Power regulation system, related method and computer-readable storage medium

Description

1 / 66 POWER REGULATION SYSTEM, RELATED METHOD AND COMPUTER-READABLE STORAGE MEDIUM TECHNICAL FIELD

[001] The disclosure relates to the field of power electronics and, more specifically, to systems, methods and computer programs for regulating the power exchanged with a network. BACKGROUND

[002] The control of voltage source converters (VSCs) in electrical power systems is becoming increasingly important. Existing control systems, based on grid follower (GFL) techniques, have so far been applied to renewable energy voltage source converters (VSCs) (e.g., wind and / or solar), battery energy storage systems (BESS), inverter-side HVDC systems, and / or static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). These existing control systems depend on the synchronization of VSC switching to the existing grid voltage to function. This means that some other equipment, usually synchronous generators (SGs) from hydroelectric or thermal power plants, act as grid formers (GFMs). These GFMs create their own base grid voltage with controlled voltage and frequency.

[003] However, power grids with a large number of GFL devices, compared to the number of GFM devices, exhibit reduced reliability and more severe frequency and / or voltage fluctuations, which can eventually cause a grid collapse, since GFL-based devices have low grid support capacity. In fact, such GFL-based devices have a slower response compared to GFM. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 23 / 97 2 / 66

[004] Within this context, there is still a need for an improved power regulation system to regulate the power exchanged with a network. SUMMARY

[005] According to a first aspect, a power regulation system is therefore provided to regulate the power exchanged with a grid. The power regulation system comprises a Grid-Side Converter (GSC) system and an Application-Side Converter (ASC) system. The ASC is configured to be coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation. The GSC system comprises a Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) and a VSC control system, the VSC control system including a Grid Follower Control (GFL) system and a Grid Forming Control (GFM) system, the VSC of the GSC system being configured to be coupled to the grid via a common connection point (CCP) and to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid. The ASC and the GSC system are coupled by the DC link with a DC link voltage.The ASC is configured to control the DC link voltage. The GFL control system is arranged in parallel with the GFM control system. The GFL control system is configured to switch a first power component. The first power component includes a first active power component and a first reactive power component. The GFM control system is configured to switch a second power component. The second power component includes a second active power component and a second reactive power component. The GFL control system is configured to control the first active power component and the first reactive power component. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 24 / 97 3 / 66

[006] The power regulation system according to the first aspect may present one or more of the following attributes: - (i) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage and current between the PCC and the GSC, and to calculate a division of the current into a first current and a second current, where: The GFL control system of the GSC system is configured to control the first active power component by obtaining measured values ​​of the first current and voltage at the PCC, which, together with first reference values ​​comprising a reference value of the first active power component and a reference value of the first reactive power component, allow the computation of a first output voltage reference having an amplitude. The GFM control system of the GSC system is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, the second active power component and the second reactive power component based on second reference values, where the second reference values ​​comprise a reference value of the second active power component, a reference value of the second reactive power component, a reference frequency, and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC.wherein the GFM control system is configured to calculate a second output voltage reference having an amplitude and a frequency, and (ii) the power regulation system is additionally configured to: by combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, and Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 25 / 97 4 / 66 applying a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, thus controlling the first active power component and the second active power component, and the first reactive power component and the second reactive power component; The calculation of the division of the current into the first current and the second current is performed based on a system of equations of the type: Equation 1 - System of equations for calculating the division of current into the first and second currents. ÜHCC* = ^2^1* + Mò '; í,=_________V1' -2________+k< ; 11s(Li + L2) + (Ri + R2) 'v; h = í-conv—Ú;= 1R1 + R2R22= R1 + R2 Rf = k1R2Lf = ^1L2 where v* is the first reference output voltage, k1 and fc2 are values ​​that are 0 and less than 1, uHCC* is the result —L1 = L1 + L2 ; —L2 = L1 + L2 ; = k2R1; = ^2L1;output voltage, v* is the second impedance ratio, each one larger than the combination of the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, iconvé is the current measured at the PCC, i1 is the first current, i2 is the second current; - The electrical power equipment comprises a wind generator (WG), such as a Type IV or Type III wind generator WG, a solar panel, such as a variable voltage and frequency solar panel, an onshore wind farm, a Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 26 / 97 5 / 66 offshore wind farm, an energy storage system, and wherein the installation comprises an AC network; - the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the Type IV (WG) wind generator or the Type III wind generator, the solar panel, the onshore wind farm and / or the offshore wind farm, and - The ASC comprises a Voltage Source Converter comprising a control system configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the ASC's VSC based on a received measured DC link voltage; - the electrical power equipment or installation comprises a solar panel and / or an energy storage system, and - The ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a control system configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a received measured DC link voltage; - The power regulation system comprises a control block configured to compute a reference value for the first component of active power; The electrical power equipment or installation comprises a solar panel, and - The system is configured to run a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm set up to compute the maximum power capable of being generated by the solar panel based on a measured solar panel voltage, with the computed maximum power being the maximum reference value of the first active power component; - electrical power equipment or installation comprises a Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 27 / 97 6 / 66 Type IV wind generator, and the system is configured to run a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm configured to compute the tracking of the maximum power capable of being generated by the generator based on a measured wind generator voltage, the maximum power computed being the maximum reference value of the first active power component; - The electrical power equipment or installation comprises an energy storage system, and the ASC comprises a DC / DC converter configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a received reference energy storage system voltage and a received measured DC link voltage; - The electrical power equipment or installation comprises the AC network, and the ASC comprises a voltage source converter comprising a control system configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the VSC based on a reference voltage received from a common connection point with the AC network and a measured DC link voltage received; and / or - The GFM control system is configured to continuously adjust the active power to the VSC of the GSC system until the network operation returns to a steady state, with the power regulation system thus being configured for frequency support.

[007] According to the first aspect, a method is additionally provided for regulating the power exchanged with a network and implemented with the power regulation system. The power regulation system is coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation and to the network. The method comprises, by means of the ASC, controlling the DC link voltage. The method also comprises, by means of the GFL control system of the GSC system, exchanging the first Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 28 / 97 7 / 66 Power component. The first power component includes the first active power component. The method also comprises controlling the first active power component and the first reactive power component. The method also comprises, through the GFM control system of the GSC control system, switching the second power component. The second power component includes the second active power component and the second reactive power component. The method also comprises, through the GFL control system, controlling the first active power component and the first reactive power component.

[008] According to the first aspect, a computer program comprising instructions is additionally provided, which when executed by the power regulation system, the power regulation system being coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation and to the network, cause the power regulation system to perform the method.

[009] In accordance with the first aspect, a storage medium comprising the program is additionally provided.

[010] According to a second aspect, a power regulation system is therefore provided to regulate the power exchanged with a grid. The power regulation system comprises a Grid-Side Converter (GSC) system. The GSC is configured to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The GSC system comprises a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and a VSC control system. The VSC control system includes a Grid Follower Control (GFL) system and a Grid Forming Control (GFM) system. The VSC of the GSC system is configured to be coupled to the grid via a common connection point (CCP) and to exchange active and reactive power with the grid. The GFL control system of the GSC system is arranged in parallel to the Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 29 / 97 8 / 66 GFM control system. The GFL control system is configured to switch a first power component. The first power component includes a first active power component and a first reactive power component. The GFM control system is configured to switch a second power component. The second power component includes a second active power component and a second reactive power component. The GSC system's GFL control system is configured to control the first active power component and the first reactive power component.

[011] According to the second aspect, a method is further provided for regulating the power exchanged with a network and implemented with the power regulation system, the power regulation system operating as STATCOM. The method comprises, by the GFL control system of the GSC system, exchanging a first power component. The first power component includes a first active power component and a first reactive power component. The method also comprises, by the GFL control system of the GSC system, exchanging a second power component. The second power component includes a second active power component and a second reactive power component. The method also comprises, by the GFL control system of the GSC system, controlling the first active power component and the first reactive power component.

[012] According to the second aspect, a computer program is additionally provided comprising instructions which, when executed by the power regulation system, the power regulation system being configured to operate as STATCOM, cause the power regulation system to perform the method. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 30 / 97 9 / 66

[013] In accordance with the second aspect, a storage medium comprising the program is additionally provided.

[014] According to a third aspect, a power regulation system is therefore provided to regulate the power exchanged with a grid. The power regulation system comprises a Grid-Side Converter (GSC) system and an Application-Side Converter (ASC). The ASC is configured to be coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation comprising a solar panel and / or an energy storage system. The GSC system comprises a VSC and a VSC control system. The VSC control system includes a Grid Follower Control (GFL) system and a Grid Forming Control (GFM) system. The VSC of the GSC system is configured to be coupled to the grid via a common connection point (CCP) and to exchange active power and reactive power to the grid. The ASC and the GSC system are coupled by the DC link having DC link voltage. The GFL control system of the GSC system is arranged in parallel to the GFM control system.The GFL control system is configured to switch between the first active power component and the first reactive power component. The GFM control system is being configured to switch between the second active power component and the second reactive power component.

[015] The power regulation system according to the third aspect may comprise one or more of the following: - (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the solar panel, (ii) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage and current between the PCC and the GSC, and to calculate a division of the current into a first current and a second current, wherein: The GFL control system of the GSC system is configured to Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 31 / 97 10 / 66 controlling the first active power component by obtaining measured values ​​of the DC link voltage, the first current, and the voltage at the PCC, which together with first reference values ​​comprising reference values ​​of the first reactive power component and a reference DC link voltage allow computing the amplitude of the first output voltage reference, the GFM control system of the GSC system is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second active power component and the second reactive power component based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value of the second active power component, a reference value of the second reactive power component, a reference frequency, and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC, and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference,(iii) the power regulation system is additionally configured to:, to combine the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, and to apply a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference; - (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the solar panel, and (ii) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage and current between the PCC and the GSC, and to calculate a division of the current into a first current and a second current, wherein: Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 32 / 97 11 / 66 The GFL control system of the GSC system is configured to control the first active power component by obtaining measured values ​​of the first current and voltage at the PCC, which together with first reference values ​​comprising reference values ​​of a first reactive power component allow computing an amplitude and frequency of a first output voltage reference. The GFM control system of the GSC system is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second active power component and a second reactive power component based on second reference values. The second reference values ​​comprise a reference value of the second active power component, a reference value of the second reactive power component, a reference frequency, and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC.and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference, (iii) the power regulation system is additionally configured to:, to combine the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, and to apply a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference; - The power regulation system comprises a control block configured to compute a reference value for the first component of active power; The system is configured to execute an algorithm of Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 33 / 97 12 / 66 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) configured to compute the tracking of the maximum power capable of being generated by the solar panel based on a measured solar panel voltage, the maximum power computed being the maximum reference value of the first active power component; - The ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a measured received DC link voltage and the voltage and current measured at the solar panel terminals; - The ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on the maximum computed power and the voltage and current measured at the solar panel terminals; - (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the energy storage system, (ii) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage and current between the PCC and the GSC, and to calculate a division of the current into a first current and a second current, wherein: The GFL control system of the GSC system is configured to control the first active power component by obtaining measured values ​​of the DC link voltage, the first current, and the voltage at the PCC, which, together with first reference values ​​comprising reference values ​​of a first reactive power component and a reference DC link voltage, allow the computation of an amplitude and frequency of a first output voltage reference. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 34 / 97 13 / 66 The GFM control system of the GSC system is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second active power component and a second reactive power component based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value of the second active power component, a reference value of the second reactive power component, a reference frequency and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC, and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference, (iii) the power regulation system is additionally configured to: The process involves combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, and applying a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference. [016 ] - (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the energy storage system, and (ii) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage and current between the PCC and the GSC, and to calculate a division of the current into a first current and a second current, wherein: The GFL control system of the GSC system is configured to control the first component of active power, obtaining measured values ​​of the first current and voltage at the PCC, which, together with first reference values ​​comprising reference values ​​of a first component of reactive power, allow the computation of a Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 35 / 97 14 / 66 amplitude and frequency of a first output voltage reference, the GFM control system of the GSC system is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second active power component and a second reactive power component based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value of the second active power component, a reference value of the second reactive power component, a reference frequency and a reference voltage amplitude in the PCC, and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference, The power regulation system is additionally configured to: - combine the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, - Apply a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference; - The power regulation system comprises a control block configured to obtain a reference value for the first component of active power; - The ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system, configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a measured received DC link voltage and the voltage and current measured at the terminals of the energy storage system; - the ASC comprises a DC / DC converter which includes a Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 36 / 97 15 / 66 respective control system, configured to control the DC link voltage by computing a voltage to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on the maximum computed power and the voltage and current measured at the terminals of the energy storage system; and / or the calculation of the current division into the first current and the second current is performed based on a system of equations of the type: Equation 2 - system of equations for calculating the division of current into the first current and the second current. 11= s(L1* V1 * Ü2 + ^2) + (^1 + ^2)+^2^conv; ^1 h = i-conv—H; R1L1R1 +R2 L1+ L2' ^2:«2 ^1 + «2 Rf= ktR2Lf = k1L2 —L2 = L1+L2; = k2Ri;= k2L1;where v* is the first output voltage reference, v* is the second output voltage reference, k1 and k2 are respective impedance ratios, each greater than 0 and less than 1, vHCC* is the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, i is the current measured at the PCC, i1 is the first current, i2 is the second current.

[017] According to the third aspect, a method is additionally provided for regulating the power exchanged with a network and implemented with the power regulation system. The power regulation system is Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 37 / 97 16 / 66 coupled to a solar panel and / or an energy storage system and to a grid. The method comprises, using the GFL control system, exchanging a first component of the active power and a first component of the reactive power. The method also comprises, using the GFM control system, exchanging a second component of the active power and a second component of the reactive power.

[018] According to the third aspect, a computer program is additionally provided comprising instructions which, when executed by the power regulation system, the power regulation system being coupled to a solar panel and / or an energy storage system and to a grid, cause the power regulation system to perform the method.

[019] According to the third aspect, a storage medium comprising the program is additionally provided. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[020] Non-limiting examples will now be described with reference to the attached drawings, where: Figures 1 to 4 show examples of the system according to the first aspect; FIG. 5 shows an example of the system according to the second aspect; Figures 6 and 7 show examples of the system according to the third aspect; Figures 8 to 10 further illustrate the first aspect. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[021] In all aspects of this disclosure, a network refers to any interconnected network for supplying electricity from producers to consumers. Any network in this Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, p. 38 / 97 17 / 66 document may include power stations, electrical substations for increasing or decreasing voltage, and electrical power transmission for transporting power over long distances. The network may operate up to rated power during steady state. The power regulation system, in all aspects, is configured to exchange power with the network based on the network's power needs during network operation. The network may be subject to network disturbances or disruptions. Network disturbance or disruption means any variation from steady state, for example, variation in power supply to the network when in operation, for example, a variation (e.g., an increase or decrease) in power demand due to a sudden change in network load, for example, due to a fault or over-generation.

[022] Power exchange with a grid can designate any type of action to absorb / inject power between electrical power equipment or electrical power installations to the grid. More generally, the power regulation system allows the exchange of power between the grid and electrical power equipment or electrical power installations to perform instantaneous power control on the grid. By power exchange it is understood that power is absorbed and / or injected, for example, depending on the situation. By instantaneous it is understood that the actions are performed on a rapid time scale, for example, in the millisecond range. The actions may comprise control actions applied by one or more entities, as detailed below.

[023] For example, the power regulation system can exchange power with the grid (as it becomes available from the electrical power equipment or the electrical power installation) so that the grid continues to operate in a steady state even after disturbances or disruptions. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 39 / 97 18 / 66

[024] Any control system disclosed in this document may, for example, compute an output based on a parameter or reference value so that the controlled entity follows the parameter or reference. Alternatively or additionally, the control system may be configured to compute an output without such a parameter or reference, i.e., fully automatically. In other words, any control system of this disclosure may be configured to provide a control action by means of an output such that an actual value of the output (denoted in this document as “x”) is equal to a reference value of x (which may be stored in suitable memory accessible by the control system). The reference value may be constant / fixed during the control phase, for example, lasting hours or days. Optionally, the reference value of x may change between different control phases, for example, upon receiving user instructions.Optionally, the control system can receive a measurement of the value of x or, alternatively, a measurement of a value of one or more other parameters, allowing it to calculate a value of x. The control system can be configured to compare such an actual value – measured or calculated – of x with the reference value and apply a control action modifying its output accordingly, so as to achieve (e.g., approximate) equality with the reference value. In other words, the control system can be configured to provide at least one output in a closed-loop configuration. The control system may comprise one or more processors to perform any of the aforementioned functions. The control system may also provide the output based on a received parameter / reference. In such a case, the control, for example, of the GFM control system may allow the injection (similarly, absorption) of an output based on the received parameter / reference.The parameter / reference. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 40 / 97 19 / 66 can be predefined by an operator / user. In other words, by injecting (similarly, absorbing) it is understood that the control system is configured to respond automatically, for example, to variations in active and reactive power, according to a predefined control action operating as in an open-loop configuration, i.e., without instantaneous feedback.

[025] It should be understood that the above explanation is provided for illustrative purposes only; the control system may implement any type of function so that the controlled entity follows a given parameter or reference value.

[026] Any control system disclosed in this document can be configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, an output, for example, a second active power component and a second reactive power component. By automatically it is understood without any user intervention and in response to the detection of a variation in the input previously defined in the control system, for example, a variation in the network load or voltage. By transient it is understood that the control action by the control system is performed during a relatively short period of time (a few seconds) compared to the operating time of the network controlled by the control system, for example, a time until the network operation is restored to a steady state.

[027] In accordance with all aspects of this disclosure, the power regulation system comprises a GSC system.

[028] The GSC system comprises a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) and a VSC control system. The VSC control system includes a Grid Follower Control (GFL) system and a String Former Control system. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 41 / 97 20 / 66 Grid (GFM). The VSC of the GSC system is configured to be coupled to the grid via a common connection point (CCP). The VSC is configured to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid. The GFL control system of the GSC system is arranged in parallel with the GFM control system. The GFL control system and the GFM control system operate simultaneously.

[029] As is generally known, the VSC may comprise switches configured to turn on and off (e.g., thousands of times per second or more), and terminals configured to output a voltage. The GSC system also comprises a VSC control system. The VSC control system is configured to compute a voltage reference (as exemplified below) for the VSC. The VSC may be configured to receive the voltage reference (e.g., as an instruction from the VSC control system) and to output a voltage at its terminals via a switching algorithm. The power regulation system is configured so that the VSC can apply voltage to the PCC using a switching algorithm unit. In other words, the power regulation system sends a voltage reference translated by the VSC to output a voltage.

[030] The VSC control system includes a Network Follower Control system.

[031] The GFL control system can comprise any type of computer system (e.g., a control system) configured to implement Network Tracking techniques. As is known per se in the field of power electronics, Network Tracking techniques are defined so that the VSC emits a voltage at its terminals so that its current remains aligned with the network's PCC voltage and frequency, following the established network conditions. For example, the GFL control system uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) algorithm to synchronize Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 42 / 97 21 / 66 continuously tracks the VSC current with the grid voltage. The PLL can be configured to determine the grid frequency and phase angle to synchronize the converter output current with the grid. In other words, the GFL system control system is configured to track the grid voltage at the PCC and phase angle and to match its output frequency and phase with the grid. Grid Tracking techniques thus ensure that the output voltage, current, and frequency conform to grid standards.

[032] The VSC control system also includes a Network Forming Control system.

[033] The GFM control system can comprise any type of computer system (e.g., a control system) configured to implement Network Shaping techniques. As is known per se in the field of power electronics, Network Shaping techniques are used to operate the converter as a voltage source. The GFM control system thus establishes, independently of the grid, an amplitude, phase, and frequency of the output voltage supplied at the VSC output. Network Shaping techniques regulate the grid frequency and voltage by dynamically adjusting the output in response to changes in power demand or supply. In other words, Network Shaping techniques can be defined so as to allow the VSC to operate as a voltage source and thus allow the grid voltage and frequency to be established and maintained.

[034] Therefore, the GFL control system always acts according to a control that measures the PCC voltage and then acts according to the power references. In contrast, the GFM control system is configured to always be prepared to inject / absorb power without waiting for a specific command. After this first action is taken, the Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 43 / 97 The 22 / 66 GFM control system is configured to begin regulating frequency and voltage if these parameters vary.

[035] The VSC of the GSC system is configured to be coupled to the grid via a common connection point (CCP). A “common connection point” is meant a point of contact between the VSC and the grid, allowing the exchange of power between the power regulation system and the grid. In other words, the CCP serves as the interface for power exchange between the power regulation system and the grid.

[036] The GSC system VSC can also be configured to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid. In other words, the VSC can be configured to take into account output references from the GFM control system and the GFL control system so that the GSC system VSC outputs a voltage to meet the grid power requirements. The GSC system VSC can also be denoted as “VSC 2” hereafter.

[037] In all respects, the power regulation system can also be configured to calculate a division of the current i1 and a second current i2.

[038] The calculation of the division of current i1 into first current i1 and second current i2 can be performed based on a system of equations of the type: Equation 3 - System of equations for calculating the division of current i1, first current i1, and second current i2. ÜHCC* = ^2^1* + ^1^2*; in,= _______V1' - '________+fc,in ; 11s(Li + L2) + (Ri + R2)+ K2lconv;h = conv - Ú;k, =^^=^^,R1 +R2L1+L2 Petition 870250039430, de 14 / 05 / 2025, p. 44 / 97 23 / 66 R1 = R1 + R1L1 L1+L2' Rf =klR2 = 1^; Lf =k1L1 =k1L1.

[039] The equation for i1 represents a transfer function. Therefore, s denotes the Laplace variable. Furthermore, v1 denotes a first output voltage reference, v2 denotes a second output voltage reference. The calculation of the first output voltage reference v1 and the second output voltage reference v2 is detailed below. k1 and k2 are impedance ratios, each greater than 0 and less than 1. k1 and k2 can be chosen in any way, for example, the impedance ratios can have values ​​k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 0.6, or if k1 = 0.3 and k2 = 0.7. These impedance ratio values ​​are not essential for the system to function and are provided only for illustrative purposes; the GFL control system and the GFM control system perform their respective control objectives automatically, regardless of how the impedance ratios are chosen. In examples, k1 = 0.5 and k2 = 0.5.vwcc1 denotes the result of combining the first output voltage reference V11 and the second output voltage reference V21.

[040] Notably, since both the GFL control system and the GFM control system are arranged in parallel, both operate simultaneously in the GSC system. This allows the VSC of the GSC system to operate as GFL under steady-state conditions and to operate simultaneously as GFM during network disturbances in frequency or voltage.

[041] Thus, any GSC system in this disclosure may be referred to as a “Hybrid Mode Control System” or the corresponding acronym “HCC”. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 45 / 97 24 / 66

[042] This dual-mode control configuration allows the GSC system to dynamically adapt to varying grid conditions, maintain voltage and frequency stability, and support efficient power regulation.

[043] Furthermore, according to the first aspect of the disclosure, the DC link voltage does not interfere with the GFM control system, so the control is robust against disturbances that may be caused by variations in the DC link voltage. In fact, as will be seen below, an ASC is responsible for controlling the DC link voltage, for example, based on measurements of the electrical equipment current.

[044] According to the first aspect, electrical power equipment may comprise a wind generator (WG), such as a Type IV or Type III wind generator WG, a solar panel, an onshore wind farm, an offshore wind farm or an AC grid.

[045] Furthermore, according to the second aspect, the power regulation system uses a STATCOM to exchange power with the grid, the power regulation system allows a quick response to provide grid support, as the power regulation system takes advantage of the energy supplied by the STATCOM, for example, stored in its capacitors or supercapacitors.

[046] According to the third aspect of the disclosure, the power regulation system comprises the electrical power equipment or installation comprising the solar panel and / or the energy storage system. The system is particularly advantageous if the DC link voltage (uDC) is around its nominal value, so that the power regulation system provides grid support with Grid Following techniques and at least some degree of disturbance protection. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 46 / 97 25 / 66

[047] Disclosure aspects can be implemented in various applications.

[048] Electrical equipment based on power electronics converters, such as Type IV Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) and HVDC, photovoltaic (PV) systems, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), HVDC transmission lines, and other similar applications, are generally composed of two-converter configurations. Using WTGs as an example, they are connected to a converter, in this document called an Application Side Converter (ASC), which then connects to a DC link. This DC link can be connected to a Grid Side Converter (GSC). The GSC can be connected to the grid. In the case of Type IV WTG and VSC-HVDC systems, the ASC has a VSC; for a photovoltaic solar panel or BESS, the ASC is a DC / DC converter, and for a STATCOM there is no ASC. GFL control systems are known systems for implementing converter control.

[049] Using WTGs as an example of a previous technique, the ASC can be configured to control the WTG operation in order to follow the MPPT algorithm. As the MPPT algorithm computes the maximum available power, this control thus ensures the generation of maximum power. The GSC can be configured to control the DC link voltage vDC to keep it stable. Therefore, if generation increases, more power will flow through the ASC, increasing vDC, the DC voltage. The GSC can be configured to perform the control by increasing generation, increasing the power delivered to the grid. The power regulation system thus returns the DC link voltage vDC to its reference setpoint.

[050] The power regulation system in all aspects switches the control targets compared to the previous technique. Now, the GSC GFL control system is responsible for following the algorithm of Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 47 / 97 26 / 66 The MPPT, while the ASC can be configured to control the DC link voltage, i.e., control the voltage to the DC link, for example, based on measurements. When the GSC's GFM control system increases the power output during a transient, the GFL control system does nothing, as it simply follows the MPPT, which is not altered. The DC link voltage drops. In response to the voltage drop, the ASC will draw more power from the WTG to increase the DC link voltage to the reference value. In this way, the desired behavior is achieved: the GSC increases the power output during a transient situation. This is reflected as an increase in the power drawn from the WTG, allowing for better network support.

[051] The power regulation system can be applied similarly, as exemplified below, to WTGs, solar panels, BESSs, HVDC transmission lines and STATCOMs. It is equivalent to a way of virtually coupling the internal equipment to the grid, making it react automatically to grid variations and providing better support.

[052] The merging of two usual “full-size” control systems (the GFL control system and the GFM control system) into one that can replicate the characteristics of both simultaneously is a novelty, while at the same time maintaining some simplicity, since a GFL control system can be merged with a GFM control system without the need for adaptations of the individual control systems.

[053] The system, according to the first to third aspects, does not require the installation of extra equipment, thus incurring no extra cost. The system maintains the ideal operating point of the WTGs (or other equipment to which it is connected), while granting them better network support capabilities without compromising them. It also grants them black-start capability, which can be vital from the point of view of the WTGs. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 48 / 97 27 / 66 from the system restoration perspective. Furthermore, it can reduce the need to install other network-forming equipment, such as BESSs or SGs, since the system using WTGs is used to form the network and provide the necessary network support, thus reducing the overall cost for network operation. The system, therefore, further enhances the already enhanced network support capacity.

[054] Examples of the different aspects are now described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 10, where FIGS. 1 to 4 show power regulation systems according to the first aspect, FIGS. 5 shows a power regulation system according to the second aspect, and FIGS. 6 to 10 show power regulation systems according to the third aspect. Elements designated by the same numerical reference or acronym in different figures may be of identical function and / or structure, unless otherwise specified.

[055] The GSC 140 systems of FIGS. 1 to 4 may be referred to as HCC2. The GSC 140 systems of FIGS. 6 to 7 may be referred to as HCC1. The structure of HCC1 may be combined with the structure of HCC2 in some illustrated examples, since ASC may, for example, be of the structure of HCC1 while the GSC system may be of the structure of HCC2.

[056] Referring to FIG. 1, the power regulation system 100 according to the first aspect is configured to regulate the power exchanged with a network 160. The power regulation system comprises a Grid-Side Converter (GSC) system 140 and an Application-Side Converter (ASC) 120. The ASC 120 can be configured to be coupled to an electrical power equipment or an electrical power installation 110, 210, 310, 410. The GSC system 140 comprises a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) 143 and a VSC control system 145. The VSC control system includes a system Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 49 / 97 A 28 / 66 Grid Follower Control (GFL) system 141 and a Grid Forming Control (GFM) system 142. The VSC of the GSC system is configured to be coupled to the grid 160 via a common connection point (CCP) 161. The VSC 143 of the GSC system 140 is also configured to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid. The ASC 120 and the GSC system 140 are coupled by the DC link 130. The DC link 130 has a DC link voltage vdc. The ASC is configured to control the DC link voltage vdc. The GFL control system 141 is arranged in parallel with the GFM control system 142. The GFL control system 141 is configured to exchange a first power component. The first power component includes a first Pi component of active power. The first power component also includes a first Qi component of reactive power. The GFM 142 control system is configured to switch between a second power component.The second power component includes a second active power component P2. The second power component also includes a second reactive power component Q2. The GFL 141 control system is configured to control the first active power component Pi and the first reactive power component Qi. In other words, the GFL 141 control system is configured to apply a control action (based on Network Monitoring techniques) so that the first active power component and the first reactive power component Q1 are equal to their reference values. The control can be based on measurements.

[057] The GFM 142 control system can thus be configured to automatically absorb / inject the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power. In other words, the GFM 141 control system is configured to apply a control action (based on Network Forming techniques) so that the second Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 50 / 97 29 / 66 active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2 are equal to a reference. Absorption / injection can be based on a user-changed reference.

[058] This system improves the regulation of power exchanged for the network 160.

[059] In fact, the GFL 141 control system allows the GSC system's VSC to operate as a GFL under steady-state conditions by controlling the first component (Pi) of active power and the first component Qi of reactive power. Meanwhile, the GFM 142 control system allows the GSC system's VSC to operate as a GFM during grid disturbances by absorbing / injecting the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power. Therefore, the power regulation system has all the advantages of both GFL and GFM controllers at the same time.

[060] Furthermore, since the ASC is responsible for controlling the DC link voltage, for example, based on measurements of the electrical equipment current, the DC link voltage does not interfere with the GFM control system, so the control is robust against disturbances that may be caused by variations in the DC link voltage.

[061] One method for regulating the power exchanged to a network can be performed with the power regulation system. The power regulation system is coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation and to the network 160.

[062] The method comprises, by means of the ASC, controlling the DC link voltage. The method also comprises, by means of the GFL 141 control system of the GSC system, switching the first power component. The first power component includes the first active power component, and controlling the first Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 51 / 97 30 / 66 component (Pi) of active power and the first component (Qi) of reactive power.

[063] The method also comprises, by the GFM 142 control system of the GSC control system, exchanging the second power component. The second power component includes the second active power component (P2) and the second reactive power component (Q2).

[064] The method can also include, using the GFL 141 control system, controlling the first component (Pi) of the active power and the first component (Qi) of the reactive power.

[065] The method can thus be configured to inject / absorb the second component (P2) of active power and the second component (Q2) of reactive power. The injection / absorption can be based on reference values ​​of the second component of active power and the second component of reactive power. The reference values ​​of the second component of active power and the second component of reactive power can be transmitted from an operator. The injection / absorption is thus performed without feedback action. The method can then subsequently additionally perform control based on such feedback action (e.g., based on current measurement).

[066] The power regulation system may also comprise the Grid-Side Converter (GSC) system. A Grid-Side Converter system is understood to be a system configured to be coupled and exchange power with the grid.

[067] The power regulation system may also comprise the ASC application-side converter. By “application-side converter” is meant a system configured to be coupled and exchange power with the electrical power equipment or installation, and exchange power with the grid. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 52 / 97 31 / 66 via the GSC system.

[068] The ASC is configured to control the DC link voltage vdc to the DC link 130. In other words, the ASC is configured to control the DC link voltage, for example, based on equipment current measurements. The DC link 130 is a circuit configured to establish an electrical connection that defines a direct current (DC) voltage between the ASC and the VSC of the power regulation system's GSC. The DC link 130 may comprise, for example, a capacitor.

[069] The GFL 141 control system is arranged in parallel to the GFM 142 control system. In other words, the VSC 143 and its control system 140, part of the GSC, are electrically connected in parallel through the PCC. The GFL 141 control system is configured to switch a first power component. The first power component includes a first Pi component of active power. The first power component also includes a first Qi component of reactive power.

[070] The GFM 142 control system can be configured to switch a second power component. The second power component includes a second active power component P2. The second power component also includes a second reactive power component Q2.

[071] The GFL 141 control system of the GSC system can be configured to control the first Pi component of active power and the first Qi component of reactive power. In other words, the GFL 141 control system is configured to send a voltage reference to the VSC so that the first Pi component of active power and the first Qi component of reactive power are exchanged to the grid, for example, through the common connection point.

[072] The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system can be, therefore Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 53 / 97 32 / 66 form, configured to automatically inject / absorb the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power. In other words, the GFM 142 control system is configured in this way to send a voltage reference to the VSC so that the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power are exchanged to the grid, for example, through the common connection point.

[073] In examples discussed in more detail below, the GFL 141 control system and the GFM 142 control system can be configured to control the first active power component and the first reactive power component and to inject / absorb the second active and reactive power components by combining a first output voltage reference output by the GFL and a second output voltage reference output by the GFM.

[074] The GFM 142 control system can be configured to continuously adjust the active power of the VSC. The adjustment can be performed until the network operation returns to steady state. The power regulation system is thus configured for frequency support.

[075] This results in an enhanced power regulation system to regulate the power exchanged to the grid. In fact, the GSC system includes the VSC control system configured to regulate the operation of the VSC. The GFL control system (part of the VSC control system) ensures that the VSC can synchronize with the grid by tracking the grid voltage and frequency, allowing the VSC to exchange (e.g., inject or absorb) active and reactive power as needed to maintain grid stability. In addition, the GFM 142 control system (also part of the VSC control system) allows the VSC to stabilize grid voltage and frequency in scenarios where there are grid disturbances. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 54 / 97 33 / 66

[076] The power regulation of the GFL control system thus works continuously by regulating the first components of active and reactive power, but may not change to support network frequency or voltage. The GFM control system can regulate power at any value (typically the value is zero), but during network support, the GFM control system responds quickly and may return to zero (which will normally be the case) or continue controlling reactive power at a non-zero value and also controlling active power at a non-zero value if there is a power source.

[077] This dual control capability, integrating the GFL and GFM control systems, ensures the versatile operation of the GSC system under various grid conditions, including grid-forming, normal operation, and grid disturbances. Therefore, the power regulation system provides enhanced flexibility in the instantaneous control of power and grid interaction, making it particularly advantageous for applications in renewable energy integration (e.g., wind or solar power) and other grid support functions.

[078] In an example of the first aspect, the power regulation system can be configured to measure a VPPC voltage. The voltage can be the voltage of the common connection point PCC. The power regulation system is also configured to measure an invcurrent between the PCC and the GSC system. The invcurrent flows between the PCC and the GSC system, preferably from the GSC system to the PCC. Alternatively, the current can flow between the PCC and the GSC system.

[079] The GFL 141 control system of the GSC system is configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power by obtaining measured values ​​of the first current i1 (i.e., the result of dividing the measured current iconv by the first current) and the voltage VPPCno PCC, which, together Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 55 / 97 34 / 66 with initial reference values ​​comprising a reference value P for the first active power component and a reference value Q for the first reactive power component Q1, allows computing a first output voltage reference vj. The first output voltage reference vj is a numerical indicator of an initial voltage. The first output voltage reference vj has an amplitude. The first output voltage vj is of a frequency synchronized with the frequency of the grid voltage at the PCC. As the GFL control system obtains measured values, the GFL control system operates with feedback control.

[080] The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, the second active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2. By automatically it is understood without any user intervention, and in response to a detection of a variation in the input of the GFM 142 control system, for example, the first current i1. By transient it is understood that the action by the GFM control system is performed during a relatively short period of time (a few seconds), for example, the time until the network operation is restored to a steady state.

[081] The exchange (with the grid) of the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power can be performed based on second reference values. The second reference values ​​comprise a reference value P2j of the second component of active power P2. In other words, the reference value P2j is an indicative value of an active power to be exchanged by the GFM control system. The second reference values ​​also comprise a reference value Q2 of the second component Q2 of reactive power. In other words, the value of Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 56 / 97 35 / 66 reference Q2 is an indicative value of reactive power to be exchanged by the GFM control system. The reference values ​​of the second active power component and the second reactive power component can be transmitted from an operator. The second reference values ​​also comprise a reference frequency / *. The second reference values ​​also comprise a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC, VpCC. The GFM control system is thus configured to perform (immediately) injection / absorption without feedback action. The GFM control system can then subsequently additionally perform control based on such feedback action (e.g., based on current measurement).

[082] In examples, the reference values ​​for active and reactive power can be set to zero. The GFM 142 control system can also receive a reference frequency ( / *). The reference frequency f* can be set to the nominal network frequency 160. The GFM 142 control system can also receive a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC (Vp*CC). Second reference values ​​can be provided by a user. Consequently, the second reference values ​​can follow the supplier's specifications.

[083] The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system can be configured in this way, during network transient support operation, to inject / absorb the second component P2 of the active power and the second component Q2 of the reactive power following second reference values.

[084] In examples, when the output power deviates from its original point (usually zero), the output frequency of the GFM 142 control system can be configured to change according to a falling algorithm used to change the reference value in a specific way, so as to Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 57 / 97 36 / 66 avoids conflict between different converters or generators connected to the same network. This behavior is similar to that of a synchronous generator.

[085] The GFM 142 control system is configured to calculate a second output voltage reference v2. The second output voltage reference v2 is a numerical indicator of a second voltage. The second output voltage reference v2 has an amplitude and a frequency. The amplitude and frequency of the second output voltage reference v2 are defined in order to provide support for the network when the amplitude and / or frequency of the network voltage vary, for example, when the network experiences an unexpected increase in load.

[086] The power regulation system is additionally configured to combine the first output voltage reference vi and the second output voltage reference vi. The result of the combination is a voltage reference vHCC*. The voltage reference vHCC* is an indicator of a voltage to be applied by the VSC based on the combination of the first output voltage reference vi and the second output voltage reference vi.

[087] The power regulation system is also configured to apply a voltage reference to the VSC of the GSC system based on the vHCC* result of combining the first output voltage reference vi and the second output voltage reference vi, thus controlling the first Pi component of the active power and the first Q1 component of the reactive power.

[088] The power regulation system, in this way, also automatically and dynamically switches the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power. Injection / absorption is based on reference values ​​of the second component of active power and the second component of reactive power. The reference values ​​of the second Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 58 / 97 37 / 66 The active power component and the second reactive power component can be transmitted from an operator. Injection / absorption is thus performed without feedback action. The GFM control system can then subsequently perform additional control based on such feedback action (e.g., based on current measurement). In other words, the GFM 142 control system is thus configured to act as a voltage source and, as such, immediately increases its output power. Due to variations in the network frequency, the phase angle between the PCC voltage and the converter terminal voltage increases (or decreases, respectively), which automatically leads to an increase (or decrease, respectively) in the active output power.

[089] The power regulation system may comprise a control block. The control block may comprise one or more processors configured to compute a reference value P*1 of the first component Pi of the active power. In examples, the reference value P*1 may be obtained from user input. The power regulation system may be configured to apply a voltage to the VSC of the ASC using a switching algorithm unit 122. In other words, the VSC control system may be configured to send instructions to the VSC to apply switches that allow the voltage to be applied to the DC link. The power regulation system may also be configured to produce a voltage with the VSC of the GSC system using a switching algorithm unit 144.

[090] The electrical power equipment or installation may comprise a Type IV wind generator. The power regulation system may be configured to run a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) 150 algorithm. The MPPT 150 algorithm is configured to Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 59 / 97 38 / 66 compute the maximum power capable of being generated by the generator based on a measured wind speed uwind. The computed maximum power can be the maximum reference value of the first active power component P*1. The computed MPPT algorithm can be based on wind generator parameters such as rotation speed and / or wind speed or similar.

[091] The reference value P\ can be set to be lower than the range of maximum power capable of being generated by the generator. This is particularly advantageous when there is insufficient load or when an operator wishes to maintain power reserves for an emergency. This is called unrated operation.

[092] In example 100, the electrical power equipment or installation comprises a wind generator 110, such as a Type IV (WG) wind generator, the onshore wind farm and / or the offshore wind farm.

[093] The ASC comprises the voltage source VSC 120. The VSC comprised by the ASC may also be denoted as VSC1 in this document. The VSC 120 may be a voltage source converter, as known in the art. The VSC may comprise a control system 121. The control system may be configured to control the DC link voltage vdc by computing a voltage v*GFL to be applied by the VSC. In other words, the control system may be configured to send instructions to the VSC so that the control system controls the DC link voltage based on the computed voltage u*GFL, which is applied by the VSC. The voltage u*GFL may be based on a received measured DC link voltage vDC. The control system 121 sends the computed voltage v*GFL by means of a switching algorithm 122.

[094] The ASC and GSC systems are coupled by link CC 130.

[095] The ASC of the example is now discussed.

[096] The ASC control system 121 receives the current measurements Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, p. 60 / 97 39 / 66 stator voltage ustator. The stator current can be measured with an ammeter. The stator voltage can be measured with a voltmeter. The measurements are performed at the stator terminals of the wind turbine 110. The control system 121 is configured to receive the DC link voltage measurement vDC measured at the DC link 130. The DC link 130 comprises a capacitor. The control system 121 is configured to receive reference values ​​comprising a reference value of the voltage amplitude v*stator and frequency. The reference values ​​may be derived from manufacturer specifications. The control system is also configured to receive a reference value of the first component of the active power reference PMppta from an MPPT algorithm 150. The VSC receives the DC link voltage reference value v*DC, for example, according to the manufacturer's specifications.Control system 121 is configured to regulate the power flow from wind generator 110 to DC link 130, so that the DC link voltage is maintained equal to its reference value v*DC.

[097] The GSC 140 system from the example is now discussed.

[098] The GFL 141 control system is arranged in parallel with the GFM 142 control system. The GFL 141 control system is configured to receive a reference value of the first active power component P from the MPPT algorithm 150. The GSC 140 system is coupled to the network 160 via the common connection point 161.

[099] The GFL part of the control system calculates the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage (^) that it must create at its terminals so that its references are followed.

[100] The GFM part of the control system calculates the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage (v2) that it must create at its terminals so that its references are followed. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 61 / 97 40 / 66

[101] The first output voltage νλ and the second output v2 are combined as described above, resulting in vnCC1, the voltage that the converter must create at its terminals so that the control objectives of the GFL control system and the GFM control system are achieved simultaneously (i.e., in parallel). In other words, the output uHCC2 is the result (equivalently denoted uHCC*) of combining the first output voltage reference v^ and the second output voltage reference v2.

[102] In the case where, for example, the wind speed increases, the MPPT algorithm 150 detects the increase in wind speed. Upon detecting the increase in wind speed, the MPPT algorithm increases the active power reference value Pmppt. The GFL 141 control system of the GSC 140 system increases the power flowing from the DC link 130 to the grid 160, following the increase in PMPPt. As the power flowing from the wind generator 110 to the DC link 130 has not changed, the capacitor begins to discharge, reducing the DC link voltage vDC.

[103] The ASC is configured to detect the drop in DC link voltage vDC. Consequently (through the control system 121), the ASC is configured to increase the active power flow from the wind generator 110 to the DC link 130. The ASC thus restores the DC link voltage vDC to its nominal value.

[104] Therefore, the output power of the wind generator 110 increases according to the increase in wind speed.

[105] In the event of, for example, a sudden increase in load (respectively decreases) on the 160 network (for example, a change in the nominal load on the network at a given moment, for example, due to a disturbance), the GFM 142 control system increases its output power immediately when the frequency of the 160 network starts to drop. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 62 / 97 41 / 66

[106] The GFM 142 control system controller instructs the VSC 143 to change its frequency to restore the network frequency 160 back to its reference value. The GFM 142 control system thus maintains an increased active power flowing from the DC link 130 to the network 160.

[107] The GFL 141 control system does not change its behavior, since the references it follows did not change during the sudden increase in load. Since the power flowing from the generator to the DC link 130 did not change, the DC capacitor begins to discharge, reducing the DC link voltage.

[108] The ASC detects the DC voltage drop and increases the flow of active power from the wind generator to the DC link 130, restoring the voltage to its nominal value.

[109] Consequently, the wind generator 110 increased its output power. Thus, the power exchanged with the grid 160 allows the restoration of its frequency. The power regulation system behaves similarly in the case of a sudden decrease in load.

[110] This improves the regulation of power exchanged with the grid.

[111] In fact, the GFL 141 control system and the GFM 142 control system of the GSC 140 have complementary objectives during the grid frequency transient. Both control systems allow the power regulation system to switch the increased power output over a longer period, and not just during the first moments of the fault. Since the extra energy is being extracted from the wind generator 110 without the wind speed having increased, this extra energy does not come from the wind, but from the rotational kinetic energy of the wind generator. This means that it slows down during this period of supplying the extra power.

[112] In optional modes, the control system can use Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 63 / 97 42 / 66 limiting algorithms are used to prevent excessive WTG deceleration. These limitations are similar to implementations already in place in some wind turbines to control their rotational speed. However, if the wind turbine is operating at reduced capacity, it can provide the extra power for longer without needing recovery time.

[113] The electrical power equipment or installation may comprise a solar panel 210 and / or an energy storage system 310. In examples, the electrical power equipment may comprise a combination of the solar panel 210 and the energy storage system 310. The electrical power equipment may thus be configured to collectively generate electrical energy from the solar panel and the battery for transmission and distribution. Alternatively, the electrical power equipment or installation consists of the solar panel 210. Alternatively, the electrical power equipment or installation consists of the energy storage system.

[114] The ASC may comprise a DC / DC converter. The DC / DC converter may be as known in the art. The DC / DC converter may comprise a control system. The control system may be configured to control the DC link voltage vdc by computing a voltage v*ch to be applied by the DC / DC converter. The voltage v*ch may be based on a measured received DC link voltage vDC. In other words, the control system may be configured to control the DC link voltage based on the computed voltage v*ch, which is applied by the DC / DC converter.

[115] Therefore, control by the control system ensures stable operation of the DC link, accommodating variations in power generation and load demand, while maintaining the integrity and efficiency of all electrical power equipment or installation. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, page 64 / 97 43 / 66

[116] Referring to FIG. 2, a power regulation system 200 is shown according to the first aspect and the third aspect, which is similar to the power regulation system 100 of FIG. 1, with the difference that, instead of having a wind generator 110, the ASC 120 is coupled to a solar panel.

[117] The power regulation system can be configured to run a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) 150 algorithm. The MPPT 150 algorithm is configured to compute the tracking of the maximum power capable of being generated by the solar panel based on a measured solar panel voltage vPV. The computed maximum power is the maximum reference value of the first active power component (P*1).

[118] The second aspect is now discussed with reference to FIG. 2, showing a schematic example 200 of the power regulation system.

[119] In example 200, the electrical power equipment or installation comprises solar panel 210. Solar panel 210 may also be coupled to an energy storage system, for example, batteries, supercapacitor (not shown). In fact, unlike a wind generator, a solar panel has no energy reserve, so it cannot by itself increase the active power delivered to the grid 160, except if it is operating at a reduced rating, as in this case, since the solar panel is coupled to the energy storage system.

[120] The ASC 220 of example 200 is now discussed.

[121] Control system 121 is configured to receive the current iPV and voltage vPV measurements taken at the solar panel terminals 210. The voltage vPV can be measured with a voltmeter. The current iPV can be measured with an ammeter. Control system 121 is also configured to receive the DC link voltage vDC measurement taken from the DC link 130. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 65 / 97 44 / 66 Control system 121 is configured to receive a reference value of the DC link voltage (vDC), for example, according to the manufacturer's specifications. Control system 121 is configured to regulate the power flow from the solar panel to DC link 130, via the DC / DC converter, so that the DC link voltage is maintained equal to its reference value.

[122] The GSC 140 from example 200 is now discussed.

[123] The GFL 141 control system is configured to receive the reference value of the first active power component P. The GFL 141 control system of this converter is configured to receive a maximum reference value of the active power from the MPPT algorithm 150, denoted as PMppt. The GFM 142 control system of this converter is configured in the same way as in example 100.

[124] An example of the operation of the power regulation system from example 200 is now discussed. In the case, for example, of solar irradiance increasing, the MPPT 150 algorithm is configured to detect the increase in irradiance. Consequently, the MPPT 150 algorithm increases the reference value of the active power PMppt.

[125] After the increase in PMppt, the GFL 141 control system of the GSC 140 is configured to increase the power flowing from the DC link 130 to the grid 160. As the power flowing from the solar panel to the DC link 130 did not change, the DC capacitor contained in the DC link 130 begins to discharge, reducing the DC link voltage. The ASC 120 is configured to detect the DC voltage drop and increase the active power flow from the solar panel to the DC link 130, restoring the voltage to its nominal value. Consequently, the power output of the solar panel increased in accordance with the increase in irradiance.

[126] In the event of, for example, a sudden increase in network load, the GFM 142 control system is configured to increase its power by Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 66 / 97 45 / 66 output when it detects that the grid frequency 160 drops, for example, below a predetermined threshold of a nominal frequency. The GFM 142 control system is configured to modify the power exchange with the grid so that the grid frequency returns to its reference value. This is accomplished by maintaining the increased active power flowing from the DC link 130 to the grid 160. The GFL 141 control system does not alter its behavior, since the references it follows have not changed during this sudden increase in grid load. Since the power flowing from the solar panel to the DC link 130 has not changed, the DC capacitor contained in the DC link 130 begins to discharge, reducing the DC link voltage vDC.

[127] ASC 120 measures the DC voltage drop vDC and increases the active power flow from the solar panel to DC link 130, restoring the voltage to its nominal value. The power regulation system behaves similarly in the event of a sudden decrease in load.

[128] Referring to FIG. 3, a power regulation system 200 is shown according to the first aspect and the third aspect is similar to the power regulation system 100 of FIG. 1, with the difference that, instead of having a wind generator 110, the ASC 120 is coupled to an energy storage system.

[129] The ASC may comprise a DC / DC converter. The DC / DC converter is configured to control the DC link voltage vdcao compute a voltage vbata to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a received reference energy storage system voltage v*Bate a received measured DC link voltage vDC.

[130] In example 300, the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the energy storage system, which is a battery 310. It should be understood that this is only an example and any other type of system Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 67 / 97 46 / 66 energy storage can be used, for example, a supercapacitor or similar.

[131] The ASC 320 of example 300 is now discussed.

[132] Control system 121 receives the current and voltage measurements taken at the battery terminals. Control system 121 is configured to receive the DC link voltage measurement vDC. Control system 121 is configured to receive the DC link voltage reference value v*DC according to the manufacturer's specifications. This control system 121 is configured to control the power flow from the battery to DC link 130, through the DC / DC converter comprised by ASC 320, so that the DC link voltage vDC is maintained equal to its reference value.

[133] The GSC 140 from example 300 is now discussed.

[134] The GFL 141 control system is configured to receive the reference value of the first active power component P*1. The GFL 141 control system of this converter is configured to receive a reference value of the active power p^at that must be delivered by the battery system. The GFM 142 control system is configured in the same way as in examples 100 and 200.

[135] An example of the operation of the power regulation system from example 300 is now discussed.

[136] In the case of, for example, a sudden increase in network load (respectively a decrease): The GFM 142 control system is configured to increase output power (by sending instructions to the VSC 143) when it detects that the mains frequency 160 begins to drop, for example, below a predetermined threshold of a nominal frequency. The variation in output power of the GFM 142 control system causes, for example, a drop controller to change its frequency. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 68 / 97 47 / 66 so that the frequency of the 160 network returns to its reference value, maintaining the increased active power flowing from the DC link to the 160 network.

[137] The GFL 141 control system does not change its behavior, since the references it follows have not changed during the increase in network load (respectively decrease). Since the power flowing from the battery to the DC link 130 has not changed, the DC capacitor begins to discharge, reducing the DC link voltage vDC. The ASC detects the drop in the DC link voltage vDC and increases the active power flow from the battery to the DC link 130, restoring the DC link voltage vDC to its nominal value. The power regulation system behaves similarly in the case of a sudden decrease in load.

[138] Thus, the power regulation system achieves continuous network support action with increased output power. The control action by the power regulation system is achieved when the disturbance is detected and continues to exchange power to the 160 network, according to the battery state of charge, until the 160 network operation is restored.

[139] The electrical power equipment or installation comprises the AC network. The AC network may also be an HVDC. The ASC comprises a VSC (also called VSC1). The VSC comprises a control system configured to control the DC link voltage vdc by computing a voltage uPcc2 to be controlled by the VSC. The computation is based on a reference voltage received from a common connection point with the AC network (v*PCC2) and a received measured DC link voltage (uDC).

[140] The control performed by the VSC control system allows for stable operation of the DC link. In fact, the control takes into account variations in power generation and load demand, while maintaining the integrity and efficiency of the overall electrical power equipment or installation. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 69 / 97 48 / 66

[141] Referring to FIG. 4, a power regulation system 400 according to the first aspect may be similar to the power regulation system 100 of FIG. 1, with the difference that, instead of having a wind generator 110, the ASC 120 is coupled to an installation comprising an HVDC 410. The ASC comprises the VSC 420 (denoted as VSC1).

[142] The ASC of example 400 is now discussed.

[143] Control system 121 is configured to receive current and voltage measurements from its AC terminals, for example, at a common connection point PCC1. Control system 121 is configured to receive DC link voltage measurement vDC. Control system 121 is configured to receive amplitude and frequency reference values ​​of the mains voltage v*pCC1. Controller VSC1 receives the DC link voltage reference value v*DC according to the HVDC line specifications.

[144] The ASC GFL control system controls the power flow from PCC1 to the HVDC transmission line, maintaining the DC link voltage of DC link 130 at its reference value. The GFL control system controls the active and reactive power at the HVDC terminal so that the amplitude and frequency of the AC voltage are maintained at their reference values.

[145] The GSC 140 from example 300 is now discussed.

[146] The voltage vPCC is measured at PCC2, for example, using a voltmeter. The current iConvé is measured at PCC2, for example, using an ammeter. The current iConvé is divided into two components: the first current i1 and the second current, i2, as discussed above. The GSC GFL 141 control system is configured to receive the reference values ​​of the active and reactive power P1*, Q1.

[147] The GFM 142 control system is configured to receive as signal references: a reference value of the second power component. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 70 / 97 49 / 66 active P2e is a reference value for the second component of reactive power Q2 defined according to operator commands. The second active power component and the second reactive power component can be set to zero, frequency ( / *). Furthermore, the second active power component and the second reactive power component can be set to the nominal network frequency. The voltage amplitude at the PCC (v / CC2) can be set to the nominal network voltage amplitude.

[148] The GFL 141 control system is configured to compute the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage υλ that the VSC 143 must create at its terminals so that its current reference is followed. The GFM 142 control system is configured to compute the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage (v / ) that the VSC 143 (denoted as “VSC 2”) must create at its terminals so that its current reference is followed. The voltages v / and v2 are combined as described above, resulting in an output vHCC2. The output uHCC2 is the voltage that the VSC 143 must create at its terminals so that the control objectives (in terms of following their respective references) of the GFL 141 control system and the GFM 142 control system are achieved simultaneously. In other words, the output voltage uHCC2 is the result (equivalently denoted as uHCC2) of combining the first output voltage reference (v / ) and the second output voltage reference (v2).

[149] An example of the operation of the power regulation system of example 400 is now discussed.

[150] In one example, a steady-state situation is assumed where 10 MW of power is flowing from the transmit side to the receive side of the HVDC line, such that P1* = 10 MW. In the event of a network fault in Network 160 (such that its frequency begins to drop), the system Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 71 / 97 50 / 66 of the 400 power output: As a voltage source, the GFM 142 control system is configured (e.g., before operation) to immediately increase its output power when the grid frequency begins to drop. Then, the GFM 142 control system is configured to begin adjusting the frequency to control the power injection level. This increases the active power flowing from the HVDC transmission line to Grid 2, helping to dampen the frequency drop in a controlled manner. The GFL 141 control system does not change its behavior because the references it follows did not change during the disturbance.

[151] As the power flowing from the transmission side to the HVDC line did not change, the DC capacitor in DC link 130 begins to discharge, reducing the DC voltage uDC. The HCC1, on the transmission side (VSC1), detects the drop in DC voltage uDC. The control system 121 increases the flow of active power from Network 1 to the HVDC line, restoring the voltage to its nominal value.

[152] Therefore, the flow of active power from the transmit side to the receive side, through the HVDC 410 line, automatically increased, aiding the network support action on Network 160. The 400 power regulation system thus ensures a fast and automatic network support action if network transients occur on either side of the HVDC line. If both sides are HCC, it also allows for black start capability for both. This contrasts with existing HVDC paradigms that have an operational paradigm that is not suitable for providing fast frequency support (FFS). In fact, HVDC transmission lines generally rely on operator commands to change their operating point and the active power flowing through them when needed. In contrast, the 400 power regulation system performs the power exchange between the HVDC 410 and Network 160. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 72 / 97 51 / 66 completely automatically.

[153] Referring to FIG. 5, the power regulation system 500 according to the second aspect comprises the Grid-Side Converter (GSC) 140'' system. The GSC 140'' system is based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC). The GSC 140'' system can be configured to operate as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). A supercapacitor (SC) is added on the other side of the GSC (called the DC side) to increase the energy storage capacity. In other words, the STATCOM 510 can be grid-coupled via the PCC, to control reactive power continuously or active power during transient grid disturbances for a few seconds.

[154] The GSC 140'' system comprises a Voltage Source Controller (VSC) and a VSC control system. The VSC control system includes a Grid Follower Control (GFL) system and a Grid Forming Control (GFM) 142 system. The GSC system's VSC is configured to be grid-coupled via the point of common connection (PCC). The VSC is configured to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid. The GSC system's GFL 141 control system is arranged in parallel with the GFM 142 control system. The GFL 141 control system is configured to exchange the first power component. The first power component includes the first component (Pi) of active power and a first component (Qi) of reactive power. The GFM 142 control system is configured to exchange the second power component. The second power component includes the second component (P2) of active power and a second component (Q2) of reactive power.

[155] The GSC system's GFL 141 control system is configured to control the first component (Pi) of active power and the first component (Qi) of reactive power. The first component of power can Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 73 / 97 52 / 66 can be continuous, i.e., applied over a predetermined period of time. The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system can thus be configured to automatically switch (i.e., inject / absorb) the second component (P2) of active power and the second component (Q2) of reactive power. The second component (P2) of active power can be transient, i.e., applied for a short period of time relative to the application of the first component.

[156] The STATCOM may comprise an energy storage system to control the second component (P2) of the active power. The energy storage system may comprise large capacitors or supercapacitors. The STATCOM may be coupled to a capacitor or supercapacitor. This may be implemented with conventional control methods.

[157] The GFL control system instantly controls the regulation of the first active power component Pi and reactive power Qi, ensuring compliance with network requirements via STATCOM. Simultaneously, the GFM control system autonomously controls and injects / absorbs the second active power component P2 and reactive power Q2, for example, during a transient time when there is a sudden increase in load, thereby improving network stability and network operation.

[158] Referring to FIG. 6, a power regulation 600 according to the third aspect is for regulating the power exchanged to a network. The power regulation system comprises a Grid-Side Converter (GSC) 140' system and the ASC. The ASC can be configured to be coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation comprising a solar panel and / or a battery. The GSC 140' system comprises a respective VSC 143 and a Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 74 / 97 53 / 66 respective VSC control system 145'. The respective VSC control system includes a respective Grid Follower Control (GFL) system 141' and a respective Grid Forming Control (GFM) system 142'. The respective VSC of the GSC system is configured to be coupled to the grid via a common connection point (CCP) and to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid.

[159] The ASC and GSC system can be coupled by the DC link having DC link voltage vdc. The GFL 141' control system of the GSC system can be arranged in parallel to the GFM control system. The GFL 141' control system is configured to exchange (with the grid) a first Pi component of active power and a first Qi component of reactive power, and the GFM control system is configured to exchange (with the grid) a second P2 component of active power and a second Q2 component of reactive power.

[160] The ASC 620 of the 600 power regulation system is now discussed.

[161] The ASC 620 comprises a control system 121'. The control system 121' can be configured to receive the voltage vPV. Receiving the voltage vPV may comprise performing a voltage measurement at the solar panel terminals 210, for example, using a voltmeter. The control system 121' is configured to receive the current iPV. Receiving the current iPV may comprise performing a current measurement at the solar panel terminals 210, for example, using an ammeter.

[162] The ASC 620 can be configured to receive the maximum reference value of the first active power component that the solar panel 210 can generate, denoted as Pmppt. The maximum reference value of the first active power component Pmppt can be obtained from a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm 121'. The computation of Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 75 / 97 54 / 66 maximum power can be based on the vPV measured at each moment and solar panel parameters.

[163] The control system 121' can be configured to compute the active power (pPV) from the available measurements. The control system 121' can also be configured to compute a voltage reference v*ha to be created by the ASC so that pPV is controlled to be equal to the reference PmPPT. The control system can implement a transfer function between the input variables (iPV, vPV, Pmppt) and the output (vCh) to perform voltage control.

[164] The 121' control system is particularly advantageous if the DC link voltage (uDC) is around its nominal value. If it deviates too much, the behavior of this 121 control system may be affected.

[165] The GSC 140' of the power regulation of the power regulation system is now discussed.

[166] Control system 140' can be configured to measure the voltage (VPCC) at PCC 161 using a voltmeter. Control system 140' can be configured to measure the current (iconv) at PCC 161 using an ammeter. Control system 140' can be configured to split the current into two components: the first current i1 and the second current i2. Control system GFL 141' can be configured to receive the values ​​of Í1, Vpcc, and references of Q* and v'DC. Control system GFM 142 can be configured to receive reference values ​​of the second component (P2) of active power and the second component (P2) of reactive power. By convention, the reference values ​​of the second component (P2) of active power and the second component (P2) of reactive power can be set to zero. The reference values ​​can also comprise a frequency f*. The frequency f* can be set to the nominal frequency of Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 76 / 97 55 / 66 network. Reference values ​​may also include a voltage amplitude value in the PCC VPCC. The vPCC voltage amplitude value may be defined according to the supplier's specifications.

[167] The GFL 141' control system can be configured to compute the amplitude and frequency of the first output voltage (n) that must be created so that its reference values ​​are followed. The GFM 142 control system can be configured to compute the amplitude and frequency of the second output voltage (r2) that must be created so that its reference values ​​are followed. The first output voltage υλ and the second output voltage r2 can be combined to form an output voltage at vhcc1*. The voltage vhcc1* is the voltage to be created at the output of the control system 140' so that the control objectives of both the GFL and GFM parts of the control system are achieved simultaneously.

[168] The 600 power regulation system according to the third aspect thus improves some network support during the first moments of a transient. The support may have a short lifespan compared to a system according to the first aspect. In fact, this occurs because the exchanged network support is short in duration and magnitude due to interference from the GFM 142 control system on the DC link voltage, which is controlled and measured by the GFL 141 control system.

[169] Referring to FIG. 7, a power regulation 700 is shown according to the third aspect, where the ASC 720 is coupled to an energy storage system, namely, the battery 310.

[170] The ASC 720 is configured to operate in the same manner as the ASC 620 of the 600 power regulation system.

[171] The GSC 140' system is configured to operate in the same manner as the 600 power regulation system. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 77 / 97 56 / 66

[172] An example of the operation of the power regulation system of example 300 is now discussed. For the example of a sudden increase in network load, similarly to the case of power regulation system 600, the case of power regulation system 700 provides some network support during the first moments of a transient, due to the action of control system 140'. The network support may be short-lived, however. After an initial transient moment, control system 140' is configured to detect the frequency drop and begin controlling its power output, providing controlled network support 160 once again. There may be a mismatch, as support is provided automatically in the first moments, followed by a period of controlled support.

[173] Electrical power equipment or installation may comprise the solar panel. Alternatively, electrical power equipment or installation may comprise the power equipment system, such as a battery or supercapacitor.

[174] The power regulation system can be configured to measure a voltage VPPC and the current iconvent between the PCC and the GSC system. The power regulation system can also be configured to calculate a division of the current iconvent into a first current i1 and a second current i2.

[175] The GSC system's GFL 141' control system can be configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power by obtaining measured values ​​of the DC link voltage, vdc, the first current i1 and the voltage at the PCC vPPC. The measured values, together with the first reference values ​​comprising reference values ​​of the first reactive power component Q\ and a reference DC link voltage vdc*, allow computing the amplitude of the first output voltage reference v^. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 78 / 97 57 / 66

[176] The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system can be configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second active power component P2 and a second reactive power component Q2.

[177] In other words, the GFM control system is configured to inject / absorb the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power into the network. By “network transient support operation” is meant a period of time during which the network experiences a change from a steady state, for example, during a disturbance.

[178] The exchange of the second active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2 can be performed based on second reference values. The second reference values ​​comprise a reference value P2 of the second active power component P2. The second reference values ​​also comprise a reference value Q2 of the second reactive power component Q2, a reference frequency f*, and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC V*CC. The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system is also configured to compute an amplitude and a frequency (and, for example, a phase) of a second output voltage reference v*. In other words, the GFM control system injects / absorbs the second active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2 into the grid while regulating the grid frequency.The GFM control system can perform control during network transient support operation, for example, while the network is experiencing a disturbance.

[179] The power regulation system can be further configured to combine the first output voltage reference u* and the Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 79 / 97 58 / 66 second output voltage reference u2. The power regulation system is also additionally configured to apply a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result vHCC of combining the first output voltage reference υλ and the second output voltage reference v2. The power regulation system can thus control the first component Pi of the active power and the first component Q1 of the reactive power. The power regulation system can thus inject / absorb into the grid the second component P2 of the active power and the second component Q2 of the reactive power.

[180] Consider, as an example, a steady-state situation with solar panels, and there is 1 MW of power flowing from them to the DC link, through the ASC, and also 1 MW flowing from the DC link to the grid, through the GSC. When solar irradiance increases, what happens is that solar irradiance increases (but the solar panel additionally did not change its operating point). Then, an MPPT algorithm (discussed below) can be configured to detect the increase in solar irradiance and compute the maximum power that can be generated. In this case, the maximum power also increases (i.e., the value of P^ppt increases), for example, to 1.5 MW. The ASC can be configured to detect an increase in the P^ppt signal. For example, the increase in power, from steady state to maximum after the increase in solar irradiance, is from 1.0 to 1.5 MW.Upon detecting the increase, the ASC can be configured to adjust the controlled voltage for the DC link v*ch so that the actual active power generated matches the newly increased PMppt. This increased active power flows from the solar panel to the DC link. In this situation, there is now 1.5 MW of power flowing to the DC link from the ASC, and 1 MW of power flowing out of the DC link through the GSC. The capacitor comprising the DC link absorbs this extra energy, increasing vDC. The GSC can... Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 80 / 97 59 / 66 can be configured to detect an increase in the DC link voltage vDC (e.g., by measuring the voltage difference using a voltmeter), which is now greater than vDC. The GSC adjusts its output voltage, which leads to changes in its active and reactive power output so that the DC voltage decreases and once again matches vDC. At the end of the transient situation, there is 1.5 MW flowing from the solar panel to the DC link through the ASC and 1.5 MW flowing from the DC link to the grid through the GSC.

[181] In the discussion below, it is assumed that the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the solar panel. Alternatively, the electrical power equipment or installation may comprise the energy storage system.

[182] The power regulation system can also be configured to measure a voltage VPPC and a current i between the PCC and the GSC system. The power regulation system can also be configured to calculate a division of the current i between a first current i1 and a second current i2.

[183] ​​The GFL 141' control system of the GSC system can be configured to control the first component Pi of the active power by obtaining measured values ​​of the first current i1 and the voltage at the PCC VPPC. The measured values, together with the first reference values ​​comprising reference values ​​of a first component of reactive power Q\, allow the GFL 141' control system to compute an amplitude and frequency of a first output voltage reference vP.

[184] The GFM 142 control system of the GSC system can be configured to automatically exchange, during network transient support operation, a second active power component P2 and a second reactive power component Q2 with the network. In other words, the system Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 81 / 97 The 60 / 66 GFM control is configured to inject / absorb the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q* of reactive power into the network. As discussed earlier, "network transient support operation" refers to a period of time during which the network experiences a change from a steady state, for example, during a disturbance.

[185] The exchange of the second active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2 can be performed based on second reference values. The second reference values ​​can comprise a reference value P* of the second active power component P2, a reference value Q* of the second reactive power component Q*, a reference frequency f*, and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC V*cc. The GFM 142 control system can also be configured to compute an amplitude and frequency (and, for example, a phase) of a second output voltage reference v*. In other words, the GFM control system is configured to inject / absorb the second active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2 into the network while regulating the network frequency. The GFM control system can perform control during network transient support operation, for example, while the network experiences a disturbance.

[186] The power regulation system can be further configured to combine the first output voltage reference u* and the second output voltage reference v*. The power regulation system can also be further configured to apply a voltage reference to the GSC system VSC based on the result uHCC* of combining the first output voltage reference (v*) and the second output voltage reference v*.

[187] The power regulation system can, therefore, control the Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 82 / 97 61 / 66 first component Pi of active power and the first component Q1 of reactive power. The power regulation system can, therefore, inject / absorb the second component P2 of active power and the second component Q2 of reactive power.

[188] In both cases, when the electrical power equipment or installation may comprise the solar panel or, alternatively, the energy storage system. The power regulation system may comprise a control block configured to compute a reference value P*1 of the first component Pi of the active power.

[189] The reference value P*1 can be provided by an external entity, for example, by a user.

[190] If the equipment or installation includes an energy storage system, the reference value P*1 may be a reference active power to be delivered by the battery pbat*. The reference pbat* may come from a lookup table of hourly dispatch values. Alternatively, the reference pbat* may be computed to avoid sudden increases or decreases in power from other nearby or similar equipment. This will depend on the specific application of the power regulation system.

[191] When the electrical power equipment or installation comprises a solar panel, the power regulation system can be configured to run a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The MPPT algorithm can be configured to compute the tracking of the maximum power capable of being generated by the solar panel based on a measured solar panel voltage vPV. The computed maximum power can be the maximum reference value of the first active power component P*1. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 83 / 97 62 / 66

[192] The maximum computed power can be defined as the maximum reference value for the first active power component P*1, thus ensuring the efficient use of the solar panel's power generation potential under varying environmental conditions, such as changes in solar irradiance and temperature. This configuration allows the power regulation system to adapt dynamically and maintain optimal performance, maximizing the energy yield of the solar installation.

[193] In examples, in normal operation, the maximum power P*1 may be equal to the reference given by the MPPT algorithm. However, in some situations, it may be particularly advantageous to operate in unclassified mode. In this unclassified mode, the reference value P*1 may be less than the maximum power computed by the MPPT algorithm. Setting the reference value in this way may be particularly advantageous for continuous network support or to avoid shutdown when a reduction is ordered by an operator.

[194] The ASC may comprise a DC / DC converter. The DC / DC converter may comprise a respective control system configured to control the DC link voltage vDC to compute a voltage v*cha to be applied by the DC / DC converter. When the power equipment or installation comprises a solar panel, the computation may be based on a measured DC link voltage received vDC and voltage vPV and current iPV measured at the solar panel terminals. Alternatively, when the power equipment or installation comprises an energy storage system, the computation may be based on a measured DC link voltage received vDC and voltage vbat and current ibat measured at the energy storage system terminals.

[195] The control system thus allows the stable operation of the DC link, Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 84 / 97 63 / 66 accommodating variations in power generation and load demand, based on the measured received DC voltage vDC and the measured current vbat voltage ibat at the energy storage system terminals, while maintaining the integrity and efficiency of the overall electrical power equipment or installation.

[196] The ASC may comprise a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system configured to control the DC link voltage vDC to compute a voltage v*cha to be applied by the DC / DC converter. When the power equipment or installation comprises a solar panel, the computation may be based on the maximum computed power and the voltage vPV and current iPV measured at the solar panel terminals. Alternatively, when the power equipment or installation comprises an energy storage system, the computation may be based on the maximum computed power and the voltage vbat and current ibat measured at the energy storage system terminals.

[197] Referring to FIG. 8, an example of the power regulation system 100 is discussed according to the first aspect. FIG. 8 shows an alternative scheme of the power regulation system. The example shows an installation denoted as GRID B 110. GRID B can be a Type IV wind generator or a conventional grid (e.g., a 50 or 60 Hz grid) for HVDC application.

[198] ASC 120 is coupled to network 110. Control system 140 can be coupled to ASC 120 via DC link 130. Control system 140 comprises control system GFL 141 and control system GFM 142.

[199] Referring to FIG. 9, a power regulation system is discussed according to the first aspect. The power regulation system differs from the power regulation system of FIG. 8 in that the equipment of Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pages 85 / 97 64 / 66 electrical energy is an onshore or offshore wind farm.

[200] Referring to FIG. 10, a power regulation system 500 is discussed according to the first aspect. The power regulation system differs from the power regulation system of FIG. 8 in that the electrical power equipment is a battery or solar panel. Grid support with the solar panel is possible when operating with reduced rating or when there is a supercapacitor in the DC link 130.

[201] A method for regulating the power exchanged to a network can be performed with a power regulation system according to the third aspect. The power regulation system is coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation and to the network. The method comprises, by the GFL control system of the GSC system, exchanging the first component of the power. The first component of the power includes the first component of the active power. The method also comprises, by the GFL control system, controlling the first component Pi of the active power and the first component Qi of the reactive power.

[202] The method also comprises, by the GFM control system of the GSC control system, exchanging the second power component. The second power component includes the second active power component P2 and the second reactive power component Q2.

[203] Any method described in this document is implemented by computer. This means that the steps (or substantially all the steps) of the methods in this document are performed by at least one computer, or any similar system, such as a power regulation system. Thus, the steps of any method disclosed in this document are performed by the computer, possibly in a fully automatic or semi-automatic manner. In examples, the actuation of at least Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pp. 86 / 97 65 / 66 Some of the steps in the method can be performed through user-computer interaction. The level of user-computer interaction required may depend on the level of automation expected and balanced with the need to implement the user's wishes. In examples, this level can be defined by the user and / or predefined.

[204] A typical example of implementing a method by computer is performing the method with a system adapted for that purpose. For example, the power regulation system may comprise one or more processors coupled to a memory, the memory having stored in it a computer program comprising instructions to perform the method. The memory is any hardware adapted for such storage, possibly comprising several distinct physical parts.

[205] The power regulation system may be coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation. The computer program may comprise instructions executable by a computer, the instructions comprising means for causing the above system to perform the method. The program may be writable to any data storage medium, including system memory. The program may, for example, be implemented in digital electronic circuits, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or combinations thereof. The program may be implemented as an apparatus, for example, a product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor. The method steps may be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform method functions operating on input data and generating output.The processor can therefore be programmable and coupled to receive data and instructions from, and transmit data and instructions. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pages 87 / 97 66 / 66 instructions for a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. The application program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language. The program can be a complete installation program or an update program. The application of the program to the power regulation system results in instructions to perform the method in any case. Alternatively, the computer program can be stored and executed on a server in a cloud computing environment, the server being in communication via a network with one or more clients.In such a case, a processing unit executes the instructions contained in the program, thus causing the method to be performed in a cloud computing environment. Petition 870250039430, dated 05 / 14 / 2025, pages 88 / 97

Claims

1 / 9 CLAIMS 1. Power regulation system (100) for regulating power exchanged with a network (160) characterized in that: the power regulation system comprises a Grid-Side Converter (GSC) system (140) and an Application-Side Converter (ASC) (120), the ASC (120) is configured to be coupled to an electrical power equipment or installation (110, 210, 310, 410) comprising a solar panel and / or an energy storage system, the GSC system (140) comprises a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) (143) and a VSC control system (145), the VSC control system including a Grid Follower Control (GFL) control system (141) and a Grid Forming Control (GFM) control system (142), the VSC (143) of the GSC system (140) is configured to be coupled to the grid by means of a common connection point (CCP) (161) and to exchange active power and reactive power with the grid (160),The ASC (120) and GSC (140) systems are coupled by the CC link (130) having the CC link voltage (udc), the ASC (120) system is configured to control the CC link voltage (udc), and the GFL control system (141) of the GSC (140) system is arranged in parallel to the GFM control system (142), the GFL control system being configured to exchange a first component (Pi) of the active power and a first component (Qi) of the reactive power, and the GFM control system (141) being configured to exchange a second component (P2) of the active power and a second component (Q2) of the reactive power, the GFL control system (141) is configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power and the first component (Qi) of the reactive power. Petition 870260052211, dated 05 / 29 / 2026, page. 26 / 43 2 / 9, 2. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 1, characterized in that: (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the solar panel (210), (ii) the power regulation system (100) is configured to measure the voltage (vPPC) and current (iconv) between the PCC (161) and the GSC (140) and to calculate a division of the current (iconv) into a first current (i1) and a second current (i2), wherein: - the GFL control system (141) of the GSC system (140) is configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power, obtaining measured values ​​of the DC link voltage (vdc), the first current (Ϊ1) and the voltage at the PCC (uPPC), which together with the first reference values ​​comprise reference values ​​of the first component of the reactive power (Γ) and a DC link reference voltage (vdcí) allow computing the amplitude of the first voltage reference. exit (vi),- the GFM control system (142) of the GSC system (140) is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second component (P2) of active power and the second component (Q2) of reactive power based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value (P2i) of the second component of active power (P2), a reference value (Q2) of the second component (Q2) of reactive power, a reference frequency (fi) and a reference voltage amplitude at PCC (v / >CC), and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference (v2), Petition 870260052211, dated 05 / 29 / 2026, page. 27 / 43 3 / 9 (iii) the power regulation system (100) is additionally configured to: - combine the first output voltage reference (υλ) and the second output voltage reference (v2),e - apply a voltage reference to the VSC (143) of the GSC (140) system based on the result (uHCC*) of combining the first output voltage reference (v^) and the second output voltage reference (v£)., 3. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 1, characterized in that: (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the solar panel (210), and (ii) the power regulation system (100) is configured to measure a voltage (vPPC) and a current (iconv) between the PCC (161) and the GSC system (140), and to calculate a division of the current (iconv) into a first current (Ϊ1) and a second current (i2), wherein: - the GFL control system (141) of the GSC system (140) is configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power, obtaining measured values ​​of the first current (Ϊ1) and the voltage at the PCC (161) (uPPC), which together with the first reference values ​​comprise reference values ​​of a first component of the reactive power (Ç\) allowing the computation of an amplitude and a frequency of a first output voltage reference (vj:),- the GFM control system (141) of the GSC system (140) is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second active power component (P2) and a second reactive power component (Q2) based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value (P2) of the second active power component (P2), a reference value (Q*) of the second reactive power component (Q2), a reference frequency (f*) and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC (r**CC), and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference (v*), (iii) the power regulation system (100) is additionally configured to: - combine the first output voltage reference (v*) and the second output voltage reference (v2),and - apply a voltage reference to the VSC (143) of the GSC (140) system based on the result (uHCC*) of combining the first output voltage reference (v*) and the second output voltage reference (v*).

4. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the power regulation system comprises a control block configured to compute a reference value (P*J) of the first component (Pi) of the active power.

5. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 4, characterized in that the system is configured to execute a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm (150) configured to compute the tracking of the maximum power capable of being generated by the solar panel (210) based on a measured solar panel voltage (vPV), the computed maximum power being the maximum reference value of the first active power component (P*J).

6. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the ASC (120) comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a corresponding control system configured to control the DC link voltage (vdc) by computing a voltage (v*ch) to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a received measured DC link voltage (vDC) and voltage (vPV) and current (iPy) measured at the solar panel terminals.

7. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system configured to control the DC link voltage (vdc) by computing a voltage (v*ch) to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on the maximum power computed and the voltage (uPV) and current (iPV) measured from the terminals of the solar panel (210).

8. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 1, characterized in that: (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the energy storage system (310), (ii) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage (uPPC) and current (iconv) between the PCC (161) and the GSC system (140), and to calculate a division of the current (iconv) into a first current (i1) and a second current (i2), wherein: - the GFL control system (141) of the GSC system (140) is configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power, obtaining measured values ​​of the DC link voltage (vdc), the first current (i1) and the voltage at the PCC (uPPC), which together with the first reference values ​​comprise reference values ​​of a first component of reactive power (Q) and a DC link voltage of Petition 870260052211, of 29 / 05 / 2026pg. 30 / 43 6 / 9 reference (vdc*) allow computing an amplitude and frequency of a first output voltage reference (v*), - the GFM control system (142) of the GSC system (140) is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second component (P2) of active power and a second component (Q2) of reactive power based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value (P*) of the second active power component (P2), a reference value (Q2) of the second reactive power component (Q2), a reference frequency (f*) and a reference voltage amplitude at PCC (v / >CC), and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference (v*), (iii) the power regulation system (100) is additionally configured to: - combine the first output voltage reference (v*) and the second output voltage reference (v2),and - apply a voltage reference to the VSC (143) of the GSC (140) system based on the result (uHCC*) of combining the first output voltage reference (v*) and the second output voltage reference (v*).

9. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 1, characterized in that: (i) the electrical power equipment or installation comprises the energy storage system (310), and (ii) the power regulation system is configured to measure a voltage (uPPC) and a current (iconv) between the PCC (161) and the GSC system (140), and to calculate a division of the current (iconv) into a first current (Ϊ1) and a second current (i2), wherein: Petition 870260052211, dated 05 / 29 / 2026, p. 31 / 43 7 / 9 - the GFL control system (141) of the GSC system (140) is configured to control the first component (Pi) of the active power, obtaining measured values ​​of the first current (i1) and voltage at the PCC (vppc), which together with the first reference values ​​comprise reference values ​​of a first component of the reactive power (C\) allow computing an amplitude and a frequency of a first output voltage reference (v1),- The GFM control system (142) of the GSC system (140) is configured to automatically switch, during network transient support operation, a second component (P2) of active power and a second component (Q2) of reactive power based on second reference values, the second reference values ​​comprising a reference value (P2:) of the second active power component (P2), a reference value (Q2) of the second reactive power component (Q2), a reference frequency (f*) and a reference voltage amplitude at the PCC (v / >cc), and compute an amplitude and frequency of a second output voltage reference (v2>), the power regulation system (100) is additionally configured to: - combine the first output voltage reference (v'1) and the second output voltage reference (v2),e - apply a voltage reference to the GSC system's VSC based on the result (uhcc*) of combining the first output voltage reference (v^) and the second output voltage reference (v2).

10. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the power regulation system comprises a control block configured to obtain a reference value (P*1) of the first component (Pi) of the active power.

11. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 10, characterized in that the ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system, configured to control the DC link voltage (uDC) by computing a voltage (u*ch) to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on a received measured DC link voltage (uDC) and voltage (ubat) and current (ibat) measured from the terminals of the energy storage system.

12. Power regulation system (100), according to claim 10, characterized in that the ASC comprises a DC / DC converter comprising a respective control system, configured to control the DC link voltage (udc) by computing a voltage (u*ch) to be applied by the DC / DC converter based on the maximum power computed and the voltage (ubat) and current (ibat) measured from the terminals of the energy storage system.

13. Power regulation system (100), according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that calculating the division of the current (iconv) into the first current (i1) and the second current (i2) is performed based on a system of equations (Equation 2) of the type: ^hcc' = ^2^1* + k^'; V1* - Ü2* S(L1 + ^2) + (R1 + ^2) + k2Íconv; kl Õ iconv ^1; R1 L1 R1 +R2 L1 + L2' R2 L2 R1 + R2 L1+L2' Rf = P1R2 = k2R1; Petition 870260052211, dated 29 / 05 / 2026, p. 33 / 43 9 / 9 — ^2^1; where u1_ is the first output voltage reference, v2 is the second output voltage reference, k1 and k2 are respective impedance ratios, each greater than 0 and less than 1, uHCC* is the result of combining the first output voltage reference and the second output voltage reference, iconv is the current measured at the PCC (161), i1 is the first current, i2 is the second current.

14. Method for regulating power exchanged with a grid characterized in that it is performed with a power regulation system (100) defined in any one of claims 1 to 13, the power regulation system being coupled to a solar panel (210) and / or an energy storage system and to a grid (160), the method comprising: by the GFL control system (141), exchanging a first component of active power and a first component of reactive power; and by the GFM control system (142), exchanging a second component of active power and a second component of reactive power.

15. Computer-readable storage medium characterized in that it comprises instructions which, when executed by a power regulation system (100) defined in any of claims 1 to 13, the power regulation system being coupled to a solar panel (210) and / or an energy storage system and a grid (160), cause the power regulation system to perform the method defined in claim 14. Petition 870260052211, dated 05 / 29 / 2026, pp. 34 / 43

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