Vehicle system and method

Description

1 / 46 “VEHICLE SYSTEM AND METHOD BACKGROUND Technical Field

[0001] Several aspects of the present disclosure relate to the control of energy consumption by one or more vehicle systems from an external energy source. Discussion of the Technique

[0002] Vehicle systems can receive power from an external power source while in motion. For example, some rail vehicles may include a conductive circuit (e.g., a current collector, a rail shoe) to transmit electrical power between the rail vehicle and an electrical grid while the rail vehicle is moving along a route.

[0003] The load on the external power supply may vary over time based on the operation of the vehicle systems. For example, the power consumed by a single vehicle system may vary depending on factors such as the tractive effort expended to propel the vehicle system, the terrain of the route traveled by the vehicle system, and whether or not the vehicle system is located on a section of the route where power transmission with the external power supply is possible. The variation in load on the external power supply may be further exacerbated when multiple vehicle systems are traveling on routes that allow power transmission with the external power supply.

[0004] The cost of obtaining energy from an external energy source may vary based on the load imposed on Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 5 / 63 2 / 46 external power source for vehicle systems. For example, an electric utility supplying power to a grid may charge a higher rate for energy when energy demand is higher. Consequently, the cost of energy can increase significantly when multiple vehicle systems are drawing power from an external power source simultaneously. BRIEF DESCRIPTION

[0005] In one or more embodiments, a vehicle system is provided herein that includes at least one battery-electric vehicle. The vehicle system includes a driver circuit, an electric motor, and a control circuit. The driver circuit is capable of transmitting electrical power between the battery-electric vehicle and an external power source during the movement of the vehicle system. The electric motor is capable of propelling the battery-electric vehicle using electrical power from the external power source. The control circuit controls the movement of the vehicle system along a route according to a travel plan. The travel plan comprises operational settings. The operational settings comprise a power consumption setting corresponding to the power consumption of the vehicle system from the external power source as a function of the vehicle system's location on the route.

[0006] In one or more embodiments, a method is provided here for coordinating the movement of a plurality of vehicle systems. At least one vehicle in each of the vehicle systems may include a Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 6 / 63 3 / 46 A battery-powered electric locomotive capable of receiving electrical energy from an external power source during the movement of the vehicle system. The method includes receiving, via a control circuit, a plurality of travel plans corresponding to the vehicle systems. Each travel plan comprises a planned movement of the corresponding vehicle system along a route. The method also includes predicting, via the control circuit, an expected load on the external power source as a function of time, based at least in part on the plurality of travel plans. The control circuit may cause a modification to a travel plan based at least in part on the expected load on the external power source.

[0007] In one or more embodiments, a vehicle system is disclosed herein comprising a battery-electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine vehicle. The vehicle system comprises a driving circuit, an electric motor, an internal combustion engine, and a control circuit. The driving circuit is capable of transmitting electrical power between the battery-electric vehicle and an electrical grid during the movement of the vehicle system. The electric motor is capable of propelling the battery-electric vehicle using electrical power from the electrical grid. The internal combustion engine is capable of propelling the internal combustion engine vehicle. The control circuit controls the movement of the vehicle system along a route according to a travel plan. The control circuit can modify the travel plan based on the location of the vehicle system on the route to adjust the planned power transmission between Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 7 / 63 4 / 46 the battery-powered electric vehicle and the electrical grid as the vehicle system moves along the route. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Reference is now made to the attached drawings, in which similar components are indicated using the same reference numbers, and in which:

[0009] Figure 1 illustrates a vehicle system, according to an embodiment.

[0010] Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle control system, according to an embodiment.

[0011] Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of the propulsion system, according to an embodiment.

[0012] Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of another propulsion system, according to an embodiment.

[0013] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of another propulsion system, according to an embodiment.

[0014] Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle management system, according to an embodiment.

[0015] Figures 7A-7D illustrate a system of vehicles moving along a route according to a travel plan, according to an embodiment.

[0016] Figure 8 is a graph of the energy consumption of a vehicle system from an external energy source as a function of the vehicle system's location on a route, according to an embodiment.

[0017] Figure 9 is a graph of the energy return from a vehicle system to an external energy source as a function of the vehicle system's location in Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 8 / 63 5 / 46 a route, according to an achievement.

[0018] Figure 10 is a graph of the tractive effort of different propulsion sources of a vehicle system as a function of the location of the vehicle system on a route, according to an embodiment.

[0019] Figures 11A-11C illustrate a plurality of vehicle systems moving along one or more routes according to planned movements and / or operations of a vehicle management system, according to an embodiment.

[0020] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method for coordinating the movement of a plurality of vehicle systems, according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Several aspects of the present description relate to the control and / or management of the energy consumption of one or more vehicle systems from an external energy source. The energy consumption of one or more vehicle systems from the external energy source can be controlled to achieve an operational objective. A suitable operational objective may include preventing situations where one or more vehicle systems consume a large amount of energy from the external energy source at a given time (e.g., avoiding a peak load) or minimizing the total amount of energy that a vehicle system consumes from the external energy source over the course of a trip. The energy consumption of one or more vehicle systems can be controlled by a vehicle control system using a trip plan that designates the operational settings of the vehicle system(s). Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 9 / 63 6 / 46 while moving along a route. The energy consumption of multiple vehicle systems from the external power source can be managed by a vehicle management system that analyzes the planned movement and / or operation of vehicle systems to predict expected energy consumption from the external power source and causes changes in the planned movement and / or operation of vehicle systems.

[0022] In one embodiment, a vehicle system is presented that includes at least one battery-electric vehicle. The vehicle system includes a driver circuit to transmit electrical power between the battery-electric vehicle and an external power source. The vehicle system further includes an electric motor that can propel the battery-electric vehicle using electrical power from the external power source. The vehicle system also includes a control circuit to control the vehicle's movement along a route according to a travel plan. The travel plan comprises operational settings. The operational settings may include a power consumption setting corresponding to the vehicle's power consumption from the external power source as a function of the vehicle's location on the route.

[0023] For example, the power consumption configuration can designate locations along the route where the vehicle system should consume power from the external power source and locations along the route where the vehicle system should not consume power from the external power source. The trip plan and / or the power consumption configuration can be implemented to control consumption. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 10 / 63 7 / 46 total vehicle system energy from the external power source as the vehicle system moves along the route. The trip plan and / or power consumption configuration can be implemented to control the peak vehicle system energy consumption from the external power source as the vehicle system moves along the route.

[0024] Operational configurations may include a power return configuration. The vehicle system may include a regenerative circuit coupled to the driving circuit. The regenerative circuit may be capable of generating electrical energy from other forms of energy produced by the movement of the vehicle system (e.g., regenerative braking). The power return configuration may control the transmission of energy (e.g., generated by the regenerative circuit) from the vehicle system to the external power source based on the vehicle system's location on the route. For example, the power return configuration may designate locations along the route where the vehicle system should transmit energy to the external power source and locations along the route where the vehicle system should not transmit energy to the external power source.

[0025] Operational settings may include a power supply configuration. The vehicle system may include an energy storage device (e.g., a battery). The power supply configuration may control whether the electric motor should operate using electrical power from the energy storage device or using electrical power from the power supply. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 11 / 63 8 / 46 external or using a combination of power from the energy storage device and the external power source. For example, the power supply configuration may designate locations along the route where the vehicle system should operate the electric motor using electrical power from the energy storage device and locations along the route where the vehicle system should operate the electric motor using electrical power from the external power source. In some examples, the power supply configuration may designate locations along the route where the vehicle system should operate the electric motor using electrical power from the energy storage device based on a corresponding power requirement of the electric motor that exceeds a power requirement threshold.

[0026] Operational configurations may include a propulsion source configuration. For example, the vehicle system may include an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle system through combustion. The propulsion source configuration may control whether the vehicle system will be propelled by the electric motor, the internal combustion engine, or a combination of both, depending on the vehicle system's location on the route. The propulsion source configuration may also designate a relative tractive effort to be exerted by each of the motors, electric and internal combustion, depending on the vehicle system's location on the route. In some examples, the power source configuration may designate locations along the route where the vehicle system must operate the internal combustion engine to maintain the Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 12 / 63 9 / 46 Electric motor power demand below a power demand limit.

[0027] The external power source may include an electrical grid (e.g., an electrical power grid), and the vehicle system’s conductor circuit may include a current collector to transmit electrical power between the vehicle system and a catenary connected to the electrical grid.

[0028] In one embodiment, a vehicle management system is disclosed herein. The vehicle management system may include a control circuit. The control circuit may receive a plurality of trip plans corresponding to the plurality of vehicle systems. Each trip plan of the plurality of trip plans may include a planned movement of the corresponding vehicle system along a route. The control circuit may predict an expected load on the external power supply as a function of time, based at least in part on the plurality of trip plans. For example, the control circuit may determine an expected peak load on the external power supply for a given future period and may further determine that the expected peak load exceeds a peak load limit.The control circuit may cause a modification in at least one of the travel plans to prevent the load on the external power supply from exceeding the peak load limit. The modification in the travel plan(s) may include altering a planned movement of at least one of the vehicle systems and / or altering a power consumption configuration for at least one of the vehicle systems. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 13 / 63 10 / 46

[0029] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of a vehicle system 100. The vehicle system may represent any of the vehicle systems shown and / or described in this document. Figure 1 represents the vehicle system including a first propulsion generating vehicle 102a, a second propulsion generating vehicle 102b, and a non-propulsion generating vehicle 104. Other embodiments of the vehicle system may include one or more propulsion generating vehicles and may or may not include one or more non-propulsion generating vehicles. Each propulsion generating vehicle may be a locomotive (e.g., a battery-electric locomotive, a diesel locomotive), while each non-propulsion generating vehicle may be a railway car, and the vehicle system is shown as a train.

[0030] Each propulsion generating vehicle may include a vehicle control system 106. A suitable vehicle control system may include a control circuit. The vehicle control system may control or limit the movement of the corresponding propulsion generating vehicle and / or vehicle system along a route 120 based on one or more limitations. For example, the vehicle control system may prevent vehicles and / or the vehicle system from entering a restricted area, may prevent the vehicle and / or the vehicle system from leaving a designated area, may prevent the vehicle and / or the vehicle system from traveling at a speed exceeding an upper speed limit, may prevent the vehicle and / or the vehicle system from traveling at a speed below a lower speed limit, may reduce the speed or Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 14 / 63 11 / 46 prevent the vehicle and / or vehicle system from traveling according to a designated travel plan. An example of a vehicle control system is discussed in more detail in relation to Figure 2.

[0031] The vehicle control system may be communicatively and / or operationally connected to a vehicle management system 150. The vehicle control system and the vehicle management system may be connected via a network 140. A suitable vehicle management system may include a control circuit. The vehicle management system may be located outside the vehicle or on board the vehicle. The vehicle management system may represent any of the vehicle management systems described in this document. The vehicle management system may manage the movement and / or operational settings of the vehicle by communicating instructions (e.g., signals) to the vehicle control system.The vehicle management system may be communicatively and / or operationally connected with several other vehicle systems and may manage the movement and / or operational settings of the other vehicle systems, for example, to collectively manage the movement and / or operational settings of some or all of the vehicle systems connected together to achieve an operational objective. For example, the vehicle management system may collectively manage the movement and / or operational settings to limit, optimize, or otherwise manage the aggregate energy consumption of the vehicle systems.

[0032] Each propulsion generator vehicle includes Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 15 / 63 12 / 46 a propulsion system 108. The propulsion system may provide tractive force and / or braking force to the corresponding propulsion generating vehicle. The propulsion system may include one or more of the following components: motors, alternators, generators, brakes, energy storage devices, batteries, turbines, fuel cells, fuel systems, and the like. The components of the propulsion system may operate to propel the corresponding propulsion generating vehicle and / or the vehicle system in response to the vehicle control system. For example, the vehicle control system may direct the operations of the propulsion system by generating control signals autonomously or based, at least in part, on manual input from an operator.

[0033] With reference to the example vehicle system in Figure 1, the first propulsion generating vehicle and the second propulsion generating vehicle may be of the same type (e.g., both battery electric vehicles), or they may be of different types (e.g., a battery electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine vehicle). For example, the first and second propulsion generating vehicles may have the same type of propulsion system or different propulsion systems. Examples of suitable propulsion systems are discussed further in relation to FIGS. 3-5.

[0034] The first propulsion generating vehicle and / or the second propulsion generating vehicle may include a conductor circuit 110 for transmitting electrical power between the vehicle system and an external power source 130 (e.g., an external power supply). For example, Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 16 / 63 13 / 46 as illustrated in Figure 1, the driving circuit may include a current collector 112 (e.g., a pantograph), and the external power supply may include an electrical network 132 (e.g., an electrical power grid) and a catenary 134 connected to the electrical network. The current collector may transmit electrical power between the vehicle system and the catenary connected to the electrical network. In other embodiments, the driving circuit may include a contact (e.g., a sliding shoe), and the external power supply may include an electrical network and a rail connected to the electrical network (e.g., a third rail). The contact may transmit electrical power between the vehicle system and the third rail connected to the electrical network.

[0035] Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an implementation of a vehicle control system 206. The vehicle control system can control the movement of the vehicle. The vehicle control system can be controlled manually (e.g., by a human operator on board the vehicle) and / or autonomously with an energy management system (EMS) 214. For example, an operator on board the vehicle can manually control the vehicle's movement by manually controlling the hardware, controllers, devices, or similar of the vehicle control system. Additionally, or alternatively, the EMS can autonomously control the vehicle's movement (e.g., without intervention from an operator on board the vehicle) by electrically communicating instructions and / or commands to the systems and devices associated with the vehicle control system. A suitable EMS could be the Trip Optimizer system, Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 17 / 63 14 / 46 commercially available from Wabtec Corporation.

[0036] A suitable EMS can create a trip plan for a vehicle and control aspects of the system to operate the vehicle according to that plan. A trip plan can designate operational settings of the propulsion vehicle(s) and / or vehicle system based on one or more factors, such as time, location, or distance along a route. Traveling according to the operational settings designated by the trip plan can reduce electrical power consumption, fuel consumption, and / or emissions generated by the vehicle and / or vehicle system compared to the vehicle and / or vehicle system traveling according to other operational settings not designated by the trip plan. The identities of the vehicle(s) in the system can be known by the EMS and / or identified by it, allowing the EMS to control the operations of the system's vehicles.Control can be autonomous, semi-autonomous, or guided, allowing an operator to control the vehicle according to the travel plan.

[0037] The appropriate operational settings designated by the trip plan may include a power consumption setting, a power return setting, a power source setting, and / or a propulsion source setting. The power consumption setting may control the power consumption of the vehicle system from the external power source as a function of the vehicle system's location, time, or distance as it moves along a route. The power return setting may control the return Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 18 / 63 15 / 46 of vehicle system energy to the external energy source depending on the location, time, or distance of the vehicle system as it moves along a route. The energy source configuration can control the vehicle's propulsion system to use electrical energy from an onboard energy storage device or electrical energy from the external energy source depending on the location, time, or distance of the vehicle system as it moves along a route. The propulsion source configuration can control the vehicle system to use an electric motor for propulsion and / or an internal combustion engine for propulsion depending on the location, time, or distance of the vehicle system as it moves along a route.

[0038] The EMS can determine which operational settings to assign to a trip plan in order to achieve an objective. Suitable objectives for the trip plan may include controlling (e.g., reducing) the total power consumed by the vehicle system from the external power source, controlling (e.g., reducing) the maximum power consumption by the vehicle system from the external power source, controlling (e.g., increasing) the energy return from the vehicle system to the external power source, and / or controlling (e.g., reducing) the fuel consumed and / or emissions generated by the vehicle system during the trip. Other suitable objectives may include vehicle drivability, control of internal vehicle forces, arrival time at destination, and the like.

[0039] The vehicle control system can Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 19 / 63 16 / 46 can be connected to an input device 208 and an output device 210. A suitable vehicle control system may receive manual input from an operator on board the vehicle system via the input device. The input device may include one or more devices such as a touch screen, keyboard, electronic mouse, microphone, accelerator, pedal, button and / or other input devices. For example, the vehicle control system may receive manual inputs to change traction effort, braking effort, speed, power output and the like, from the input device.

[0040] The vehicle control system may present information to a vehicle system operator using the output device. The output device may include one or more devices, such as a display screen (e.g., touch screen or other screen), a speaker, a printer, and / or other output devices. For example, the vehicle control system may present the identities and statuses of vehicles in the vehicle system, the identities of missing vehicles (e.g., those vehicles for which the vehicle control system has not received the status), the content of one or more command messages, or similar. The output device may provide a notification signal to the vehicle system operator that automatically informs (e.g., notifies) that the movement control of the vehicle system has changed.Optionally, the output device may present instructions to the operator on board the vehicle, originating from the control system and / or the system of. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 20 / 63 17 / 46 vehicle management, instructing you on how to manually control the vehicle's movement. For example, the output device can provide the vehicle operator with settings such as throttle position, speed, brake, power consumption, power return, propulsion source, among others, so that he can manually control the vehicle's movement.

[0041] The vehicle control system may include or be coupled to a propulsion system. Examples of suitable propulsion systems are discussed further in relation to Figures 3-5. The components of the propulsion system may operate to drive the propulsion-generating vehicle and / or the vehicle system that responds to the vehicle control system.

[0042] The vehicle control system includes a control circuit 206 that can receive signals from the input device and / or the EMS and, based at least in part on the signals from the input device and / or the EMS, the control circuit can control the propulsion system settings to control the movement of the vehicle system. The vehicle control system may further include a memory 204 and a communication device 202. The communication device may include or represent hardware and / or software that is used to communicate with other vehicles in the vehicle system and / or to communicate with the vehicle management system via the network. For example, the communication device may include a transceiver and associated circuits for wireless communication of linking messages, command messages, response messages, repeat messages, or the like. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 21 / 63 18 / 46 Optionally, the communication device includes circuits for message communication via a wired connection, such as an electric multiple unit (eMU) line of the vehicle system, overhead line or third rail for electric vehicles, or other conductive path between vehicles of the vehicle system and / or between vehicles of a different vehicle system.

[0043] The vehicle control system can control the communication device by activating it. The vehicle control system can examine messages received by a communication device from the vehicle management system and / or from other vehicles in the vehicle system.

[0044] The vehicle control system may include or be connected to one or more sensors 212 and may include software and / or circuits that include and / or are connected to one or more processors. The sensor may be an object detection sensor. The sensor may obtain data indicating an area outside the vehicle system. For example, the sensor may obtain data in an area ahead of the vehicle system relative to the direction of travel of the vehicle, in an area behind the vehicle system relative to the direction of travel of the vehicle, or similar. The sensor may include a camera that obtains static and / or moving visual data of an area of ​​the route in the direction of travel of the vehicle and / or in a direction opposite to the direction of travel of the vehicle. For example, the sensor may include one or more cameras that capture static images in front of (e.g., in the direction of travel) and behind (e.g., in the opposite direction of travel) the vehicle.Optionally, the sensor may include a radar system that... Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 22 / 63 The 19 / 46 sensor sends and receives pulses reflected by an object to detect the presence and / or location of an object in an area outside the vehicle. Optionally, the sensor can be an alternative sensing system that obtains data from an area outside the vehicle.

[0045] Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a propulsion system 300. The propulsion system includes a motor 302, an energy storage device 304, and a regenerative circuit 306. The motor can convert energy stored by the energy storage device and / or energy received from the external power source to provide traction force to move the vehicle system. A suitable motor may include one or more electric motors. A suitable energy storage device may include a battery or a supercapacitor. The regenerative circuit can convert energy produced by the vehicle system (e.g., kinetic energy converted during braking, thermal energy (heat) from the motor, brakes, etc.) into electrical energy by means of one or more generators and / or the motor.The regenerative circuit and / or energy storage device can transmit electrical energy from the vehicle system to the external power source via the driving circuit. The propulsion system in Figure 3 may be suitable for a battery-powered electric locomotive.

[0046] Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a propulsion system 400. The propulsion system includes an engine 402, an energy storage device 404, and a regenerative circuit 404, which may be similar to those described in relation to Figure Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 23 / 63 20 / 46 3. The propulsion system also includes a 408 combustion engine. A suitable combustion engine may include one or more diesel engines. The combustion engine may provide tractive force to move the vehicle system. The engine and the combustion engine may operate together to provide tractive force. For example, the combustion engine may be coupled to a regenerative circuit generator, and the generator may supply electrical power to the engine (e.g., traction motors). As another example, the engine and the combustion engine may operate in parallel to provide tractive force. As another example, the combustion engine and the electric motor may operate individually to provide tractive force separately at different times. The propulsion system of Figure 4 may be suitable for a diesel-electric locomotive or a hybrid locomotive.

[0047] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a propulsion system 500. The propulsion system includes a combustion engine 508 and may include a regenerative circuit 506, which may be similar to those described in relation to FIGS. 3 or 4. A vehicle system consisting of a first propulsion generator vehicle with the propulsion system of Figure 3 and a second propulsion generator vehicle with the propulsion system of Figure 5 may be suitable for an electrodiesel multiple unit train.

[0048] Figure 6 is a schematic illustration of an implementation of the vehicle management system 600. The vehicle management system includes a communication device 604, a power planner 602, a memory 606, an input device 608, and an output device 610. The input device can Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 24 / 63 21 / 46 may include one or more devices, such as a touchscreen, keyboard, electronic mouse, microphone, button, and / or other input devices. The output device may include one or more devices, such as a display screen (e.g., touchscreen or other screen), a speaker, a printer, and / or other output devices. The communication device may include or represent hardware and / or software used to communicate with the vehicle control system or one or more vehicle systems via the network. For example, the communication device may include a transceiver and associated circuits for wireless communication of link messages, command messages, response messages, repeat messages, or similar. Through the communication device, the vehicle management system can receive information related to the current and / or planned movement and operation of the vehicle systems.The vehicle management system, through the output device, can display the status of the vehicle's systems based on the information received.

[0049] The information received by the vehicle management system may include information corresponding to the vehicle systems' travel plans. Each travel plan may include operational settings, such as a power consumption setting corresponding to the power consumption of the respective vehicle system from the external power source as a function of the vehicle system's location on the route, and a power return setting corresponding to the return of power from the vehicle system to the power source / supply. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 25 / 63 22 / 46 external depending on the location of the vehicle system on the route and / or a power source configuration to operate an electric motor using electrical power from an energy storage device or electrical power from an external power source depending on the location of the vehicle system on the route.

[0050] The vehicle management system includes a 602 energy planner. The energy planner can predict an expected load on the external power supply based, at least in part, on information related to the current movement and / or operation of vehicle systems. For example, the energy planner can determine the collective expected load on the external power supply by vehicle systems as a function of time and can identify when a peak load is expected to occur.

[0051] The power planner may generate modifications to the planned movement and / or operation of the vehicle's system(s) based, at least in part, on the expected load on the external power source, for example, to achieve an operational objective. In one example, the operational objective might include ensuring that the maximum load on the external power source at a given time does not exceed a maximum load limit. If the power planner determines that the expected maximum load will exceed the maximum load limit, it may generate one or more modifications to the vehicle's system(s) travel plan(s) to reduce the expected maximum load. The one or more modifications to the travel plans may include altering a power consumption configuration so that a vehicle system does not consume power from the electrical grid during a Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 26 / 63 23 / 46 expected peak load period. One or more modifications to the travel plans may include altering (e.g., adjusting the pace, delaying, reducing the speed) the planned movement of the vehicle system, thus modifying the timing of when the vehicle system consumes energy from the electrical grid (e.g., so that it is not during the predicted peak demand period) and / or modifying the amount of electrical energy that the vehicle system consumes from the electrical grid based on the traction effort of the vehicle system (e.g., so that the amount is reduced during the predicted peak demand period).

[0052] Modifications to the planned movement and / or operation of vehicle systems, generated by the energy planner, can be provided as recommendations to an operator (e.g., a dispatcher) via the output device. The operator can use the input device to send instructions to the control system of one or more vehicle systems to implement the modifications. For example, instructions to the control system of one or more vehicle systems can be presented to an operator of one or more vehicle systems via an onboard output device, and the onboard operator can manually implement the modifications.

[0053] The modification(s) to the planned movement and / or operation of one or more vehicle systems generated by the power planner can be provided as control signals sent to the vehicle control system of one or more vehicle systems to automatically modify the travel plan, thereby automatically modifying the planned movement and / or operation of the vehicle(s). Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 27 / 63 24 / 46 corresponding vehicle system(s).

[0054] Figures 7A-7D illustrate an example of a vehicle system 700 moving along a route 720 according to a travel plan. The vehicle system includes one or more propulsion-generating vehicles 702 and may include one or more non-propulsion-generating vehicles 704. The travel plan designates the operational configurations of the vehicle system to move between a first location 722 and a second location 724 along the route.

[0055] Parts of the path may be enabled for the transmission of electrical power between an external power source 730 and the vehicle system (e.g., island electrification). As illustrated in Figures 7A7D, a first portion 726 of the path corresponds to a first catenary 736 for the transmission of electrical power between the external power source and the vehicle system, and a second portion 728 of the path corresponds to a second catenary 738 for the transmission of electrical power between the external power source and the vehicle system.

[0056] The trip plan may designate a power consumption configuration indicating one or more predetermined locations along the route where the vehicle system must consume power from the external source. The trip plan may designate a power return configuration indicating one or more predetermined locations along the route where the vehicle system must return power to the external power source. The trip plan may designate a power source indicating locations along the route where the vehicle's propulsion system must use electrical power from an onboard energy storage device. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 28 / 63 25 / 46 or electrical power from an external power source. The travel plan may designate a propulsion source configuration indicating locations along the route where vehicle propulsion should utilize an electric motor and / or an internal combustion engine, for example, if the vehicle system is an electro-diesel multiple unit train and / or includes a hybrid locomotive.

[0057] The operational settings of the trip plan can be designed to achieve one or more operational objectives. For example, operational settings can minimize the net energy transfer from the external energy source to the vehicle system (e.g., or even achieve a negative net energy transfer from the external energy source to the vehicle system, where the vehicle system returns more energy to the external energy source than it consumes during the trip). Operational settings, for example, when the vehicle system includes a combustion engine and an electric motor, can optimize combustion fuel consumption and external energy source energy consumption to optimize (e.g., reduce, minimize) the net combustion fuel and / or electrical energy costs for the trip.Operational settings can prevent any instantaneous energy consumption from the external power source that exceeds a power consumption limit (for example, to avoid higher energy costs when the power consumption limit is exceeded). Operational settings can control the vehicle system so that energy is consumed from the external power source at times when at least some... Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 29 / 63 26 / 46 other vehicles are not consuming energy from this source (for example, to avoid higher energy costs when the energy consumed collectively by multiple vehicle systems exceeds a certain limit).

[0058] The example in Figures 7A-7D illustrates the vehicle system operating according to a travel plan designed to minimize the net transfer of energy from the external power source to the vehicle system. Referring to Figure 7A, at the start of the trip, the vehicle system moves in a first direction 740 along the route. One or more non-propulsion generating vehicles in the vehicle system may not be carrying cargo.

[0059] With reference to Figure 7B, the vehicle system continues along the route in the first direction and enters a 760° inclined portion of the route, such that the vehicle system is ascending. The inclined portion of the route overlaps the first portion of the route that corresponds to the first catenary for electrical power transmission between the external power source and the vehicle system. The travel plan's power transmission configuration may cause the vehicle system to selectively draw power from the external power source while ascending the route at one or more locations along the overlapping inclined portion and the first portion of the route.

[0060] With reference to Figure 7C, the vehicle system reaches the second location along the route and one or more non-propulsion generating vehicles are loaded with cargo. The vehicle system travels in a second direction 742 to return to the first location.

[0061] With reference to Figure 7D, as Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, p. 30 / 63 27 / 46 The vehicle again travels along the inclined portion of the route that overlaps the first portion of the route, this time downhill and with a greater weight due to the load. The travel plan may cause the vehicle system to selectively return energy to the external power source. For example, the heavier load and the downhill path of the vehicle system may result in greater efficiency in energy regeneration. Thus, in order to minimize the net energy transfer from the external power source to the vehicle system, the travel plan may designate this segment of the trip for energy return instead of grid consumption. The vehicle system continues in the second direction to the first location along the route. In some cases, the travel plan may cause the vehicle system to achieve a negative net energy transfer, where the vehicle system returns more energy to the external power source than it consumes.

[0062] Figures 7A-7D illustrate just one example of how operational configurations can be assigned by a travel plan to achieve an operational objective. Those individuals with common technical knowledge in the field will understand that a predetermined travel plan can assign operational configurations for a trip involving a much more complex route, with variable terrain, different stops, and varying amounts of cargo, to achieve various operational objectives that an inexperienced operator or even an experienced operator manually controlling vehicle system configurations may not be able to achieve.

[0063] FIG. 8 is an example of an 800 graph of Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 31 / 63 28 / 46 Energy consumption 802 of a vehicle system from an external energy source as a function of the vehicle system's location 804 on a route, according to an embodiment. The graph may correspond to an energy consumption configuration designated by a travel plan for the vehicle system. As the vehicle moves along the route, the vehicle system may begin consuming energy from the external energy source and then stop consuming energy at a first set of locations, corresponding to a first portion 806 of the graph. As the vehicle system continues to move along the route, the vehicle system may again begin consuming energy from the external energy source and then stop consuming energy at a second set of locations, corresponding to a second portion 808 of the graph.The vehicle system consumes energy to a greater extent in the second set of locations compared to the first set of locations. For example, the second set of locations might correspond to a part of the journey where the traction effort of the vehicle system is greater (e.g., an uphill climb). The trip plan can define energy consumption so that the power consumed from the external source by the vehicle in the second set of locations does not exceed a predefined limit. For example, as discussed in Figure 10, a propulsion source configuration defined by the trip plan might cause the vehicle's combustion engine to supplement the traction force of the electric motor, keeping the electric motor's energy consumption below the predefined limit. Alternatively, the energy consumption defined by the trip plan could be a function of time or of... Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 32 / 63 29 / 46 distance traveled by the vehicle along the route, rather than a function of location.

[0064] Figure 9 is an example of a graph 900 of the energy return 902 of a vehicle system from an external energy source as a function of the vehicle system's location 904 on a route, according to an embodiment. The graph may correspond to an energy consumption configuration designated by a trip plan for the vehicle system. The trip plan may correspond to the same trip plan discussed earlier in relation to the graph in Figure 8. As the vehicle moves along the route, the vehicle system may begin returning energy to the external energy source and then stop returning energy at a third set of locations, corresponding to a third portion 910 of the graph. For example, the third set of locations may correspond to a part of the trip where the vehicle system is able to regenerate energy (e.g., through regenerative braking during a downhill section of the route).As another example, the third set of locations might correspond to a portion of the journey where the trip plan has designated energy return to the grid (e.g., from an onboard energy storage device) to achieve an operational goal. Alternatively, the energy return configuration designated by the trip plan might be a function of time or distance as the vehicle system moves along the route, rather than a function of location.

[0065] Figure 10 is a graph of the traction effort 1002 of different propulsion sources of a system Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 33 / 63 30 / 46 vehicular as a function of the vehicle system's location 1004 on a route, according to a mode. The graph may correspond to a propulsion source configuration designated by a travel plan for the vehicle system. The travel plan may correspond to the same travel plan discussed earlier in relation to the graphs in Figures 8 and 9. As the vehicle moves along the route, the vehicle system may primarily utilize a first propulsion source corresponding to an electric motor, as shown by line 1020 on the graph.The tractive effort produced by the first propulsion source may increase and decrease in a first set of locations, corresponding to a first portion 1006 of the graph, may decrease further and then increase in a third set of locations, corresponding to a third portion 1010 of the graph, and may increase further from a second set of locations, corresponding to a second portion 1008 of the graph. The travel plan may cause a second propulsion source, corresponding to an internal combustion engine, to supplement the tractive force of the first propulsion source, as shown by line 1022. For example, the second propulsion source may provide a supplementary tractive force to the first propulsion source to avoid exceeding an energy consumption limit, as discussed earlier in relation to Figure 8.Alternatively, the energy return configuration designated by the trip plan could be a function of time or distance as the vehicle system moves along the route, rather than a function of location. Another alternative is that the trip plan designates a motor for... Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 34 / 63 31 / 46 internal combustion to provide the main traction force and supplement it with the traction force of an electric motor, for example, to improve the efficiency of the combustion fuel.

[0066] Figures 11A-11C illustrate a plurality of vehicle systems traversing a route 1120 based, at least in part, on movements and / or operations planned from a vehicle management system 1150, according to an embodiment. The plurality of vehicle systems includes a first vehicle system 1100a, a second vehicle system 1100b, and a third vehicle system 1100c. Parts of the route may be enabled for electrical power transmission between an external power source 1130 and the vehicle systems. A first portion 1126 of the route corresponds to a first catenary 1136 for electrical power transmission between the external power source and the vehicle system, and a second portion 1128 of the route corresponds to a second catenary 1138 for electrical power transmission between the external power source and the vehicle system.

[0067] With reference to Figure 11A, the first vehicle system, the second vehicle system, and the third vehicle system are moving along the route according to a first travel plan, a second travel plan, and a third travel plan, respectively. The vehicle management system is in communication with the first vehicle system, the second vehicle system, and the third vehicle system. The vehicle management system may be tracking the current and planned movement and operations of the vehicle systems. For example, Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 35 / 63 32 / 46 The vehicle systems can respectively communicate information corresponding to the trip plans of the vehicle management system.

[0068] The vehicle management system can predict a collective expected load on the external power source as a function of time, based at least in part on the travel plans. For example, as shown in Figure 11A, the first vehicle system is moving in a first direction 1140 toward the second part of the route, but is currently not consuming power from the external power source. The second vehicle system is moving in the first direction in the second part of the route and may be consuming power from the external power source. The third vehicle system is moving in a second direction 1142 toward the second part of the route, but is currently not consuming power from the external power source. The vehicle management system can determine the current power consumption of the external power source based at least in part on this information.

[0069] The vehicle management system can also predict the expected energy consumption of the external power source, based, at least in part, on the planned movements of the vehicle's systems, derived from the trip plans. The expected energy consumption of the external power source can be represented as a set of instantaneous values ​​of collective energy consumption as a function of a set of instants. For example, the trip plans may indicate that each of the systems of the first, second, and third vehicles will be moving along the second Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 36 / 63 33 / 46 part of the route and consuming energy from the external energy source during a set of future instants (for example, as shown in Figure 11C). The travel plans can also indicate the amount of energy that each vehicle system should consume from the external energy source (for example, based on the expected traction effort of the vehicle systems) and therefore can calculate the expected aggregate energy consumption of the vehicle systems for each instant of the set.

[0070] The vehicle management system can generate one or more modifications to trip plans based on the expected energy consumption from the external power source. For example, the vehicle management system can compare the expected cumulative energy consumption calculated by the vehicle systems at each future time with an energy consumption limit. If the expected cumulative energy consumption by the vehicle system at one or more future times exceeds the energy consumption limit, the vehicle management system can generate one or more modifications to the trip plans so that the expected aggregate energy consumption from the external power source at each future time remains below the energy consumption limit. This action by the vehicle management system can therefore prevent the charging of a premium energy tariff by the electric utility associated with exceeding the energy consumption limit.

[0071] An example of a modification to one or more trip plans that the vehicle management system can generate based on expected energy consumption includes modifying the planned movement of one or more systems of Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 37 / 63 34 / 46 vehicle. For example, referring to Figure 11B, the vehicle management system can generate a modification to the travel plan of the first vehicle system. The modification can cause the first vehicle system to reduce (e.g., decrease speed) its planned movement, so that it does not reach the second part of the route until the second vehicle system is no longer in the second part of the route. Consequently, the first and second vehicle systems will not be in the second part of the route at the same time, thus reducing the accumulated energy consumption from the external energy source, preventing the first, second, and third vehicle systems from consuming energy simultaneously.

[0072] An example of a modification to one or more trip plans that the vehicle management system can generate based on expected energy consumption includes modifying the energy consumption configuration and / or the energy return configuration of one or more vehicle systems. For example, referring to Figure 11C, the vehicle management system can generate a modification to the trip plan of the first vehicle system. The modification can cause the first vehicle system not to consume energy from the external power source when it reaches the second part of the route (for example, at least until the first vehicle system is no longer in the second part of the route). Additionally, or alternatively, the modification can cause the first vehicle system to return energy to the external power source when it reaches the second part of the route. Consequently, the modification can reduce the accumulated energy consumption of the Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 38 / 63 35 / 46 external power supply, preventing the first, second and third vehicle systems from consuming power simultaneously and / or causing the first vehicle system to return power to the external power supply.

[0073] . Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart of a 1200 method for coordinating the movement of a plurality of vehicle systems, according to an embodiment. According to the method, each of the vehicle systems comprises a vehicle capable of receiving electrical energy from an external energy source during movement.

[0074] Still referring to Figure 12, according to the method, a control circuit (for example, of a vehicle management system, of a vehicle control system) receives 1202 a plurality of trip plans corresponding to the plurality of vehicle systems. For example, for each vehicle system, a vehicle control system associated with it can transmit information corresponding to a trip plan to the control circuit. Each trip plan of the plurality of trip plans can include a planned movement of the corresponding vehicle system along a route. The trip plans can also include operational settings of the corresponding vehicle system as a function of time, distance, or location as the vehicle moves along the route.

[0075] Still referring to Figure 12, according to the method, the control circuit predicts 1204 an expected load on the external power supply based, at least in part, on the plurality of trip plans. By Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 39 / 63 36 / 46 For example, the expected load may be an aggregate load on the external power supply by the vehicle's systems as a function of time. The control circuit may identify an expected peak load from the expected load on the external power supply as a function of time. The expected peak load may be identified for a specific time or times in the future. The control circuit may also determine if the expected peak load exceeds a peak load limit.

[0076] Still referring to Figure 12, according to the method, the control circuit causes a modification of a travel plan among multiple travel plans, based, at least in part, on the expected load on the external power supply. For example, the control circuit may cause the travel plan modification based on the determination that the expected peak load exceeds the peak load limit. In one example, causing the travel plan modification may include causing the vehicle system corresponding to the travel plan to alter a planned movement along the route to reduce the expected peak load. In another example, causing the travel plan modification may include causing the vehicle system corresponding to the travel plan to transmit electrical power from an energy storage device in the vehicle system to the external power supply at a time corresponding to the expected peak load.In another example, modifying the travel plan might include causing the vehicle system corresponding to the travel plan to not consume power from the external power source at the moment the maximum predicted load is reached. In another... Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 40 / 63 37 / 46 For example, modifying the travel plan might include having the vehicle system corresponding to the travel plan consume less power from the external power source when the maximum predicted load is reached, supplementing the traction force with an internal combustion engine.

[0077] The preceding description presents various realizations of systems and processes by means of block diagrams, flowcharts, and examples. Each of the represented components, functions, or operations can be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, or combinations thereof. Specific features can be executed using integrated circuits, computer programs, or processors (e.g., microprocessors, microcontrollers), as well as other combinations of software and hardware. The design and development of such implementations, whether by means of circuits or software, are within the technical expertise of those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the methods and mechanisms described can be distributed as program products on various media, without restriction as to the media format.

[0078] The instructions for implementing these functionalities can be stored in various types of memory, including dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), flash memory, and / or cache. These instructions can also be distributed over a network or through other computer-readable media. The term non-transient computer-readable media refers to any physical medium capable of storing or transmitting instructions or information that can Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 41 / 63 38 / 46 to be read by a machine. Examples include, but are not limited to, optical discs, CD-ROMs, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or even propagated signals such as carrier waves or infrared signals.

[0079] The software components described in this document can be implemented using languages ​​such as Python, Java, C++, or Perl. The corresponding software code can be stored on various computer-readable media, such as RAM, ROM, hard drives, or CD-ROMs. These media can be part of a single computing device or distributed across multiple devices within a networked system.

[0080] The term control circuit encompasses circuits with fixed wires, programmable logic (such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), programmable gate arrays (PGAs), or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)), state machines, or firmware that executes stored instructions. Control circuits can be part of larger systems, such as integrated circuits (ICs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or systems-on-chips (SoCs), and are commonly found in devices such as computers, smartphones, and servers. These circuits can perform tasks involving data processing, Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, page 42 / 63 39 / 46 communication or data storage.

[0081] In some embodiments, the control circuit may use machine learning (ML) techniques to make decisions based on sensor inputs or other data. ML methods may include supervised learning (with labeled inputs and outputs), unsupervised learning (to identify patterns), or reinforcement learning (where the system adapts based on feedback). Tasks for ML systems may involve classification, regression, clustering, anomaly detection, or optimization, with algorithms such as decision trees, deep learning, support vector machines (SVMs), or neural networks being employed, depending on the application.

[0082] A control circuit can also incorporate a policy mechanism that applies specific rules based on equipment characteristics or environmental conditions. For example, a neural network can process sensor data or operational inputs to determine appropriate actions. Techniques such as backpropagation or evolutionary strategies can be used to refine the neural network parameters and optimize model selection for the task at hand.

[0083] The system can handle the generation, transmission, and storage of data, potentially using both protected and exposed data sources. Encryption and decryption can be applied during data transit, at rest, or in use, with keys and schemes determined based on operational needs. The control circuit can monitor and enforce Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 43 / 63 40 / 46 decision limits, ensuring that data from protected sources meet security or operational limits. If data exceeds these limits, the system can initiate actions such as equipment shutdown, component isolation, or transition to safe mode to mitigate potential risks or damage.

[0084] In one embodiment, the control circuit, the controller, and the systems described in this document may use machine learning to make decisions and enable derivation-based learning outcomes. The system may communicate with a data collection system. The control circuit may learn from a dataset (including data provided by various sensors and data collection systems), model it, and make decisions / determinations based on it, making data-driven predictions and adapting according to the available data and modeling. Machine learning may involve performing tasks using supervised learning systems, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.Supervised learning can use a set of examples of desired inputs and outputs for machine learning systems, while unsupervised learning can use a learning algorithm that structures its input with, for example, pattern detection and / or feature learning. Reinforcement learning can operate in a dynamic environment and then provide feedback on correct and incorrect decisions. Machine learning can include tasks based on specific outputs. These tasks can be machine learning problems such as classification, regression, etc. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 44 / 63 41 / 46 Clustering, density estimation, dimensionality reduction, anomaly detection, and similar techniques, including other mathematical and statistical techniques. Suitable types of machine learning algorithms may include decision tree-based learning, association rule learning, deep learning, artificial neural networks, genetic learning algorithms, inductive logic programming, support vector machines (SVMs), Bayesian networks, reinforcement learning, representation learning, rule-based machine learning, sparse dictionary learning, similarity and metric learning, learning classifier systems (LCS), logistic regression, random forest, K-Means, Gradient Boosting, K-nearest neighbors (KNN), a priori algorithms, and similar algorithms.In some implementations, certain machine learning algorithms can be used (for example, to solve optimization problems with and without constraints that may be based on natural selection). In one example, the algorithm can be used to address mixed integer programming problems, where some components are restricted to integer values. Machine learning algorithms, techniques, and systems can be used in computational intelligence systems, computer vision, natural language processing (NLP), recommendation systems, reinforcement learning, graphical model building, and the like. In one example, machine learning can be used to make determinations, calculations, comparisons, and... Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 45 / 63 42 / 46 behavioral analyses, among others.

[0085] In one embodiment, the control circuit may include a policy mechanism. The policies that the mechanism may apply may be based, at least in part, on characteristics of a given piece of equipment or environment. For example, an artificial intelligence system, such as a neural network, may receive as input various environmental and task-related parameters. These parameters may include, for example, operational input from the equipment in question, data from various sensors, environmental information, location and / or position data, and the like. The neural network may be trained and generate an output based on these inputs, where the output represents an action or sequence of actions that the equipment or system must perform to achieve the objective of the operation.The control circuit can process the inputs through the neural network parameters to generate a value (i.e., make a decision) at the output node, designating this action as the desired action, activity, or operational state. An action can translate into a signal that causes the vehicle to operate in a specific way. The control circuit can accomplish this through backpropagation, feedforward processes, closed-loop feedback, or open-loop feedback, for example. Alternatively, instead of using backpropagation, the control circuit can use evolutionary strategy techniques to adjust various neural network parameters. The control circuit can use neural network architectures that have a set of parameters representing the weights of the connections between their nodes. Multiple copies of this network can be generated and the parameters adjusted. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 46 / 63 43 / 46 can be performed with subsequent simulations. Once the outputs of the various models are obtained, their performance can be evaluated using a determined success metric. The best model is selected, and the control circuit can execute this plan to achieve the desired input data and mirror the best predicted outcome scenario. Furthermore, the success metric itself can be a combination of the optimized results, which can be weighted against each other. Success metrics can be dynamically established, and the process can be re-executed and the equipment directions can be modified.

[0086] In one embodiment, data can be generated, transmitted, and stored, potentially involving one or both protected and / or exposed spatial data sources. The control circuit can encrypt and decrypt the data as needed, at rest, during use, or in transit. The keys and encryption scheme can be selected and implemented according to the end-use parameters and requirements. The control circuit can evaluate and / or identify a decision boundary (i.e., a boundary separating desired behavior from undesired behavior) with respect to this data. If the control circuit determines that a given amount of data originates from a protected spatial data source and / or is operating within the determined boundaries, the control circuit and the controlled equipment can operate normally.However, if it is determined that the data comes from an exposed spatial data source and / or exceeds the decision limit, the control circuit may respond with appropriate responses. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 47 / 63 44 / 46 may include shutting down certain equipment, issuing an alert, running a diagnostic routine, performing a data backup (without overwriting existing backup data), isolating the equipment (including suspending some or all communication channels), switching the equipment or control operations to a control system safety mode, and / or initiating an equipment safety mode state (e.g., reducing a vehicle's speed to a safe and controlled stop). The safety mode may be, in one implementation, a soft shutdown mode intended to prevent damage or injury from the shutdown itself, and in another implementation, it may be a minimal restart and / or reloading of essential drivers and functionalities.

[0087] The term logic refers to software, firmware, and / or circuits configured to perform the operations described. Logic can be implemented as applications, software packages, instruction sets, or data stored on computer-readable non-transient storage media. Firmware can be written to memory devices. The components and modules described in this document can be hardware, software, or a combination of both, and can be in active, inactive, or standby states, depending on system requirements.

[0088] An algorithm refers to a sequence of steps designed to achieve a specific result. These steps can manipulate physical quantities, typically in the form of electrical or magnetic signals, which are represented as bits, values, symbols, or numbers. The Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 48 / 63 45 / 46 terms used to describe these processes are labels for the underlying physical operations.

[0089] The system can operate on a packet-switched network using various communication protocols, including Ethernet (compliant with IEEE 802.3 standards), X.25, frame relay, or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Communication between devices can follow established protocols, such as TCP / IP, or new emerging standards.

[0090] Terms such as processing, computation, calculation or determination refer to operations performed by computer systems or electronic devices that manipulate data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within memory or registers.

[0091] Terms such as component, system, and module refer to computer-related entities, whether hardware, software, or a combination of both. One or more components may be described as configured for, configurable for, operable / operational for, adapted / adaptable for, or similar terms. Unless explicitly stated, these terms encompass components in both active and inactive states.

[0092] Unless otherwise indicated, terms such as including or having should be interpreted as open (i.e., including but not limited to). Numerical claims generally mean at least the stated number, and disjunctive terms such as A or B should be interpreted as including one or both, unless explicitly specified. Operations in Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 49 / 63 46 / 46 Any claim may generally be made in any order unless explicitly stated. The expression "at least one of A, B and C" shall be interpreted as any combination of A, B and C, such as A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together and / or A, B and C together. The expression "at least one of A, B or C" shall be interpreted as including A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together and / or A, B and C together.

[0093] In summary, various embodiments have been described to illustrate the principles and applications of the systems and methods disclosed. These descriptions are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and variations may be made by those skilled in the art. The appended claims define the broader legal scope of the invention within its spirit and scope. Petition 870250118549, dated 12 / 22 / 2025, pp. 50-63

Claims

1 / 7 CLAIMS 1. Vehicle system including at least one electric vehicle having a battery, characterized in that it comprises: a conductive circuit configured to transmit electrical energy between the at least one electric vehicle having a battery and an external energy source during the movement of the vehicle system; an electric motor configured to propel the electric vehicle having a battery using electrical energy; and a control circuit configured to control the movement of the vehicle system along a route according to a travel plan, wherein the travel plan comprises operational settings, wherein the operational settings comprise a power consumption setting corresponding to the power consumption of the vehicle system from the external energy source as a function of the location of the vehicle system on the route.

2. Vehicle system according to claim 1, characterized in that the external power source comprises an electrical grid and in that the conductor circuit comprises a current collector configured to transmit electrical energy between at least one electric vehicle having a battery and a catenary connected to the electrical grid.

3. Vehicle system according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises: a regenerative circuit coupled to the conductor circuit, wherein the regenerative circuit is configured to generate electrical energy from the movement of the vehicle system, and wherein the operational configurations further comprise a power return configuration corresponding to the return of energy from the vehicle system to the external power source as a function of the vehicle system's location on the route.

4. Vehicle system according to claim 3, characterized in that it further comprises: an energy storage device configured to store electrical energy, wherein the electric motor is further configured to propel the vehicle system using electrical energy from the energy storage device, and wherein the operating configurations comprise a power source configuration for operating the electric motor using electrical energy from the energy storage device or electrical energy from an external power source depending on the location of the vehicle system on the route.

5. Vehicle system according to claim 4, characterized in that the power source configuration is set up to operate the electric motor using electrical energy from the energy storage device based, at least in part, on an electric motor power requirement that exceeds a power requirement threshold.

6. Vehicle system according to claim 4, characterized in that the travel plan is configured to control the total energy consumption of the vehicle system from the external energy source as the vehicle system moves along the route.

7. Vehicle system according to claim 4, characterized in that the travel plan is configured to control the maximum energy consumption of the vehicle system from the external energy source as the vehicle moves along the route.

8. Vehicle system according to claim 4, characterized in that the vehicle system further comprises at least one vehicle with an internal combustion engine, the engine of which is configured to propel the vehicle system using combustion energy, wherein the operating configurations comprise a propulsion source configuration to operate the electric motor of the electric vehicle having a battery or the engine of the vehicle with an internal combustion engine depending on the location of the vehicle system on the route.

9. Vehicle system according to claim 8, characterized in that the propulsion source configuration comprises the drive of the electric motor of at least one electric vehicle having a battery and the motor of the vehicle with an internal combustion engine at a first location of the vehicle system on the route, wherein the first location corresponds to an uphill section of the route.

10. Method for coordinating the movement of multiple vehicle systems, wherein at least one vehicle in each of the multiple vehicle systems comprises an electric locomotive having a battery configured to receive electrical power from an external power source. Petition 870250111161, dated 03 / 12 / 2025, p.7 / 58 4 / 7 during the movement of the vehicle system, the method characterized by the fact that it comprises: receiving, by a control circuit, a plurality of travel plans corresponding to the plurality of vehicle systems, wherein each travel plan of the plurality of travel plans comprises a planned movement of the corresponding vehicle system along a route; predicting, by the control circuit, an expected load on the external power supply as a function of time, based at least in part on the plurality of travel plans; and causing, by the control circuit, a modification of a travel plan of the plurality of travel plans, based at least in part on the expected load on the external power supply.

11. Method according to claim 10, characterized in that it further comprises: identifying, by means of the control circuit, an expected peak load from the expected load on the external power supply as a function of time.

12. Method according to claim 11, characterized in that it further comprises determining, by the control circuit, that the expected peak load exceeds a peak load limit, wherein causing the modification of the shutdown plan based, at least in part, on the expected load on the external power supply comprises causing the modification of the shutdown plan based, at least in part, on the expected peak load. Petition 870250111161, dated 03 / 12 / 2025, page 8 / 58 5 / 7 13. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that causing the modification of the travel plan comprises causing, through the control circuit, the vehicle system corresponding to the travel plan to alter a planned movement along the route in order to reduce the expected peak load.

14. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that causing the modification of the travel plan comprises causing, through the control circuit, the vehicle system corresponding to the travel plan to transmit electrical energy from an energy storage device of the vehicle system to the external energy source at a time corresponding to the expected peak load.

15. Vehicle system comprising an electric vehicle having a battery and a vehicle with an internal combustion engine, the vehicle system characterized in that it comprises: a conductive circuit configured to transmit electrical energy between the electric vehicle having a battery and an electrical grid during the movement of the vehicle system; an electric motor configured to propel the electric vehicle having a battery; an internal combustion engine configured to propel the vehicle with an internal combustion engine; and a control circuit configured to control the movement of the vehicle system along a route according to a travel plan, wherein the control circuit is configured to modify the travel plan based on Petition 870250111161, dated 03 / 12 / 2025, page 1.9 / 58 6 / 7 Location of the vehicle system on the route to adjust a planned power transmission between the electric vehicle having a battery and an electrical grid as the vehicle system moves along the route.

16. Vehicle system according to claim 15, characterized in that the vehicle system comprises a plurality of vehicle systems, each having an electric vehicle with a battery and a combustion engine vehicle and an external server configured to manage the movement of the plurality of vehicle systems.

17. Vehicle system according to claim 16, characterized in that the travel plan comprises a propulsion source configuration to operate at least one of the electric motors and the combustion engine as a function of a vehicle system location on the route, and wherein the control circuit is configured to modify the travel plan's propulsion source configuration to adjust the power transmission between the electric vehicle having a battery and an electrical power grid as the vehicle moves along the route.

18. Vehicle system according to claim 16, characterized in that the travel plan comprises a speed setting to control the speed of the vehicle system as a function of the vehicle system's location on the route, and wherein the control circuit is configured to modify the speed setting of the travel plan to adjust the planned power transmission between the electric vehicle having a battery and an electrical power grid as the vehicle moves along the route.

19. Vehicle system according to claim 16, characterized in that the travel plan comprises the power transmission configuration to control the transmission of electrical energy between the electric battery and the electrical grid as a function of the location of the vehicle system along the route, and wherein the control circuit is configured to modify the power transmission configuration of the travel plan to adjust the planned power transmission between the electric vehicle having a battery and an electrical grid as the vehicle moves along the route.

20. Vehicle system according to claim 16, characterized in that the trip plan is configured to control the vehicle system's energy consumption from the electrical grid as the vehicle system moves along the route. Petition 870250111161, dated 12 / 03 / 2025, p. 11 / 58

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