Lubricant composition, method of modifying the viscosity of a lubricant composition, and use of a copolymer-based viscosity modifier in a comb.

Abstract

A lubricant composition, a method for modifying the viscosity of a lubricant composition, and the use of a comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier. A comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier may be prepared by polymerization comprising at least, or consisting essentially of, the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene (alq)acrylate-based macromonomer (whose repeating units may comprise from 7.0% by weight to 18% by weight of the repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier); (b) a c3-c8 alkyl (alq)acrylate-based monomer (whose repeating units may comprise from 40% by weight to 71% by weight or from 45% by weight to 64% by weight of the repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier);and (c) a c12-c24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the repeating units based on the c12-c24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise at least 21.0% by weight (and optionally up to 35.0% by weight) of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier. Lubricating compositions comprising the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier are also intended, as well as their uses and methods for viscosity modification.

Description

Lubricant composition, method of modifying the viscosity of a lubricant composition, and use of a copolymer-based viscosity modifier. IN COMB Field

[001] This description generally refers to poly((alq)alkyl acrylate) comb copolymers useful in modifying the viscosity of compositions such as lubricating compositions, for example, for passenger car engines, heavy-duty diesel engines, and marine diesel engines, in functional fluids such as manual / automatic transmission fluids. More specifically, certain poly((alq)alkyl acrylate) comb copolymers may have specific repeating unit contents and chemistries, and lubricating compositions incorporating such copolymers may advantageously exhibit certain characteristics, such as kinematic viscosities and viscosities under high shear and high temperature, which may meet increasingly stringent specifications. Fundamentals

[002] Poly((alq)alkyl acrylates) — generally synthesized by simple copolymerization (via free radicals) of a mixture of different (alq)alkyl acrylates — can produce, as additives for lubricating base oils (although still dependent on molecular weight and composition), an increase in Viscosity Index (VI) comparable to, in comparison with other Viscosity Index Enhancers (VIAs), improved low-temperature properties (RM Mortier, ST Orszulik (eds.), “Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants”, Blackie Academic & Professional, 1st ed., London 1993, 124-159 & 165-167). A fundamental difficulty for the usability of a viscosity-modifying additive is, trivially, its compatibility / solubility in the component(s) to be thickened, which, in the case of polyacrylates, may depend on the presence of a Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 16 / 237 / 102 sufficiently large number of alkyl side chains typically having 6 to 24 carbon atoms. The IV of poly((alq)alkyl acrylates) can sometimes be increased by copolymerization of short-chain alkyl (meth)acrylates, for example methyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate (cf., for example, European Publications Nos. EP 0.637.332, EP 0.937.769, and EP 0.979.834). However, the shorter chain comonomeric component lowers solubility at low temperatures, so the proportion of methyl methacrylate can typically be restricted, for example, to about 25% by weight or less. The VIs of these comb-type polymers thus achievable are, depending on the concentration, the Permanent Shear Stability Index (PSSI) and the type of base oil, in the range of between 150 and 250.

[003] Another class of AIVs involves alkyl styrene maleate copolymers obtained by polymer-analog esterification of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers with typically C6-C24 alcohols. Esterification can be intensified to a conversion of about 95% by the addition of butanol. Complete conversion of the acid functionalities can be achieved by the addition of an amine to form amide or imide groups (see, for example, US Patent No. 3,702,300 and European Publication No. EP 0,969,077).

[004] The viscosities of polymer solutions in mineral oils or synthetic oils may depend, to some degree, on molecular weight. This may also have the consequence that the dependence of viscosity on temperature decreases or the VI (viscosity index) increases with increasing molecular weight (cf. J. Bartz, “Additive für Schmierstoffe” [Additives for Lubricants], publisher (Verlag) Expert, Renningen-Malmsheim 1994, 197252). In relation to increasing temperature, reference is also made to the clearing of collapsed nodes to provide the extended worm-like molecule. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 17 / 237 / 102

[005] Similar to molecular weight, shear stability, however, can typically decrease as a result of chain breakage under high shear. As a result of this counter-effect, shear-stable AIVs, as required for manual transmission oils, automatic transmission oils, hydraulic oils, motor oils, or the like, based on conventional polymer types such as poly(meth)acrylates can often be feasible only with the addition of undesirably high amounts. AIVs with a relatively low contribution to viscosity at relatively low temperatures, relatively moderate thickening in the VI range from about 20°C to about 100°C, relatively high contribution to viscosity above about 100°C, and simultaneously good solubility / dispersibility within a wide temperature range may therefore be of particular interest.

[006] In addition to linear comb-type polymers such as poly(meth)acrylates, AIVs based on comb polymers are already described in the patent literature. For example, European Publication No. EP 0,744,457 describes relatively high-order comb polymers based purely on poly((meth)acrylates of alkyl), in which the side arms themselves consist of oligomeric poly((meth)acrylate of alkyl). Additionally, the patent literature includes other patents related to comb polymers in which the side chains are saturated / hydrogenated polyolefins and the backbone is of short-chain monomers (such as alkyl (meth)acrylates or alkylstyrenes). For example, European Publication No. EP 0,621,293 describes comb polymer side chains formed of hydrogenated polybutadiene. Similarly, European Publication No. EP 0.699.694 describes comb polymer side chains based on saturated monoolefins, such as polyisobutylene or atactic polypropylene. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 18 / 237 / 102

[007] Although not strictly comb copolymers, triblock copolymers for AIV applications based on poly((meth)alkyl acrylates) (see, for example, P. Callais, S. Schmidt, N. Macy, “SAE Technical Paper Series”, No. 2004-01-3047) and also based on a poly(butyl methacrylate) core and hydrogenated polybutadiene / polyisoprene blocks (US Patent No. 5,002,676) have been described. Anionically prepared ABA block copolymers with a polystyrene core and, for example, hydrogenated polyisoprene arms still find commercial use as AIVs (US Patent No. 4,788,361).

[008] In addition to the application described above as AIVs, comb polymers with hydrogenated or saturated side chains are also known, albeit for different applications. For example, German Publication No. DE 196.31.170 describes comb polymers for impact-resistant molding materials, the polymers being a sequence of polyisobutylene-containing macromonomers without additional short-chain backbone monomers. Also, European Publication No. EP 0.955.320 describes a way of linking functionalized polypropylene to a styrene-maleic anhydride backbone in a polymer-analog reaction to form a highly insulating soft comb polymer gel; the molecular weights of the polypropylene used are relatively high, for example, up to 300,000 g / mol.In an example from adhesive chemistry, comb polymers with hydrogenated polybutadiene or polyisoprene side chains are described, with the polymer backbone also made of acrylic acid and also alkyl (meth)acrylates (US Patent No. 5,625,005).

[009] The copolymers detailed above are used commercially in many ways. Consequently, most of these polymers exhibit a satisfactory property profile for their respective applications. However, of interest would generally be polymers having Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 19 / 237 / 102 exclusive pros and cons or synergies related to thickening action, viscosity index, and shear stability, in order to achieve a desired viscosity with minimal additive use in lubricating oils over a wide temperature range and with little to no premature polymer degradation.

[0010] Furthermore, such comb copolymers could desirably be produced in a simple and inexpensive manner, especially using commercially available components, for example, while simultaneously exhibiting a particularly high viscosity index-enhancing action in lubricating components / compositions.

[0011] It is therefore important to find and characterize suitable polyacrylate-based viscosity modifiers that can offer different advantages and / or pros and cons with respect to viscosity modification compared to conventional AIVs. Summary

[0012] Consequently, the present description provides a comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization comprising at least, or essentially consisting of, the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer (the repeating units of which may optionally comprise from 7.0% by weight to 18% by weight of the repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier); (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer (the repeating units of which may optionally comprise from 40% by weight to 71% by weight, or alternatively from 45% by weight to 64% by weight, of the repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier); and (c) a C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise at least 21.0% by weight (and optionally Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 20 / 237 / 102 up to 35.0% by weight) of repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier. In some embodiments, the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer is a butyl acrylate and / or a butyl methacrylate and / or the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprises a lauryl acrylate, a lauryl methacrylate, a myristyl acrylate, a myristyl methacrylate, a palmityl acrylate, a palmityl methacrylate, a heptadecanoyl acrylate, a heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier: (i) is prepared by polymerization of monomers that substantially do not comprise styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) substantially do not comprise styrene-based repeating units or styrenic repeating units.In other additional or alternative embodiments, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is prepared by polymerization comprising the monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d) and at least one additional olefinic monomer, other than the monomers (a), (b), and (c), and which is not an aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer nor a C2-C6 oligo(glycol alkylene) or C2-C6 oxoalkyl chain-terminated aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl chain-terminated alkyl (alq)acrylate monomer nor a hydroxyalkyl or H-terminated alkyl (alq)acrylate monomer.

[0013] The present description also provides a lubricating composition comprising: (optionally from 75% by mass to 95% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, of) a lubricating base oil comprising a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, or a mixture thereof; a lubricant additive comprising one or more of an antioxidant, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 21 / 237 / 102 a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal expansion control agent; and (optionally from 0.4% by mass to 6.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricant composition, of) the copolymer-based viscosity modifier in comb form according to the present description. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition may exhibit at least three of the following characteristics: a high-temperature high-shear viscosity at approximately 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 100°C (HTHS100, High Temperature High-Shear Viscosity at approximately 100°C) of a maximum of 5.64 cP (mPa).s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 80°C (HTHS80, High-Temperature High-Shear Viscosity at approximately 80°C) of at most 8.35 cP (mPa.s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100°C (KV100, Kinematic Viscosity at approximately 100°C) of 6.90 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.42 cSt (mm² / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 40°C (KV40, Kinematic Viscosity at approximately 40°C) of at most 34.9 cSt (mm² / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20°C (KV20, Kinematic Viscosity at approximately 20°C) of at most 79.0 cSt (mm / s); and a viscosity index of at least 200.In additional or alternative embodiments, such as when the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier comprises at least 23.0% by weight of repeating units based on C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, the lubricant composition may exhibit at least four of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); a. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 22 / 237 / 102 viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 100C (HTHS100) of a maximum of 5.64 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 80C (HTHS80) of a maximum of 8.34 cP (mPa.s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100C (KV100) of 7.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm2 / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 40C (KV40) of a maximum of 34.7 cSt (mm2 / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20C (KV20) of a maximum of 78.7 cSt (mm2 / s); and a viscosity index of at least 205.

[0014] The present description also provides a method for modifying the viscosity of a lubricating composition comprising: forming a viscosity-modified mixture by combining a viscosity-modifying amount (optionally from 0.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the viscosity-modified mixture) of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier according to the present description with one or more of the following components of the lubricating composition: (1) a lubricating base oil comprising a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base oil;(2) a concentrated lubricant additive package comprising a small amount of a lubricating base oil and one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal expansion control agent; or (3) a lubricating composition according to the present description comprising both (1) and (2), wherein the modified viscosity mixture may have at least a 5% difference (optionally at least a 10% difference) relative to components (1), (2), or (3) of the lubricating composition without the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, with reference to one or more (optionally three or more, or four or more) of the components (1), (2), or (3) of the lubricating composition without the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, with reference to one or more (optionally three or more, or four or more) of the components (1), (2), or (3). Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 23 / 237 / 102 more) among HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and IV.

[0015] The present description also provides a use of a copolymer-based viscosity modifier in accordance with the present description to modify the viscosity of a lubricating composition according to the present description, for example using a method according to the present description. Detailed Description

[0016] The present description refers to comb polymer viscosity modifiers and methods of use and / or uses thereof for modifying the viscosity of, for example, a lubricant component and / or a lubricant composition. The comb copolymer-based viscosity modifiers described herein are polymers prepared from alkyl (alq)acrylate monomers.

[0017] The polymeric alkyl (alq)acrylate (co)polymers described herein are derived from the polymerization (typically, but not limited to, free-radical polymerization) of one or more alkyl (alq)acrylate monomers, dimers, trimers, oligomers, macromonomers, and / or the like (collectively abbreviated herein as “monomers” for brevity). Alkyl (alq)acrylate monomers typically have the following general chemical structure (I): R2 H2C=C* In the equation V oR1(I) where the C=C* double bond is an olefinic bond, R1 represents the “alkyl” portion of the nomenclature on the oxygen side of the ester, and R2 represents the parenthetical “alq” portion of the nomenclature. When R2 is hydrogen, the monomer is an alkyl acrylate; when R2 is a group Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 24 / 237 / 102 alkyl, the monomer is an alkyl alkyl acrylate. When present, the nature of the “alq” nomenclature is based on the number of carbons in the alkyl group R2 - for example, one carbon (methyl) means a methacrylate, while two carbons (ethyl) means an ethacrylate, etc. Similarly, the nature of the “alkyl” nomenclature is based on the number of carbons in the alkyl group R1 - for example, one carbon (methyl) means a methyl (alq)acrylate, while two carbons (ethyl) means an ethyl (alq)acrylate, etc. Therefore, for example, a lauryl methacrylate means that R1 is a C12 alkyl moiety and R2 is a C1 alkyl moiety.

[0018] In particular, comb copolymer-based viscosity modifiers according to the present description can be prepared by polymerization comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of at least the following monomers: (a) a polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer; and (c) a C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer.In some embodiments, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier may further comprise (d) one or more other olefinic comonomers, other than monomers (a), (b), and (c), and which is not an aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer nor a C2-C6 oligo(glycol alkylene) or C2C6 oxoalkyl chain-terminated (alq)acrylate monomer blocked with aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl or chain-terminated (alq)acrylate monomer blocked with hydroxyalkyl or H. For example, the C2-C6 oligo(glycol alkylene) (alq)acrylate ester monomer or C2-C6 oxoalkyl chain-blocked with aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl or chain-blocked with C1-C18 alkyl and / or the (alq)acrylate monomer based on oligo(alkylene glycol) chain-blocked. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 25 / 237 / 102 chain with hydroxyalkyl or H may have the following structure (II): n(II) where R2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl); m is from 2 to 6 (in particular, from 2 to 4), so that (CH2)m- may represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between oxygens; n is from 1 to 10 (in particular, from 1 to 6); and R1 represents hydrogen, a linear, branched, and / or cyclic C1-C1 alkyl terminal block, or a C6-C20 aryl, aralkyl, or alkyl terminal block (in particular, H, linear, branched, and / or cyclic C1-C7 alkyl, or C6-C11 aryl, aralkyl, or alkyl).

[0019] In some embodiments, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier may be prepared by polymerization of monomers that substantially do not comprise styrene or styrenic monomers and / or may substantially not comprise styrene-based repeating units or styrenic repeating units. It is important to note that the polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer, (a), comprises repeating units as formed, which repeating units are considered repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier of the present invention, even if such monomers are not specifically mentioned. Therefore, when a comb copolymer of the present invention substantially does not comprise styrene-based repeating units or styrenic repeating units, it includes the repeating units of the macromonomer, and also the repeating units of the other comonomers.As used here, "styrenic" monomers are defined. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 26 / 237 / 102 as those monomers that have a styrene (vinylbenzene) core, i.e., containing 8 to 17 carbon atoms, an olefinic double bond, and a 6-membered aromatic moiety, entirely carbon-based (including multi-ring systems including a phenyl ring) directly attached to one end of the olefinic double bond and whose ring hydrogens may be optionally substituted (e.g., a phenyl, naphthenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, or acenaphthylenyl moiety).

[0020] As used herein, the term “bridge copolymer” is known per se and indicates the presence of relatively long side chains (as opposed to merely dangling portions) that are attached to a polymeric main chain, often also called a polymeric “backbone”. In the present description, bridge copolymer-based viscosity modifiers comprise at least one repeating unit derived from a polyalkylene-based macromonomer, the repeating units of which are based almost entirely on polymerization or oligomerization of purely hydrocarbon, non-aromatic olefinic monomers (i.e., not containing, nor prepared from monomers containing, more than a contaminant level of heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P, Si, halides, metals, etc.).Such monomers may include, but are not necessarily limited to, mono-olefins (alkenes) with pendant alkyl groups such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, vinylcyclohexene, and the like, and combinations thereof, and / or non-aromatic monomers whose polymerized repeating unit still contains at least one unsaturation (typically alkadienes with butadiene, isoprene, hexadienes, non-aromatic hexatrienes, norbornadiene, and the like, and combinations thereof). Insofar as any such monomers polymerized / oligomerized to form the macromonomer result in remaining unsaturations, it is preferable that such unsaturations be treated, such as by hydrogenation, to remove said unsaturations. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 27 / 237 / 102 As used here, the term "main chain" does not necessarily imply that its chain length is greater than that of the side chains - it merely refers to the polymerization process that linked together numerous comonomers, including the macromonomer.

[0021] As used herein, the term “repeating units” is widely known in the technical field and is typically linked (though not identically) to the monomer(s) from which a (co)polymer is prepared. For example, in free-radical polymerization, double (olefinic) bonds within a single monomer or macromonomer are opened to allow the formation of covalent bonds with neighboring monomers, thus forming the polymer chain. Macromonomers are themselves prepared by polymerization / oligomerization of monomers, although they are used as an “individual” (macro)monomer in the polymerization of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifiers described herein. However, when the term “repeating unit” or “repeating units” is mentioned, any polymerized monomer is referred to. However, just because a component could be prepared by polymerization does not mean that it constitutes a “repeating unit”.For example, in the case of a C18 linear methacrylate ester, although the linear 18-carbon chain could theoretically have been made by oligomerization of 9 ethylene units, such a component is more likely prepared by a non-polymerization route (such as involving isolation from stearyl alcohol or some similar natural product), and therefore is not considered to be a "macromonomer" for the purpose of this description.

[0022] In particularly preferred embodiments, the polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer, (a), may comprise or be a hydrogenated alkadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer, such as a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer. Additionally, referring back to Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 28 / 237 / 102 general formula (I), above, for acrylate monomers, the optional “alq” in the macromonomer may advantageously represent a hydrogen R2 (not “alq”) or C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl).

[0023] With reference to the amount of (a) polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer used to prepare the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier, the repeating units based on the polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) may comprise at least 5.0% by weight (e.g., at least 6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at least 9.0% by weight, at least 10% by weight, at least 11% by weight, at least 12% by weight, or at least 13% by weight) and / or up to 30% by weight (e.g., up to 28% by weight, up to 25% by weight, up to 22% by weight, up to 20% by weight, up to 18% by weight, or up to 15% by weight) of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier. For example, repeating units based on the polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer (e.g.,(based on hydrogenated polybutadiene) may comprise from 5.0% by weight to 30% by weight, from 5.0% by weight to 28% by weight, from 5.0% by weight to 25% by weight, from 5.0% by weight to 22% by weight, from 5.0% by weight to 20% by weight, from 5.0% by weight to 18% by weight, from 5.0% by weight to 15% by weight, 6.0% by weight to 30% by weight, from 6.0% by weight to 28% by weight, from 6.0% by weight to 25% by weight, from 6.0% by weight to 22% by weight, from 6.0% by weight to 20% by weight, from 6.0% by weight to 18% by weight, from 6.0% by weight to 15% by weight, 7.0% by weight to 30% by weight, from 7.0% by weight to 28% by weight, from 7.0% by weight to 25% by weight, from 7.0% by weight to 22% by weight, from 7.0% by weight to 20% by weight, from 7.0% by weight to 18% by weight, from 7.0% by weight to 15% by weight, 8.0% by weight to 30% by weight, from 8.0% by weight to 28% by weight, from 8.0% by weight to 25% by weight, from 8.0% by weight to 22% by weight, from 8.0% by weight to 20% by weight, from 8.0% by weight to 18% by weight, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 29 / 237 / 102 weight, from 8.0% by weight to 15% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 30% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 28% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 25% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 22% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 20% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 18% by weight, from 9.0% by weight to 15% by weight, from 10% by weight to 30% by weight, from 10% by weight to 28% by weight, from 10% by weight to 25% by weight, from 10% by weight to 22% by weight, from 10% by weight to 20% by weight, from 10% by weight to 18% by weight, from 10% by weight to 15% by weight weight, from 11% to 30% by weight, from 11% to 28% by weight, from 11% to 25% by weight, from 11% to 22% by weight, from 11% to 20% by weight, from 11% to 18% by weight, from 11% to 15% by weight, from 12% to 30% by weight, from 12% to 28% by weight, from 10% to 25% by weight, from 12% to 22% by weight, from 12% to 20% by weight, from 12% to 18% by weight, from 12% to 15% by weight, from 13% to 30% by weight, from 13% to 28% by weight,From 13% to 25% by weight, from 13% to 22% by weight, from 13% to 20% by weight, from 13% to 18% by weight, or from 13% to 15% by weight, based on the total weight of repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier. In particular, repeating units based on the polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) may comprise from 5.0% to 22% by weight, from 6.0% to 20% by weight, from 7.0% to 18% by weight, or from 9.0% to 15% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

[0024] Useful macromonomers according to the present description may advantageously have a polymerizable double bond, which is typically terminal (or near a terminal position). The polymerizable double bond may be present as a result of the preparation of the macromonomers (for example, a cationic polymerization of isobutylene may form a Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 30 / 237 / 102 polyisobutylene (PIB) with a terminal double bond).

[0025] In one embodiment, the polyalkylene-based (alq)acrylate macromonomer can be prepared by reacting (alq)acrylic acid (or a salt thereof) with a polyalkylene-based macroalcohol, such as Krasol® HLBH5000m (commercially available from Cray Valley of Exton, PA, USA), a hydrogenated polybutadiene that is functionalized with monohydroxyl. Other hydrogenated polybutadiene-based macroalcohols can be obtained, for example, according to British Publication No. GB ​​2270317. Some commercially available macromonomers may include, for example, Kraton Liquid L-1253™ and Kraton Liquid L-1203™ (from Kraton Polymers of Houston, TX, USA), both prepared from hydrogenated polybutadienes that are functionalized with methacrylate. Other polyolefin-based macromonomers and preparations thereof are also described, for example, in European Publications Nos. EP 0.621.293 and EP 0.699.694.

[0026] With reference to (b) the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer and referring back to general formula (I), above, for acrylate monomers, the optional “alq” may advantageously represent a hydrogen R2 (not “alq”) or C1-C2 alkyl.Portanto, dada a faixa de alquila C3-C8 para a porção éster de acrilato de R1, este monômero pode compreender ou ser um ou mais dentre acrilato de n-propila, metacrilato de npropila, etacrilato de n-propila, acrilato de isopropila, metacrilato de isopropila, etacrilato de isopropila, acrilato de n-butila, metacrilato de n-butila, etacrilato de n-butila, acrilato de t-butila, metacrilato de t-butila, etacrilato de t-butila, acrilato de 2-butila, metacrilato de 2-butila, etacrilato de 2-butila, acrilato de n-pentila, metacrilato de n-pentila, etacrilato de n-pentila, 2-pentyl acrylate, 2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-pentyl acrylate, 3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-pentyl ethacrylate, cyclopentyl acrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, cyclopentyl ethacrylate, acrylate de. Petition 870250025230, 31 / 03 / 2025, pág. 31 / 237 / 102 2-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-butyl ethacrylate, iso-amyl acrylate, iso-amyl methacrylate, iso-amyl ethacrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-hexyl ethacrylate, 2-hexyl acrylate, 2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-hexyl ethacrylate, 3-hexyl acrylate, 3-hexyl methacrylate, 3-hexyl ethacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl ethacrylate, cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, methacrylate cyclopentylmethyl, ethacrylate of cyclopentylmethyl, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate,2-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, de 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate,2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl ethecrylate, n-heptyl acrylate, n-heptyl methacrylate, n-heptyl ethecrylate, 2-heptyl acrylate, 2-heptyl methacrylate, 2-heptyl ethecrylate, 3-heptyl acrylate Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 32 / 237 / 102 3-heptyl methacrylate, 3-heptyl ethacrylate, 4-heptyl acrylate, 4-heptyl methacrylate, 4-heptyl ethacrylate, cycloheptyl acrylate, cycloheptyl methacrylate, cycloheptyl ethacrylate, cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, methacrylate cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexyl, acrylate 3-methyl-1-cyclohexyl, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, cyclopentylethyl acrylate, cyclopentylethyl, cyclopentylethyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2-methyl1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate,2-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate,3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 33 / 237 / 102 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethecrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethecrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl ethecrylate, 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl acrylate, 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl methacrylate, ethecrylate of 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 1-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethecrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 2-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethecrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl acrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl ethecrylate, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl methacrylate 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl, 6-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanyl etheacrylate,2-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-hexyl etheacrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-hexyl etheacrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-hexyl etheacrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-hexyl etheacrylate, 3-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, methacrylate 3-methyl-3-hexyl, 3-methyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl acrylate5-methyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethecrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl ethecrylate Petition 870250025230, 31 / 03 / 2025, pág. 34 / 237 / 102 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl ethacrylate 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-butyl, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-butyl, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octyl ethacrylate, 2-octyl acrylate, 2-octyl methacrylate, 2-octyl ethacrylate, 3-octyl acrylate, 3-octyl methacrylate, 3-octyl ethacrylate, 4-octyla, methacrylate de 4-octyla,4-octyl ethecrylate, cycloheptylmethyl acrylate, cycloheptylmethyl methacrylate, cycloheptylmethyl ethecrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl ethecrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl acrylate, 2-bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl methacrylate, 2- Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 35 / 237 / 102 bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 1bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 2bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 1-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate 2-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 2bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 3bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 3-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 6bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, methacrylate of 6-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, 6bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl acrylate, 8bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl methacrylate, 8-bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl ethacrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 1-octahydropentalenyl, 2-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate, 2-octahydropentalenyl ethacrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl acrylate, 3a-octahydropentalenyl methacrylate,3-octa-hydropentalenyl ethecrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 1-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethecrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethecrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cycloheptyl ethecrylate, cyclohexylethyl acrylate cyclohexylethyl methacrylate, cyclohexylethyl ethecrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethecrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethecrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethecrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate4-ethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethecrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethecrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethecrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 1,4-ethecrylate, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 36 / 237 / 102 dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, methacrylate 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1cyclohexyl methacrylate 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl acrylate,4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl, 3-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl ethacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl acrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl methacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-1-propyl ethacrylate, acrylate 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl methacrylate, 2-cyclopentyl-2-propyl ethacrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl acrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl methacrylate, 3-cyclopentyl-1-propyl ethacrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 1-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate,2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-propyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 37 / 237 / 102 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl acrylate, methacrylate of 4-methyl-1-cyclopentylethyl, 4-methyl1-cyclopentylethyl ethacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2,4dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate,2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 2,6-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 4,4dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, ethacrylate of 2-ethyl1-cyclopentylmethyl, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 3-ethyl1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 4-ethyl1-cyclopentylmethyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl methacrylate, 4ethyl-1-cyclopentylmethyl ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 38 / 237 / 102 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,3trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,5trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl, acrylate 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,3,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,5trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate,2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2,4,6-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate,2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 39 / 237 / 102 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl2-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl acrylate, 4methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-cyclopentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-1-heptyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate, acrylate 2-methyl-3-heptyl, 2methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-heptyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-heptyl ethacrylate, 3methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-1heptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-heptyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate,3-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-heptyl ethecrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-heptyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-1-heptyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-heptyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-3-heptyl ethecrylate, 4-methyl-4-heptyl acrylate, methacrylate of 4-methyl-4-heptyl, 4-methyl-4-heptyl ethecrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-1-heptyl ethecrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-2-heptyl ethecrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 5-methyl-3-heptyl ethecrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-1-heptyl ethecrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl acrylate6-methyl-2-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-2-heptyl ethecrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl acrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl methacrylate, 6-methyl-3-heptyl ethecrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,2-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,2-dimethyl ethecrylate. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 40 / 237 / 102, 3-hexyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, methacrylate of 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, ethecrylate of 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate,3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,3-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, ethecrylate of 3,4-dimethyl-3-hexyl, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 3,5-dimethyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate 2-ethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate,2-ethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-2-hexyl ethecrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethyl-3-hexyl ethecrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl acrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl methacrylate, 3-ethyl-1-hexyl ethecrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate Petition 870250025230, 31 / 03 / 2025, pág. 41 / 237 / 102 3-ethyl-2-hexila methacrylate, 3-ethyl-2-hexila ethacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexila acrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexila methacrylate, 3-ethyl-3-hexila ethacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentyl, 2,3,3trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,3trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl, 2,3,4trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2,3,4trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl,2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate 3,3,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate 3,4,5trimethyl-1-pentyl, 3,4 acrylate,5-Trimethyl-2-pentyl, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate Petition 870250025230, 31 / 03 / 2025, pág. 42 / 237 / 102 trimethyl-2-pentyl, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 4,4,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 4,5,5-trimethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl ethacrylate,2-methyl-3-ethyl1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3pentyl acrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-4-ethyl-3pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2pentyl acrylate,3-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-2pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-2-ethyl-4pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1 methacrylate, Petition 870250025230, 31 / 03 / 2025, pág. 43 / 237 / 102 pentyla, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-3-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-2pentyl ethacrylate, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 4-methyl-3-ethyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-ethyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-2-pentyl methacrylate,2-propyl-2-pentyl ethacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 2-propyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-1-pentyl ethacrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-2-pentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentyl acrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentyl methacrylate, 3-propyl-3-pentyl ethacrylate, or a combination thereof or a polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof. In particular, the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, (b), may comprise, consist essentially of, or be a butyl acrylate or a butyl methacrylate.

[0027] With reference to the amount of (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer used to prepare the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier,The repeating units based on the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer may comprise from 35% by weight to 71% by weight, for example, from 35% by weight to 68% by weight, from 35% by weight to 66% by weight, from 35% by weight to 64% by weight, from 35% by weight to 62% by weight, from 35% by weight to 60% by weight, from 35% by weight to 58% by weight, from 35% by weight to 56% by weight, from 35% by weight to, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 44 / 237 / 102 54% by weight, from 35% by weight to 52% by weight, from 40% by weight to 71% by weight, from 40% by weight to 68% by weight, from 40% by weight to 66% by weight, from 40% by weight to 64% by weight, from 40% by weight to 62% by weight, from 40% by weight to 60% by weight, from 40% by weight to 58% by weight, from 40% by weight to 56% by weight, from 40% by weight to 54% by weight, from 40% by weight to 52% by weight, from 45% by weight to 71% by weight, from 45% by weight to 68% by weight, from 45% by weight to 66% by weight, from 45% by weight to 64% by weight, from 45% by weight to 62% by weight weight, from 45% to 60% by weight, from 45% to 58% by weight, from 45% to 56% by weight, from 45% to 54% by weight, from 45% to 52% by weight, from 50% to 71% by weight, from 50% to 68% by weight, from 50% to 66% by weight, from 50% to 64% by weight, from 50% to 62% by weight, from 50% to 60% by weight, from 50% to 58% by weight, from 50% to 56% by weight, from 50% to 54% by weight, or from 50% to 52% by weight,of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier. In particular, the repeating units based on the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer may comprise from 40% to 71% by weight, from 45% to 64% by weight, or from 50% to 68% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

[0028] With reference to (c) the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, and referring back to general formula (II) above for acrylate monomers, the optional “alq” may advantageously represent a hydrogen (not “alq”) R2 or C1-C2 alkyl (in particular, hydrogen or methyl). Therefore, given the C12-C24 alkyl range for the acrylate ester portion of R1, this monomer may comprise or be a linear, cyclic, or branched C12 acrylate, a linear, cyclic, or branched C12 methacrylate, a linear, cyclic, or branched C14 acrylate, a linear, cyclic, or branched C14 methacrylate, a linear, cyclic, or branched C16 acrylate, a methacrylate Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 45 / 237 / 102 C16 linear, cyclic, or branched acrylate, C17 linear, cyclic, or branched methacrylate, C17 linear, cyclic, or branched methacrylate, C18 linear, cyclic, or branched acrylate, C18 linear, cyclic, or branched methacrylate, or a combination thereof, or a polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof. In particular, the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer may comprise, consist essentially of, or be a lauryl acrylate, a lauryl methacrylate, a myristyl acrylate, a myristyl methacrylate, a palmityl acrylate, a palmityl methacrylate, a heptadecanoyl acrylate, a heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof, or a polymerization / oligomerization reaction product thereof.

[0029] With reference to the amount of (c) the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer used to prepare the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer may comprise at least 21.0% by weight (for example, at least 21.5% by weight, at least 22.0% by weight, at least 22.5% by weight, at least 23.0% by weight, at least 23.5% by weight, at least 24.0% by weight, at least 24.5% by weight, or at least 25.0% by weight) and optionally but preferably also up to 35.0% by weight (for example, up to 34.0% by weight, up to 33.0% by weight, up to 32.0% by weight, up to 31.0% by weight, up to 30.0% by weight, up to 29.0% by weight, up to 28.0% by weight, or up to 27.0% by weight) of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.In particular, the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer may comprise at least 21.0% by weight, at least 23.0% by weight, from 21.0% by weight to 35.0% by weight, or from 23.0% by weight to 30.0% by weight, of the repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier.

[0030] When one or more olefinic comonomers (d) is / are Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 46 / 237 / 102 present(s), such monomer(s) (d) may include or be, for example, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof. Although there is no specific limit on optional olefinic comonomer(s) (d), the repeating units based on these olefins, when present, may comprise up to 7.0% by weight (e.g., up to 6.5% by weight, up to 6.0% by weight, up to 5.5% by weight, up to 5.0% by weight, up to 4.5% by weight, up to 4.0% by weight, up to 3.5% by weight, or up to 3.0% by weight) and additionally optionally at least 0.1% by weight (e.g., at least 0.2% by weight, at least 0.3% by weight, at least 0.5% by weight, at least 0.7% by weight, at least 0.9% by weight, at least 1.2% by weight, at least 1.5% by weight, or at least 1.8% by weight) of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier.In particular, when present, other olefinic repeating units may comprise at least 7.0% by weight, up to 5.0% by weight, from 0.5% by weight to 7.0% by weight, or from 1.0% by weight to 5.0% by weight, of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

[0031] Because of the relatively large proportion of C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomers, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifiers according to the present description may, in some embodiments, advantageously comprise less than 80% by weight of repeating units derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of: styrene / styrenic monomers having 8 to 17 carbon atoms; alkyl (meth)acrylates having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol group; vinyl esters having 1 to 11 carbon atoms in the acyl group; vinyl ethers having 1 to 10 carbon atoms connected to the vinyl ether; (di)alkyl fumarates having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ether group, (di)alkyl maleates having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group, and mixtures thereof (cf. US Patent No. 8,067,349). Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 47 / 237 / 102

[0032] Comb copolymer-based viscosity modifiers according to the present description can advantageously exhibit an intermediate weight average molecular weight by Chromatography of Gel Permeation (GPC; also known as size exclusion chromatography or SEC). The GPC specification and analysis conditions for determining molecular weight distributions are as follows: Waters Acquity APC with Waters RID and UV215 nm; software: Empower 3; columns (in the 3 x 4.6 x 150 mm series): APC-XT 450 (~2.5 μm), APC-XT200 (~2.5 μm) and APC-XT45 (~1.7 μm); mobile phase and flow: >99.9% uninhibited THF with Fisher Ideal HPLC grade gold label; flow rate: ~0.25 mL / min with a retention time of ~5 min; oven temperature: ~35°C; sample concentration: ~1 mg (solid polymer) / mL; Sample preparation: Substantially complete dissolution overnight (8-20 hours), followed by filtration through a ~0.45 μm PTFE filter; Injection volume: ~10 μL; Polystyrene calibration curve. As such, the weight-average molecular weight per GPC of the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present description may be less than or equal to 625.000 g / mol (for example, less than or equal to 610,000 g / mol, less than or equal to 600,000 g / mol, less than or equal to 590,000 g / mol, less than or equal to 580,000 g / mol, from 200,000 g / mol to 250,000 g / mol. 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, from 200,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, from 200,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, from 200,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol, from 200,000 g / mol to 200,000 g / mol. 625,000 g / mol, respectively. 225,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, from 225,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol,from 225,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, from 225,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol,from 250,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, from 250,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol,from 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, from 250,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol,from 250,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol, from 275,000 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, from 275,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, from 275,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, from 2000 g / mol to 2000 g / mol. 590,000 g / mol, from 275,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol, from 300,000 Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, p. 48 / 237 / 102 g / mol to 625,000 g / mol, from 300,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, from 300,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol, from 300,000 g / mol to 590,000 g / mol, or from 300,000 g / mol to 580,000 g / mol; Specifically, less than or equal to 625,000 g / mol, less than or equal to 600,000 g / mol, from 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or from 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol), based on polystyrene standards.

[0033] Bridge copolymer-based viscosity modifiers according to the present description may advantageously exhibit relatively high oil dispersibility or solubility. As used herein, the term “oil-soluble” means that a composition comprising at least 0.1% by weight, preferably at least 0.5% by weight, of a bridge copolymer-based viscosity modifier and at least 85% by weight (preferably the remainder) of a lubricating base oil can be combined relatively simply without the formation of stable macroscopic phases. Oil solubility and / or dispersibility may depend on the nature of the base oil and also on the polymer chemistry (e.g., the proportion of lipophilic side chains), among other factors.

[0034] For example, these comb copolymers can be synthesized using free radical polymerization techniques, and also using related processes for controlled free radical polymerization, such as ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) and / or RAFT (Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer). Reversible Chain Addition-Fragmentation). Customary free-radical polymerization is explained, among others, in “Ullmanns's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry”, Sixth Edition. In general, a polymerization initiator and a chain transfer agent can be used for this purpose.

[0035] Examples of useful free-radical polymerization initiators may include, but are not limited to, one or more azo initiators. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 49 / 237 / 102 (such as AIBN and 1,1-azo-biscyclohexanecarbonitrile, which are well known), peroxidized compounds such as ethyl methyl ketone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, ketone peroxide, tert-butyl peroctoate, isobutyl methyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, isopropyl tert-butylperoxycarbonate, 2,5-bis(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, tert-butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, peroxide of dicumyl, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, cumyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, bis(4-tert-butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate, and mixtures thereof, and also mixtures of the aforementioned compounds with other compounds that may, individually or collectively,They also form effective free radicals upon initiation. Suitable chain transfer agents include oil-soluble / oil-dispersible mercaptans (e.g., endodecylmercaptan or 2-mercaptoethanol) and / or terpenes (e.g., terpinolene).

[0036] ATRP processes are known in the art. It is assumed that ATRP processes involve polymerization via “living” free radicals, without any intention of restricting the description of the polymerization mechanism. In such processes, a transition metal compound can be reacted with a compound that has a transferable group of atoms. This can allow the transfer of the transferable group of atoms to the transition metal compound, which can oxidize the metal. This reaction can form a radical that can be used to initiate ethylenic groups (olefins). However, the transfer of the group of atoms to the transition metal compound can be reversible, so that the group of atoms can be transferred back to the growing polymer chain, allowing the formation of a controlled polymerization system. The structure of Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 50 / 237 / 102 polymer, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution can consequently be controlled.

[0037] ATRP reactions are described, for example, by JS. Wang, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 117, p. 5614-5615 (1995), by Matyjaszewski, Macromolecules, vol. 28, p. 7901-7910 (1995). Additionally, PCT Publications Nos. WO 96 / 30421, WO 97 / 47661, WO 97 / 18247, WO 98 / 40415, and WO 99 / 10387 describe variants of ATRP.

[0038] RAFT processes are described in detail, for example, in PCT Publications Nos. WO 98 / 01478 and WO 2004 / 083169.

[0039] Such polymerizations can be carried out under standard pressures, reduced pressures, or high pressures. The polymerization temperature can also vary over a wide range. However, polymerization can typically be conducted at temperatures from about -20°C to about 200°C, for example, from about 50°C to about 150°C or from about 80°C to about 130°C.

[0040] Such polymerizations can be carried out with or without solvent. The term “solvent” should be understood here in a broad sense. The solvent, when present, can be selected according to the polarity of the monomers used (e.g., SN100 oil, SN150 oil, relatively light gas oils, and / or aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and / or xylene).

[0041] In order to be effective in modifying viscosity, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier can be combined with a composition (or one or more components thereof) in a viscosity-modifying quantity, for example, to form a viscosity-modified mixture. In particular, the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier can be combined with a lubricating base oil (for example, a Group I, Group II, and / or Group III base oil) and / or a lubricant additive (for example, as via a package). Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 51 / 237 / 102 of concentrated lubricant additives comprising a small amount of a lubricating base oil and one or more of the following: an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, and a seal expansion control agent; or merely a mixture or combination of one or more of the listed additives).

[0042] For example, the viscosity-modifying quantity of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier (as opposed to any viscosity modifier concentrate, which may contain additional diluent but no additional active ingredient) may be from 0.2% by mass to 8.0% by mass, for example, from 0.2% by mass to 8.0% by mass, from 0.2% by mass to 6.0% by mass, from 0.2% by mass to 5.0% by mass, from 0.2% by mass to 4.0% by mass, 0.2% by mass to 3.0% by mass, 0.2% by mass to 2.0% by mass, 0.4% by mass to 8.0% by mass, 0.4% by mass to 5.0% by mass, 0.4% by mass to 3.5% by mass, 0.4% by mass to 2.5% by mass, 0.5% by mass to 8.0% by mass, 0.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass, 0.5% by mass to 3.5% by mass, 0.5% by mass to 2.5% by mass, 0.6% by mass to 8.0% by mass, 0.6% by mass to 5.0% by mass, 0.6% by mass to 3.5% by mass, 0.6% by mass to 2.5% by mass, from 0.8% by mass to 8.0% by mass, of 0.2% by mass to 3.5% by mass, of 0.2% by mass to 2.5% by mass, of 0.4% by mass to 8.0% by mass, of 0.4% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 0.4% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 0.4% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 0.4% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 0.5% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 0.5% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 0.5% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 0.5% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 0.6% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 0.6% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 0.6% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 0.6% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 0.8% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 52 / 237 / 102 0.8% by mass to 5.0% by mass, from 0.8% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 0.8% by mass to 3.5% by mass, from 0.8% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 0.8% by mass to 2.5% by mass, from 0.8% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 1.0% by mass to 8.0% by mass, from 1.0% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 1.0% by mass to 5.0% by mass, from 1.0% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 1.0% by mass to 3.5% by mass, from 1.0% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 1.0% by mass to 2.5% by mass, from 1.0% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 1.2% by mass to 8.0% by mass, from 1.2% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 1.2% by mass to 5.0% by mass, from 1.2% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 1.2% by mass to 3.5% by mass, from 1.2% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 1.2% by mass to 2.5% by mass, from 1.2% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 1.4% by mass to 8.0% by mass, from 1.4% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 1.4% by mass to 5.0% by mass, from 1.4% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 1.4% by mass to 3.5% by mass, from 1.4% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 1.4% by mass to 2.5% by mass, from 1.4% by mass to 2.0% by mass, of 1.5% by mass to 8.0% by mass, from 1.5% by mass to 6.0% by mass, of 1.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass, from 1.5% by mass to 4.0% by mass, of 1.5% by mass to 3.5% by mass, from 1.5% by mass to 3.0% by mass, of 1.5% by mass to 2.5% by mass, or from 1.5% by mass to 2.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricant composition (or component(s) thereof). In particular, the viscosity-modifying quantity of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier may be from 0.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass.

[0043] The lubricating base oil may be any lubricating base oil known in the art. Both natural and synthetic lubricating base oils may be suitable. Natural lubricating oils may include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), petroleum oils, mineral oils, oils derived from coal or shale, and combinations thereof. A natural lubricating oil Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 53 / 237 / 102, specifically includes or is mineral oil.

[0044] Suitable mineral oils may include all mineral base oils, including oils that are of naphthenic or paraffinic chemical structure. Suitable oils may be refined by conventional methodology using acid, alkali, and clay, or other agents such as aluminum chloride, or they may be extracted oils produced, for example, by solvent extraction with solvents such as phenol, sulfur dioxide, furfural, dichlorodiethyl ether, etc., or combinations thereof. They may be hydrotreated or hydrofined, dewaxed by catalytic dewaxing or cooling processes, hydrocracked, or some combination thereof. Suitable mineral oils may be produced from natural crude sources or may be decomposed from isomerized paraffinic materials, or from residues of other refining processes.

[0045] Synthetic lubricating oils may include hydrocarbon oils and halogenated hydrocarbon oils such as oligomerized, polymerized, and interpolymerized olefins (for example, polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene copolymers, isobutylene, chlorinated polylactenes, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly-(1-decenes), etc., and mixtures thereof); alkylbenzenes (for example, dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzene, etc.); polyphenyls (for example, biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.); alkylated diphenyl ethers, alkylated diphenyl sulfides, and also derivatives thereof, analogues, and homologues thereof, and the like; and combinations and / or reaction products thereof.

[0046] In some embodiments, the oils in this class of synthetic oils may comprise or be poly(alpha-olefins) (PAO), including hydrogenated oligomers of an alpha-olefin, particularly 1-decene oligomers, such as those produced by free radical processes, Ziegler catalysis, or cationic processes. They may be, for example, oligomers Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 54 / 237 / 102 of branched or linear alpha-olefins having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, specific non-limiting examples including polypropenes, polyisobutenes, poly-1-butenes, poly-1-hexenes, poly-1-octenes, poly-1-decene, poly-1-dodecene, and mixtures and / or copolymers thereof.

[0047] Synthetic lubricating oils may additionally or alternatively include polymers, interpolymers, copolymers of alkylene oxide, and derivatives thereof, in which any (most) terminal hydroxyl groups are modified by esterification, etherification, etc. This class of synthetic oils may be exemplified by: polyoxyalkylene polymers prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide; the alkyl and aryl esters of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., poly(isopropylene glycol) methyl ether having an average Mn of ~1,000 daltons, poly(propylene glycol) diphenyl ether having an average Mn of about 1,000 to about 1,500 daltons); and monocarboxylic and polycarboxylic esters thereof (for example, acetic acid ester(s), mixed C3-C8 fatty acid ester(s), tetraethylene glycol C12 oxoacid diester(s), or the like, or combinations thereof).

[0048] Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils may comprise esters of dicarboxylic acids (for example, phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkylsuccinic acids and alkenylsuccinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkylmalonic acids, alkenylmalonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (for example, butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl acid, ethylenic glycol, diethylene glycol monoethers, propylenic glycol, etc.). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, di-iso-octyl azelate, di-isodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, sebacate of Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 55 / 237 / 102 dieicosyl, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, a complex ester formed by the reaction of one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylenic glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the like, and combinations thereof. A preferred type of oil in this class of synthetic oils may include adipates of C4 to C12 alcohols.

[0049] Esters useful as synthetic lubricating oils may additionally or alternatively include those prepared from C5-C12 monocarboxylic acids, polyols, and / or polyol ethers, for example, such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane-pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, and the like, and also combinations thereof.

[0050] Lubricating oils can be derived from unrefined oils, refined oils, rerefined oils, or mixtures thereof. Unrefined oils are obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source (e.g., coal, shale, or bitumen from tar sands) without further purification or treatment. Examples of unrefined oils include shale oil obtained directly from a retorting operation, a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation, or an ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process, each or a combination of which can then be used without further treatment. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils, except that refined oils have typically been treated in one or more purification steps to alter the chemical structure and / or enhance one or more properties.Suitable purification techniques may include distillation, hydrotreatment, dewaxing, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, and percolation, all of which are known to those skilled in the art. Rerefined oils may be obtained by treating used oils and / or refined oils in processes similar to those initially used to obtain refined oils. Such rerefined oils may be known as recovered or reprocessed oils and may contain... Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 56 / 237 / 102 frequency to be additionally processed by techniques for removing consumed additives and oil decomposition products.

[0051] Another additional or alternative class of suitable lubricating oils may include those base oils produced from the oligomerization of natural gas feedstocks or from the oligomerization of paraffins. These feedstocks may be named in numerous ways but are commonly known as Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) or Fischer-Tropsch base oils.

[0052] The lubricating base oils according to the present description may be a blend of one or more of the oils / base oils described herein, of a similar or different type, and a blend of natural and synthetic (i.e., partially synthetic) lubricating oils is expressly intended for this description.

[0053] Lubricating oils can be classified as presented in the publication “Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System”, Industry Services Department, Fourteenth Edition, December 1996, Addendum 1, December 1998, of the American Petroleum Institute (API), in which oils are categorized as follows: a) Group I base oils contain less than 90 percent saturates and / or more than 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120; b) Group II base oils contain more than or equal to 90 percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120; c) Group III base oils contain more than or equal to 90 percent saturates and less than or equal to 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to or less than 120; d) Group IV base oils are poly(alpha-olefins) (PAO); and, e) Group V base oils are all other non-base oils. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 57 / 237 / 102 included in Groups I, II, III, or IV.

[0054] In particular, lubricating oil may comprise or be a mineral oil or a mixture of mineral oils, in particular mineral oils of Group I, Group II, and / or Group III (of the API classification). For example, a lubricating base oil (e.g., Group I, Group II, and / or Group III) may comprise from 55% to 98% by mass, for example, from 55% to 95% by mass, from 55% to 90% by mass, from 55% to 85% by mass, from 60% to 95% by mass, from 60% to 85% by mass, from 65% to 95% by mass, from 65% to 85% by mass, from 70% to 95% by mass, from 70% to 85% by mass, from 75% to 95% by mass, from 75% to 85% by mass, from 80% to 95% by mass, from 60% to 98% by mass, from 60% to 90% by mass, from 65% to 98% by mass, from 65% to 90% by mass, from 70% to 98% by mass, from 70% to 90% by mass, from 75% to 98% by mass,from 75% by mass to 90% by mass, from 80% by mass to 98% by mass, from 80% by mass to 90% by mass, or from 80% by mass to 85% by mass, of the total mass of the lubricant composition (which comprises the lubricating base oil component and any lubricant additives, in this case, and also a viscosity modifier).

[0055] The lubricant additive may include one or more components and may be present in a (package) of lubricant additives (concentrate). Although additive packages (concentrate) typically include some small amount of lubricating base oil or similar to make the additives compatible with the rest of the lubricant composition, the term “additive” here refers only to the lubricant additives in the lubricant composition, whereas the term “lubricating base oil” refers to all base oils both in the additive package and as a component. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 58 / 237 / 102 major phase lubricant. Additionally or alternatively, two or more additives may be added together as an additive package, while one or more other components may be added separately to the lubricating base oil and / or the mixture to form the lubricating composition.

[0056] In particular, the lubricant additive may comprise, consist essentially of, or be one or more of an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, optionally a dye and / or a dye stabilizer, and a seal expansion control agent.

[0057] Anti-wear additives, as the name suggests, can be used to reduce wear on lubricated components, for example, motorized gear train components such as crankcases and / or transmissions. Some anti-wear components may alternatively provide antioxidant function, and also anti-wear function.

[0058] It is known in the art that compounds containing phosphorus can provide wear protection to metal contact surfaces under high load. Without adhering to any theory, this has been suggested as being the result of the formation of a phosphite 'glass' on the lubricated metal surface.

[0059] A phosphorus-containing anti-wear component may comprise one or more, in particular two or more or three or more, compounds of structures (I): / PX / P\ / PX Η I OH Η I OR-, Η I OR-i OH OH 0R2

[0060] where the groups / P\ / P\ HO | ORi R30 I ORi 0R2 0R2 (I); R1, R2, and R3 can each, Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 59 / 237 / 102 independently, comprise or be alkyl groups having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms and / or alkyl groups having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms where the alkyl chain is interrupted by a thioether linkage, provided that at least some of the R1, R2, and R3 groups may comprise or be alkyl groups having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms where the alkyl chain is interrupted by a thioether linkage. The mixture may comprise three or more, four or more, or five or more compounds of structures (I).

[0061] In some embodiments, groups R1, R2, and R3 may each independently comprise or be alkyl groups having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms and / or alkyl groups having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms where the alkyl chain is interrupted by a thioether linkage, provided that at least some of groups R1, R2, and R3 may comprise or be alkyl groups having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms where the alkyl chain is interrupted by a thioether linkage.

[0062] When groups R1, R2, and R3 comprise alkyl groups (in which the alkyl chain is not interrupted by a thioether linkage), examples may include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, in particular including or being butyl.

[0063] When groups R1, R2, and R3 comprise alkyl groups where the alkyl chain is interrupted by a thioether linkage, examples include groups of the structure -R'-S-R'' where R' can be -(CH2)n-, in which n can be an integer from 2 to 4, and where R'' can be -(CH2)m-CH3, in which m can be an integer from 1 to 17, as well as from 3 to 9.

[0064] In particular, with respect to compounds of structure (I), at least 10% (for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, or at least 40%) by mass of all compounds of structure (I) comprise those in which at least one of R1, R2, and R3 comprises or is an alkyl group where the alkyl chain is interrupted by a thioether linkage, particularly having the structure -R'-SR”, where R' may be -(CH2)n-, in Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 60 / 237 / 102 where n can be an integer from 2 to 4, and where R” can be -(CH2)m-CH3, in which n can be an integer from 1 to 17, as well as from 3 to 9.

[0065] A non-phosphorus-containing anti-wear component, which is typically present in a mixture with the phosphorus-containing anti-wear component(s) of structures (I), may comprise one or more, in particular two or more, compounds of structures (II): R4 S R5 O R7 r4--s—R5—O—r6—s—R7(II) wherein the groups R4 and R7 may each independently comprise or be alkyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and where R5 and R6 may each independently comprise or be alkyl linkages having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In particular, R4 and R7 may each independently comprise or be -(CH2)m-CH3, where m is an integer from 1 to 17, as from 3 to 9, and R5 and R6 may each independently comprise or be -(CH2)n-, where n is an integer from 2 to 4. The mixture may comprise three or more compounds of structure (II).

[0066] In particular, a ratio between the mass of compounds of structure (I) and the mass of compounds of structure (II) can be from 2:1 to 1:2, from 3:2 to 2:3, or from 4:3 to 3:4.

[0067] Another class of anti-wear additives may include one or more zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate compounds. Such compounds are known in the art and are frequently referred to as ZDDP (Zinc Dihydrocarbyl DithioPhosphate). They can be prepared according to known techniques, such as by first forming a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid (DDPA), usually by reacting one or more alcohols or a phenol with P2S5, and then neutralizing the DDPA formed with a zinc compound. For example, a dithiophosphoric acid can be prepared by reacting mixtures of alcohols Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 61 / 237 / 102 primary and secondary. Alternatively, dithiophosphoric acids can be prepared in which the hydrocarbyl groups are entirely saturated, or the hydrocarbyl groups are entirely primary. To prepare the zinc salt, any neutral or basic zinc compound can be used, but oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates are typically used. Commercial additives may often contain an excess of zinc due to the use of an excess of basic zinc compound in the neutralization reaction.

[0068] Advantageous zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates may comprise or be oil-soluble salts or oil-dispersible salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids, as represented by the following formula: R»OS P---S Zn r9o - -L· wherein Rs and R9 may be the same or different hydrocarbyl radicals containing from 1 to 18 (for example, from 2 to 12 or from 2 to 8) carbon atoms, examples of hydrocarbyl radicals may include one or more of the following alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl, and cycloaliphatic radicals. Exemplary hydrocarbyl radicals may comprise or be, but are not limited to, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl, benzyl, butylphenyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclopentyl, propenyl, butenyl, and combinations thereof. For the purpose of obtaining and / or maintaining solubility and / or dispersibility in oil, the total number of carbon atoms in each dihydrocarbyl-dithiophosphoric acid ligand (i.e., a unique pair of Rs and R9) can generally be at least about 5. In particular, zinc dihydrocarbyl-dithiophosphate can therefore comprise or be a Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 62 / 237 / 102 zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate.

[0069] Examples of ashless dispersants may include polyisobutenyl-succinimides, poly-isobutenyl-succinamides, polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid mixed esters / amides, polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acid hydroxyesters, and Mannich condensation products of hydrocarbyl-substituted phenols, formaldehyde, and polyamines, and also reaction products and mixtures thereof.

[0070] Ashless dispersants containing basic nitrogen are well-known lubricant additives, and methods for their preparation are extensively described in the patent literature. Exemplary dispersants may include polyisobutenyl succinimides and succinamides in which the polyisobutenyl substituent is a long chain greater than 36 carbon atoms, for example, greater than 40 carbon atoms. These materials can be readily prepared by reacting a polyisobutenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material with a molecule containing amine functionality. Examples of suitable amines may include polyamines such as polyalkylene polyamines, hydroxysubstituted polyamines, polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and combinations thereof. The amine functionality may be provided by polyalkylene polyamines such as tetraethylenepentamine and pentaethylenehexamine.Mixtures in which the average number of nitrogen atoms per polyamine molecule is greater than 7 are also available. These are commonly referred to as heavy polyamines or H-PAMs (Heavy PolyAMines) and may be commercially available under trade names such as HPA™ and HPA-X™ from DowChemical, E-100™ from Huntsman Chemical, et al. Examples of hydroxy-substituted polyamines may include N-hydroxyalkyl-alkylene polyamines such as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and / or N-hydroxyalkylated alkylene diamines of the type described, for example, in US Patent No. 4,873,009. Examples of polyoxyalkylene polyamines. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 63 / 237 / 102 may include polyoxyethylene- and polyoxypropylene-diamines and triamines having an average Mn of about 200 to about 2,500 daltons. Products of this type may be commercially available under the trade name Jeffamine™.

[0071] As is known in the art, the reaction of the amine with polyisobutenyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid material (suitably an alkenyl-succinic anhydride or an alkenyl-maleic anhydride) can conveniently be achieved by heating the reagents together, for example, in an oil solution. Reaction temperatures of ~100°C to ~250°C and reaction times of ~1 hour to ~10 hours may be typical. Reaction ratios can vary considerably, but generally about 0.1 to about 1 equivalent of dicarboxylic acid unit content can be used per reactive equivalent of the amine-containing reagent.

[0072] In particular, the ashless dispersant may include a polyisobutenyl-succinimide formed from a polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride and a polyalkylene-polyamine such as tetraethylenepentamine or HPAM. The polyisobutenyl group may be derived from polyisobutene and may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 750 to about 5,000 daltons, for example, from about 900 to about 2,500 daltons. As is known in the art, dispersants may be post-treated (e.g., with a borating agent and / or with an inorganic phosphorus acid). Suitable examples may be found, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 3,254,025, 3,502,677, and 4,857,214.

[0073] Detergents, such as calcium-containing detergents, are sufficiently soluble in oil or dispersible in oil so as to remain dissolved or dispersed in an oil for the purpose of being transported by the oil to their intended site of action. Calcium-containing detergents are known in the art and include neutral and superbasified calcium salts with acidic substances such as salicylic acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, alkylphenols, alkylphenols Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 64 / 237 / 102 sulfurized and mixtures of these substances.

[0074] Neutral calcium-containing detergents are those detergents that contain stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of calcium relative to the amount of acidic (Lewis) moieties present in the detergent. Thus, in general, neutral detergents can typically have a relatively low basicity when compared to their superbasic counterparts.

[0075] The term “superbasic,” for example in relation to calcium detergents, is used to designate the fact that the calcium component is present in stoichiometrically greater quantities than the corresponding acid (Lewis) component. Commonly used methods for preparing superbasic salts involve heating a solution of an acid in mineral oil with a stoichiometric excess of a neutralizing agent at an appropriate temperature (in this case, a calcium neutralizing agent such as an oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfide, or a combination thereof, at a temperature of about 50°C) and filtering the resulting product. The use of a “promoter” in the neutralization step to assist in the incorporation of a large excess of salt / base (in this case, calcium) is also known.Examples of compounds useful as promoters may include, but are not necessarily limited to, phenolic substances such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenol, thiophenol, sulfurized alkylphenol, and condensation products of formaldehyde with a phenolic substance; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octanol, Cellosolve™ alcohol, Carbitol™ alcohol, ethylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, and cyclohexyl alcohol; amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenyl-beta-naphthylamine, and dodecylamine; and combinations thereof. A particularly effective method for the preparation of basic salts comprises mixing an acidic substance with an excess of calcium neutralizing agent and at least one alcohol promoter, and carbonating it. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 65 / 237 / 102 mixture at a high temperature, such as 60 to 200°C.

[0076] Examples of calcium-containing detergents useful in lubricating compositions of the present description may include, but are not necessarily limited to, neutral and / or superbasic salts of such substances as calcium phenates; sulfurized calcium phenates (for example, in which each aromatic group has one or more aliphatic groups to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium sulfonates (for example, in which each sulfonic group is attached to an aromatic nucleus, which in turn usually contains one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium salicylates (for example, in which each aromatic moiety is usually substituted with one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility); calcium salts of hydrolyzed phosphosulfurized olefins (for example, having from 10 to 2.000 carbon atoms) and / or hydrolyzed phosphosulfurized alcohols and / or hydrolyzed aliphatic-substituted phenolic compounds (e.g., having from 10 to 2,000 carbon atoms); calcium salts of aliphatic carboxylic acids and / or aliphatic-substituted cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids; and combinations and / or reaction products thereof, and also many other similar calcium salts of oil-soluble organic acids. Mixtures of neutral and / or superbasic salts of two or more different acids may be used, if desired (e.g., one or more superbasic calcium phenates with one or more superbasic calcium sulfonates).

[0077] Methods for the production of neutral calcium detergents and oil-soluble superbasified calcium detergents are well known to those skilled in the art and are extensively reported in the patent literature. Calcium-containing detergents may optionally be post-treated, for example, borated. Methods for the preparation of borated detergents are well known to those skilled in the art, and are Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, pp. 66 / 237 / 102 extensively reported in the patent literature.

[0078] Antioxidants are sometimes called oxidation inhibitors and can increase the resistance (or decrease the susceptibility) of the lubricating composition to oxidation. They can work by combining with and modifying oxidizing agents, such as peroxides and other free radical-forming compounds, to render them harmless, for example, by decomposing them or by inertizing a catalyst or oxidation facilitator. Oxidative deterioration can be evidenced by sludge in the fluid with increased use, by varnish-like deposits on metal surfaces, and sometimes by increased viscosity.

[0079] Examples of suitable antioxidants may include, but are not limited to, copper-containing antioxidants, sulfur-containing antioxidants, aromatic amine and / or amide-containing antioxidants, hindered phenol-based antioxidants, dithiophosphates and derivatives, and the like, and also combinations and certain reaction products thereof. Some antioxidants may be ashless (i.e., they may contain few, if any, trace metal atoms or contaminants).

[0080] Corrosion inhibitors can be used to reduce the corrosion of metals and are often alternatively referred to as metal deactivators or metal passivators. Some corrosion inhibitors may alternatively be characterized as antioxidants.

[0081] Such corrosion inhibitors may include heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and / or sulfur such as triazoles (e.g., benzotriazoles), substituted thiadiazoles, substituted imidazoles, substituted thiazoles, substituted tetraazoles, substituted hydroquinolines, substituted oxazolines, substituted imidazolines, substituted thiophenes, substituted indoles, substituted indazoles, substituted quinolines, substituted benzoxazines, substituted dithiols, substituted oxazoles, substituted oxatriazoles, substituted pyridines, substituted piperazines, substituted triazines and Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 67 / 237 / 102 derived from any one or more of the same. A specific corrosion inhibitor is a benzotriazole represented by the structure: in which R10 is absent or is a C1 to C20 substituted hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyl group that may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated. It may contain ring structures that are of an alkyl or aromatic nature and / or contain heteroatoms such as N, O, S. Examples of suitable compounds may include benzotriazole, alkyl-substituted benzotriazoles (e.g., tolyltriazole, ethylbenzotriazole, hexylbenzotriazole, octylbenzotriazole, etc.), aryl-substituted benzotriazole, alkylaryl-substituted or arylalkyl-substituted benzotriazoles, and the like, and also combinations thereof. For example, the triazole may comprise or be a benzotriazole and / or an alkylbenzotriazole in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. A preferred corrosion inhibitor may comprise or be benzotriazole and / or tolyltriazole.

[0082] Additionally or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may include a substituted thiadiazole represented by the structure: r%12 N—N wherein R11 and R12 are independently hydrogen or hydrocarbon groups, which group may be aliphatic or aromatic, including cyclic, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryl, and alkaryl. These substituted thiadiazoles are derived from the 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD) molecule. Many DMTD derivatives have been described in the art, and any such compounds may be included in the transmission fluid used in the present description. For example, U.S. Patents Nos. 2,719,125, 2,719,126, and 3,087,937 describe the preparation of various 2,5-bis-(hydrocarbonedithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles.

[0083] Additionally or alternatively, the inhibitor of Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 68 / 237 / 102 corrosion may include one or more DMTD derivatives, such as carboxylic esters in which R9 and R10 may be linked to the sulfide sulfur atom via a carbonyl group. The preparation of these thioester-containing DMTD derivatives is described, for example, in US Patent No. 2,760,933. DMTD derivatives produced by the condensation of DMTD with alpha-halogenated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids having at least 10 carbon atoms are described, for example, in US Patent No. 2,836,564. This process produces DMTD derivatives in which R11 and R12 are HOOC-CH(R13)- (R13 being a hydrocarbyl group). DMTD derivatives additionally produced by amidation or esterification of these terminal carboxylic groups may also be useful.

[0084] The preparation of 2-hydrocarbildithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles is described, for example, in US Patent No. 3,663,561.

[0085] A specific class of DMTD derivatives may include mixtures of a 2-hydrocarbildithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and a 2,5-bhydrocarbildithio-1,3,4-thiadiazole. Such mixtures may be sold under the trade name HiTEC® 4313 and are commercially available from Afton Chemical.

[0086] Friction modifiers may include polyethylene-polyamine derivatives and / or ethoxylated long-chain amines. Polyethylene-polyamine derivatives may advantageously include succinimides of a defined structure or may be simple amides.

[0087] Suitable succinimides derived from polyethylenepolyamines may include those with the following structure: Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 69 / 237 / 102, in which x + y can be from 8 to 15 and z can be 0 or an integer from 1 to 5, in particular in which x + y can be from 11 to 15 (for example, 13) and z can be from 1 to 3. The preparation of such friction modifiers is described, for example, in US Patent No. 5,840,663.

[0088] The succinimides above can be post-reacted with acetic anhydride to form friction modifiers exemplified by the following structure (in which z = 1):

[0089] The preparation of this friction modifier, for example, can be found in US Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 0005277. Post-reaction with other reagents, for example, borating agents, is also known in the art.

[0090] An example of an alternative simple amide may have the following structure: the OL Jmna which R14 and R15 may be the same or different alkyl groups. For example, R14 and R15 may be Cm to C2o alkyl groups, which may be linear or branched, where can be an integer from 1 to 5. In particular, R14 and R15 may both be derivatives of isostearic acid, where can be 4.

[0091] Suitable ethoxylated amine-based friction modifiers may include or be reaction products of primary amines and / or diamines with ethylene oxide. The reaction with ethylene oxide may be suitably Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 70 / 237 / 102, carried out using a stoichiometry such that substantially all primary and secondary amines can be converted into tertiary amines. Such amines may have the following exemplary structures: OH OH groups in which R16 and R17 may be alkyl groups, or alkyl groups containing sulfur or oxygen linkages, containing from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Exemplary ethoxylated amine-based friction modifiers may include materials in which R16 and R17 may contain from 16 to 20 carbon atoms, for example, from 16 to 18 carbon atoms. Materials of this type may be commercially available and sold under the trade names Ethomeen® and Ethoduomeen® by Akzo Nobel. Suitable materials from Akzo Nobel may include Ethomeen® T / 12 and Ethoduomeen® T / 13, among others.

[0092] Another alternative type of friction modifier includes a compound containing oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum, such as an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compound. Non-limiting examples of such an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compound may include, but are not necessarily limited to, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum dithiophosphinates, molybdenum xanthates, molybdenum thioxanthates, molybdenum sulfides, and the like, and mixtures thereof, in particular one or more of molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates, molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum alkylxanthates, and molybdenum alkylthioxanthates. Representative molybdenum alkylxanthate and molybdenum alkylthioxanthate compounds can be expressed using the formulas Mo(R1sSCS2)4 and Mo(R1sSCS2)4, respectively, in which each R18 can be, Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 71 / 237 / 102 independently, an organo group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, generally having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms or from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, in particular each being an alkyl group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0093] In certain embodiments, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organomolybdenum compound may comprise a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, such as a molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, and / or may be substantially free of molybdenum dithiophosphates, in particular molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates. In certain other embodiments, any oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum compounds may consist of a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, such as a molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, and / or a molybdenum dithiophosphate, such as a molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate, as the sole source(s) of molybdenum atoms in the lubricant composition. In any set of embodiments, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible molybdenum compound may consist essentially of a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, such as a molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate, as the sole source of molybdenum atoms in the lubricant composition.

[0094] Molybdenum compounds can be mononuclear, dinuclear, trinuclear, or tetranuclear, in particular comprising or being dinuclear and / or trinuclear molybdenum compounds.

[0095] Suitable dinuclear or dimeric molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamates, for example, may be represented by the following formula: in which R21 to R24 can each independently represent a linear, branched, or aromatic hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, and in which X1 to X4 can, Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 72 / 237 / 102 each, independently, representing an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. The four hydrocarbyl groups, R21 to R24, may be identical, or different from each other.

[0096] Suitable trinuclear organomolybdenum compounds may include those having the formula: Mo3SkLnQz, and mixtures thereof. In such a trinuclear formula, the three molybdenum atoms may be bonded to multiple sulfur (S) atoms, with k in the range of 4 to 7. Additionally, each L may be an independently selected organic ligand having a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compound oil-soluble or oil-dispersible, with n being from 1 to 4. Furthermore, when z is not zero, Q may be selected from the group of electron-donating compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and / or ethers, with z in the range of 0 to 5 and including non-stoichiometric values ​​(non-integer numbers).

[0097] In such a trinuclear formula, at least 21 carbon atoms (e.g., at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35) may typically be present among the combination of all ligands (Ln). Importantly, however, the organic groups of the ligands may advantageously collectively present a sufficient number of carbon atoms to render the compound oil-soluble or oil-dispersible. For example, the number of carbon atoms within each ligand L may generally be in the range of 1 to 100, for example, 1 to 30 or 4 to 20.

[0098] Trinuclear molybdenum compounds having the formula Mo3SkLnQz can advantageously exhibit cationic centers surrounded by anionic ligands, as represented by one or both of the following structures: Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 73 / 237 / 102 Mo

[0099] Such cationic centers may each have a net charge of +4 (for example, due to the oxidation state of each of the Mo atoms being +4). Consequently, in order to solubilize these centers, the total charge among all ligands must correspond, in this case being -4. Four monoanionic ligands can offer advantageous center neutralization. Without wishing to adhere to any particular theory, it is believed that two or more trinuclear centers may be linked or interconnected through one or more ligands, and the ligands may be multidentate. This includes the case of a multidentate ligand having multiple connections to a single center. Oxygen and / or selenium may replace some portion of the sulfur atoms in any of the centers.

[00100] As ligands for the trinuclear centers described above, non-limiting examples may include, but are not necessarily limited to, dithiophosphates such as dialkyldithiophosphate, xanthates such as alkylxanthate and / or alkylthioxanthate, dithiocarbamates such as dialkyldithiocarbamate, and combinations thereof, in particular each comprising or being dialkyldithiocarbamate. Additionally or alternatively, the ligands for the molybdenum-containing trinuclear centers may independently be one or more of the following: Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 74 / 237 / 102 --X5 R25 JC R26 ''% wherein X5, X6, X7, and Y are each independently oxygen or sulfur, wherein Z is nitrogen or boron, and wherein R25, R26, R27, R28, R29, R30, and R31 are each independently hydrogen or an organic moiety (containing carbon), such as a hydrocarbyl group, which may be the same or different from one another, in particular the same. Exemplary organic moieties may include or be alkyl (e.g., wherein the carbon atom bonded to the remainder of the ligand is primary or secondary), aryl, substituted aryl, alkaryl, substituted alkaryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, an ether, a thioether, or a combination or reaction product thereof, in particular alkyl.

[00101] Oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compounds can be prepared by reacting a molybdenum source such as (NH4)2Mo3S13^n(H2O), wherein n ranges from 0 to 2 including non-stoichiometric values ​​(non-integer numbers), with a suitable ligand source such as tetraalkylthiuram disulfide in the appropriate liquid(s) / solvent(s). Other oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compounds can be formed. Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 75 / 237 / 102 during a reaction in the appropriate solvent(s) of a molybdenum source such as (NH4)2Mo3Si3^n(H2O), a ligand source such as tetraalkylthiuram disulfide, a dialkyldithiocarbamate, or a dialkyldithiophosphate, and a sulfur-scavenging agent such as cyanide ions, sulfide ions, or substituted phosphines. Alternatively, a trinuclear sulfur-molybdenum halide salt such as [M']2[Mo3S7A6], wherein M' is a counterion and A is a halogen such as Cl, Br, or I, can be reacted with a ligand source such as a dialkyldithiocarbamate or a dialkyldithiophosphate in a suitable liquid / solvent (system) to form an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible trinuclear molybdenum compound. The suitable liquid / solvent (system) may be, for example, aqueous or organic.

[00102] Other molybdenum precursors may include acidic molybdenum compounds. Such compounds may react with a basic nitrogen compound, as measured by the titration procedure of ASTM standard D-664 or D-2896, and may typically be hexavalent. Examples may include, but are not necessarily limited to, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, and other alkali metal molybdates and other molybdate salts, for example, sodium hydrogen molybdate, MoOCl4, MoO2Br2, Mo2O3Cl6, molybdenum trioxide, or similar acidic molybdenum compounds, or combinations thereof. Thus, additionally or alternatively, the compositions of the present description may be provided with molybdenum by molybdenum / sulfur complexes of basic nitrogen compounds as described, for example, in US Patents Nos. 4,263,152, 4,285,822, 4,283,295, 4,272,387, 4,265,773, 4,261,843, 4,259,195, and 4,259.194, and / or in PCT Publication No. WO 94 / 06897.

[00103] Other additives known in the art may optionally be added to lubricating compositions, such as agents Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, pp. 76 / 237 / 102 defoamers, seal expansion control agents, extreme pressure additives, pour point depressants, and other viscosity modifiers, optionally colorants and color stabilizers, and the like. They are typically described, for example, in “Lubricant Additives” by CV Smallheer and R. Kennedy Smith, 1967, pp. 1-11.

[00104] Because the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is combined with the lubricant composition (or a component thereof), the resulting modified viscosity mixture may exhibit at least a 5% difference (e.g., at least a 10% difference, at least a 15% difference, or at least a 20% difference) relative to the component(s) of the lubricant composition without the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, with reference to one or more (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and IV.

[00105] Lubricating compositions containing the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, as well as both the additive(s) and the lubricating base oil, may exhibit advantageous viscometric characteristics, which may include, but are not necessarily limited to, those described herein.

[00106] The lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.50 cP (mPa.s), for example, at least 2.54 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.56 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.57 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.58 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.59 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.60 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.61 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.62 cP Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 77 / 237 / 102 (mPa.s), at least 2.63 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.64 cP (mPa.s), or at least 2.65 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no upper limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS50 of at most 2.75 cP (mPa.s), at most 2.80 cP (mPa.s), or at most 2.90 cP (mPa.s).

[00107] Additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 100°C (HTHS100) of a maximum of 5.74 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 2.69 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 2.66 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.64 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.62 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.60 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.54 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.44 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 2.64 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS100 of at least 5.15 cP (mPa.s) or at least 5.25 cP (mPa.s).

[00108] Furthermore or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 80°C (HTHS80) of a maximum of 8.54 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 8.45 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.40 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.35 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.34 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.33 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.30 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.25 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 8.20 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 8.35 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 8.34 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 8.20 cP (mPa.s)). 8.33 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, the Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 78 / 237 / 102 lubricating compositions may optionally also have an HTHS80 of at least 7.90 cP (mPa.s) or at least 8.20 cP (mPa.s).

[00109] Further additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100°C (KV100) of 6.80 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.50 cSt (mm² / s), for example, 6.80 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.44 cSt (mm² / s), 6.80 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.42 cSt (mm² / s), 6.80 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm² / s), 6.80 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.38 cSt (mm² / s), 6.80 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.30 cSt (mm² / s), 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.00 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm / s) to 8.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.50 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.30 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.80 cSt (mm / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.80 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.94 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) at 7.84 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.74 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9,44 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,42 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,38 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,10 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm / s) a 9,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,94 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,84 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,74 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,44 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,42 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,38 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,20 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm / s) a 9,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,75 cSt (mm2 / s), Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 79 / 237 / 102 from 7.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.00 cSt (mm / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.00 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.94 cSt (mm2 / s) of 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.42 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.38 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 9.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm / s) to 8.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.94 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.84 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.74 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9,44 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 9,42 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 9,38 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 9,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,94 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,84 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,74 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 9,44 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,42 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 9,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,38 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,94 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,84 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,74 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,40 cSt, Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 80 / 237 / 102 (mm2 / s) to 9.50 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.44 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.42 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 9.38 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 9.30 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 9.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.94 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.84 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.74 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.50 cSt (mm2 / s), 7.50 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 9.44 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.42 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.38 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,94 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,50 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,84 cSt (mm2 / s), ou de 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,74 cSt (mm2 / s) (em particular, de 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,42 cSt (mm2 / s), de 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,40 cSt (mm2 / s), ou de 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 9,38 cSt (mm2 / s)).,

[00110] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 40°C (KV40) of a maximum of 36.4 cSt (mm² / s), e.g., a maximum of 35.9 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 35.4 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 34.9 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 34.5 cSt (mm² / s), or a maximum of 34.1 cSt (mm² / s) (in particular, a maximum of 34.9 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 34.7, a maximum of 34.5 cSt (mm² / s), or a maximum of 34.1 cSt (mm² / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit to the specification, the Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 81 / 237 / 102 lubricating compositions may optionally also have a KV40 of at least 32.0 cP (mPa.s) or at least 33.0 cP (mPa.s).

[00111] However, more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20°C (KV20) of at most 81.0 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, at most 80.5 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 80.0 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 79.5 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 79.0 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 78.7 cSt (mm2 / s), or at most 78.5 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, at most 79.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at most 78.7 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV20 of at least 14.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 15.0 cSt (mm2 / s).

[00112] Furthermore, or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W20 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity index (VI) of at least 185, for example, at least 190, at least 195, at least 200, at least 205, or at least 209. While there is not necessarily an upper limit to the specification, the lubricating compositions may optionally also have a VI of up to 350, up to 300, or up to 250.

[00113] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description may advantageously have at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven (in particular, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least six) of the following characteristics: an HTHS150 of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); an HTHS100 of at most 5.64 cP (mPa.s); an HTHS80 of no Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 82 / 237 / 102 maximum 8.35 cP (mPa.s); a KV100 of 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.42 cSt (mm2 / s); a KV40 of maximum 34.9 cSt (mm / s); a KV20 of maximum 79.0 cSt (mm / s); and a viscosity index of at least 200. However, even further or alternatively, when the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier comprises at least 23.0% by weight of repeating units based on C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, the lubricating compositions according to the present description may advantageously exhibit, in particular, at least four, at least five, at least six, or all seven of the following characteristics: an HTHS150 of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); an HTHS100 of at most 5.64 cP (mPa.s); an HTHS80 of at most 8.34 cP (mPa.s).s); a KV100 of 7.20 cSt (mm / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm2 / s); a KV40 of a maximum of 34.7 cSt (mm2 / s); a KV20 of a maximum of 78.7 cSt (mm2 / s); and a viscosity index (VI) of at least 205.

[00114] Lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS150 of at least 2.20 cP (mPa.s), for example, at least 2.24 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.25 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.26 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.27 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.28 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.29 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.30 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.31 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.32 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.33 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.34 cP (mPa.s), or by less than 2.35 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, at least 2.25 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS50 of at most 2.45 cP (mPa.s)s), at most 2.50 cP (mPa.s), or at most 2.60 cP (mPa.s).

[00115] Additionally or alternatively, lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 83 / 237 / 102 formulated to meet 0W16 lubricant specifications may have a maximum HTHS100 of 5.24 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 5.19 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.16 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.14 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.12 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.10 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.08 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.06 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.04 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.02 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.96 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 4.94 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 5.16 cP (mPa.s) or a maximum of 4.94 cP (mPa.s)). 5.06 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS100 of at least 4.50 cP (mPa.s) or at least 4.60 cP (mPa.s).

[00116] Furthermore or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS80 of at most 7.84 cP (mPa.s), for example, at most 7.75 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.70 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.65 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.64 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.63 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.60 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.55 cP (mPa.s), or at most 7.50 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, at most 7.65 cP (mPa.s), at most 7.60 cP (mPa.s), or at most 7.50 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS80 of at least 6.70 cP (mPa.s) or at least 6.85 cP (mPa.s).

[00117] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a KV100 of 6.10 cSt to 8.30 cSt, for example, from 6.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 84 / 237 / 102 7,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (mm / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,10 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,80 cSt (mm2 / s),de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s), Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 85 / 237 / 102 from 6.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.30 cSt (mm / s) to 7.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s) 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.80 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.70 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.60 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.30 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) at 7.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.30 cSt (mm2 / s), 6.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 8,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm / s) a 7,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,70 cSt (mm / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,80 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 8.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.80 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt, Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 86 / 237 / 102 (mm2 / s) to 7.70 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.60 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.40 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.80 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.30 cSt (rnm2 / s), or from 6.80 cSt (mm / s) to 7.20 cSt (rnm2 / s) (in particular, from 6.10 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.30 cSt (mm2 / s) to 8.10 cSt (mm2 / s), or 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s) at 8.00 cSt (mm2 / s)).

[00118] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specifications, may have a KV40 of at most 33.5 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, at most 33.0 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 32.5 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 32.0 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 31.7 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 31.4 cSt (mm2 / s), at most 31.1 cSt (mm2 / s), or at most 30.8 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, at most 32.5 cSt (mm2 / s) or at most 31.4 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV40 of at least 27.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 28.0 cSt (mm2 / s).

[00119] However, more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specifications, may have a KV20 of up to 76.5 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, up to 76.0 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 75.5 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 75.0 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 74.5 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 74.0 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 73.5 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 73.0 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 72.5 cSt (mm2 / s), or up to 72.0 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, up to 75.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or up to 73.5 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV20 of at least 35.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 40.0 cSt (mm2 / s). Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 87 / 237 / 102

[00120] However, even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W16 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity index (VI) of at least 160, for example, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, or at least 200 (in particular, at least 160 or at least 165). Although there is necessarily no upper limit to the specification, the lubricating compositions may optionally also have a VI of up to 280, up to 250, or up to 210.

[00121] Lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS150 of at least 1.90 cP (mPa.s), for example, at least 1.94 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.95 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.96 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.97 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.98 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.99 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.00 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.01 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.02 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.03 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.04 cP (mPa.s), or at least 2.05 cP (mPa.s) (in Specifically, at least 1.95 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS50 of at most 2.25 cP (mPa.s), at most 2.30 cP (mPa.s), or at most 2.40 cP (mPa.s).

[00122] Additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS100 of a maximum of 4.74 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 4.69 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.66 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.64 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.62 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.60 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 88 / 237 / 102 4.58 cP (mPa.s), maximum 4.56 cP (mPa.s), maximum 4.54 cP (mPa.s), maximum 4.52 cP (mPa.s), maximum 4.46 cP (mPa.s), or maximum 4.44 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, maximum 4.56 cP (mPa.s) or maximum 4.52 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS100 of at least 3.90 cP (mPa.s) or at least 3.95 cP (mPa.s).

[00123] Furthermore or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS80 of a maximum of 7.04 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 6.95 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.90 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.85 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.84 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.83 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.80 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.75 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 6.70 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 6.83 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.80 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 6.70 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS80 of at least 5.50 cP (mPa.s) or at least 5.60 cP (mPa.s).

[00124] Further additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100°C (KV100) of 5.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 7.10 cSt (mm² / s), for example, 5.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 7.05 cSt (mm² / s), 5.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 7.00 cSt (mm² / s), 5.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 6.95 cSt (mm² / s), 5.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 6.90 cSt (mm² / s), 5.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 6.85 cSt (mm² / s), 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.80 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 6.70 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm / s) to 6.65 cSt (mm2 / s), from Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 89 / 237 / 102 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,05 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,95 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,65 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s),de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,05 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,95 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,65 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,05 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,95 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s),de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,65 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s), Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 90 / 237 / 102 to 6.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.10 cSt (mm / s), from 5.60 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.00 cSt (mm / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.10 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm / s) to 7.05 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 6.95 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s) at 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s) (mm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm / s) to 6.65 cSt (mm / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.60 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.00 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 7.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.00 cSt (mm / s) to 7.05 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 7.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.95 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,75 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm / s) a 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm / s) a 6,65 cSt (mm / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 7,05 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm / s) a 6,95 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,65 cSt (rnm2 / s), ou de 6,20 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) (em particular, de 5,00 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 7,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,85 cSt (mm2 / s), ou de 6,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,75 cSt (mm2 / s)).,

[00125] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity of Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 91 / 237 / 102 approximately 40C (KV40) of maximum 30.0 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, maximum 29.5 cSt (mm2 / s), maximum 29.0 cSt (mm / s), maximum 28.5 cSt (mm2 / s), maximum 28.3 cSt (mm2 / s), maximum 28.1 cSt (mm2 / s), maximum 27.9 cSt (mm2 / s), maximum 27.7 cSt (mm2 / s), or maximum 27.5 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, maximum 29.0 cSt (mm2 / s), maximum 28.5 cSt (mm2 / s), or maximum 27.9 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV40 of at least 22.5 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 23.0 cSt (mm2 / s).

[00126] However, more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20°C (KV20) of a maximum of 68.0 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, a maximum of 66.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 65.5 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 65.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 64.5 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 64.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 63.7 cSt (mm2 / s), or a maximum of 63.5 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, a maximum of 64.5 cSt (mm2 / s) or a maximum of 64.0 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV20 of at least 30.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 40.0 cSt (mm2 / s).

[00127] However, even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W12 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity index (VI) of at least 150, for example, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, or at least 180 (in particular, at least 160 or at least 165). Although there is necessarily no upper limit to the specification, the lubricating compositions may Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 92 / 237 / 102 may optionally also display an IV of up to 280, up to 240, or up to 210.

[00128] Lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS150 of at least 1.60 cP (mPa.s), for example, at least 1.64 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.65 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.66 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.67 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.68 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.69 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.70 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.71 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.72 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.73 cP (mPa.s), at least 1.74 cP (mPa.s), or at least 1.75 cP (mPa.s) (in Specifically, at least 1.65 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS50 of at most 1.95 cP (mPa.s), at most 2.00 cP (mPa.s), or at most 2.10 cP (mPa.s).

[00129] Additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS100 of a maximum of 4.34 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 4.29 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.26 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.24 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.22 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.20 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.18 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.16 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.14 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.12 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 4.06 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 4.04 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 4.26 cP). (mPa.s) or at most 4.12 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS100 of at least 3.45 cP (mPa.s) or at least 3.60 cP (mPa.s).

[00130] Furthermore or alternatively, lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 93 / 237 / 102 formulated to meet 0W12 lubricant specifications may have a maximum HTHS80 of 6.24 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 6.15 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.10 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.05 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.04 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.03 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.00 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 5.95 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 5.90 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 6.10 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 6.00 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 5.90 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS80 of at least 4.90 cP (mPa.s) or at least 5.00 cP (mPa.s).

[00131] Even more additionally or alternatively. The lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a kinematic viscosity at approximately 100°C (KV100) of 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 6.10 cSt (mm² / s), for example, 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 6.05 cSt (mm² / s), 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 6.00 cSt (mm² / s), 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 5.95 cSt (mm² / s), 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 5.90 cSt (mm² / s), 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 5.85 cSt (mm² / s), 4.00 cSt (mm² / s) to 5.80 cSt (mm² / s). from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.70 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm / s) to 5.65 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.60 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.40 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm2 / s) at 5.10 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 4.00 cSt (mm / s) to 5.00 cSt (mm / s), from 4.20 cSt (mm / s) to 6,10 cSt (mm / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,05 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,95 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,85 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,80 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm / s) a 5,75 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,65 cSt (mm2 / s), Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 94 / 237 / 102 from 4.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.60 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.50 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.20 cSt (mm / s) to 5.40 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.20 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 5.30 cSt (mm2 / s) 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.05 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 6.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.95 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 5.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.85 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.70 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) at 5.65 cSt (mm2 / s) (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.40 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,05 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,95 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,65 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,30 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 5,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,05 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 6,00 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,95 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,85 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,80 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,75 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,65 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,50 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,40 cSt (mm2 / s), de 4,80 cSt, Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 95 / 237 / 102 (mm2 / s) to 5.30 cSt (mm2 / s), from 4.80 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.10 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 6.05 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 6.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.95 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.85 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s), 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.75 cSt (mm2 / s), 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.70 cSt (mm2 / s), 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.65 cSt (mm2 / s), 5.00 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.60 cSt (mm2 / s) (mm2 / s), 5.20 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 6.00 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.95 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.90 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.85 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.80 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5.75 cSt (mm2 / s), from 5.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 5,70 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,65 cSt (mm2 / s), ou de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,60 cSt (mm2 / s) (em particular, de 4,00 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 6,10 cSt (mm2 / s), de 5,00 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,85 cSt (mm2 / s), ou de 5,20 cSt (mm2 / s) a 5,75 cSt (mm2 / s)).,

[00132] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at approximately 40°C (KV40) of a maximum of 26.5 cSt (mm² / s), for example, a maximum of 26.0 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 25.5 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 25.3 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 25.1 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 24.9 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 24.7 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 24.7 cSt (mm² / s), or a maximum of 24.5 cSt (mm² / s) (in particular, a maximum of 26.0 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 25.5 cSt (mm² / s), or a maximum of 24.9 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is not necessarily a lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV40 of at least 20.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 20.5 cSt (mm2 / s). Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, pp. 96 / 237 / 102

[00133] However, more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specifications, may have a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20°C (KV20) of a maximum of 60.0 cSt (mm² / s), for example, a maximum of 59.0 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 58.5 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 58.0 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 57.5 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 57.0 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 56.5 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 56.0 cSt (mm² / s), a maximum of 55.5 cSt (mm² / s), or a maximum of 55.0 cSt (mm² / s), or a maximum of 54.5 cSt (mm² / s) (in particular, a maximum of 58.5 cSt (mm2 / s) or a maximum of 56.0 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV20 of at least 28.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 32.0 cSt (mm2 / s).

[00134] However, even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 0W8 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity index (VI) of at least 140, for example, at least 145, at least 150, at least 155, at least 160, at least 165, at least 170, at least 175, or at least 180 (in particular, at least 140 or at least 150). Although there is necessarily no upper limit to the specification, the lubricating compositions may optionally also have a VI of up to 270, up to 230, or up to 200.

[00135] Lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS150 of at least 2.80 cP (mPa.s), for example, at least 2.84 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.85 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.86 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.87 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.88 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.89 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.90 cP Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 97 / 237 / 102 (mPa.s), at least 2.91 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.92 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.93 cP (mPa.s), at least 2.94 cP (mPa.s), or at least 2.95 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, at least 2.85 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is not necessarily an upper limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS50 of at most 3.55 cP (mPa.s), at most 3.75 cP (mPa.s), or at most 3.90 cP (mPa.s).

[00136] Additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS100 of a maximum of 7.74 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 7.69 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.66 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.64 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.62 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.60 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.58 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.56 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.54 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.52 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 7.46 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 7.44 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 7.64 cP (mPa.s) or a maximum of 7.52 cP (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS100 of at least 6.90 cP (mPa.s) or at least 7.05 cP (mPa.s).

[00137] Furthermore or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to this description, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specifications, may have an HTHS80 of a maximum of 12.5 cP (mPa.s), for example, a maximum of 12.3 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 12.1 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.9 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.7 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.6 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.5 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.4 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.3 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.2 cP (mPa.s), a maximum of 11.1 cP (mPa.s), or a maximum of 11.0 cP (mPa.s) (in particular, a maximum of 12.1 cP (mPa.s) or a maximum of 11.6 cP Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 98 / 237 / 102 (mPa.s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have an HTHS80 of at least 8.50 cP (mPa.s) or at least 9.00 cP (mPa.s).

[00138] Further additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specifications, may exhibit a KV100 of 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 13.0 cSt (mm² / s), for example, 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 12.5 cSt (mm² / s), 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 12.2 cSt (mm² / s), 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 11.9 cSt (mm² / s), 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 11.6 cSt (mm² / s), 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 11.3 cSt (mm² / s), 9.30 cSt (mm² / s) to 11.0 cSt (mm2 / s) from 9.30 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.90 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 9.45 cSt (mm / s) to 13.0 cSt (mm / s), from 9.45 cSt (mm / s) to 12.5 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.45 cSt (mm2 / s) to 12.2 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.45 cSt (mm2 / s) a 11.9 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.45 cSt (mm2 / s) to 11.6 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 9.45 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 11.3 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.45 cSt (mm2 / s) to 11,0 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,45 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 10,7 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 9,45 cSt (mm / s) a 10,5 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,45 cSt (mm2 / s) a 10,3 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,45 cSt (mm2 / s) a 10,1 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,45 cSt (mm / s) a 9,90 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 13,0 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm / s) a 12,5 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 12,2 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm / s) a 11,9 cSt (mm / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm / s) a 11,6 cSt (mm / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 11,3 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm / s) a 11,0 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 10,7 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 10,5 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 10,3 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,60 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 10,1 cSt (rnm2 / s), de 9,75 cSt (mm / s) a 13,0 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,75 cSt (mm2 / s) a 12,5 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,75 cSt (mm2 / s) a 12,2 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,75 cSt (mm / s) a 11,9 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,75 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 11,6 cSt, Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 99 / 237 / 102 (mm2 / s), from 9.75 cSt (mm2 / s) to 11.3 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.75 cSt (mm2 / s) to 11.0 cSt (rnm2 / s), from 9.75 cSt (mm / s) to 10.7 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.75 cSt (mm / s) to 10.5 cSt (mm / s) (mm2 / s), 9.90 cSt (mm2 / s) to 12.2 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 11.9 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (mm / s) to 11.6 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 11.3 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 11.0 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (mm / s) to 10.7 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 10.5 cSt (mm2 / s), from 9.90 cSt (mm2 / s) to 10.3 cSt (mm2 / s), from 10.0 cSt (mm2 / s) at 13.0 cSt (mm2 / s) from 10.0 cSt (mm2 / s) to 12.5 cSt (mm2 / s) from 10.0 cSt (mm2 / s) to 11.3 cSt (mm2 / s), from 10.0 cSt (rnm2 / s) to 11.0 cSt (mm2 / s), from 10,0 cSt (mm2 / s) a 10,7 cSt (mm2 / s), de 10,0 cSt (mm / s) a 10,5 cSt (rnm2 / s) (em particular, de 9,30 cSt (rnm2 / s) a 12,5 cSt (mm2 / s), de 9,45 cSt (mm2 / s) a 12,2 cSt (mm2 / s), ou de 9,60 cSt (mm2 / s) a 11,6 cSt (mm2 / s)).,

[00139] Even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specifications, may have a KV40 of a maximum of 60.0 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, a maximum of 59.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 58.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 57.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 56.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 55.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 54.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 56.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 52.0 cSt (mm2 / s), a maximum of 51.0 cSt (mm2 / s), or a maximum of 50.0 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, a maximum of 58.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or a maximum of 56.0 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV40 of at least 40.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 45.0 cSt (mm2 / s). Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, pp. 100 / 237 / 102

[00140] However, more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the specifications for 5W30 lubricants, may have a KV20 of up to 150 cSt (mm2 / s), for example, up to 146 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 142 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 138 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 134 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 130 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 126 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 122 cSt (mm2 / s), up to 118 cSt (mm2 / s), or up to 115 cSt (mm2 / s) (in particular, up to 142 cSt (mm2 / s) or up to 130 cSt (mm2 / s)). Although there is necessarily no lower limit for the specification, lubricant compositions may optionally also have a KV20 of at least 80.0 cSt (mm2 / s) or at least 84.0 cSt (mm2 / s).

[00141] However, even more additionally or alternatively, the lubricating compositions according to the present description, particularly those formulated to meet the 5W30 lubricant specifications, may have a viscosity index (VI) of at least 175, for example, at least 180, at least 185, at least 190, at least 195, at least 200, or at least 205 (in particular, at least 175 or at least 185). Although there is necessarily no upper limit for the specification, the lubricating compositions may optionally also have a VI of up to 270, up to 240, or up to 220. Additional Options

[00142] Additionally or alternatively, this description may include one or more of the following modalities.

[00143] Modality 1. A lubricating composition comprising: a lubricating base oil; at least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pressure-lowering agent Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 101 / 237 / 102 pour point, a sealing expansion control agent, or a combination thereof; and a polymerization-prepared comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier comprising at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer; and (c) a C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise at least 21.0% by weight of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier.

[00144] Embodiment 2. The lubricant composition of embodiment 1, in which the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier substantially does not comprise repeating units based on the styrene monomer, and in which the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise up to 35.0% by weight of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier.

[00145] Embodiment 3. The lubricating composition of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, in which the repeating units based on the hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer comprise from 7.0% by weight to 18% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

[00146] Embodiment 4. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding embodiments, in which the repeating units based on the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise from 40% by weight to 71% by weight of the repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier.

[00147] Modality 5. The lubricating composition of any of the previous modalities, in which the repeating units are based on Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 102 / 237 / 102 C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise from 45% by weight to 64% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

[00148] Embodiment 6. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, in which: (i) the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer is a butyl acrylate and / or a butyl methacrylate; (ii) the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprises a lauryl acrylate, a lauryl methacrylate, a myristyl acrylate, a myristyl methacrylate, a palmityl acrylate, a palmityl methacrylate, a heptadecanoyl acrylate, a heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or a combination thereof; or (iii) both (i) and (ii).

[00149] Embodiment 7. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, comprising from 0.4% by mass to 6.0% by mass of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition.

[00150] Embodiment 8. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, comprising from 75% by mass to 95% by mass of the lubricating base oil, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, wherein the lubricating composition comprises a base oil of Group I, a base oil of Group II, a base oil of Group III, or a mixture thereof.

[00151] Embodiment 9. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, which has at least three of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.64 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.35 cP (mPa.s); a KV100 of 6.90 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.42 cSt Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 103 / 237 / 102 (mm2 / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 40C (KV40) of at most 34.9 cSt (mm2 / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20C (KV20) of at most 79.0 cSt (mm2 / s); and a viscosity index of at least 200.

[00152] Embodiment 10. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier comprises at least 23.0% by weight of repeating units based on C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight-average molecular weight less than or equal to 625,000 g / mol (or less than or equal to 600,000 g / mol, or from 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or from 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol), as measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) at about 35 °C on tetrahydrofuran (THF) using polystyrene standards, and wherein the lubricating composition has at least four of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cP (mPa).s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.64 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at approximately 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.34 cP (mPa.s); a KV100 of 7.20 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm² / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 40°C (KV40) of at most 34.7 cSt (mm² / s); a kinematic viscosity at approximately 20°C (KV20) of at most 78.7 cSt (mm² / s); and a viscosity index (VI) of at least 205.

[00153] Embodiment 11. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, in which the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is prepared by polymerization of monomers consisting essentially of: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) an ester monomer Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 104 / 237 / 102 of (alq)acrylate of C3-C8 alkyl; and (c) an ester monomer of (alq)acrylate of C12-C24 alkyl.

[00154] Embodiment 12. The lubricating composition of any of the preceding claims, in which the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier: (i) is prepared by polymerization of monomers that substantially do not comprise styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) substantially do not comprise styrene-based repeating units or styrenic repeating units.

[00155] Embodiment 13. Lubricant composition of any of embodiments 1 to 10 and 12, in which the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is prepared by polymerization comprising monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d) and at least one additional olefinic monomer, other than monomers (a), (b), and (c), and which is not an aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl acrylate (alq)acrylate monomer nor a C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol) or C2C6 oxoalkyl chain-blocked (alq)acrylate monomer with aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl acrylate or a C1-C18 alkyl chain-blocked (alq)acrylate monomer with a C1-C18 alkyl acrylate at the chain terminal with hydroxyalkyl or H.

[00156] Possibility 14. A method of modifying a lubricant composition comprising: forming a viscosity-modified mixture by combining a viscosity-modifying amount of a copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier with one of the following components of the lubricant composition: (1) a lubricating base oil; (2) at least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal expansion control agent, or a Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 105 / 237 / 102 combination thereof; or (3) a lubricating composition comprising both (1) and (2), the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier being prepared by polymerization comprising at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer; and (c) a C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise at least 21.0% by weight of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, wherein the modified viscosity mixture has at least a 5% difference relative to components (1), (2), or (3) of the lubricant composition without the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier,with reference to one or more (or two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and IV, and optionally wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier exhibits a weight-average molecular weight less than or equal to 625,000 g / mol (or less than or equal to 600,000 g / mol, or from 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or from 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol), as measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) at about 35 °C in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using polystyrene standards.

[00157] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 14, in which the viscosity-modifying amount of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier is from 0.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the modified viscosity mixture, and wherein the lubricating base oil comprises a base oil from Group I, Group II, and / or Group III.

[00158] Modality 16. The method of embodiment 14 or embodiment 15, in which the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p. 106 / 237 / 102 combined with (1) the lubricating base oil, or (3) the lubricating composition comprising (1) and (2) at least one lubricant additive, and the 5% difference is therefore relative to components (1) or (3) of the lubricating composition.

[00159] Embodiment 17. The method of any of the embodiments 14 to 16, in which the modified viscosity mixture exhibits at least a 5% difference with reference to four or more (or five or more or six or more or all seven) of the enumerated characteristics.

[00160] Embodiment 18. The method of any of the embodiments 14 to 17, in which the modified viscosity mixture exhibits at least a 10% difference with reference to three or more (or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of the enumerated characteristics.

[00161] Embodiment 19. Use of a comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier to modify the viscosity of a lubricating composition, wherein the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is prepared by polymerization comprising at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene (alq)acrylate-based macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer; and (c) a C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise at least 21.0% by weight of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier; and whereby the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is combined with one or more of the following components of the lubricant composition:: (1) a lubricating base oil;(2) at least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a; Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, p. 107 / 237 / 102 pour point depressant, a seal expansion control agent, or a combination thereof; or (3) a lubricating composition comprising both (1) and (2), to form a viscosity-modified mixture, which has at least a 5% difference relative to components (1), (2), or (3) of the lubricating composition without the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, with reference to one or more (or two or more or three or more or four or more or five or more or six or more or all seven) of HTHS150, HTHS100, HTHS80, KV100, KV40, KV20, and IV, and optionally wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier has a weight-average molecular weight less than or equal to 625,000 g / mol (or less than or equal to 600,000 g / mol, or from 200,000 g / mol to 610,000 g / mol, or from 250,000 g / mol to 600,000 g / mol).000 g / mol), as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) at approximately 35 °C in tetrahydrofuran (THF) using polystyrene standards.

[00162] Embodiment 20. The method or use according to any of embodiments 14 to 19, in which the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier and the lubricating composition, if applicable, are as described in any of embodiments 1 to 13.

[00163] The invention will now be described only by way of a non-limiting example. EXAMPLES

[00164] The invention will be illustrated in detail hereafter with reference to examples, without any intention that this should impose a restriction. Monomer Synthesis

[00165] Certain monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, mixed C12 / C14 methacrylate (under the trade name LMA 1214F, from BASF), and C17 methacrylate, have been commercially obtained.

[00166] Other acrylate macromonomers and monomers can be either commercially obtained or synthesized in whole or in part, by Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 108 / 237 / 102, for example, the reagents (meth)acrylic acid (or a soluble salt thereof) and terminal monoalcohol (such as Krasol™ HLBH5000m from Total Cray Valley of Exton, PA, USA) can be commercially obtained and subjected to reaction (condensation) conditions to generate the (macro)monomer(s), which could then be sufficiently isolated / purified for subsequent polymerization, if necessary / desired. Synthesis of Copolymers - Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3-14

[00167] With reference to Comparative Examples 1-2, a 250 mL round-bottom 4-necked flask equipped with a hanging stirrer, a nitrogen spray tube, a thermocouple, a thermowell (temperature sensor well), and a Friedrich water condenser was added to a mixture of monomers (30 grams on a scale) and diluent / base oil (45 grams on a scale, ~1.5 times the total amount of monomers). The diluent / base oil was either Nexbase™ 3030 alone (~45 grams) or a ~4:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and Amexom100 (~36 grams and ~9 grams, respectively). The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate (h-PBDMA) macromonomer, butyl methacrylate, and also BASF's LMA 1214F (a commercially available mixture of dodecyl methacrylate, tetradecyl methacrylate, and hexadecyl methacrylate).The reaction mixture was sprayed with nitrogen for ~20-30 minutes, followed by heating to ~150°C under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, the initiator solution (~6 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (~50% in ligroin) (0.12 grams) in diluent / base oil (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (6 grams). The final ratio of moles of monomers to moles of initiator was ~666 / 1. At ~115°C, a first ~1 / 3 of the initiator solution was added to initiate polymerization. The reaction was then maintained at ~150°C for about 3 hours, after which a second dose of initiator (a second ~1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 109 / 237 / 102 added. After another ~3 hours, the final initiator dose (a third ~1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. Polymerization was maintained at ~115°C for a total of ~8-9 hours (e.g., to achieve at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture, as indicated by residual olefinic hydrogens versus ester hydrogens determined by 1H-NMR). After the “completeness” of the copolymerization reaction, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base oil) was added, if necessary, at ~115°C under nitrogen to obtain a target comb copolymer concentrate content (-30-40% by weight).

[00168] With reference to Examples 3-11, poly((alq)alkyl acrylate) comb copolymers were formed using the following copolymerization procedure. To a 500 mL four-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a hanging stirrer, a nitrogen spray tube, a thermocouple, a thermowell (temperature sensor well), and a Friedrich water condenser, the monomer mixture (scale of ~60 grams) and diluent / base oil (scale of ~90 grams, ~1.5 times the total amount of monomers) were added. The diluent / base oil was either Nexbase™ 3030 alone (~90 grams) or a ~2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and IsoparM (~60 grams and ~30 grams, respectively).The monomer mixture contained hydrogenated polybutadiene methacrylate (hPBDMA) macromonomer, butyl methacrylate, and one of lauryl methacrylate (C12 only), BASF LMA 1214F (a commercially available mixture of dodecyl methacrylate, tetradecyl methacrylate, and hexadecyl methacrylate), or BASF heptadecyl methacrylate, in the specified compositional ratios, e.g., 15 / 60 / 25% by weight. The reaction mixture was sprayed with nitrogen for ~20-30 minutes, followed by heating to ~150°C under positive nitrogen pressure. In a separate flask, the initiator solution (~6 grams) was prepared by diluting 2,2-bis(t-butylperoxy)butane (-50% in ligroin) (~0.22 grams) in... Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 110 / 237 / 102 diluent / base oil (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) (6 grams). The final ratio of moles of monomers to moles of initiator was ~666 / 1. At ~115°C, a first ~1 / 3 of the initiator solution was added to initiate polymerization. The reaction was then maintained at ~150°C for approximately 3 hours, after which a second dose of initiator (a second ~1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. After another ~3 hours, the final dose of initiator (a third ~1 / 3 of the initiator solution) was added. The polymerization was maintained at ~115°C for a total of ~8-9 hours (e.g., to achieve at least 95% conversion of the monomer mixture, as indicated by the residual olefinic hydrogens versus ester hydrogens determined by 1H-NMR).After the copolymerization reaction was “complete”, additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base oil) was added as needed at ~115°C under nitrogen to obtain a target copolymer concentrate content (-30-40% by weight).

[00169] With reference to Examples 12-13, every aspect of the comb copolymer synthesis was identical to that described above in Examples 3-13, except that the copolymer synthesis batches were scaled up to ~2L flasks, including ~360 grams of total monomer mixture, ~540 grams of diluent / base oil (still ~1.5x the total amount of monomers, also still either only Nexbase™ 3030 or a ~2:1 w / w mixture of Nexbase™ 3030 and IsoparM), and a proportional amount (~12 grams) of initiator (~1.3 grams) in Nexbase™ 3030 (~10.7 grams) (to obtain a similar ratio between moles of monomers and moles of initiator of ~666 / 1). The same monomers, initiator, and diluent(s) / base oil(s) were used, and the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers added at the beginning, initiator solution added in thirds) and reaction times were employed. Similarly, after the “completeness” of the scaled-up copolymerization reaction, diluent Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 111 / 237 / 102 additional (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base oil) was added, if necessary, at ~115°C under nitrogen to obtain a target copolymer concentrate content (~30-40% by weight).

[00170] With reference to Example 14, every aspect of the comb copolymer synthesis was identical to that described above for Examples 311, except that a fourth monomer was included in the monomer mixture, namely methyl methacrylate (MMA), in addition to the BMA, h-PBDMA, and L1214F monomers. The MMA monomer is commercially available from numerous suppliers and was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Otherwise, the same monomers, initiator, and diluent(s) / base oil(s) were used, and the same copolymerization scheme (all monomers added at the beginning, initiator solution added in thirds) and reaction times were employed. Similarly, after the copolymerization reaction was “complete,” additional diluent (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030 base oil) was added, if necessary, at ~115°C under nitrogen to obtain a target copolymer concentrate content (-30-40% by weight).

[00171] Table 1 shows the relative weight percentages of the various monomers added to the reaction mixture, the Mn and Mw values ​​were measured by CPG (Gel Permeation Chromatography), the percent conversion (calculated from 1H-NMR), and the actual comb copolymer content of the concentrates from Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 3-14. The instrument specification and analysis conditions were as follows: Waters Acquity APC with Waters RID and UV215 nm; software: Empower 3; columns (in series 3 mm x 4.6 mm x 150 mm): APC-XT 450 (~2.5 gm), APC-XT200 (~2.5 gm), and APC-XT45 (~1.7 gm); mobile phase and flow: THF >99.9% uninhibited, HPLC grade, Fisher Optima Gold label; Flow rate: ~0.25 mL / min with a retention time of -35 min; oven temperature: ~35°C; sample concentration: ~1 mg (solid polymer) / mL; sample preparation: complete dissolution for one day. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page 112 / 237 / 102 other, followed by filtration through a ~0.45 μm PTFE filter; injection volume: ~10 μL; calibration curve with polystyrene. Table 1. Example Monomer Content [Macro / BMA / L1214] CPG Conv % IA (real) Mn Mn Ex. Comp. 1 15 / 75 / 10 74,300 271,700 97.8 29.4 Ex. Comp. 2 15 / 75 / 10 111,600 317,600 99.5 36.2 Ex 3 10 / 69 / 21 118,860 366,100 97.5 36.6 Ex 4 15 / 64 / 21 134,100 497,100 96.2 36.4 Ex. 5 15 / 60 / 25 105,600 336,900 96.8 28.8 Ex. 6 15 / 60 / 25 1 143,100 353,000 96.5 29.0 Ex. 7 14 / 57 / 29 2 91,700 215,400 98.5 29.5 Ex. 8 15 / 55 / 30 171,700 571,800 96.5 28.9 Ex. 9 15 / 45 / 40 148,200 473,000 96.0 28.7 Ex. 10 12 / 64 / 24 206,300 515,100 98.2 29.4 Ex. 11 18 / 55 / 27 170,500 416,000 96.0 28.8 Ex. 12 15 / 60 / 25 185,600 689,700 96.9 29.1 Ex. 13 15 / 60 / 25 128,700 537,700 98.1 29.4 Ex. 14 14 / 58 / 25 / 3 3 121.900 437.900 96.1 28.6 125% by weight refers to pure lauryl methacrylate (C12 only, not a C12 / C14 mixture). 229% by weight refers to C17 methacrylate, not a C12 / C14 mixture (at similar molar concentration). The first three numbers refer to the contents of h-PBDMA, BMA, and L12, while the fourth number (~3% by weight) refers to the MMA monomer content.

[00172] For terpolymers of Comparative Example 1 and Examples 3-7, a portion of each synthesized concentrate was initially separated and diluted (with Yubase 4) to a target KV100 of approximately 8 cSt (mm2 / s) (resulting in actual copolymer contents in the range of ~5.0% by weight to -5.8% by weight). For these further diluted samples, the compositional KV100 was adjusted to ~8 cSt (mm2 / s) to measure the viscosity index (VI) as a comparative performance indicator, and the copolymer content was balanced (via a target of -5.5% by weight copolymer) to measure KV100 as another comparative indicator. These data plus the actual copolymer content (target -5.5% by weight) are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Sample Monomer Content [Macro / BMA / L1214] KV100[cSt (mm2 / s)] / % Actual Weight of copolymer (@ equivalent loading*) IV / KV100 / % Actual Weight of copolymer (@KV100 ~8 cSt (mm2 / s)) Ex. Comp. 1 15 / 75 / 10 8.0 / 5.73 315 / 8.0 / 5.73 Ex. 3 10 / 69 / 21 9.4 / 5.12 268 / 8.4 / 4.39 Ex. 4 15 / 64 / 21 11.2 / 5.09 308 / 8.1 / 3.42 Ex. 5 15 / 60 / 25 11.3 / 5.44 295 / 7.9 / 3.36 Ex. 6 15 / 60 / 25 1 11.2 / 5.49 320 / 7.9 / 3.57 Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 113 / 237 / 102 Sample Monomer Content [Macro / BMA / L1214] KV100[cSt (mm2 / s)] / % Actual Weight of copolymer (@ equivalent loading*) IV / KV100 / % Actual Weight of copolymer (@KV100 ~8 cSt (mm2 / s)) Ex. 7 14 / 57 / 29 2 9.95 / 5.60 258 / 7.9 / 4.13 * Target value ~5.5% by weight. 125% by weight refers to pure lauryl methacrylate (C12 only, not a C12 / C14 mixture). 229% by weight refers to C17 methacrylate, not a C12 / C14 mixture (but at a similar molar concentration). Lubricant Formulations - Comparative Examples 15-16 and Examples 17-28

[00173] The poly((alq)alkyl acrylate) comb copolymer concentrates of Comparative Examples 1-2 and Examples 4-14 were added in various proportions to the finished lubricant compositions of Comparative Examples 15-16 and Examples 17-28, which lubricant compositions also contained at least one additive package concentrate (comprising one or more dispersants, one or more detergents, one or more anti-wear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / base oil, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow enhancer, and a diluent / base oil.In Comparative Examples 15-16 and Examples 17-28, the components and proportions of the additive package concentrate and pour point depressant / flow enhancer remained constant (at ~13.5% by weight and ~0.2% by weight, respectively), while the chemistry and proportions of the poly((alq)alkyl acrylate comb copolymer-based viscosity modifiers were varied (while each sum of viscosity modifier concentration and diluent / base oil concentration remained constant at ~86.3% by weight). Table 3 shows these chemistries and proportions, as well as several relevant characterizations of each finished lubricant composition, such as HTHS150 (in cP (mPa.s)), HTHS100 (in cP (mPa.s)), HTHS80 (in cP (mPa.s)), KV100 (in cSt (mm2 / s)), KV40 (in cSt (mm2 / s)), KV20 (in cSt (mm2 / s)), and IV (dimensionless). Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, pp. 114 / 237 100 / 102 Table 3. Sample Concentrate of MV (Viscosity Modifier) ​​[% By Weight / Type] % By Actual Weight of MV HTHS 150 HTHS 100 HTHS 80 KV100 KV40 KV20 IV Ex. Comp. 15 3.85 / ECl 1.39 2.64 5.30 8.20 7.13 33.2 78.5 186 Ex. Comp. 16 4.75 / EC2 1.40 2.63 5.36 8.01 7.20 33.4 77.7 188 Ex. 17 3.70 / E4 1.35 2.63 5.57 8.08 7.92 34.6 79.4 212 Ex. 18 4.60 / E5 1.32 2.65 5.61 8.24 7.80 34.0 78.6 211 Ex. 19 4.60 / E6 1.34 2.65 5.61 8.23 ​​7.74 33.9 78.5 209 Ex. 20 4.60 / E7 1.36 2.64 5.68 8.39 7.63 34.7 79.9 198 Ex. 21 4.60 / E8 1.33 2.66 5.68 8.33 8.59 35.4 80.4 234 Ex. 22 4.60 / E9 1.32 2.61 5.81 8.54 8.73 38.3 85.9 217 Ex. 23 4.60 / E10 1.35 2.62 5.54 8.37 8.37 44.3 89 168 Ex. 24 4.51 / Ell 1.30 2.63 5.72 8.13 7.99 34.7 79.6 214 Ex. 25 4.60 / E12 1.34 2.65 5.49 ““ 8.33 34.9 ““ 228 Ex. 26 4.60 / E12 1.34 2.71 5.58 8.23 ​​8.33 34.2 78.2 234 Ex. 27 4.60 / E13 1.35 2.66 5.51 ““ 8.10 33.7 77.5 227 Ex. 28 4.60 / E14 1.32 2.63 5.54 8.14 7.80 33.8 78.3 213 Synthesis of Copolymers - Examples 29-34

[00174] With reference to Examples 29-34, every aspect of the copolymer synthesis was identical to that described above in Example 6 (all including a monomer mass ratio of ~15 / 60 / 25), except that the initiator solutions were prepared by diluting several different peroxide-based initiators in diluent / base oil (e.g., Nexbase™ 3030) to achieve a final monomer-to-initiator mole ratio of ~666 / 1, and that the temperatures for the synthesis reactions were varied to include the ~115°C temperature of Example 6, and also other lower initiation / reaction temperatures for the various different peroxide-based initiators. Table 4 shows the details of Examples 29-34 including a reference to Example 6, where all copolymers were synthesized using the same initial monomer mass ratio. The instrument specification and analysis conditions were the same as specified in Example 6. Table 4. Example Initiator / Temp Monomer Content [Macro / BMA / L1214] CPG Conv % IA (real) Mn Mn Ex. 6 BPBu 4 / 115°C 15 / 60 / 25 1 143,100 353,000 96.5 29.0 Ex. 29 BPBu 4 / 115C 15 / 60 / 25 1 194,100 556,400 98.5 29.5 Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, pp. 115 / 237 101 / 102 Example Initiator / Temp Monomer Content [Macro / BMA / L1214] CPG Conv % IA (real) Mn Mn Ex. 30 BPBu 4 / 108°C 15 / 60 / 25 1 178,200 534,200 94.5 28.4 Ex. 31 DPTMC 5 / 108°C 15 / 60 / 25 1 197,700 760,700 96.3 28.9 Ex. 32 PBe 6 / 108°C 15 / 60 / 25 1 208,600 988,000 95.6 28.7 Ex. 33 DPTMC 5 / 96°C 15 / 60 / 25 1 224,100 938,400 96.4 28.9 Ex. 34 PBe 6 / 113°C 15 / 60 / 25 1 195,600 610,900 97.4 29.2 125% by weight refers to purely lauryl methacrylate (C12 only, not a mixture of C12 / C14)4BPBu = 2,2-Bis(t-butylperoxy)butane5DPTMC = 1,1-Di-tert-butylperoxy-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane6PBe = t-butylperoxybenzoate Lubricant Formulations - Examples 35-40

[00175] The poly((alq)alkyl acrylate) comb copolymer concentrates of Examples 29-34 were added in various proportions to the finished lubricant compositions of Examples 35-40, which lubricant compositions also contained at least one additive package concentrate (comprising one or more dispersants, one or more detergents, one or more anti-wear components, one or more friction modifiers, one or more antioxidants, a diluent / base oil, and optionally one or more other components), a pour point depressant / flow enhancer, and a diluent / base oil.In Examples 35-40, the components and proportions of the additive package concentrate and pour point depressant / flow enhancer remained constant (at ~13.5% by weight and -0.2% by weight, respectively), while the chemistry and proportions of the poly((alq)alkyl acrylate comb copolymer-based viscosity modifiers were varied (while keeping each sum of viscosity modifier concentration and diluent / base oil concentration constant at -86.3% by weight). Table 5 shows these chemistries and proportions, and also several relevant characterizations of each finished lubricant composition, such as HTHS150 (in cP (mPa.s)), HTHS100 (in cP (mPa.s)), HTHS80 (in cP (mPa.s)), KV100 (in cSt (mm2 / s)), KV40 (in cSt (mm2 / s)), KV20 (in cSt (mm2 / s)), and IV (dimensionless). The formulations in Example 19 are included for reference because they share the same initial monomer mass ratio and the same chemical composition. Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, pp. 116 / 237 102 / 102 Table 5. Sample Concentrate of MV (Viscosity Modifier) ​​[% By Weight / Type] % By Actual Weight of MV HTHS 150 HTHS 100 HTHS 80 KV100 KV40 KV20 IV Ex. 19 4.60 / EO 1.33 2.65 5.61 8.23 ​​7.74 33.9 78.5 209 Ex. 35 4.60 / E29 1.30 2.67 5.52 7.98 8.10 33.7 78.1 228 Ex. 36 4.60 / E30 1.33 2.65 5.54 7.94 8.12 33.7 77.5 229 Ex. 37 4.60 / E31 1.33 2.63 5.53 7.95 8.55 33.8 77.7 246 Ex. 38 4.45 / E32 1.29 2.64 5.48 7.93 8.88 33.7 77.6 261 Ex. 39 4.40 / E33 1.29 2.68 5.62 8.10 9.38 35.0 79.3 269 Ex. 40 4.60 / E34 1.30 2.62 5.53 7.96 8.19 33.6 77.2 233

[00176] The descriptions of all patents, articles and other materials described herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety into this descriptive report by reference. A description of a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of multiple specified components, as presented herein and in the appended claims, shall be interpreted to also encompass compositions made by mixing said multiple specified components. The principles, preferred embodiments and preferred modes of operation of the present invention are described in the preceding descriptive report. However, what the applicants submit as their invention shall not be interpreted as limited to the specific embodiments described, because the embodiments described are considered illustrative and not limiting.Modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Claims

1. Lubricating composition, characterized in that it comprises: a lubricating base oil; at least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal expansion control agent, or a combination thereof; and a polymerization-prepared comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier comprising at least the following monomers: (a) a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) a C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer; and (c) a C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer that is a lauryl acrylate, a lauryl methacrylate, a palmityl acrylate, a palmityl methacrylate, a heptadecanoyl acrylate, a heptadecanoyl methacrylate or a combination thereof,wherein the repeating units based on the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise at least 21.0% by weight and up to 35.0% by weight of repeating units of the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier, wherein the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier does not comprise any repeating units based on the styrene monomer, wherein the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier has a weight-average molecular weight less than or equal to 625,000 g / mol, as measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) at 35°C on tetrahydrofuran (THF) using polystyrene standards, and wherein the lubricant composition exhibits at least three of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high Petition 870250025230, dated 03 / 31 / 2025, page. 118 / 237 2 / 6 temperature at 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs; a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5,64 cPs; a high shear, high temperature viscosity at 80°C (HTHS80) of no more than 8.35 cPs; a KV100 of 6.90 cSt to 9.42 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (KV40) of no more than 34.9 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 20°C (KV20) of no more than 79.0 cSt; and a viscosity index of at least 200.

2. Lubricant composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the repeating units based on the hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer comprise from 7.0% by weight to 18% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

3. Lubricating composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the repeating units based on the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise from 40% by weight to 71% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

4. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the repeating units based on the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer comprise from 45% by weight to 64% by weight of the repeating units of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier.

5. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer is a butyl acrylate and / or a butyl methacrylate.

6. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises from 0.4% by mass to 6.0% by mass of the copolymer-based viscosity modifier Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, page 119 / 237 3 / 6 in comb, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition.

7. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises from 75% by mass to 95% by mass of lubricating base oil, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, and wherein the lubricating oil composition comprises a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, or a mixture thereof.

8. Lubricant composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier comprises at least 23.0% by weight of repeating units based on C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer, wherein the comb copolymer viscosity modifier has a weight-average molecular weight less than or equal to 625,000 g / mol, as measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) at 35°C on tetrahydrofuran (THF) using polystyrene standards, and wherein the lubricant composition exhibits at least four of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 15°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 100°C (HTHS100) of a maximum of 5.64 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 80°C (HTHS80) of a maximum of 8.34 cP (mPa.s).s); a KV100 of 7.20 cSt (mm2 / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm2 / s); a kinematic viscosity at 40C (KV40) of no more than 34.7 cSt (mm2 / s); a kinematic viscosity at 20C (KV20) of no more than 78.7 cSt (mm2 / s); and a viscosity index (VI) of at least 205.

9. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is prepared by polymerization of monomers consisting of: (a) the hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alq)acrylate ester macromonomer; (b) the C3-C8 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer; and (c) the C12-C24 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer.

10. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier: (i) is prepared by polymerization of monomers that do not comprise styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) does not comprise styrene-based repeating units or styrenic repeating units.

11. Lubricating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8 or 10, characterized in that the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is prepared by polymerization comprising the monomers (a), (b), (c), and (d) and at least one additional olefinic monomer, other than the monomers (a), (b), and (c), and which is not an aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl (alq)acrylate ester monomer nor a C2C6 oligo(glycol alkylene) or C2-C6 oxoalkyl chain-blocked (alq)acrylate monomer with aryl, aralkyl, or C6-C20 alkyl or chain-blocked (alq)acrylate monomer with C1-C18 alkyl or H.

12. Method for modifying the viscosity of a lubricant composition so that the lubricant composition exhibits at least three of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.64 cP (mPa.s); a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.35 cP (mPa.s); a KV100 of 6.90 cSt (mm² / s) to 9.40 cSt (mm² / s); a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (KV40) of at most 34.9 cSt (mm² / s); a kinematic viscosity at 20°C (KV20) of at most 79.0 cSt (mm² / s); and Petition 870250025230, dated 31 / 03 / 2025, p.121 / 237 5 / 6 viscosity index (VI) of at least 200, the method, characterized in that it comprises: forming a viscosity-modified mixture by combining a viscosity-modifying amount of a comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11 with a lubricating composition, wherein the lubricating composition comprises: (1) a lubricating base oil; and (2) at least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal expansion control agent, or a combination thereof.

13. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that the viscosity-modifying amount of the copolymer-based comb viscosity modifier is from 0.5% by mass to 5.0% by mass, based on the total mass of the viscosity-modified mixture, and wherein the lubricating base oil comprises a base oil from Group I, Group II, and / or Group III.

14. Method according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier is as defined in claim 8 and in that the viscosity of the lubricating composition is modified so that the lubricating composition exhibits at least four of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs; a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.64 cPs; a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.34 cPs; a KV100 of 7.20 cSt to 9.40 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (KV40) of at most 34.7 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 20°C (KV20) of at most 78.7 cSt; and a viscosity index (VI) of at least 205.

15. Use of a comb copolymer-based viscosity modifier as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that it modifies the viscosity of a lubricating composition such that the lubricating composition exhibits at least three of the following characteristics: a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 150°C (HTHS150) of at least 2.55 cPs; a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 100°C (HTHS100) of at most 5.64 cPs; a viscosity under high shear and high temperature at 80°C (HTHS80) of at most 8.35 cPs; a KV100 of 6.90 cSt to 9.42 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (KV40) of at most 34.9 cSt; a kinematic viscosity at 20°C (KV20) of at most 79.0 cSt; and a viscosity index of at least 200, wherein the lubricating composition comprises: a lubricating base oil;at least one lubricant additive comprising an antioxidant, a corrosion inhibitor, an anti-wear additive, a friction modifier, a dispersant, a detergent, a defoaming agent, an extreme pressure additive, a pour point depressant, a seal expansion control agent, or a combination thereof.