14–16 W / Km, carbon steel 40 to 45 W / K / m, and aluminum alloy 190 W / Km.

[0005] Angles made of polymer materials, e.g., PVC, with a thermal conductivity of 0.17 W / km, which are more insulating than metal, can be extruded and are available on the market, but they are not structural or, in any case, cannot support loads as high as those of metal angles. Wooden angles are conceivable but are significantly more expensive to produce and have limited strength since the L-profile must be formed by joining two boards at 90°. Moreover, wood,Placed away from light in poorly ventilated areas, it forms an ideal breeding ground for fungi, such as dry rot, when exposed to moisture, for example through infiltration.

[0006] There therefore remains a need to reinforce a non-load-bearing structure of a load-bearing wall, such as an insulating panel fixed to a facade in a secure, durable manner and without degrading the insulating properties of the facade thus insulated. The present invention proposes a solution to this problem with a discrete polymer angle element configured to be assembled with other identical discrete elements to form a continuous structural angle capable of supporting significant loads and having a thermal conductivity considerably lower than metal angles. The present invention and its advantages are described in more detail in the following sections. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention is described in the accompanying independent claims. Preferred variants are defined in the dependent claims. In particular,The present invention relates to an angle bracket element configured to form, by assembly of various identical angle bracket elements, a continuous architectural and structural angle bracket configured to withstand forces applied in cantilever with respect to a wall to which the continuous angle bracket is fixed. The angle bracket element comprises: a horizontal plate extending between a first and a second end of the angle bracket element over a length, L, measured along an X-axis, and a width, w, measured along a Y-axis, and comprising an upper surface separated from a lower surface by a horizontal thickness, 30 dh; and a vertical plate extending between the first and second ends of the angle bracket element over a length, L, measured along the X-axis and a height (h) measured along the Z-axis, with X⊥Y⊥Z, and comprising a front surface separated from a rear surface by a vertical thickness, dv,in which the vertical plate is rigidly coupled to the horizontal plate along a length 35 BE2025 / 5156 3T0576-BE-P shared forming an L-profile; a mechanical reinforcement linking the lower surface to the front surface to make the L-profile more rigid;

[0008] The horizontal and vertical plates are made of a polymer material, preferably thermoplastic and even more preferably reinforced with reinforcing fibers. Furthermore, the angle element of the present invention is distinguished by the fact that the first end of the angle element comprises a protrusion extending along the X-axis and the second end of the angle element comprises an indentation of geometry complementary to the protrusion, allowing a male-female coupling of the first end of the angle element to the second end of a second identical angle element to form a continuous angle extending along the X-axis.

[0009] In preferred embodiments,The protrusion and indentation have a geometry allowing a coupling of the first end of the angle element to the second end of the second angle element, by a translation along the X-axis, and / or by a translation along the Z-axis, and / or by a translation along the Y-axis.15

[0010] In particular, the protrusion and indentation may have an anchoring geometry allowing the decoupling of the angle element from the second angle element of a continuous angle only by a pull in a single direction along the X-axis, or the Y-axis, or the Z-axis.

[0011] In order to lighten the angle element while maintaining good mechanical properties, at least one of the upper, lower, front, or rear surfaces may include a honeycomb structure formed by a lattice defining blind holes rising transversely from at least one of the surfaces. For example,The lower surface and / or the rear surface may preferably be provided with such an alveolar structure. The horizontal tray is preferably provided with drainage holes allowing water found on the upper surface to flow towards the lower surface.

[0012] The mechanical reinforcement preferably takes the form of a solid or hollow triangle, of which a lower and front portion of surfaces 25 forms two of the three sides. Depending on the length of the angle element and the mechanical stresses it must withstand, a single angle element may comprise two or more mechanical reinforcements. For example, after assembly of several angle elements, the continuous angle thus formed may comprise reinforcement elements separated from each other by a distance, Lr, measured along the X-axis, of between 80 and 500 mm, preferably between 100 and 250 mm. 30

[0013] The polymer material of the horizontal and vertical plates may be a thermoplastic polymer chosen from among polyamides, polyolefins, polyurethanes, and polystyrenes. The reinforcing fibers are of preference for short glass fibers, plant fibers,carbon, or a mixture of these fibers.

[0014] The angle element is preferably formed from a single piece without assembly. For example, BE2025 / 5156 4T0576-BE-P the angle element can be produced by injection molding or by extrusion in a mold.

[0015] The present invention also relates to a continuous architectural and structural angle formed by at least first and second angle elements as defined above, assembled side-by-side along the X-axis,by engaging the protrusion of the first end of the first angle element in the corresponding indentations of the second end of the second angle element. 5

[0016] The angle elements of the present invention can therefore be used to form a continuous angle as defined above by rigidly fixing the vertical plate to a load-bearing wall of each angle element arranged side-by-side and by male-female coupling of the angle elements to each other by means of the protrusions and indentations. The continuous angle thus formed can be used as a support for a non-load-bearing structure applied to a surface of the load-bearing wall and capped by the continuous angle. The non-load-bearing structure 10 can be an insulating panel, preferably made of foam or formed of fibers or particles. The continuous corner bracket can thus support a window or door frame, a wall covering,a cornice or a gutter tray. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.

[0017] Various aspects of the present invention are illustrated in the following Figures. Figures 1a and 1b: illustrate a first variant of two angle elements according to the invention (1a) before assembly and (1b) after assembly forming a structural angle. Figures 2a and 2b: illustrate a second variant of two angle elements according to the invention (1a) before assembly and (1b) after assembly forming a structural angle. Figures 3a and 3b: illustrate a third variant of two angle elements according to the invention (1a) before assembly and (1b) after assembly forming a structural angle. Figures 4a to 4d: illustrate different variants of assembly elements formed by a protrusion inserting into an indentation of complementary geometry. Figures 5a to 5c: illustrate a variant of cornice element allowing adaptation to non-flat facades (5a) the facade is flat,(5b) the facade is convex outwards and (5c) the facade is concave outwards. Figure 6 illustrates the use of angle brackets to support a window and a gutter. Figure 6 illustrates a wall coping applied to the top of a facade comprising insulating panels and lacking an angle bracket (according to the previous article (=PA)) and presenting a danger in the event that a load, F, is applied to the wall coping directly below the insulation layer, which should fail. Figure 6 illustrates the same wall coping applied to the top of a facade comprising insulating panels and equipped with a continuous angle bracket according to the invention,Securing the wall coping, which can thus support significant loads even directly above the insulation layer. Figure 7a illustrates the assembly of the corner elements on a brick facade and the installation of insulation panels. Figure 7b illustrates the facade of Figure 7a after the application of the corner elements forming a continuous structural corner and covered with insulation panels ready to receive plaster or other aesthetic treatment. Figures 8a to 8d illustrate different geometries of the mechanical reinforcement. Figure 9a illustrates a honeycomb structure applied to the lower surface of the horizontal slab. Figure 9b illustrates a honeycomb structure applied to the rear surface of the vertical slab. Figures 10a and 10b illustrate two variants of angle iron elements of different lengths and comprising one or two mechanical reinforcements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] As illustrated in Figures 1a to 3a,The present invention relates to a discrete and structural angle bracket element (1) configured to form, by assembling various identical angle bracket elements (1) side-by-side, a continuous architectural and structural angle bracket (10) configured to withstand forces applied cantilevered from a wall to which the continuous angle bracket (10) is fixed. The angle bracket element (1) comprises a horizontal plate (1h), a vertical plate (1v) rigidly coupled to the horizontal plate (1h) to form an L-profile, and a mechanical reinforcement (1r) to stiffen the L-profile. Preferably, the vertical (1v) and horizontal (1h) panels form a monolithic L-profile, i.e., without assembling the vertical plate (1v) to the horizontal plate (1h).

[0019] The horizontal plate (1h) extends between a first and a second end of the architectural angle element over a length, L, measured along an axis-X and a width, w, measured along an axis-Y. It comprises an upper surface (1s) separated from a lower surface (1i) by a horizontal thickness,dh.

[0020] The vertical plate(1v) extends between the first and second ends of the architectural angle element25 over a length,L, measured along the axis-X and a height,h, measured along an axis-Z, with X⊥Y⊥Z.It comprises a front surface(1f) separated from a rear surface(1a) by a vertical thickness,dv.As indicated above, the vertical plate(1v) is rigidly coupled to the horizontal plate(1h) along a shared length forming a profilenL.

[0021] The mechanical reinforcement (1r) connects the lower surface (1i) to the front surface (1f) to reinforce the L-shaped structure,

[0022] The angle bracket element of the present invention is distinguished by its discreetness, in that the horizontal plate (1h) and the vertical plate (1v) are made of polymer material, preferably thermoplastic and / or even more preferably reinforced with reinforcing fibers, and in that,the first end of the angle element(1) includes a protrusion (2p) extending along the X-axis and the second end of the angle element includes an indentation (2i) of geometry complementary to the protrusion (2p) allowing a male-female type coupling of the first end of the angle element(1) to the second end of a second identical angle element(1) to form an architectural angle (10) extending along the X-axis.

[0023] As illustrated in Figures 6a and 6c, the present invention also relates to the use of angle bracket elements (1) as defined above for, on the one hand, forming a continuous angle bracket (10) by rigidly fixing the vertical plate (1v) to a load-bearing wall (12p) of the 10 angle bracket elements (1) arranged side-by-side, on the other hand,to make a non-load-bearing structure (12n) applied to a surface of the load-bearing wall (12p) and capped by the architectural corner (10) reporteuse. L-PROFILE OF THE CORNER ELEMENT (1)

[0024] The L-profile of the corner element (1) is formed by the vertical (1v) and horizontal (1h) panels 15 rigidly coupled to each other at one of their long edges. Preferably, the L-profile is monolithic in that the vertical (1v) and horizontal (1h) panels are formed from a single piece without a connecting joint. The L-profile is made of a polymer material, preferably reinforced with reinforcing fibers. The polymer material may be a thermoplastic or a thermoset. The thermoplastic polymer material may be selected from polyamides (e.g., PA6, PA6, PA12), polyolefins (e.g., PE, PP), polyesters (e.g., PET, 20 PEN), polyurethanes, polystyrenes, etc. The thermoset polymer material can be selected from epoxides, polyesters, polyacrylics, etc. The polymers have a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.2 to 0.5 W / K and if they are reinforced with glass fibers,The thermal conductivity is of the same order of magnitude.

[0025] The reinforcing fibers are preferably short glass fibers, vegetable fibers, carbon fibers, or a mixture of these fibers. The reinforcing fibers can be continuous, for example woven, thus significantly increasing the mechanical properties, but also the cost. Different manufacturing processes must be considered depending on whether the fibers are short or continuous to produce the discrete angle elements(1) of the present invention.

[0026] In the case of short fibers, the L-profile, as well as the mechanical reinforcements (1r), can be molded in a single step by injection or extrusion into a mold. In the case of continuous fibers, for example woven fibers, the L-profile can be molded by compression or injected under vacuum (=vacuum bagging). Continuous reinforcement fibers can be considered for applications involving heavy loads. Alternatively,The continuous L-profile can be produced by extrusion when the fibers are short or by pultrusion when the fibers are continuous. L-profile elements can be cut to length, L, from the continuous L-profile by defining in the cut the protrusions (2p) and indentations (2i) which are thus exactly complementary. The angle elements (1) can be completed by assembling the mechanical reinforcements (1r) by gluing, welding or by mechanical means (e.g., screws, rivets).

[0027] As illustrated in Figures 10a and 10b, the angle bracket elements (1) can have different dimensions, such as different lengths, L, along the axis - X or the vertical and horizontal plates 5 can have different height, h, and width, w, dimensions, respectively. Each angle bracket element (1) can include one or more mechanical reinforcements (1r) depending on the length, L, of the angle bracket element (1) and the mechanical properties required according to the application. For example,Two mechanical reinforcements (1r) in an angle bracket element (1) or in a continuous angle bracket (10) formed by joining two angle bracket elements may be separated from each other by a distance, Lr, measured along the X-axis, of between 80 and 10,500 mm, preferably between 100 and 250 mm. The thickness, dv, dh, of the vertical (1v) and horizontal (1h) plates is not necessarily constant. For example, as illustrated in Figure 8c, the vertical plate (1v) may have a thickness at its uniform and free long edge that is less than that at the junction with the horizontal plate (1h). This has the advantage of facilitating the bevel cutting of the portion of insulation panels that are in contact with the front surface (1f) of the vertical plate (1v). This can be advantageous, especially in the case of relatively rigid insulation panels that do not allow adaptation to the thickness, dv, of the vertical plate (1v), without this being reflected on the outer surface of the insulation panel.

[0028] In a preferred embodiment illustrated in Figure 9a, the horizontal plate (1h) is provided with drainage holes (1d),allowing water found on the upper surface (1s) to flow towards the lower surface. Drainage holes are particularly interesting when the corner continues to remain exposed to the weather before being covered by a wall coping, window sill or protected by a roof.

[0029] The vertical platform is preferably provided with fixing holes (1t) as illustrated in Figure 9b allowing drilling directly on the support wall (12p) by passing the drill bit through the fixing holes (1t). One or more fixing holes (1t) may have an elongated geometry in order to ensure that the horizontal platform (1h) is perfectly horizontal when fixed to the support wall (12p) despite the drilling of the support wall (12p) not having been carried out in the exact required position.

[0030] As illustrated in Figures 9a and 9b, in order to reduce the weight of the angle element (1) while maintaining good mechanical resistance, at least one of the upper (1s) or lower (1i) surfaces of the horizontal plate (1h),or at least one of the front (1f) or rear (1a) surfaces of the vertical platform (1v) may include a honeycomb structure formed by a lattice defining 30° transverse openings on at least one of the surfaces. To prevent water accumulation on the upper surface of the horizontal platform if it is exposed to the elements, it is preferable that the lower surface (1i) include the honeycomb structure. In order to promote adhesion by bonding insulation panels (12n) to the front surface (1f) of the vertical platform, it is preferable that the honeycomb structure be applied to the rear surface (1a). For the same reason, the front surface (1f) may be structured to increase the bonding area with the insulation panels. BE2025 / 5156 8T0576-BE-P CORNER ELEMENT (1) AND MECHANICAL REINFORCEMENT (1r)

[0031] The corner element (1) comprises the L-shaped profile with decoupling elements and one or more mechanical reinforcements (1r). As illustrated in Figures 8a to 8d, the mechanical reinforcement (1r) can have different geometries. It can form a solid or hollow triangle,extending especially or only part of the width, w, of the horizontal plate (1h) and especially especially or only part of the height, h, of the vertical plate (1v). The free edge 5 of the mechanical reinforcement (1r) may be straight (defining a triangle) or curved, convex, or, preferably and as illustrated in Figure 8b, concave. A mechanical reinforcement (1r) comprising a concave edge may be advantageous because it facilitates the formation of an opening (less deep than in the case of a straight edge) in the insulation panels (12n) required to fit around the mechanical reinforcement (1r) when the panels are applied. 10

[0032] The mechanical reinforcement (1r) may be of the same material as the profile in Le and may be part integral to the L-profile (i.e., without assembly). This is easily achieved when the cornice element (1) is injection molded or extruded into a mold. Alternatively,The mechanical reinforcement can be produced separately and in a material different from the vertical (1v) and horizontal (1h) plates of the L-profile and assembled to the L-profile in a separate operation. Since the mechanical reinforcement (1r) does not contact the load-bearing element (12p), its thermal conductivity is lower than that of the L-profile which is in direct contact with the load-bearing element (12p). Thus, the mechanical reinforcement (1r) can be produced in polymer, preferably comprising reinforcing fibers, or even in metal, such as steel (e.g., stainless steel or galvanized steel) or aluminum.

[0033] The function of the mechanical reinforcements (1r) is essential to ensure that the continuous angle (10)20 manufactured by assembly and fixing to the load-bearing wall side-by-side of the angle elements (1) made of polymer material, even if reinforced with fibers,be capable of making the portion of the wall above the insulation panels that form a non-load-bearing structure reportable. DECOUPLIZING ELEMENTS – PROTRUSION(2P) AND INDENTATION(2I)

[0034] The male-female or puzzle-type decoupling elements present at the first and second ends of the angle element make the angle elements (1) fixed to each other, thus allowing the formation of a continuous angle (10). The decoupling elements can be placed at the first and second ends of the vertical plate (1v), the horizontal plate (1h) or, preferably, of both the vertical (1v) and horizontal (1h) panels as illustrated in Figures 1a to 3a. Once the protrusion(s) (2p) is / are inserted into the corresponding indentation(s) (2i), the angle elements (1) cannot be separated. one another in specific directions depending on the geometry of the coupling elements.

[0035] Thus, the protrusion (2p) and the indentation (2i) can have a geometry allowing coupling of the first end of the architectural angle element (1) to the second end of the second architectural angle element (1) in only one or more directions, and not allowing their dissociation by moving the angle elements (1) in all other directions. 35 BE2025 / 5156 9T0576-BE-P

[0036] In one variant, the angle elements can be coupled to each other, by a translation along the X-axis, as illustrated in Figure 1a and / or by a translation along the Z-axis, as illustrated in Figure 2a and / or by a translation along the Y-axis, as illustrated in Figure 3a.

[0037] Thus, the angle elements (1) forming the angles (10) of Figures 1b to 3b cannot be dissociated from each other except by translating them along the X, Z, and Y axes,respectively and remain connected when subjected to stresses in all other directions.

[0038] Figures 4a to 4d illustrate different geometries of the protrusions (2p) and indentations (2i) forming the coupling elements. Figure 4 illustrates a coupling element similar to that illustrated in Figures 1a and 1b. The protrusion (2p) has a rectangular (or trapezoidal) geometry and prevents any movement of an angle element (1) relative to the angle element (1) to which it is coupled in the Z-axis direction. Figure 4b illustrates a coupling element geometry similar to that of Figure 4a, in which the protrusions (2p) and indentations (2i) have a trapezoidal geometry.This facilitates the insertion of the protrusions (2p) into the corresponding indentations (2i). The variant in Figure 4b is also distinguished by the use of decoupling pins (3m) which allow the two adjacent angle elements (1) to be decoupled by inserting the fingers of the decoupling pin (3m) into corresponding holes. The decoupling pins can remain permanently in their position or can be removed and reused once the angle elements (1) are rigidly fixed to the load-bearing wall (12p).

[0039] The geometry variant of the coupling element illustrated in Figure 4c includes a corresponding protrusion (2p) and indentation (2i) in the shape of a semicircle. Figure 4d illustrates a coupling element 20 in the form of interlocking puzzle pieces of the same type as those illustrated in Figures 2a & 2b and 3a & 3b. Such geometry prevents any translation along the X-axis of an angle member (1) relative to the angle member (1) to which it is coupled. This coupling element is particularly suitable for new constructions with straight walls,because it provides a relatively rigid coupling, leaving little play between the angle elements to adapt to the imperfections of the wall to which they are fixed. 25

[0040] Older buildings may have walls that are not straight, including concave and convex parts which can make the rigid fixing of the angle elements (1) to the load-bearing wall (12p) and to each other more delicate. The variant illustrated in Figures 5a to 5c makes it possible to form a continuous angle (10) conforming to the imperfections of the load-bearing wall (12p). The horizontal plate (1h) includes a protrusion (12p) at its first end and indentations (12i) at its second end. formed of a semicircle. The first and / or second end of the horizontal plate (1h) are beveled from the center of the semicircle formed by the protrusion (12p) and the indentation (12i) of the horizontal plate (1h), allowing a rotation of a first angle element (1) relative to a second angle element (1) to which it is coupled around the center of the semicircle, by an angle of amplitude. Thus,The continuous angle bracket (10) adapts to any undulation of the load-bearing wall (12p). Figure 5a shows two angle bracket elements (1) fixed to a straight load-bearing wall (12p), while Figures 5b and 5c show the same two elements fixed to a convex wall (BE2025 / 5156 10T0576-BE-P) and a concave wall, respectively. Like links in a chain, the different angle bracket elements (1) can thus adapt to irregularities in the load-bearing wall (12p) by rotating on the (X,Y) plane around the center of the semicircle. If the vertical plate (1v) includes a coupling element, it is preferably trapezoidal or circular in geometry so as not to protrude and hinder the rotation of an angle bracket element (1) relative to it. to a second. A 3m tie rod can, as in the larianted in Figure 4b,to join two adjacent corner elements (1). CONTINUOUS ANGLE (10)

[0041] The present invention also relates to an architectural and structural continuous angle (10) configured to withstand forces applied cantilevered from a wall to which the continuous angle (10) is fixed. The continuous angle (10) is formed by at least first and second angle elements (1) as described above, assembled side-by-side along the X-axis, on the one hand, by engaging the protrusion (2p) of the first end of the first angle element (1) in the corresponding indentations (2i) of the second end of the second angle element (1), and, on the other hand, by fixing the vertical plate (1v) of the angle elements (1) to the load-bearing wall (12p). In practice, and as illustrated in Figure 7a, a first angle element (1) is fixed to the supporting wall (12p) using screws, preferably passing through 15 the fixing holes (1t) ensuring that the horizontal plate (1h) has the correct orientation, generally horizontal.The corresponding indentations (2i) of the second end of the second angle bracket (1) can be coupled to the protrusion (2p) of the first end of the first angle bracket (1). If necessary, the first and second angle brackets (1) can be joined by one or more connecting pins (3m) of the type illustrated in Figure 4b. The second angle bracket can then be fixed to the load-bearing wall (12p) using screws as for the first angle bracket (1), ensuring the correct orientation (generally horizontal) of the horizontal plate (1h) of the second angle bracket (1). These operations are repeated with as many angle brackets (1) as necessary until the desired length of the continuous angle bracket (10) thus obtained and fixed to the load-bearing wall (12p) is reached. If the length of the The continuous angle bracket (10) is not an exact multiple of the length, L, of the angle bracket elements (1) used; the last element (1) to be placed can be cut to the required length to obtain the continuous angle bracket (10) of the desired length.

[0042] Once the continuous angle bracket (10) is in place,The insulating panels (12n), or in any case the panels placed directly under the continuous angle bracket (10), can be fixed to the load-bearing wall (12p) in a manner known to those skilled in the art, by cutting spaces to cover the mechanical reinforcements (1r) and, if necessary, to compensate for the thickness, dv, of the vertical plates (1v) of the various angle bracket elements (1). Figure 7 illustrates the appearance of the load-bearing wall (12p) covered with insulating panels (12n) and reinforced by the continuous angle bracket (10) thus installed. A wall cap (11) is shown in transparency,showing that a load can be applied across its entire width without fear that the insulation panels will give way under the excessive load. A plaster (12c) can then be applied to the insulating panels (12n) in order to improve the aesthetic appearance of the insulated wall and also to form a waterproof layer in order to protect the insulating panels (12n) from exposure to climatic elements (see Figures 6a to 6c). BE2025 / 5156 11T0576-BE-P USE OF CORNER ELEMENTS (1) AND CONTINUOUS CORNER (10)

[0043] The corner elements (1) of the present invention are designed to form a continuous corner (10) as described above, by rigidly fixing the vertical plate (1v) to a load-bearing wall (12p) of each corner element (1) arranged side-by-side and by coupling the corner elements (1) to each other by means of protrusions and indentations. Preferably,the angle bracket elements (1) can be joined together by applying joining pins (3m) as described in the discussion of Figure 4b.

[0044] The continuous angle bracket (10) allows a non-load-bearing structure (12n) applied to a surface of the load-bearing wall (12p) and capped by the continuous angle bracket (10) to be made load-bearing. The non-load-bearing structure is typically a layer of insulating panels covering the surface of the load-bearing wall (12p). For example, the 10 insulating panels may be made of foam or formed from fibers or particles. For insulating visible exterior walls, relatively rigid polymer foam panels are often used. For fire-sensitive applications, glass or rock fibers may be preferred. The non-load-bearing structure (12p) may also be a decorative element applied to the load-bearing wall. But in this case, if there is a presence of a thermal bridge is not critical, metal angles can also be used.15

[0045] As illustrated on the board,