INTERPOLAÇÃO DE BANDA DE GUARDA NEURAL PARA DETECÇÃO DE RF

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for radio frequency (RF) sensing. According to one aspect, a method of RF sensing comprises collecting first channel state information (CSI) across a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first duration of time, the plurality of subcarriers comprising data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, the first CSI comprising at least CSI from the data subcarriers, processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first duration of time, and performing an RF sensing operation based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

Description

1 / 68 Neural guard band interpolation for RF detection BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of dissemination

[0001] The disclosure aspects generally relate to wireless communications, including wireless detection. 2. Description of the related technique

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed over several generations, including a first-generation (1G) analog wireless telephone service, a second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including 2.5G and 2.75G interim networks), a third-generation (3G) wireless service with high-speed internet and data capabilities, and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., long-term evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, there are many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular systems and personal communications service (PCS) systems.Examples of well-known cellular systems include the analog cellular system of the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, called New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates compared to previous standards, more precise positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P) signals), such as reference positioning signals. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 174 / 271 2 / 68 (PRS - positioning reference signals) of downlink, uplink or sidelink), and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based positioning. SUMMARY

[0004] A simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed in the present invention is presented below. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all aspects contemplated, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all aspects contemplated, or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Consequently, the following summary has the sole purpose of presenting certain concepts relating to one or more aspects related to the mechanisms disclosed in the present invention in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In one aspect, a radio frequency (RF) detection method includes collecting first channel state information (CSI) over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprises at least CSI of the data subcarriers; processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

[0006] In one aspect, an apparatus includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and to at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: collect the first CSI over a bandwidth. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 175 / 271 3 / 68 comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprises at least CSI of the data subcarriers; process at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and perform an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

[0007] In one aspect, an apparatus includes means for collecting the first CSI over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprise at least CSI of the data subcarriers; means for processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and means for performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0008] In one aspect, a non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores computer-executable instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to: collect the first CSIs over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSIs comprise at least CSIs of the data subcarriers; process at least a portion of the first CSIs by a neural network to estimate the second CSIs for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and perform an RF sensing operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

[0009] Other objectives and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed in the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art based on the Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 176 / 271 4 / 68 drawings attached and in the detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The attached drawings are presented to assist in describing various aspects of the disclosure and are provided for illustrative purposes only, and not to limit them.

[0011] Figure 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system, according to aspects of disclosure.

[0012] Figures 2A, 2B and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0013] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of various sample component aspects that can be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught in the present invention.

[0014] Figure 4 is a frequency versus power graph that shows a simplified representative example of how subcarriers within the channel can be allocated.

[0015] Figure 5 illustrates an example of wireless perception involving a transmitter, a receiver, and an object being detected.

[0016] Figure 6A and Figure 6B show portions of a simplified example of location using time difference of arrival (TDoA).

[0017] Figure 7 is a frequency versus power graph that shows an example of how a total bandwidth can be divided into multiple channels.

[0018] Figure 8 is a comparison of received signal power over time derived from a CSI without any frequency discontinuities versus with frequency discontinuities.

[0019] Figure 9 shows an example that illustrates the problems that CSI frequency discontinuities can cause for positioning operations. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 177 / 271 5 / 68

[0020] Figure 10 illustrates an example of subcarrier interpolation (reconstruction of missing subtones) using a neural network, according to aspects of disclosure.

[0021] Figure 11 illustrates steps in a process for training a neural network to reconstruct missing subtones, according to aspects of disclosure.

[0022] Figure 12 is a flowchart of an example process associated with neural guardband interpolation for RF detection, according to disclosure aspects. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Techniques for radio frequency (RF) detection are disclosed. According to one aspect, an RF detection method comprises collecting first channel state information (CSI) over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the first CSI comprises CSI of data subcarriers but not of guard band subcarriers, processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration, processing the first CSI and the second CSI to estimate at least one time of arrival (ToA), and calculating a position of a detected object based on at least one ToA.

[0024] In the following description, aspects of the disclosure are provided, and related drawings are directed to various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be conceived without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0025] The words exemplifier and / or example are used in the present invention to mean to serve as an example, instance or illustration. Any aspect described in the present invention as exemplifier and / or example does not necessarily have to be Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 178 / 271 6 / 68 interpreted as preferential or advantageous in relation to other aspects. Similarly, the term aspects of disclosure does not require that all aspects of disclosure include the attribute, advantage, or mode of operation discussed.

[0026] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the information and signals described below may be represented using any one of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0027] Additionally, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed, for example, by elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that several actions described in the present invention can be performed by specific circuits (for example, by application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions that are executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Furthermore, the sequence(s) of actions described in the present invention can be considered as fully incorporated in any form of non-transient, computer-readable storage medium that stores a corresponding set of computer instructions which, through execution, would cause, or instruct, an associated processor of a device to perform the functionalities described in the present invention.Thus, the various aspects of disclosure can be incorporated in several different forms, all of which have been contemplated as being within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, for each of the aspects described in the present invention, the corresponding form of any of these aspects can be described in the present invention as, for example... Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 179 / 271 7 / 68 example, logic configured to perform the described action.

[0028] As used in the present invention, the terms user equipment (UE) and base station are not intended to be specific to, or otherwise limited to, any particular radio access technology (RAT), except where otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a consumer asset locator device, a wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user for communication over a wireless communications network.A UE can be mobile or (for example, at certain times) stationary and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used in the present invention, the term UE can be interchangeably referred to as an access terminal or AT, client device, wireless device, subscriber device, subscriber terminal, subscriber station, user terminal or UT, a mobile device, mobile terminal, mobile station or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN and, through the core network, UEs can be connected to external networks, such as the Internet, and to other UEs.Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the internet are also possible for UEs, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs) (for example, based on the descriptive report of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.) and so on.

[0029] A base station can operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs, depending on the network in which it is implemented and can alternatively be called an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), or a next-generation eNB. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 180 / 271 8 / 68 (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) NodeB (also called gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station can be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions, while in other systems it may provide additional network control and / or management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) channel or direct link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a direct traffic channel, etc.).As used in the present invention, the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to an uplink / reverse link or a downlink / forward link traffic channel.

[0030] The term base station may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be colocated. For example, where the term base station refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term base station refers to multiple colocated physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (for example, as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station.Where the term base station refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a server base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the server base station that receives the report from. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 181 / 271 9 / 68 measurement of the UE and a neighboring base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used in the present invention, references to transmission from, or reception at, a base station should be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0031] In some implementations that support UE positioning, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections to UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0032] An RF signal comprises an electromagnetic wave with a given frequency that carries information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used in the present invention, a transmitter may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same RF signal transmitted over different paths between the transmitter and the receiver may be called a multipath RF signal. As used in the present invention, an RF signal may also be called a wireless signal or simply a signal, where it is evident from the context that the term signal refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0033] Figure 1 illustrates an example 100 wireless communication system, according to disclosure aspects. The 100 wireless communication system (which may also be called a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include several 102 base stations (identified as BS) and several 104 UEs. The 102 base stations may include Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 182 / 271 10 / 68 macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, macrocell base stations may include eNBs and / or ngeNBs, where the 100 wireless communication system corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the 100 wireless communication system corresponds to an NR network, or a combination of both, and small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0034] Base stations 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul links 122, and via the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform). The location server(s) 172 can be part of the core network 170 or can be external to the core network 170. A location server 172 can be integrated into a base station 102. A UE 104 can communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly.For example, a UE 104 can communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 can also communicate with a location server 172 through another route, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., the AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 can be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0035] In addition to other functions, base stations 102 can perform Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 183 / 271 11 / 68 functions relating to one or more of the following: user data transfer, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), intercellular interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and alert message delivery. Base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) through backhaul links 134, which can be wired or wireless.

[0036] Base stations 102 can communicate wirelessly with UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 can provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A cell is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., through a frequency resource, called carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequency.In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that can provide access for different types of UEs. Like a cell. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 184 / 271 12 / 68 is supported by a specific base station; the term cell can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. Furthermore, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms cell and TRP can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term cell can also refer to a geographic coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication in some portion of the geographic coverage areas 110.

[0037] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of the neighboring macrocell base station 102 may partially overlap (for example, in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (identified as SC, short for small cell) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide services to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0038] The 120 communication links between base stations 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink transmissions (also called reverse link) from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) transmissions (also called forward link) from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The 120 communication links may use MIMO antenna technology, which includes spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmission diversity. The 120 communication links may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric in Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 185 / 271 13 / 68 with respect to the downlink and the uplink (for example, a greater or lesser number of carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0039] The wireless communications system 100 may additionally include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 communicating with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communication in order to determine if the channel is available.

[0040] The 102' small cell base station can operate in a licensed and / or unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the 102' small cell base station can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same unlicensed 5 GHz frequency spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The 102' small cell base station employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum can enhance coverage and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in an unlicensed spectrum may be called NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be called LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0041] The wireless communication system 100 may additionally include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range from 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band can be called millimeter waves. Near-mmW waves can extend up to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The frequency band Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 186 / 271 Super high frequency (SHF) extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also known as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW 180 base station and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmission and / or reception) on an mmW 184 communication link to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Additionally, it will be recognized that, in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 can also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Consequently, it will be recognized that the aforementioned illustrations are merely examples and should not be interpreted as limiting the various aspects disclosed in the present invention.

[0042] Transmission beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmission beamforming, the network node determines where a given destination device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal to the receiving device(s). To alter the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal.For example, a network node might use an antenna array (called a phased array or antenna array) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be oriented to point in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is used to feed the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas sum to each other to increase radiation in a desired direction, while simultaneously canceling to suppress radiation in other directions. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 187 / 271 15 / 68 unwanted.

[0043] Transmission beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's own transmitting antennas are physically co-located or not. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a QCL relationship of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal in a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal in a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.If the source RF reference signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source RF reference signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second RF reference signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source RF reference signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source RF reference signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second RF reference signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source RF reference signal is QCL type D, the receiver can use the source RF reference signal to estimate the spatial reception parameter of a second RF reference signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0044] In beamforming, the receiver uses a beamforming system to amplify the RF signals detected in a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an antenna array in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means that the beamforming gain in that direction is high relative to the beamforming gain along other directions, or that the beamforming gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beamforming gain in that direction. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 188 / 271 16 / 68 among all other reception beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0045] Transmission and reception beams may be spatially related. A spatial relationship means that the parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmission or reception beam) for a second reference signal may be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a reception beam or a transmission beam) for a first reference signal. For example, an UE may use a particular reception beam to receive a downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE may then form a transmission beam to send an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station, based on the parameters of the reception beam.

[0046] It should be noted that a downlink beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming the downlink beam, it will be a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an uplink beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it will be an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it will be an uplink transmit beam. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 189 / 271 17 / 68

[0047] The electromagnetic spectrum is frequently subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operational bands were identified as the frequency band designations FR1 (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is frequently referred to (interchangeably) as a sub-6 GHz band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes arises with regard to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as a millimeter wave band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz to 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a millimeter wave band.

[0048] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as the FR3 frequency band designation (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands that fall under FR3 may inherit the characteristics of FR1 and / or the characteristics of FR2 and, in this way, may effectively extend the attributes of FR1 and / or FR2 to mid-band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency band designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands is in the EHF band.

[0049] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term sub-6 GHz or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may be lower than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Additionally, except when Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 190 / 271 18 / 68 unless specifically indicated otherwise, it should be understood that the term millimeter wave or similar, if used in the present invention, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0050] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is called the primary carrier or anchor carrier or primary server cell or PCell, and the other carrier frequencies are called secondary carriers or secondary server cells or SCells. In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier that operates on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and specific control channels for the UE and may be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case).A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier, and which can be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals; for example, those specific to the UE may not be present on the secondary carrier, since both uplink and downlink primary carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UE 104 / 182s in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to uplink primary carriers. The network has the capability to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time.This is done, for example, to balance the load across different carriers. Since a server cell (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a specific frequency. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 191 / 271 19 / 68 of carrier / carrier component through which some base station is communicating, the terms cell, server cell, carrier component, carrier frequency, and the like, may be used interchangeably.

[0051] For example, still referring to Figure 1, one of the frequencies used by the 102 macrocell base stations may be an anchor carrier (or PCell), and other frequencies used by the 102 macrocell base stations and / or the mmW 180 base station may be secondary carriers (SCells). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two aggregated 20 MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a twofold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to that obtained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0052] The wireless communications system 100 may additionally include a UE 164 that can communicate with a macrocell base station 102 via a communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via an mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0053] In some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 may be capable of side-link communication. Side-link capable UEs (SLUEs) can communicate with base stations 102 via communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) can also communicate directly with each other via a wireless side link 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between side-link capable UEs). A wireless side link (or simply side link) is an adaptation of the cellular core standard (e.g., LTE, NR) that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to pass through a base station. Communication by Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 192 / 271 20 / 68 side link communication can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X communication, enhanced V2X communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL-UEs using side link communications may be within the geographic coverage area of ​​a base station. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area of ​​a base station or may otherwise be unable to receive transmissions from a base station.In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via side-link communications may use a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to all other SL-UEs in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates resource scheduling for side-link communications. In other cases, side-link communications are performed between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0054] In one aspect, the 160 side link may operate through a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A medium may consist of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., spanning one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In one aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among several RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States). Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 193 / 271 21 / 68 In the United States, these systems, particularly those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation to unlicensed frequency bands, such as the unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies, commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0055] It should be noted that although Figure 1 illustrates only two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the UEs illustrated may be SL-UEs. Additionally, although only UE 182 has been described as being capable of beamforming, any of the UEs illustrated, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beam towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UE 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102', access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming through side link 160.

[0056] In the example in Figure 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in Figure 1 as a single UE 104, for simplicity) can receive signals 124 from one or more space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites) in Earth orbit. In one aspect, the SVs 112 can be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above Earth based on at least Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 194 / 271 22 / 68, in part, relies on positioning signals (e.g., 124 signals) received from transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a pseudo-random noise (PN) code repeated from a defined number of chips. Although typically located on SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located at ground-based control stations, 102 base stations, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive 124 signals to derive geographic location information from the SVs 112.

[0057] In a satellite positioning system, the use of 124 signals can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with, or otherwise enabled for, use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, an SBAS may include augmentation system(s) that provide integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the wide area augmentation system (WAAS), the European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS), the multi-functional satellite augmentation system (MSAS), global positioning system (GPS)-aided geo-augmented navigation, or GPS and geo-augmented navigation system (GAGAN), and / or similar systems. Thus, as used in the present invention, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0058] In one aspect, SVs 112 can additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (non-terrestrial NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to a ground station (also called a ground station, NTN gateway, or Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 195 / 271 23 / 68 gateway) which, in turn, is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna), or a network node in a 5GC. This element, in turn, would provide access to other elements in the 5G network and, ultimately, to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In this way, a UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0059] The wireless communication system 100 may additionally include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which indirectly connects to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) point-to-point (P2P) links (called side links). In the example in Figure 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (for example, through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In one example, D2D and P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported with any known D2D RAT, such as LTE direct (LTE-D), WiFi direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on.

[0060] Figure 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also called a next-generation core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.), and user plane (U-plane) functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, data network access, IP routing, etc.) that operate cooperatively to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to 5GC 210, and specifically to user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In a further configuration, an ng-eNB 224 can be Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 196 / 271 24 / 68 is also connected to 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 for control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 for user plane functions 212. Additionally, the ngeNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a next-generation RAN (NGRAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. One or the other (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 (for example, any of the UEs described in the present invention).

[0061] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with 5GC 210 in order to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 may be implemented in the form of a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.) or, alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that may connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210 and / or via the Internet (not shown).Additionally, the 230 location server can be integrated into a core network component or, alternatively, it can be external to the core network (for example, a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server, or a service server).

[0062] Figure 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in Figure 2A) can be functionally viewed as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 197 / 271 25 / 68 AMF 264 includes record management, connection management, accessibility management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described in the present invention) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF).AMF 264 also interacts with an AusF authentication server function (not shown) and UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) subscriber identity module (USIM), AMF 264 retrieves the security material from AUSF. AMF 264 functions also include security context management (SCM). SCM receives a key from SEAF which it uses to derive specific keys from the access network.The functionality of AMF 264 also includes location service management for regulatory services, transport for location service messages between UE 204 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location service messages between NG-RAN 220 and LMF 270, carrier identifier allocation for evolved packet system (EPS) for interoperability with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, AMF 264 also supports functionalities for third-generation partnership project (3GPP) non-partnership access networks. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 198 / 271 26 / 68

[0063] The functions of UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, enforcement of user plane policy rules (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, handling quality of service (QoS) for the user plane (e.g., enforcing uplink / downlink rates, reflective QoS marking on the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) for QoS flow mapping), transport layer packet marking on the uplink and downlink,Buffering of downlink packets and triggering of downlink data notifications, and sending and forwarding of one or more end markers to the originating RAN node. The UPF 262 can also support the transfer of location service messages on a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0064] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, allocation and management of UE Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic routing on UPF 262 to route traffic to the appropriate destination, control of part of the compliance with QoS guidelines and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0065] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide localization assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 may be implemented in the form of a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different modules of Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 199 / 271 27 / 68 software spread across multiple physical servers, etc.) or, alternatively, each can correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260 and / or via the Internet (not shown). The SLP 272 can support functions similar to the LMF 270, but while the LMF 270 can communicate with the AMF 264, the NG-RAN 220, and the UEs 204 on a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to carry signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 can communicate with the UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., a third-party server 274) on a user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0066] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220 and / or the UE 204, in order to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. In this way, in some cases the third-party server 274 may be called a location services client (LCS location services) or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.) or, alternatively, each may correspond to a single server.

[0067] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect 5GC 260 and, specifically, UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or NG-eNBs 224 in NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and AMF 264 is called interface N2, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and UPF 262 is called interface N3. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of NG-RAN Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 200 / 271 28 / 68 220 can communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, called the Xn-C interface. One or more of the gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a wireless interface, called the Uu interface.

[0068] The functionality of a gNB 222 can be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more distributed gNB units (gNBDUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNBCU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of user data transfer, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally hosts the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222.A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. A gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and a cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface between the gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DUs 228 is called the F1 interface. The physical layer (PHY) functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB RUs 229, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is called the Fx interface. Therefore, a UE 204 communicates with a gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0069] The deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, can be arranged in multiple ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR technology system, or network, a network node, Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 201 / 271 29 / 68 A network entity, a network mobility element, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element or network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality, can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a NodeB (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmit / receive point (TRP), or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0070] An aggregated base station can be configured to use a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated into a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to use a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some respects, a CU can be implemented at a RAN node and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU or, alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs.Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as virtual units, that is, a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0071] Base station-type operation or network design may consider base station functionality aggregation features. For example, disaggregated base stations may be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as the O-RAN alliance-sponsored network configuration), or a network Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 202 / 271 30 / 68 virtualized radio access network (vRAN), also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN). Disaggregation can include distributing functionality across two or more units in multiple physical locations, as well as distributing functionality to at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0072] Figure 2C illustrates an example of a disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to disclosure aspects. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that may communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a near-real-time (Near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 255, or both). A CU 280 can communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via their respective midhaul links, as an F1 interface.DUs 285 can communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via their respective fronthaul links. RUs 287 can communicate with their respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, UE 204 can be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 287.

[0073] Each of the units, that is, the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the near RT 259 RICs, the non-RT 257 RICs and the SMO 255 ​​structure, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to a Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 203 / 271 31 / 68 or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the units' communication interfaces, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals through a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, through a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0074] In some respects, the CU 280 can host one or more higher-layer control functions. These control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or similar functions. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit - user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit - control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units.The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface, when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285 as needed for network control and signaling.

[0075] A DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes a Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 204 / 271 32 / 68 or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some respects, DU 285 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical layers (PHY) (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or similar), depending, at least in part, on a functional division, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some respects, DU 285 may additionally host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 285 or with the control functions hosted by CU 280.

[0076] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more 287 RUs. In some deployments, a 287 RU, controlled by a 285 DU, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-layer PHY functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or similar), or both, based at least in part on functional splitting, as a lower-layer functional split. In this architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285.In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the DU 285 and CU 280 to be deployed in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 205 / 271 33 / 68

[0077] The SMO 255 ​​framework can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO 255 ​​framework can be configured to support the implementation of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that can be managed through an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO 255 ​​framework can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-cloud) 269) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). These virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287, and near-RT RICs 259.In some implementations, the SMO 255 ​​framework can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO 255 ​​framework can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an O1 interface. The SMO 255 ​​framework can also include a non-RT 257 RIC configured to support the functionality of the SMO 255 ​​framework.

[0078] The non-RT 257 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or application / attribute-based guidance on the near-RT 259 RIC. The non-RT 257 RIC can be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the near-RT 259 RIC. The near-RT 259 RIC can be configured to include a logic function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via actions and data collection over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 206 / 271 34 / 68 DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, to the RIC almost at RT 259.

[0079] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed on the near RT 259 RIC, the non-RT 257 RIC may receive external enrichment parameters or information from external servers. This information can be used by the near RT 259 RIC and can be received in the SMO 255 ​​framework, or in the non-RT 257 RIC from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT 257 RIC or the near RT 259 RIC can be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT 257 RIC can monitor long-term performance trends and patterns and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 255 ​​framework (such as reconfiguration via O1) or through the creation of RAN management guidelines (such as A1 guidelines).

[0080] Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate various example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that can be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described in the present invention), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described in the present invention), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or incorporate any of the network functions described in the present invention, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively, may be independent of the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in Figures 2A and 2B, as a private network) to support the operations described in the present invention. It will be recognized that these components can be deployed in different types of devices in different deployments (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-a-chip (SoC), etc.).The illustrated components can also be incorporated into other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given device may contain one or more of the components. For example, a device may... Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 207 / 271 35 / 68 include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0081] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, which provide means for communication (e.g., means for transmission, means for reception, means for measurement, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmission, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network and / or similar networks. Each of the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communication with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum).WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be variously configured to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so forth), respectively, and, conversely, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so forth), respectively, according to the designated RAT. Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0082] UE 302 and base station 304 also include, each at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 208 / 271 36 / 68 access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband (UWB), etc.) in relation to a wireless communication medium of interest. The 320 and 360 short-range wireless transceivers can be variously configured to transmit and encode 328 and 368 signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, to receive and decode 328 and 368 signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, according to the designated RAT.Specifically, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® transceivers and / or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0083] UE 302 and base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring positioning / communication signals from satellites 338 and 378, respectively. Where satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC - Indian) signals. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 209 / 271 37 / 68 regional navigation satellite system), quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS), etc. Where satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any hardware and / or software suitable for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations, as appropriate, from other systems and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine the locations of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0084] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, which provide means for communication (e.g., means to transmit, means to receive, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, base station 304 may employ one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, network entity 306 may employ one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 on one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0085] A transceiver can be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether wired or wireless) includes a set of transmitter circuits (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and a set of receiver circuits (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver can be an integrated device (e.g., incorporating the set of circuits Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 210 / 271 38 / 68 transmitter and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be incorporated in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. The wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), as an antenna array, which allows the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmission beamforming as described in the present invention.Similarly, the set of wireless receiver circuits (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), as an antenna array, which allows the respective device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform the reception beamforming as described in the present invention. In one aspect, the set of transmitter circuits and the set of receiver circuits may share an equal plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), so that the respective device may only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN 310 and 350 transceivers, short-range wireless 320 and 360 transceivers) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or similar, to perform various measurements.

[0086] As used in the present invention, the various wireless transceivers (for example, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (for example, network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) can be characterized, in general, as one transceiver, at least one transceiver, or one or more transceivers. Thus, if a transceiver Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 211 / 271 39 / 68 whether a wired or wireless transceiver is used can be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers generally refers to signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) generally refers to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0087] The UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed in the present invention. The UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, to provide related functionality, for example, wireless communication, and to provide other processing functionality. Processors 332, 384, and 394 can therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc.In one aspect, the 332, 384, and 394 processors may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0088] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 include the set of memory circuits that implement memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, to hold information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). Memories 340, 386, and 396 can therefore provide means to store, means to retrieve, means to maintain, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may include neural networks 342, 388, and 398, respectively. Neural networks 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 212 / 271 40 / 68 of, or are coupled to, processors 332, 384 and 394, respectively, which, when executed, cause UE 302, base station 304 and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described in the present invention. In other respects, neural networks 342, 388 and 398 may be external to processors 332, 384 and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated into another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, neural networks 342, 388, and 398 can be memory modules stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, which, when executed by processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described in the present invention.Figure 3A illustrates possible locations of neural network 342, which may, for example, be part of one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or it may be a standalone component. Figure 3B illustrates possible locations of neural network 388, which may, for example, be part of one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or it may be a standalone component. Figure 3C illustrates possible locations of neural network 398, which may, for example, be part of one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or it may be a standalone component.

[0089] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide means for detecting or information for detecting motion and / or orientation that are independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and / or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 213 / 271 41 / 68 barometric pressure altimeter) and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Furthermore, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multiaxial accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0090] In addition, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides means for providing instructions (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) to a user and / or for receiving information entered by the user (e.g., by user activation of a sensing device such as a numeric keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so forth). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0091] With reference to one or more 384 processors in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processor 384. The one or more 384 processors can implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer.One or more 384 processors can provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcast transmission of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reports; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, verification of...). Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 214 / 271 42 / 68 integrity) and handover support functions, RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper-layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling and logical channel prioritization.

[0092] Transmitter 354 and receiver 352 can implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical layer (PHY), can include error detection in transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of transport channels, interleaving, rate correlation, mapping to physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. Transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), multilevel phase-shift keying (M-PSK), multilevel phase-shift amplitude modulation (M-QAM)).The encoded and modulated symbols can then be divided into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time-domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-coded to produce multiple spatial streams. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 215 / 271 43 / 68 Channel estimates from a channel estimator can be used to determine the modulation and coding scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate can be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by UE 302. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0093] In UE 302, receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. Receiver 312 retrieves the modulated information on an RF carrier and provides the information to one or more processors 332. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to retrieve any spatial streams destined for UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 302, they can be combined by receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal.The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the signal constellation points most likely transmitted by base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to one or more 332 processors, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0094] In the downlink, one or more 332 processors provide demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, reassembly Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 216 / 271 44 / 68 packet decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more 332 processors are also responsible for error detection.

[0095] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with downlink transmission by base station 304, the one or more 332 processors provide RRC layer functionality associated with the acquisition of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs), RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs;and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs into transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reports, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat requests (HARQs), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0096] The channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference or feedback signal transmitted by the base station 304 can be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 can be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 can modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0097] Uplink transmission is processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function in UE 302. Receiver 352 receives a signal via its respective antenna(s) 356. Receiver 352 retrieves the information modulated on an RF carrier and provides the information to one or more Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 217 / 271 45 / 68 processors 384.

[0098] In the uplink, one or more 384 processors provide demultiplexing between transport and logic channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from UE 302. IP packets from one or more 384 processors can be provided to the core network. The one or more 384 processors are also responsible for error detection.

[0099] For convenience, the UE 302, base station 304, and / or network entity 306 are shown in Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described in the present invention. It will be recognized, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionalities in different designs. In particular, several components in Figures 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations, and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choices, costs, device usage, or other considerations. For example, in the case of Figure 3A, a particular implementation of the UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet or PC or laptop-type computer may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular only, etc.).), or it may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or it may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so forth. In another example, in the case of Figure 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi hotspot access point without cellular capability), or it may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular only, etc.), or it may omit the satellite receiver 370, and so forth. For the sake of brevity, illustrations of the various alternative configurations are not provided in the present invention, but would be readily understandable to those skilled in the art.

[0100] The various components of UE 302, base station 304 and network entity 306 can be communicatively coupled to each other in Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 218 / 271 46 / 68 data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In one aspect, data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 can form, or be part of, a communication interface of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are incorporated into the same device (e.g., gNB functionality and location server incorporated into the same base station 304), data buses 334, 382, ​​and 392 can provide communication between them.

[0101] The components in Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C can be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components in Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C can be implemented in one or more circuits, such as one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit can use and / or incorporate at least one memory component to store information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 310 to 346 can be implemented by the processor and the memory component(s) of UE 302 (for example, by executing suitable code and / or by configuring suitable processor components).Similarly, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 350 to 388 can be implemented by the processor and memory component(s) of base station 304 (for example, by executing suitable code and / or by configuring processor components appropriately). Furthermore, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 390 to 398 can be implemented by the processor and memory component(s) of network entity 306 (for example, by executing suitable code and / or by configuring processor components appropriately). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described in the present invention as being performed by a UE, a base station, a network entity, etc. However, as will be recognized, such operations, acts, and / or functions can in fact be performed by components, or combinations of components, specific to UE 302, base station 304, etc. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 219 / 271 47 / 68 of the network entity 306 etc., such as processors 332, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memories 340, 386, and 396, neural networks 342, 388 and 398 etc.

[0102] In some designs, network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 may be distinct from a cellular network infrastructure operator or operation (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with UE 302 via base station 304, or independently of base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as Wi-Fi).

[0103] Figure 4 is a frequency versus power graph 400 that shows a simplified representative example of how subcarriers within the channel can be allocated. In the example shown in Figure 4, a 20 MHz bandwidth WiFi channel is divided into thirty-three subcarriers, with subcarriers 1 to 5 used as a lower guard band, subcarriers 6 to 16 used for data, subcarrier 17 used as a pilot subcarrier, subcarriers 18 to 28 used for data, and subcarriers 29 to 33 used as an upper guard band. As shown in Figure 4, the guard band subcarriers have low power, the data subcarriers have high power, and the pilot subcarrier has maximum power. Note that the example shown in Figure 4 is simplified for ease of description. In 802.In 11a / g, for example, the 20 MHz bandwidth channel will have 64 subcarriers, including six subcarriers for a lower guard band, five subcarriers for an upper guard band, four pilot subcarriers, one center subcarrier, and 48 data subcarriers.

[0104] The pilot subcarrier carries only timing and frequency information to help the receiver synchronize with the transmitted signal. Although the pilot subcarrier carries information, this information is not taken from the input data stream. The data from the input data stream Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 220 / 271 48 / 68 are carried by the data subcarriers. The guard band subcarriers provide protection against inter-channel interference (ICI) with the data subcarriers of other 20 MHz channels occupying frequencies above or below the 20 MHz channel shown in Figure 4. Since each 20 MHz channel has guard band subcarriers at each end, the guard band between the data subcarriers of one channel and the data subcarriers of another channel will be ten or eleven subcarriers wide in the frequency domain.

[0105] Although the example shown in Figure 4 is a simplified WiFi channel, the same principles apply to 5G channels, although the channel bandwidth, number of subcarriers, and number of pilots may differ from WiFi channels. For example, since the frequency range of a single 5G subtone may be smaller than a single WiFi subtone, notches or guard bands in 5G may occupy a larger number of contiguous subtones. Like WiFi channels, communication channels in 5G are also separated by guard band intervals, but the frequency range of these intervals is different from those used in WiFi.

[0106] Figure 5 illustrates an example 500 of wireless perception involving a transmitter 502, a receiver 504, and an object 506 being detected. In the example shown in Figure 5, the transmitter 502 transmits a data signal that is received by the receiver 504. The receiver receives a line-of-sight (LOS) signal 508 directly, but also receives a reflected signal 510. Plot 512 shows the measured CSI (complex power over time) values, as measured by the receiver 504, where light represents higher power and dark represents lower power. The measured CSI are processed (block 514), for example, using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to convert from the frequency domain to the time domain, to produce a plot 516 of the received signal power over time.In the example shown in Figure 5, the line-of-sight signal 508 is received first in time, with maximum received power, while the reflected signal 510 is received later in time, with slightly lower power. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 221 / 271 49 / 68 reduced, for example, due to scattering, absorption by the object 506, etc. The difference in the arrival time of the LOS signal 508 and the reflected signal 510 is called the time-of-arrival difference (TDoA) and can be used to determine some information about the location of the object 506 being perceived.

[0107] Wireless perception has many potential applications. One application is home / business / retail automation and security, which may involve presence, positioning, tracking, and activity classification. Wireless perception offers better privacy compared to camera-based methods and also works through walls. Another application is in consumer electronics, which may involve touchless control of phones, TVs, laptops, and other electronic devices, and may enable intelligent energy-saving modes. Yet another application is in healthcare, which may involve contactless sleep monitoring, vital sign monitoring (heart rate, respiratory rate, etc.), and fall detection.Yet another application is in the automotive industry, which can involve baby presence alarms, baby monitoring, driver attention monitoring, and monitoring of vital signs for drivers and passengers.

[0108] Figure 6A and Figure 6B show portions of a simplified 600 location example using TDoA. In the example shown in Figure 6, a tx device at an unknown location transmits a signal that is received by three receivers (e.g., base stations) rx1, rx2, and rx3. Plot 602 shows the signal strength over time for the signal received by rx1. Plot 604 shows the signal strength over time for the signal received by rx2. Plot 606 shows the signal strength over time for the signal received by rx3. The arrival time differences between rx1 and rx2 (TDoArx2-rx1) and between rx1 and rx3 (TDoArx3-rx1) can be used to calculate a location of the tx device. Figure 6B shows a classic approach, which requires time-synchronized base station receivers. The location of the transmitter can be calculated based on Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 222 / 271 50 / 68 calculated distances from the transmitter to each receiver, which can be calculated from the relative arrival time delays. The accuracy of this positioning calculation can be improved by analyzing signals with a larger bandwidth. However, due to the specific use of guard bands, the use of a larger bandwidth can introduce new errors in the positioning calculation, as shown in Figure 7.

[0109] Figure 7 is a frequency versus power graph that shows an example of how a total bandwidth can be divided into multiple channels. In the example shown in Figure 7, a total bandwidth of 80 MHz is divided into four 20 MHz channels, but the same principles can be applied to other values ​​for total bandwidth, channel bandwidth, and number of channels. Similarly, the same principles can be applied to both WiFi and 5G technologies. For example, communication channels in 5G, which can have a bandwidth of 100 MHz, also have guard intervals on both sides.

[0110] As shown in Figure 7, the guard band subcarriers between each of the four 20 MHz channels provide protection against ICI. The frequencies received by a receiver are called channel state information (CSI). Figure 7 also shows an example of what is called a notch, which is where one or more subcarriers suffer electromagnetic interference (for example, from an electronic component sending data or noise at those particular frequencies), causing a loss of information within the notch.

[0111] Figure 7 includes a 702 plot of power over time for all data subcarriers within the example 80 MHz total bandwidth. In the 702 plot, light represents higher power and dark represents lower power. Moving horizontally along the 702 plot, at any given time, the complex power value from subcarrier to subcarrier changes in a typically gradual manner. However, because guard band subcarriers do not contain data, these subcarriers are discarded and excluded. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 223 / 271 51 / 68 of plot 702. This tends to create discontinuity points in the frequency bands, that is, sudden changes in complex power from one subcarrier to another subcarrier, identified as d1, d2, and d3 in Figure 7. In practice, notch subcarriers are also discarded, since the data within the notch tends to be corrupted beyond recovery. This can also create discontinuities.

[0112] For data communication, for example, data transmission from one device to another, discarding one or more adjacent subcarriers is not a problem, since the data subcarriers are individually decoded to extract the data being transmitted. This is not the case, however, for wireless perception, RF detection, or other techniques that use CSI to infer 3D information about the environment. For these use cases, when a CSI with such discontinuities in the frequency domain is converted to the time domain, this can introduce timing errors, as shown in Figure 8.

[0113] Figure 8 is a comparison of a first 800 plot of received signal strength over time derived from a CSI without any frequency discontinuities versus a second 802 plot of received signal strength over time derived from a CSI with frequency discontinuities. A comparison of the two plots shows that the second 802 plot has peaks that are significantly different in time and amplitude compared to the corresponding peaks in the first 800 plot. In the example shown in Figure 8, peak 804 and peak 806 are slightly time-delayed and have a lower measured power in plot 802 compared to plot 800, while peak 808 is more time-delayed and has a much lower measured power in plot 802 compared to plot 800.

[0114] Figure 9 shows an example 900 illustrating the problems that CSI frequency discontinuities can cause for positioning operations. Plot 902 shows the signal strength over time for the signal received by rx3. Plot 904 shows the signal strength at Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 224 / 271 Plot 52 / 68 shows the signal intensity over time for the signal received by rx2. Plot 906 shows the signal intensity over time for the signal received by rx3. Each plot shows a comparison of the result calculated from a CSI without frequency discontinuities (solid line) and the result calculated from a CSI with frequency discontinuities caused by guard bands and / or notches (dashed line). As can be seen in Figure 9, the presence of frequency discontinuities in the processed CSI can affect the time-domain response, which, in turn, can lead to a positioning error, i.e., the calculated position 908 is not the actual position 910.

[0115] A conventional approach to addressing the problems caused by frequency discontinuities in CSI is to attempt to recreate data for the missing (i.e., discarded or ignored) subcarriers using non-uniform FFT (NU-FFT) or polynomial interpolation (PI), where the missing data is the complex power of a missing subtone and where a subtone is a complex signal on a particular subcarrier at a particular point in time. However, NF-FFT does not provide good results for positioning, and PI works well only for recreating one or two subcarriers and does not provide good results for reconstructing guard bands, which are ten or eleven subcarriers wide in WiFi and may occupy a higher number of subcarriers in 5G, or for reconstructing notches that span more than two subcarriers.

[0116] Consequently, techniques for interpolating subcarriers (which may also be called missing subtone reconstruction in the present invention) using neural networks are presented in the present invention. Several different neural architectures are presented.

[0117] Figure 10 illustrates an example of subcarrier interpolation using a neural network, according to aspects of disclosure. In Figure 10, the example 80 MHz bandwidth shown in Figure 7 is divided into four 20 MHz data channels, each 20 MHz channel surrounded by guard bands and having a pilot subcarrier. (For 5G, the total bandwidth could be 100 MHz, for example.) Figure 10 Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 225 / 271 53 / 68 also shows CSI 1002 information over time for each 20 MHz channel, but not for any of the guard bands between the 20 MHz channels. In some respects, the pilot subtones can be reconstructed by simple interpolation of adjacent data subtones.

[0118] In order to reconstruct the missing subtones within the guard bands, known subtones from subcarriers on both sides of the guard band are provided to one or more 1004 neural networks, which reconstruct the subtones within the guard bands. These techniques work because the subtones in guard bands and notches tend to be similar to the subtones in adjacent subcarriers. Note that, since the actual data content of the CSI is irrelevant for the purpose of wireless perception, only the complex power value needs to be reconstructed by the 1004 neural network(s).

[0119] The example shown in Figure 10 shows separate neural networks for each guard band gap between adjacent 20 MHz channels, but in some respects, one neural network, or other numbers of neural networks, can be used instead of three. The CSI of the reconstructed subtones 1006 are then joined to the original CSI information 1002 in step 1008 and provided to the FFT process in step 1010, which produces a plot of signal intensity over time, such as plot 516 in Figure 5. In some respects, the guard band subtones are zeroed and replaced by the subtones emitted by the neural network. In some respects, the subtones adjacent to the guard band subtones are not modified. In some respects, at least some of the subtones adjacent to the guard band subtones are replaced or modified by the subtones emitted by the neural network.

[0120] Many different types of neural networks can be employed for this purpose. In some respects, the neural network may comprise an autoencoder (AE) based on fully connected layers. In some respects, the neural network may comprise a convolutional AE, for example, an AE in which the layers are fully connected. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 226 / 271 54 / 68 connected layers were replaced by convolutional layers. In some respects, the neural network may comprise a convolutional UNet architecture with or without interlayer transformer encoders / decoders. Subtone reconstruction has similarities to some computer vision problems. In some respects, the neural network may comprise a neural network that relies on a vision transformer (ViT). In some respects, the neural network may comprise a ViT architecture that can autoregressively reconstruct missing subtones, which improves latency. In some respects, autoregressive estimation can be performed with other architectures, such as AEs and UNets.

[0121] Figure 11 illustrates steps in a 1100 process for training a neural network to reconstruct missing subtones, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example 1100 process shown in Figure 11, the CSI 1102 data includes at least a portion of the measured data from a guard band and the data channels that the guard band separates, identified as data channel N and data channel N+1 in Figure 11. In some aspects, only the K subcarriers closest to the guard band subcarriers are used to train the neural network 1104. In some circumstances, Kl subtones to the left and Kr subtones to the left and right, respectively, of the interval to be reconstructed are used to train the neural network 1104, where Kl is not equal to Kr. This may be necessary, for example, when there is a notch interval close to a guard band. In some aspects, a known subtone interval is zeroed for training.The inputs to the neural network are the subtones to the left and right of the zeroed band. The original values ​​of the zeroed subtones are used as targets to train the neural network.

[0122] In block 1106, the CSI data 1102 are divided into two groups: training input data 1108 and known good output data 1110. The training input data 1108 are provided to the neural network 1104, which produces a prediction of the missing subtones 1112. The known good data 1110 are compared with the subtones Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 227 / 271 55 / 68 predicted 1112 in a comparison step 1114, which can be used to further train the neural network.

[0123] In the example shown in Figure 11, neural network 1104 is trained using known guardband data 1110 to output the correct subtones 1112, but the same technique can be used to recover notch values. For example, neural network 1104 can be trained using portions of data subtones that surround other data subtones instead of guardband subtones. That is, the known good data 1110 can be data subtones, and the input 1108 can be data subtones from subcarriers on both sides of the known good data 1110. In this way, neural network 1104 can output reconstructed data subtones 1112, for example, to replace data subtones that have been corrupted by temporary noise.

[0124] In some respects, the training data may be known consecutive packets and continuous subtones. In some respects, the training data may be randomly selected from the available data. In some respects, the training data may be from a randomly selected antenna, from a randomly selected subtone range, from a random packet range, etc.

[0125] Figure 12 is a flowchart of an example of a 1200 process associated with neural guardband interpolation for RF detection, according to disclosure aspects. In some implementations, one or more process blocks in Figure 12 may be performed by a UE (e.g., UE 104). In some implementations, the 1200 process may be performed by a base station (e.g., BS 102) or other network entity. In some implementations, one or more process blocks in Figure 12 may be performed by another device or by a separate group of devices from, or including, the UE. Additionally or alternatively, one or more process blocks in Figure 12 may be performed by one or more components of the UE 302, such as processor(s) 332, memory 340, WWAN transceiver(s) 310, short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320, Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 228 / 271 56 / 68 satellite signal receiver 330, sensor(s) 344, user interface 346 and neural network(s) 342, any or all of which may be means to perform the operations of process 1200.

[0126] As shown in Figure 12, process 1200 may include, in block 1210, collecting the first CSI over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the first CSI comprise CSI from data subcarriers but not from guard band subcarriers. The means to perform the operation of block 1210 may include processor(s) 332, memory 340, or WWAN transceiver(s) 310 of UE 302. For example, UE 302 may collect the first CSI using receiver(s) 312. In some respects, the subtones of all subcarriers are recorded, including those on the guard band subcarriers. In some respects, the subtones in the guard band subcarriers, which may have undefined values, very large values, or zero value, are discarded after recording, for example, by software processing.In some respects, the subtones in the guard band subcarriers are discarded by hardware. In some respects, the subtones in the guard band subcarriers are not discarded by hardware or software. For example, guard band subcarriers can be used as inputs to the neural network, can be used to check the output of the neural network, can be used for some other purpose, or combinations thereof.

[0127] As further shown in Figure 12, process 1200 may include, in block 1220, processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration. The means to perform the operation of block 1220 may include processor(s) 332, memory 340 or WWAN transceiver(s) 310 of UE 302. For example, UE 302 may process at least a portion of the first CSI using neural network 342. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 229 / 271 57 / 68

[0128] As further shown in Figure 12, process 1200 may include, in block 1230, performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSI and second CSI. The means for performing the operation in block 1230 may include processor(s) 332, memory 340, or WWAN transceiver(s) 310 of UE 302. For example, UE 302 may process the first CSI and second CSI using processor(s) 332.

[0129] In some respects, the first CSI comprise CSI of the data subcarriers and CSI of the guard band subcarriers.

[0130] In some respects, neural network processing comprises processing, by an autoencoder (AE) with fully connected layers or with convolutional layers, of a convolutional architecture, a convolutional architecture with fully connected layers, a convolutional architecture with attention layers, a view transformer, a convolutional architecture with transformer models between encoder and decoder, an autoregressive model, or a combination thereof.

[0131] In some respects, processing at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers additionally involves estimating the second CSI for at least some of the data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

[0132] In some respects, processing at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers additionally involves estimating the second CSI for data subcarriers that have been corrupted by noise or interference.

[0133] In some respects, performing the RF detection operation involves processing the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0134] In some respects, performing the RF detection operation involves performing a positioning operation. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 230 / 271 58 / 68

[0135] In some respects, performing the positioning operation involves processing the first CSI and the second CSI to estimate at least one ToA and calculating the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA.

[0136] In some respects, calculating the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA involves calculating the position of the detected object based on a TDoA using arrival times for a plurality of TRPs.

[0137] In some respects, performing the positioning operation involves performing time-domain fingerprinting or frequency-domain fingerprinting based on first CSI and second CSI.

[0138] In some respects, performing RF detection operations involves performing gesture recognition.

[0139] In some respects, performing the RF detection operation involves performing a channel estimation operation.

[0140] In some respects, process 1200 additionally comprises training the neural network to estimate CSI of guard band subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

[0141] In some respects, process 1200 additionally comprises training the neural network to estimate CSI of corrupted data subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the corrupted data subcarriers.

[0142] Process 1200 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere in the present invention. Although Figure 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some implementations, process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or blocks differentially arranged in relation to those depicted in Figure 12. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 231 / 271 59 / 68 Alternatively, two or more of the blocks in process 1200 can be performed in parallel.

[0143] As will be recognized, a technical advantage of the techniques disclosed in the present invention is that they improve the accuracy of wireless perception based on CSI analysis. Another technical advantage is that a neural network can be jointly trained, or finely tuned, together with higher-level applications such as localization. Yet another technical advantage is that the neural network can be self-supervised.

[0144] In the detailed description above, it can be noted that different attributes are grouped into examples. This method of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more attributes than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Instead, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than the totality of the attributes of an individual disclosed example clause. Therefore, the following clauses should be considered incorporated into the description, where each clause by itself can serve as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination.It will be recognized that other example clauses may also include a combination of the aspect(s) of the dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or a combination of any attribute with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed in the present invention expressly include such combinations, unless it is explicitly stated or can be easily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (for example, contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on it. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 232 / 271 60 / 68 independent clause.

[0145] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0146] Clause 1. An RF detection method, wherein the method comprises: collecting the first CSIs over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSIs comprise at least CSIs of the data subcarriers; processing at least a portion of the first CSIs by a neural network to estimate the second CSIs for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

[0147] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the first CSI comprise CSI of the data subcarriers and CSI of the guard band subcarriers.

[0148] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein processing by a neural network comprises processing, by an autoencoder with fully connected layers or with convolutional layers, of a convolutional architecture, a convolutional architecture with fully connected layers, a convolutional architecture with attention layers, a view transformer, a convolutional architecture with transformer models between encoder and decoder, an autoregressive model or a combination thereof.

[0149] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the processing of at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guardband subcarriers further comprises estimating the second CSI for at least some of the data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guardband subcarriers.

[0150] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, where Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 233 / 271 61 / 68 The processing of at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers further comprises estimating the second CSI for data subcarriers that have been corrupted by noise or interference.

[0151] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, in which performing the RF detection operation comprises processing the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0152] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, in which performing the RF detection operation comprises performing a positioning operation.

[0153] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, in which performing the positioning operation comprises: processing the first CSI and the second CSI to estimate at least one ToA; and calculating the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA.

[0154] Clause 9. The method in clause 8, wherein calculating the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA comprises calculating the position of the detected object based on a TDoA using arrival times for a plurality of transmission / reception points.

[0155] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 7 to 9, where performing the positioning operation comprises performing time-domain fingerprinting or frequency-domain fingerprinting based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0156] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein performing the RF detection operation comprises performing a gesture recognition operation.

[0157] Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein performing the RF detection operation comprises performing a channel estimation operation.

[0158] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12 which further comprises training the neural network to estimate guard band subcarrier CSI using data subcarrier CSI Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 234 / 271 62 / 68 in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

[0159] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 13 which further comprises training the neural network to estimate CSI of corrupted data subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the corrupted data subcarriers.

[0160] Clause 15. A device comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and to at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: collect the first CSIs over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guardband subcarriers, wherein the first CSIs comprise at least CSIs of the data subcarriers; process at least a portion of the first CSIs by a neural network to estimate the second CSIs for at least the guardband subcarriers over the first time duration; and perform an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

[0161] Clause 16. The apparatus of clause 15, wherein the first CSI comprise CSI of the data subcarriers and CSI of the guard band subcarriers.

[0162] Clause 17. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 16, in which processing by a neural network comprises processing, by an autoencoder with fully connected layers or with convolutional layers, of a convolutional architecture, a convolutional architecture with fully connected layers, a convolutional architecture with attention layers, a view transformer, a convolutional architecture with transformer models between encoder and decoder, an autoregressive model or a combination thereof.

[0163] Clause 18. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 17, wherein, to process at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers, Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 235 / 271 63 / 68 or at least one processor is configured to estimate the second CSI for at least some of the data subcarriers positioned adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

[0164] Clause 19. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 18, wherein, in order to process at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers, at least one processor is configured to estimate the second CSI for data subcarriers that have been corrupted by noise or interference.

[0165] Clause 20. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 19, in which, to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to process the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0166] Clause 21. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 20, in which, in order to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to perform a positioning operation.

[0167] Clause 22. The device of clause 21, in which, to perform the positioning operation, at least one processor is configured to: process the first CSI and the second CSI to estimate at least one ToA; and calculate the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA.

[0168] Clause 23. The device of clause 22, wherein, in order to calculate the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA, at least one processor is configured to calculate the position of the detected object based on a TDoA using arrival times for a plurality of transmission / reception points.

[0169] Clause 24. The apparatus of any of clauses 21 to 23, in which, to perform the positioning operation, at least one processor is configured to perform time-domain fingerprinting or frequency-domain fingerprinting based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0170] Clause 25. The apparatus of any of the clauses 15 to 24, in which, to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 236 / 271 64 / 68 is configured to perform gesture recognition.

[0171] Clause 26. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 25, in which, in order to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to perform a channel estimation operation.

[0172] Clause 27. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 26, in which at least one processor is additionally configured to train the neural network to estimate CSI of guard band subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

[0173] Clause 28. The apparatus of any of clauses 15 to 27, in which at least one processor is additionally configured to train the neural network to estimate CSI of corrupted data subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the corrupted data subcarriers.

[0174] Clause 29. An apparatus comprising: means for collecting the first CSI over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprise at least CSI of the data subcarriers; means for processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and means for performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

[0175] Clause 30. A non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores computer-executable instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to: collect the first CSI over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first duration of time, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guardband subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprise at least CSI of the data subcarriers; Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 237 / 271 65 / 68 process at least a portion of the first CSIs by a neural network to estimate the second CSIs for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and perform an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

[0176] Clause 31. An apparatus comprising a memory, a transceiver and a processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, wherein the memory, the transceiver and the processor are configured to perform a method in accordance with any of clauses 1 to 14.

[0177] Those skilled in the art will recognize that information and signals can be represented using any one of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the description above can be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic particles or fields, optical particles or fields, or any combination thereof.

[0178] Additionally, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed in the present invention can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in terms of their functionality. The possibility of such functionality being implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in various ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a deviation from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0179] The various logic blocks, modules, and illustrative circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed in the present invention can be implemented or realized with a general-purpose processor, a Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 238 / 271 66 / 68 digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present invention. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0180] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed in the present invention may be directly incorporated into hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of both. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor so that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be an integral part of the processor.The processor and storage medium can reside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium can reside as separate components in a user terminal.

[0181] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pages 239 / 271 67 / 68 transmitted in the form of one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media, including any means that facilitate the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other media that can be used to carry or store the desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. In addition, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless communication technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless communication technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of media. As used in the present invention, disks (disk and disc) include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc, where disks generally reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically by means of lasers. Combinations of the above items should also be included in the scope of computer-readable media.

[0182] Although the aforementioned disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims according to the disclosure aspects described in the present invention need not be performed in Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 240 / 271 68 / 68 any particular order. Furthermore, although the elements of disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular form, the plural form is contemplated unless a limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 241 / 271

Claims

1 / 6 CLAIMS 1. Radio frequency (RF) detection method, the method being characterized by comprising: collecting the first channel state information (CSI) over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, the plurality of subcarriers comprising data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, the first CSI comprising at least CSI of the data subcarriers; processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first CSIs comprise CSI of the data subcarriers and CSI of the guard band subcarriers.

3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the neural network processing comprises processing, by an autoencoder (AE) with fully connected layers or with convolutional layers, a convolutional architecture, a convolutional architecture with fully connected layers, a convolutional architecture with attention layers, a view transformer, a convolutional architecture with transformer models between encoder and decoder, an autoregressive model, or a combination thereof.

4. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by processing at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers, further comprising estimating the second CSI for at least some of the data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 266 / 271 2 / 6 5. A method according to claim 1, characterized by processing at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers, and further understanding by estimating the second CSI for data subcarriers that have been corrupted by noise or interference.

6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that performing the RF detection operation comprises processing the first CSI and the second CSI.

7. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that performing the RF detection operation comprises performing a positioning operation.

8. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that performing the positioning operation comprises: processing the first CSI and the second CSI to estimate at least one time of arrival (ToA); and calculating the position of a detected object based on at least one ToA.

9. Method, according to claim 8, characterized by the calculation of the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA comprising calculating the position of the detected object based on a time-of-arrival difference (TDoA) using arrival times for a plurality of transmission / reception points (TRPs).

10. Method, according to claim 7, characterized in that performing the positioning operation comprises performing fingerprinting in the time domain or fingerprinting in the frequency domain based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

11. Method, according to claim 1, characterized in that performing the RF detection operation comprises performing gesture recognition.

12. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that performing the RF detection operation comprises performing a channel estimation operation. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 267 / 271 3 / 6 13. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising training the neural network to estimate CSI of guard band subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

14. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising training the neural network to estimate CSI of corrupted data subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the corrupted data subcarriers.

15. An apparatus characterized by comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and to at least one transceiver, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: collect the first channel state information (CSI) over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprises at least CSI of the data subcarriers; process at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and perform an RF detection operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

16. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that the first CSI comprise CSI of the data subcarriers and CSI of the guard band subcarriers.

17. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that the neural network processing comprises processing, by an autoencoder (AE) with fully connected layers or with convolutional layers, a convolutional architecture, a convolutional architecture with fully connected layers, a convolutional architecture with attention layers, a vision transformer, a convolutional architecture with transformer models between encoder and decoder, an autoregressive model or a combination thereof.

18. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that, in order to process at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers, at least one processor is configured to estimate the second CSI for at least some of the data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

19. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that, in order to process at least a portion of the first CSI by the neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers, at least one processor is configured to estimate the second CSI for data subcarriers that have been corrupted by noise or interference.

20. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that, to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to process the first CSI and the second CSI.

21. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that, to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to perform a positioning operation.

22. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that, to perform the positioning operation, at least one processor is configured to: process the first CSI and the second CSI to estimate at least one time of arrival (ToA); and calculate a position of a detected object based on at least one ToA.

23. Apparatus, according to claim 22, characterized in that, for Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 269 / 271 5 / 6, calculating the position of the detected object based on at least one ToA, the at least one processor being configured to calculate the position of the detected object based on a time-of-arrival difference (TDoA) using arrival times for a plurality of transmission / reception points (TRPs).

24. Device according to claim 21, characterized in that, to perform the positioning operation, at least one processor is configured to perform fingerprinting in the time domain or fingerprinting in the frequency domain based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

25. Device according to claim 15, characterized in that, to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to perform gesture recognition.

26. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that, to perform the RF detection operation, at least one processor is configured to perform a channel estimation operation.

27. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to train the neural network to estimate CSI of guard band subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the guard band subcarriers.

28. Apparatus, according to claim 15, characterized in that at least one processor is additionally configured to train the neural network to estimate CSI of corrupted data subcarriers using CSI of data subcarriers in a position adjacent to the corrupted data subcarriers.

29. Apparatus characterized by comprising: means for collecting the first channel state information (CSI) over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprise at least CSI of the data subcarriers; means for processing at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and means for performing an RF detection operation based on the first CSI and the second CSI.

30. A non-transient, computer-readable medium characterized by storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to: collect first channel state information (CSI) over a bandwidth comprising a plurality of subcarriers over a first time duration, wherein the plurality of subcarriers comprises data subcarriers and guard band subcarriers, wherein the first CSI comprises at least CSI of the data subcarriers; process at least a portion of the first CSI by a neural network to estimate the second CSI for at least the guard band subcarriers over the first time duration; and perform an RF sensing operation based on the first CSIs and the second CSIs.

31. Product, process, system, kit, means or use, characterized by comprising one or more elements described in the descriptive report, claims, drawings, sequence listing, or summary of this application, when applicable. Petition 870250079872, dated 05 / 09 / 2025, pp. 271 / 271

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