Device and method for diagnosing battery

Description

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING BATTERIES FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[001] This application is based on and claims priority from Korean Patent Application Number 10-2023-0115856, filed on August 31, 2023 with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[002] The present description refers to an apparatus and method for diagnosing a battery and, more specifically, to an apparatus and method capable of diagnosing a battery's condition in relation to overpotential. BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNIQUE

[003] Recently, the demand for portable electronic products, such as notebook computers, video cameras, and mobile phones, has increased sharply, and electric vehicles, energy storage batteries, robots, satellites, and the like have been intensively developed. Consequently, high-performance batteries that allow repeated charging and discharging are being actively studied.

[004] Commercially available batteries currently include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, lithium batteries, and similar batteries. Among these, lithium batteries stand out because they have almost no memory effect compared to nickel-based batteries, and also have a very low self-charging rate and high energy density.

[005] Much research is being conducted on these batteries in terms of high capacity and high density, but the aspect of improving service life and safety is also important. In order to improve battery safety, technology to accurately diagnose the current state of the battery is required.

[006] Conventionally, the battery status is diagnosed Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 6 / 103 2 / 63 by analyzing the battery profile, which represents the correspondence between the battery's capacity and voltage. For example, during the battery charging process, capacity and voltage are measured, and the battery status is diagnosed through battery profile analysis, which represents the correspondence between the measured capacity and voltage. As another example, the battery status can be diagnosed based on the capacity and voltage measured during the battery discharge process.

[007] Here, in order to more accurately diagnose the current battery state, a battery profile that precisely reflects the current battery state is required. However, in order to obtain this battery profile, there is the problem that low charging and discharging rates, such as 0.05 C (rate C), are required. That is, in the past, low charging and discharging rates were required to diagnose the battery state, therefore, there are limitations in diagnosing the battery state.

[008] For example, when charging and discharging the battery at 0.3 C or above, the resulting battery profile includes overpotential, so the battery profile may not accurately reflect the current state of the battery due to the influence of the overpotential. When using a battery profile that includes overpotential, there is concern that the battery state may not be accurately diagnosed, so low charge and discharge rates are required to accurately diagnose the battery state. DESCRIPTION Technical Problem

[009] The present description is designed to solve the problems of the relative technique and, therefore, the present description is directed Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 7 / 103 3 / 63 to provide an apparatus and method for diagnosing a battery under consideration for overpotential.

[0010] These and other objects and advantages of the present description can be understood from the following detailed description and will become more fully apparent from the exemplary embodiments of the present description. It will also be easily understood that the objects and advantages of the present description can be realized by the means shown in the appended claims and combinations thereof. Technical Solution

[0011] An apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to an aspect of the present description may comprise a profiling unit configured to obtain each of a plurality of battery profiles, which indicate a matching relationship between the voltage and capacity of each of a plurality of batteries; a profile correction unit configured to generate a plurality of corrected profiles, correcting the plurality of battery profiles based on a predefined overpotential profile, and generating a corresponding adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile for each battery, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match each of the plurality of corrected profiles;and a control unit configured to extract a diagnostic factor for each battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profiles and the adjusted negative electrode profile, and diagnose the state of the plurality of batteries based on the plurality of diagnostic factors extracted.

[0012] The overpotential profile can be a profile that represents a voltage-per-capacity difference between a criterion battery profile for a criterion C-rate and the criterion battery profile for a target C-rate defined for the plurali Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 8 / 103 4 / 63 battery capacity.

[0013] The profile correction unit can be configured to generate the plurality of corrected profiles by calculating a voltage difference per capacity between each of the plurality of battery profiles and the overpotential profile.

[0014] The overpotential profile can be configured to be stored in advance for each of the plurality of C rates.

[0015] The profile correction unit can be configured to select an overpotential profile that corresponds to the target rate C from among the pre-stored plurality of overpotential profiles and generate the corrected profile plurality using the selected overpotential profile.

[0016] The control unit can be configured to select a diagnostic factor that is outside a limit range among the plurality of diagnostic factors, taking into account the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic factors, and diagnose the state of a battery that corresponds to the selected diagnostic factor as an abnormal state.

[0017] The control unit can be configured to extract at least one of a positive electrode factor based on the adjusted positive electrode profile, a negative electrode factor based on the adjusted negative electrode profile, and a positive and negative electrode factor based on the positive electrode factor and the negative electrode factor.

[0018] The positive electrode factor can be configured to include at least one of an initial positive electrode potential, a final positive electrode potential, a positive electrode change rate, and a battery positive electrode charge quantity based on the adjusted positive electrode profile. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 9 / 103 5 / 63

[0019] The negative electrode factor can be configured to include at least one of an initial negative electrode potential, a final negative electrode potential, a negative electrode change rate, and a battery negative electrode charge quantity based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0020] The positive and negative electrode can be configured to include an NP ratio based on the amount of charge on the positive electrode and the amount of charge on the negative electrode.

[0021] The profile correction unit can be configured to generate a full comparison cell profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile, and generate the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the generated full comparison cell profile matches the corrected profile.

[0022] A battery set according to another aspect of the present description may comprise the apparatus for diagnosing a battery, according to the present description.

[0023] A battery manufacturing system according to yet another aspect of the present description may comprise the apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to the present description.

[0024] A vehicle according to yet another aspect of the present description may comprise the apparatus for diagnosing a battery, according to the present description.

[0025] A method for diagnosing a battery according to another aspect of the present description may comprise a profiling step of obtaining each of a plurality of battery profiles indicating a voltage-to-capacity correspondence relationship for each of a plurality of batteries; a corrected profile generation step of generating a plurality of corrected profiles Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 10 / 103 6 / 63 correcting the plurality of battery profiles based on a predefined overpotential profile; a profile adjustment step to generate a corresponding adjusted positive electrode profile and adjusted negative electrode profile for each battery, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match each of the plurality of corrected profiles; a diagnostic factor extraction step to extract a diagnostic factor for each battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile; and a state diagnostic step to diagnose the state of the plurality of batteries based on the extracted plurality of diagnostic factors. Advantageous Effects

[0026] The device for diagnosing a battery according to the present description diagnoses the battery state based on a corrected profile, in which the overpotential is removed from the battery profile, so that charging and discharging at the criterion C rate are not forced to diagnose the battery state. In other words, since the battery state can be diagnosed even if the battery is charged and discharged at a C rate other than the criterion C rate, the battery state can be diagnosed quickly, without restrictions as to charging and discharging conditions.

[0027] In addition, the device for diagnosing a battery has the advantage of quickly distinguishing a normal battery from an abnormal battery by relatively comparing the states of a plurality of batteries based on the distribution of a plurality of diagnostic factors.

[0028] The effects of this description are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 11 / 103 7 / 63 clearly understood by those versed in the technique of describing claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] The accompanying drawings illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present description and, together with the description above, serve to provide a further understanding of the technical features of the present description and, therefore, the present description is not to be construed as being limited to the drawing.

[0030] Figure 1 is a diagram that schematically shows an apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0031] Figure 2 is a diagram that schematically shows an overpotential profile according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0032] Figure 3 is a diagram that schematically shows a battery profile according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0033] Figure 4 is a diagram that schematically shows a corrected profile according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0034] Figure 5 is a diagram that schematically shows the distribution of diagnostic factors according to a modality of the present description.

[0035] Figures 6 to 14 are diagrams showing the distribution of diagnostic factors according to a modality of the present description.

[0036] Figures 15 to 22 are diagrams to explain the process of adjusting a criterion positive electrode profile and a criterion negative electrode profile, according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0037] Figure 23 is a diagram that schematically shows Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 12 / 103 8 / 63 an exemplary configuration of a battery pack, according to another embodiment of the present description.

[0038] Figure 24 is a diagram to explain the process of manufacturing a battery cell by a battery manufacturing system, according to yet another embodiment of the present description.

[0039] Figure 25 is a diagram that schematically shows an exemplary configuration of a vehicle, according to yet another embodiment of the present description.

[0040] Figure 26 is a diagram that schematically shows a method for diagnosing a battery, according to yet another embodiment of the present description. BEST WAY

[0041] It should be understood that the terms used in the specification and appended claims should not be interpreted as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to the technical aspects of the present description, based on the principle that the inventor is permitted to define the terms appropriately for the best explanation.

[0042] Therefore, the description proposed here is only a preferable example for illustrative purposes only, not intended to limit the scope of the description; thus, it should be understood that other equivalents and modifications may be made to this without departing from the scope of the description.

[0043] Furthermore, in describing the present description, where it is considered that a detailed description of relevant known elements or functions would make the main subject of the present description ambiguous, the detailed description is omitted herein.

[0044] Terms, including ordinal numbers, such as first, second, and the like, may be used to distinguish an element Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 13 / 103 9 / 63 to another among several elements, but they do not intend to limit the elements by the terms.

[0045] Throughout the specification, when a portion is referred to as comprising or including any element, this means that the portion may include other additional elements, without excluding other elements, unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0046] Furthermore, throughout the specification, when a portion is referred to as being connected to another portion, this is not limited to the case where they are directly connected, but also includes the case where they are indirectly connected with another element being interposed between them.

[0047] Hereafter, the preferred embodiments of the present description will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0048] Figure 1 is a diagram that schematically shows an apparatus 100 for diagnosing a battery according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0049] Referring to Figure 1, the device 100 for diagnosing a battery may include a profile acquisition unit 110, a profile correction unit 120 and a control unit 130.

[0050] The profile acquisition unit 110 can be configured to obtain each of a plurality of BP battery profiles, indicating the matching relationship between the voltage and capacity of each of a plurality of batteries.

[0051] Here, battery refers to an independent cell that has a negative terminal and a positive terminal and is physically separable. As an example, a lithium-ion battery or a lithium polymer battery can be considered a battery. Furthermore, the battery type can be cylindrical, prismatic, or pouch-type. Additionally, battery can mean a bank of Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 14 / 103 10 / 63 batteries, a battery module or a battery pack in which a plurality of cells are connected in series and / or parallel. Below, for ease of explanation, battery is explained as meaning an independent cell.

[0052] Specifically, the BP battery profile is a profile that represents the matching relationship between voltage (V) and capacity (Q) when the battery's SOC is charged from 0% to 100%. Conversely, the BP battery profile can represent the matching relationship between voltage (V) and capacity (Q) when the battery's SOC is discharged from 100% to 0%. For example, the BP battery profile can be generated based on voltage and capacity while the battery is being charged or discharged at a constant C rate. Here, the C rate must be kept constant while the BP battery profile is generated. That is, when the C rate for charging and discharging is set, the set C rate remains constant until charging and discharging are complete.

[0053] For example, the 110 profile acquisition unit can directly receive the BP battery profile from the outside. That is, the 110 profile acquisition unit can obtain the BP battery profile by receiving the BP battery profile while connected to the outside via wired and / or wireless connection.

[0054] As another example, the profile acquisition unit 110 can receive battery information about the battery voltage (V) and capacity (Q). Furthermore, the profile acquisition unit 110 can generate a battery profile BP based on the received battery information. That is, the profile acquisition unit 110 can obtain the battery profile BP directly by generating the battery profile BP based on battery information.

[0055] The profile acquisition unit 110 can be connected to enable communication with the profile correction unit 120. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 15 / 103 11 / 63 For example, the 110 profile acquisition unit can be connected to the 120 profile correction unit via wired and / or wireless connection. The profile acquisition unit can transmit the obtained BP battery profile to the 120 profile correction unit.

[0056] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate a plurality of corrected profiles CP, correcting the plurality of battery profiles BP based on the predefined overpotential profile OP.

[0057] Here, the OP overpotential profile is a profile that represents the matching relationship between capacity and overpotential. For example, the OP overpotential profile is a profile that indicates the overpotential relative to the capacity. Specifically, the OP overpotential profile can be a profile that represents the voltage difference per capacity between the criterion battery profile for the criterion C rate and the criterion battery profile for the target C rate defined for the plurality of batteries.

[0058] For example, it is assumed that the criterion C-rate is 0.05 C and the target C-rate is 0.3 C. When the criterion battery is charged (or discharged) at 0.05 C, the first battery profile can be obtained. When the criterion battery is charged (or discharged) at 0.3 C, the second battery profile can be obtained. The voltage difference between the first battery profile and the second battery profile for the same capacity can be calculated as overpotential. That is, the overpotential per capacity of the first battery profile and the second battery profile can be calculated, and the overpotential profile OP representing the capacity-overpotential matching relationship can be generated. In general, if the battery is charged and discharged at a C-rate greater than the criterion C-rate, the measured battery voltage may include an overpotential. Therefore, when removing the battery profile based on the criterion C-rate from the profile of Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 16 / 103 Based on the target C-rate (calculating the voltage difference per capacity) of a 12 / 63 battery, the OP overpotential profile can be generated.

[0059] Figure 2 is a diagram that schematically shows an OP overpotential profile according to one embodiment of the present description.

[0060] Specifically, Figure 2 is a diagram showing the OP overpotential profile generated in the process of discharging the criterion battery from initial capacity (Qi) to final capacity (Qf). The first battery profile can be generated as the criterion battery is discharged from initial capacity (Qi) to final capacity (Qf) at the criterion rate C. Furthermore, the second battery profile can be generated as the criterion battery is discharged from initial capacity (Qi) to final capacity (Qf) at the target rate C. The OP overpotential profile can be generated by calculating the voltage difference per discharge capacity between the first battery profile and the second battery profile, from initial capacity (Qi) to final capacity (Qf).

[0061] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate a plurality of corrected profiles CP, calculating the voltage difference per capacity between each of the plurality of battery profiles BP and the overpotential profile OP.

[0062] Specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can remove the OP overpotential profile from the BP battery profile. For example, the 120 profile correction unit can calculate the difference between the BP battery profile voltage and the OP overpotential profile overpotential for the same capacity. The 120 profile correction unit can generate a corrected CP profile by calculating the difference between the BP battery profile voltage and the OP overpotential profile overpotential at full capacity. In other words, the corrected CP profile is a profile in which the OP overpotential profile is removed. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 17 / 103 13 / 63 video of the BP battery profile.

[0063] For example, it is assumed that the overpotential profile OP is a profile based on the voltage difference of the first battery profile of the criterion battery for 0.05 C and the second battery profile of the criterion battery for 0.3 C. The corrected profile CP generated by the difference between the battery profile BP and the overpotential profile OP for 0.3 C can be a profile that corresponds to 0.05 C. That is, since the overpotential of the overpotential profile OP is removed from the battery profile BP for 0.3 C, the corrected profile CP for 0.05 C can be derived.

[0064] Figure 3 is a diagram that schematically shows a BP battery profile according to an embodiment of the present description. Figure 4 is a diagram that schematically shows a corrected CP profile according to an embodiment of the present description.

[0065] Specifically, the BP battery profile in Figure 3 is a profile obtained when the battery is discharged at the target C rate, from the initial capacity (Qi) to the final capacity (Qf).

[0066] Referring to Figures 2 to 4, the 120 profile correction unit can generate the corrected profile CP of Figure 4 by removing the overpotential profile OP of Figure 2 from the battery profile BP of Figure 3. Here, the target C rate that corresponds to the battery profile BP in Figure 3 and the target C rate that corresponds to the overpotential profile OP in Figure 2 are the same. In other words, the corrected profile CP can be generated based on the battery profile BP and the overpotential profile OP for the same target C rate.

[0067] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to each battery, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a negative electrode profile. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 18 / 103 14 / 63 negative of predefined criterion to match each of the plurality of corrected CP profiles.

[0068] The criterion positive electrode profile may be a profile that represents a matching relationship between the capacity and voltage of the predefined criterion positive electrode cell to match the positive electrode of the battery. For example, the criterion positive electrode cell may be a positive electrode coin cell or a positive electrode of a three-electrode cell. Additionally, the criterion negative electrode profile may be a profile that represents a matching relationship between the capacity and voltage of the predefined criterion negative electrode cell to match the negative electrode of the battery. For example, the criterion negative electrode cell may be a negative electrode coin cell or a negative electrode of a three-electrode cell.

[0069] Specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile to match the corrected profile CP. More specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a complete comparison cell profile of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile. The 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the complete comparison cell profile matches the corrected profile CP.

[0070] For example, the profile correction unit 120 can generate a plurality of full cell comparison profiles, des Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 19 / 103 15 / 63 locating the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile or scaling their capabilities, and specifying a full-cell comparison profile with the minimum error with the corrected profile CP among the plurality of full-cell comparison profiles. Also, an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to the specified full-cell comparison profile can be determined.

[0071] In relation to this, a more specific embodiment in which the profile correction unit 120 determines the positive electrode profile of the battery, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile to match the corrected profile CP, will be described later with reference to Figures 15 to 22.

[0072] The control unit 130 can be configured to extract a diagnostic factor for each battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0073] Specifically, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to the positive electrode from the adjusted positive electrode profile. Furthermore, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to the negative electrode from the adjusted negative electrode profile. Additionally, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to both the positive and negative electrodes, considering both the diagnostic factor related to the positive electrode and the diagnostic factor related to the negative electrode. For ease of explanation, specific examples regarding the diagnostic factor will be described later.

[0074] For example, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor for each of the plurality of batteries based on the adjusted positive electrode profile and / or the neutral electrode profile. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 20 / 103 16 / 63 adjusted diagnostic that corresponds to each of the multiple batteries. Here, it should be noted that the diagnostic factors extracted for the multiple batteries are the same item. In other words, the 130 control unit can extract multiple diagnostic factors to match the multiple batteries.

[0075] Control unit 130 can be configured to diagnose battery plurality status based on plurality extracted from diagnostic factors.

[0076] Specifically, since the plurality of diagnostic factors are values ​​for the same item, control unit 130 can distinguish a normal battery from an abnormal battery by considering the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic factors.

[0077] Preferably, control unit 130 can compare a plurality of diagnostic factors with a TH limit range using a statistical analysis method and diagnose the battery status as normal or abnormal, according to the result of the comparison.

[0078] For example, control unit 130 can be configured to select a diagnostic factor that is outside the TH limit range among the plurality of diagnostic factors, taking into account the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic factors, and diagnose the battery state that corresponds to the selected diagnostic factor as an abnormal state. Conversely, control unit 130 can be configured to select a diagnostic factor included within the TH limit range among the plurality of diagnostic factors and diagnose the battery state that corresponds to the selected diagnostic factor as a normal state.

[0079] Figure 5 is a diagram that schematically shows the distribution of diagnostic factors according to a modality of the present description. Specifically, Figure 5 is a diagram Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 21 / 103 Figure 17 / 63 illustrates a mode in which the distribution of a plurality of diagnostic factors follows a normal distribution. For example, if the mean value of the diagnostic factors is m and the standard deviation is σ, the TH limit range can be defined for a range of m-2σ or more and m+2σ or less. Control unit 130 can classify the plurality of diagnostic factors into diagnostic factors that belong to the TH limit range and diagnostic factors that do not belong to the TH limit range. Furthermore, control unit 130 can diagnose the battery state that corresponds to the diagnostic factor belonging to the TH limit range as a normal state and diagnose the battery state that corresponds to the diagnostic factor that does not belong to the TH limit range as an abnormal state.

[0080] In the above, for convenience of explanation, a manifestation of the TH limit band defined based on 2σ has been described, but it should be noted that the TH limit band is not limited to the range from m-2σ to m+2σ.

[0081] The device 100 for diagnosing a battery according to the present description diagnoses the battery state based on the corrected profile CP, in which the overpotential is removed from the battery profile PB, thus there is an advantage in that charging and discharging at the criterion C rate are not forced to diagnose the battery state. In other words, since the battery state can be diagnosed even if the battery is charged and discharged at a C rate other than the criterion C rate, the battery state can be diagnosed quickly, without restrictions as to charging and discharging conditions.

[0082] In addition, the device 100 for diagnosing a battery has the advantage of quickly distinguishing a normal battery from an abnormal battery, relatively comparing the states of a plurality of batteries based on the distribution of a plurality of di-factors. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 22 / 103 18 / 63 agnostic.

[0083] Meanwhile, the control unit 130 included in the device 100 for diagnosing a battery optionally includes a processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), another chipset, a logic circuit, a register, a communication modem, a data processing device, etc., known in the art to perform various control logics performed in the present description. Also, when the control logic is implemented as software, the control unit 130 can be implemented as a set of program modules. At this time, the program module can be stored in memory and executed by the control unit 130. The memory can be inside or outside the control unit 130 and can be connected to the control unit 130 by various known means.

[0084] In addition, the battery diagnostic device 100 may also include a storage unit 140. The storage unit 140 may store data necessary for the operation and function of each component of the battery diagnostic device 100, data generated in the process of performing the operation or function, or similar. The storage unit 140 is not specifically limited in its type, provided it is a known means of information storage that can record, erase, update, and read data. As an example, the information storage medium may include RAM, instant memory, ROM, EEPROM, registers, and the like. In addition, the storage unit 140 may store program codes in which the processes executable by the control unit 130 are defined.

[0085] For example, storage unit 140 can store the plurality of battery profiles BP, the overpotential profile OP, the plurality of corrected profiles CP, the electrode profile posi Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 23 / 103 19 / 63 criterion factor, criterion negative electrode profile, adjusted positive electrode profile, adjusted negative electrode profile, and plurality of diagnostic factors.

[0086] Next, a conventional battery status diagnostic method and the battery status diagnostic method that uses device 100 to diagnose a battery will be explained comparatively.

[0087] For example, if a low rate charge and discharge of 0.05 C is forced to obtain the BP battery profile, as in the previous technique, it may take approximately 20 hours just to obtain the BP battery profile. Furthermore, the process of diagnosing the battery status according to the obtained BP battery profile may also take additional time. That is, according to the conventional method, since a considerable amount of time is required in the process of obtaining the BP battery profile, there is a problem where the battery status cannot be quickly diagnosed.

[0088] On the other hand, if the battery is charged and discharged at 0.3 C, as in one embodiment of the present description, the PB battery profile can be obtained in approximately 3 hours. In other words, according to one embodiment of the present description, the time required to obtain the PB battery profile can be dramatically reduced compared with the conventional method. However, since the PB battery profile obtained in this way includes an overpotential, the device 100 for diagnosing a battery can generate a corrected CP profile, removing the overpotential from the PB battery profile, and diagnose the battery status according to the generated corrected CP profile. Therefore, even considering the additional time required in the process of generating the corrected CP profile and diagnosing the battery status, there is an advantage in the device 100 for diagnosing Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 24 / 103 20 / 63 a battery can diagnose the battery's condition much faster compared to the conventional method.

[0089] The OP overpotential profile can be configured to be stored in advance for each of the plurality of C rates.

[0090] Specifically, a plurality of OP overpotential profiles can be provided, and the C rates respectively corresponding to the plurality of OP overpotential profiles can be different. For example, based on the unit rate C, an OP overpotential profile corresponding to each rate C can be stored in advance.

[0091] Furthermore, an OP overpotential profile for rate C that is not experimentally obtained can be obtained and stored through interpolation or extrapolation between similar OP overpotential profiles. Specifically, profile correction unit 120 can generate OP overpotential profiles for various rates C, in addition to the pre-stored OP overpotential profile through interpolation or extrapolation, and store the generated OP overpotential profile in storage unit 140. For example, if the OP overpotential profile corresponding to 1 C and the OP overpotential profile corresponding to 1.2 C are stored in advance, an OP overpotential profile corresponding to 1.1 C can be additionally obtained based on the difference between the two OP overpotential profiles.

[0092] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to select an OP overpotential profile that corresponds to the target rate C among the plurality of OP overpotential profiles stored in advance.

[0093] Here, the target C-rate is a C-rate defined for the battery. For example, if a plurality of BP battery profiles is obtained in Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 25 / 103 21 / 63 charging process of multiple batteries at 0.3 C, the target C rate is 0.3 C. The 120 profile correction unit can select the OP overpotential profile that corresponds to 0.3 C among the multiple OP overpotential profiles.

[0094] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate a plurality of corrected CP profiles using the selected overpotential profile OP.

[0095] For example, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a plurality of corrected CP profiles by calculating the difference between each of the plurality of battery profiles BP and the selected overpotential profile OP. That is, the 120 profile correction unit can obtain a plurality of corrected CP profiles from which the overpotential is commonly removed.

[0096] Since overpotential corresponds to noise, the BP battery profile which has overpotential may not accurately reflect the current state of the battery. Therefore, the 100 device for diagnosing a battery, according to an embodiment of the present description, can remove the overpotential included in the BP battery profile using the OP overpotential profile which corresponds to the target C rate. In other words, the 100 device for diagnosing a battery has an advantage in more accurately diagnosing the battery state based on the corrected CP profile, from which the overpotential is removed.

[0097] For example, it is assumed that a battery and the 100 battery diagnostic device are provided in the end application. Here, the end application refers to an end product to which the 100 battery diagnostic device can be applied, and may include a motorcycle, a vehicle, or an ESS (Energy Storage System). In other words, the 100 battery diagnostic device may be an on-board diagnostic device provided in the end application. In this case, the battery C-rate may not be included. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 26 / 103 22 / 63 in the plurality of rates C that corresponds to the pre-stored overpotential profile OP.

[0098] In other words, in a situation where the battery is actually operated in the end application, the C-rate for the battery may change due to various environmental factors. Therefore, the C-rate for the battery may not be included in the plurality of C-rates that corresponds to the pre-stored OP overpotential profile. In this case, if the overpotential included in the BP battery profile is removed based on the BP battery profile and the OP overpotential profile having different C-rates, the generated corrected CP profile may not accurately reflect the battery state.

[0099] Therefore, if the C-rate for the battery is not included in the plurality of C-rates, the 120 profile correction unit can determine two C-rates adjacent to the C-rate for the battery among the plurality of C-rates and generate an OP overpotential profile that corresponds to the C-rate for the battery by interpolating the overpotential profiles that correspond to the determined C-rate. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a corrected CP profile by removing the overpotential included in the battery profile BP based on the battery profile BP and the generated OP overpotential profile.

[00100] Meanwhile, a plurality of overpotential profiles (charge overpotential profiles) corresponding to the charge rate C and a plurality of overpotential profiles (discharge overpotential profiles) corresponding to the discharge rate C can be stored in advance. That is, the plurality of charge overpotential profiles and the plurality of discharge overpotential profiles can be stored independently.

[00101] In general, batteries exhibit a hysteresis effect during charging and discharging, so even if the voltage is the same, the charging capacity and the capacity of Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 27 / 103 23 / 63 discharge rates may have different values. Therefore, to more accurately diagnose the battery's condition, it is desirable to store multiple OP overpotential profiles separately, according to the charge rate C and the discharge rate C.

[00102] Control unit 130 can determine the charging and discharging process (charging process or discharging process) that corresponds to battery profile PB. For example, control unit 130 can determine the charging and discharging process of battery profile PB by comparing the initial and final capacity sizes. In addition, control unit 130 can select the corresponding overpotential profile OP based on the determined charging and discharging process and the target C rate.

[00103] The device 100 for diagnosing a battery, according to an embodiment of the present description, can more accurately diagnose the state of a plurality of batteries by selecting an overpotential profile OP, taking into account the target C rate and the charging and discharging process.

[00104] Below, diagnostic factors that the control unit 130 can select from the adjusted positive electrode profile and / or the adjusted negative electrode profile will be described in detail.

[00105] The control unit 130 can be configured to extract at least one of a positive electrode factor based on the adjusted positive electrode profile, a negative electrode factor based on the adjusted negative electrode profile, and a positive and negative electrode factor based on the positive electrode factor and the negative electrode factor as a diagnostic factor.

[00106] Here, the adjusted positive electrode profile is the result of adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile, and the adjusted negative electrode profile is the result of adjusting the negative electrode profile. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 28 / 103 24 / 63 criterion. Specifically, as described above, the profile adjustment unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile so that the complete comparison cell profile (generated based on the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile) matches the corrected CP profile.

[00107] The positive electrode factor may include at least one of an initial positive electrode potential, a final positive electrode potential, a positive electrode change rate, and an amount of positive electrode charge from the battery based on the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00108] The initial positive electrode potential is an initial potential of the adjusted positive electrode profile, and the final positive electrode potential is a final potential of the adjusted positive electrode profile. Specifically, the initial positive electrode potential is a potential value of the initial positive electrode participation point pi of the adjusted positive electrode profile. The final positive electrode potential is a potential value of the final positive electrode participation point pf of the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00109] The positive electrode change rate (ps) can mean a rate of change [%] of the adjusted positive electrode profile relative to the criterion positive electrode profile. Specifically, the positive electrode change rate (ps) can be a rate of contraction or rate of expansion of the adjusted positive electrode profile relative to the criterion positive electrode profile. For example, if the adjusted positive electrode profile is 10% contraction of the criterion positive electrode profile, the positive electrode change rate (ps) is 90%. Conversely, if the adjusted positive electrode profile is 10% extension of the criterion positive electrode profile, the positive electrode change rate (ps) is 110%. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 29 / 103 25 / 63

[00110] The amount of positive electrode charge (pjoading) refers to an amount of active positive electrode material coated on the positive electrode current collector. Since the adjusted positive electrode profile is a profile that represents the current state of the battery's positive electrode, the control unit 130 can calculate the amount of positive electrode charge (pjoading) based on the adjusted positive electrode profile. Specifically, the control unit 130 can calculate the amount of positive electrode charge (pjoading) considering the positive electrode change rate (ps), a predefined criterion positive electrode capacity, and a predefined criterion area. Here, the criterion positive electrode capacity can mean the capacity of a predefined criterion positive electrode cell. The criterion area can mean the area of ​​the predefined criterion positive electrode cell.Specifically, control unit 130 can calculate the amount of positive electrode charge (pjoading) based on the positive electrode change rate (ps), the criterion positive electrode capacity, and the criterion area using Equation 1 below. Equation 1 pjoading = ps x QrcApc

[00111] Here, pjoading represents the amount of positive electrode charge and ps represents the rate of change of positive electrode charge. Qrc represents the criterion positive electrode capacitance and Apc represents the criterion area.

[00112] The negative electrode factor may include at least one of an initial negative electrode potential, a final negative electrode potential, a negative electrode change rate, and an amount of negative electrode charge from the battery based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00113] The initial potential of the negative electrode is an initial potential Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 30 / 103 26 / 63 al of the adjusted negative electrode profile, and the final negative electrode potential is a final potential of the adjusted negative electrode profile. Specifically, the initial negative electrode potential is a potential value of the initial negative electrode engagement point ni of the adjusted negative electrode profile. The final negative electrode potential is a potential value of the final negative electrode engagement point nf of the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00114] The negative electrode change rate (ns) can mean the rate of change [%] of the adjusted negative electrode profile relative to the criterion negative electrode profile. Specifically, the negative electrode change rate (ns) can be the rate of contraction or the rate of expansion of the adjusted negative electrode profile relative to the criterion negative electrode profile. For example, if the adjusted negative electrode profile is 10% contraction of the criterion negative electrode profile, the negative electrode change rate (ns) is 90%. Conversely, if the adjusted negative electrode profile is 10% extension of the criterion negative electrode profile, the negative electrode change rate (ns) is 110%.

[00115] The negative electrode loading quantity (n_loading) refers to the amount of active negative electrode material coated on the negative electrode current collector. Since the adjusted negative electrode profile is a profile that indicates the current state of the battery's negative electrode, control unit 130 can calculate the negative electrode loading quantity (n_loading) based on the adjusted negative electrode profile. Specifically, control unit 130 can calculate the negative electrode loading quantity (n_loading) considering the negative electrode change rate (ns), a predefined criterion negative electrode capacity, and a predefined criterion area. Here, the criterion negative electrode capacity can mean the capacity of an electrode cell. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 31 / 103 27 / 63 Predefined criterion negative. The criterion area can mean the area of ​​a predefined criterion negative electrode cell. Specifically, control unit 130 can calculate the amount of negative electrode discharge (njoading) based on the negative electrode change rate (ns), the criterion negative electrode capacity, and the criterion area using Equation 2 below. Equation 2 njoading = ns X QraApa

[00116] Here, njoading represents the amount of negative electrode charge and ns represents the rate of change of negative electrode charge. Qra represents the criterion negative electrode capacitance and Apa represents the criterion area.

[00117] Positive and negative electrode factors may include the NP ratio based on the amount of positive electrode charge and the amount of negative electrode charge.

[00118] Specifically, the NP ratio refers to the ratio between the amount of positive electrode charge and the amount of negative electrode charge. For example, control unit 130 can calculate the NP ratio using Equation 3 below. Equation 3 njoading np ratio = — ---— pjoading

[00119] Here, the np ratio is the NP ratio, p-loading is the amount of positive electrode charge according to Equation 1, and njoading is the amount of negative electrode charge according to Equation 2.

[00120] The device 100 for diagnosing a battery can extract at least one of the following: initial positive electrode potential, final positive electrode potential, rate of change of positive electrode, amount of positive electrode charge, initial negative electrode potential, final negative electrode potential, rate of change of positive electrode, amount of positive electrode charge, initial negative electrode potential, final negative electrode potential, rate of change of positive electrode charge. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 32 / 103 28 / 63 negative electrode placement and NP ratio as a diagnostic factor. Furthermore, the 100 device for diagnosing a battery can diagnose the state of multiple batteries as normal or abnormal based on the distribution by extracted diagnostic factor.

[00121] Figures 6 to 14 are diagrams showing the distribution of diagnostic factors according to a modality of the present description.

[00122] Specifically, Figures 6 to 14 are profiles showing the distribution of the diagnostic factor for each of the plurality of batteries. Figure 6 is a first profile P1 showing the distribution of a plurality of initial positive electrode potentials, and Figure 7 is a second profile P2 showing the distribution of a plurality of final positive electrode potentials. Figure 8 is a third profile P3 showing the distribution of a plurality of positive electrode change rates, and Figure 9 is a fourth profile P4 showing the distribution of a plurality of positive electrode charge quantities. Figure 10 is a fifth profile P5 showing the distribution of a plurality of initial negative electrode potentials, and Figure 11 is a sixth profile P6 showing the distribution of a plurality of final negative electrode potentials.Figure 12 is a seventh P7 profile showing the distribution of a plurality of negative electrode change rates, and Figure 13 is an eighth P8 profile showing the distribution of a plurality of negative electrode charge quantities. Figure 14 is a ninth P9 profile showing the distribution of a plurality of NP ratios. As in the previous embodiment, in Figures 6 to 14, it is assumed that the range of 2 standard deviations for the mean value is defined as the limiting range TH.

[00123] When the diagnostic factor for a diagnostic item is extracted for the plurality of batteries, the control unit 130 Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 33 / 103 29 / 63 can diagnose the state of battery plurality according to the plurality distribution extracted from diagnostic factors.

[00124] Specifically, control unit 130 can extract diagnostic factors for items of interest from among a plurality of diagnostic items and diagnose the state of a plurality of batteries based on the extracted plurality of diagnostic factors. Here, the item of interest refers to a diagnostic item selected from the plurality of diagnostic items to diagnose the battery state. The item of interest is selected by a user or by a predefined program, and control unit 130 can obtain information about the selected item of interest.

[00125] For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the item of interest can be selected as the initial positive electrode potential. The control unit 130 can extract the initial positive electrode potential from the plurality of positive electrode profiles adjusted for the plurality of batteries. Furthermore, the control unit 130 can select an initial positive electrode potential outside the TH limit range among the plurality of initial positive electrode potentials. That is, the control unit 130 can select an initial positive electrode potential that exceeds the upper limit (m+2σ) of the TH limit range or is less than the lower limit (m-2σ) of the TH limit range. Additionally, the control unit 130 can diagnose the battery state corresponding to the selected initial positive electrode potential as an abnormal state. Conversely, the control unit 130 can diagnose the remaining battery state as a normal state.

[00126] The device 100 for diagnosing a battery, according to an embodiment of the present description, can extract diagnostic factors for items of interest and diagnose the state of a plurality of batteries based on the extracted diagnostic factors. Therefore, the device 100 for diagnosing a battery has an advantage. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 34 / 103 30 / 63 gem not only quickly diagnoses the battery status according to the corrected CP profile with the overpotential removed, but also diagnoses the battery status more specifically for each subdivided item.

[00127] Meanwhile, a plurality of items of interest can be selected from the plurality of diagnostic items. Control unit 130 can extract diagnostic factors for each of the plurality of items of interest. Furthermore, control unit 130 can diagnose the state of the plurality of batteries considering the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic factors for each item of interest.

[00128] Specifically, control unit 130 can count the number of items of interest for which the diagnostic factor for each of the plurality of batteries is outside the TH limit range. In addition, control unit 130 can diagnose the status of each battery based on the number counted.

[00129] For example, control unit 130 can diagnose the state of a battery in which the number counted is greater than half the plurality of items of interest as an abnormal state. Conversely, control unit 130 can diagnose the state of the remaining battery as a normal state. Specifically, when 5 items of interest are selected, the state of the battery with 3 or more items of interest whose diagnostic factor is outside the TH limit range can be diagnosed as an abnormal state.

[00130] For example, referring to Figures 6, 7, 10, 11 and 14, among the plurality of diagnostic items, it is assumed that five items of interest are selected: the initial positive electrode potential, the final positive electrode potential, the initial negative electrode potential, the final negative electrode potential, and the NP ratio. Control unit 130 can select a battery whose initial potential of Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 35 / 103 31 / 63 positive electrode is outside the TH limit range in the first profile P1 and increase the count value for the selected battery by 1. Additionally, control unit 130 can select a battery whose final positive electrode potential is outside the TH limit range in the second profile P2 and increase the count value for the selected battery by 1. Control unit 130 can select a battery whose initial negative electrode potential is outside the TH limit range in the fifth profile P5 and increase the count value for the selected battery by 1. Control unit 130 can select a battery whose final negative electrode potential is outside the TH limit range in the sixth profile P6 and increase the count value for the selected battery by 1. Control unit 130 can select a battery whose NP ratio is outside the TH limit range in the ninth profile P9 and increase the count value for the selected battery by 1.The 130 control unit can diagnose the status of a battery with a count value of 3 or more among multiple batteries as an abnormal state, and diagnose the status of the remaining batteries as a normal state.

[00131] The 100 device for diagnosing a battery has the advantage of comprehensively diagnosing a plurality of battery states, considering the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic items.

[00132] Below, an embodiment in which the 120 profile correction unit adjusts the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile will be described in detail.

[00133] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate a complete comparison cell profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile.

[00134] Specifically, the complete cell profile comparison Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 36 / 103 32 / 63 can be generated based on the voltage difference per capacity for the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile. For example, it is assumed that the voltage of the criterion positive electrode profile corresponding to a certain capacity X is Vp, and the voltage of the criterion negative electrode profile is Vn. The voltage of the full cell comparison profile corresponding to capacity X can be calculated as Vp - Vn. The 120 profile correction unit can generate a full cell comparison profile by calculating the voltage difference between the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile for the entire capacity.

[00135] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the generated full comparison cell profile matches the corrected CP profile.

[00136] Specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can calculate an error between the comparison full-cell profile and the corrected CP profile. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the error between the comparison full-cell profile and the corrected CP profile is minimized. If the comparison full-cell profile that minimizes the error with the corrected CP profile is determined, the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, which are the basis of the determined comparison full-cell profile, can be estimated as the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile that represent the current state of the battery. With current technology, there is the problem that it is not possible to directly obtain the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile that indicate the current state. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 37 / 103 33 / 63 of the battery without directly disassembling the battery. Therefore, it can be strongly assumed that the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, which are the basis of the complete cell comparison profile determined through the adjustment process, are the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile that reflect the current state of the battery.

[00137] From here on, with reference to Figures 15 to 22, an embodiment in which the profile correction unit 120 adjusts the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile will be described in more detail.

[00138] Figures 15 to 22 are diagrams to explain the process of adjusting a criterion positive electrode profile and a criterion negative electrode profile according to an embodiment of the present description. Below, for convenience of explanation, the corrected profile CP according to an embodiment of the present description is described as a complete measurement cell profile M.

[00139] Figure 15 is a referenced graph to explain an example of the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn, respectively. In the graph of Figure 15, the horizontal geometric axis (X-axis) represents capacitance (Ah) and the vertical geometric axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).

[00140] Figure 16 is a referenced graph to explain an example of the full-cell measurement profile M of the target battery. In the graph in Figure 16, the horizontal geometric axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah) and the vertical geometric axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).

[00141] The profile correction unit 120 can be configured to compare the full measurement cell profile M and at least one full comparison cell profile. Here, the cell profile Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 38 / 103 34 / 63 complete comparison may be the result of the synthesis (combination) of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, respectively, stored in storage unit 140.

[00142] In other words, when the complete criterion cell profile R is the result of subtracting a part of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn from a part of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the complete comparison cell profile can be said to be the result of subtracting a part of the adjusted negative electrode profile from a part of the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00143] Profile correction unit 120 can generate at least one complete comparison cell profile by directly adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. Alternatively, at least one complete comparison cell profile can be secured in advance based on the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn and stored in storage unit 140. In this case, profile correction unit 120 can obtain the complete comparison cell profile by accessing storage unit 140 and reading the complete comparison cell profile.

[00144] The 120 profile correction unit can generate a plurality of full-cell comparison profiles of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn by repeating the adjustment process of each of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn at various levels and then synthesizing them. The full-cell comparison profile can also be referred to as a 'fitted full-cell profile'. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 39 / 103 35 / 63

[00145] The profile correction unit 120 can specify any full cell comparison profile that has a minimum error with the full cell measurement profile M among the plurality of full cell comparison profiles.

[00146] Next, the profile correction unit 120 can determine that the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, mapped to the specified full cell comparison profile, are the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery. Next, it should be noted that the positive electrode profile is a finally determined adjusted positive electrode profile, and the negative electrode profile is a finally determined adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00147] In this regard, several methods known at the time of filing of this description can be employed to determine the error between two profiles, each of which can be expressed in a two-dimensional coordinate system. For example, the integral value of the absolute value of the area between two profiles or RMSE (Mean Squared Error) can be used as the error between two profiles.

[00148] According to this configuration of the present description, various state information about the battery can be obtained based on the finally determined positive electrode profile and negative electrode profile. The finally determined positive electrode profile and negative electrode profile can be mapped to the full cell comparison profile mapped to the minimum error. Specifically, it can be said that the full cell comparison profile based on the finally determined positive electrode profile and negative electrode profile is almost identical to the full cell measurement profile M in terms of shape.

[00149] Therefore, according to the present description, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 40 / 103 36 / 63 obtained even without disassembling the battery.

[00150] If the battery is a new battery, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be analyzed to more easily diagnose whether a defect has occurred in the battery and, if so, what type of defect it is.

[00151] If the battery is being used after being verified to be a good product, it is possible to determine the extent to which the battery has deteriorated for each item of deterioration through the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery.

[00152] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present description, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be obtained in a simple way. Even if only one criterion Rp positive electrode profile and one criterion Rn negative electrode profile are stored in the storage unit 140, the present description can be implemented. That is, there is no need to store a plurality of criterion Rp positive electrode profiles and / or a plurality of criterion Rn negative electrode profiles in the storage unit 140. Consequently, the storage capacity of the storage unit 140 does not need to be high, and there is no need to conduct numerous preliminary tests required to ensure a plurality of criterion Rp positive electrode profiles and / or a plurality of criterion Rn negative electrode profiles.

[00153] Figures 17 to 19 are referenced diagrams to explain an example of a procedure for generating a full cell comparison profile used for comparison with the full cell measurement profile M, according to an embodiment of the present description.

[00154] The procedure for generating a complete cell comparison profile, which will be described with reference to Figures 17 to 19, Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 41 / 103 37 / 63 proceeds in the following order: a first routine that defines four points (initial point of positive electrode participation, final point of positive electrode participation, initial point of negative electrode participation, final point of negative electrode participation) to correspond to the voltage range of interest (see Figure 17), a second routine that performs a profile shift (see Figure 18), and a third routine that performs capacity scaling (see Figure 19). That is, the procedure for generating a complete comparison cell profile, according to one embodiment of the present description, includes the first to third routines.

[00155] First, referring to Figure 17, the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn are the same as those shown in Figure 15.

[00156] The 120 profile correction unit determines a positive electrode participation starting point pi, a positive electrode participation starting point pf, a negative electrode participation starting point ni, and a negative electrode participation ending point nf in the Rp criterion positive electrode profile and in the Rn criterion negative electrode profile.

[00157] The initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi or the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni depend on each other.

[00158] As an example, the 120 profile correction unit divides the positive electrode voltage range from the criterion positive electrode profile starting point Rp to the endpoint (or second adjustment voltage) into a plurality of microvoltage sections and then defines the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the positive electrode participation starting point pi. Each microvoltage section can have a predetermined size (e.g., 0.01 V). A Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 42 / 103 38 / 63 next, the profile correction unit 120 can define a point on the negative electrode criterion Rn, which is lower than the initial point of positive electrode participation pi by the first adjustment voltage (e.g., 3 V), as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni.

[00159] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the initial point to the final point of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point, which is greater than the initial point of negative electrode participation ni by the first adjustment voltage, of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and define the searched point as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi.

[00160] The positive electrode participation endpoint pf and the negative electrode participation endpoint nf are interdependent.

[00161] As an example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the voltage range from the second adjustment voltage to the criterion positive electrode profile endpoint Rp into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf. Subsequently, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, which is lower than the positive electrode participation endpoint pf by a second adjustment voltage (e.g., 4 Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 43 / 103 39 / 63 V), as the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf.

[00162] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the starting point to the endpoint of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point, which is greater than the negative electrode participation endpoint nf by a second adjustment voltage, of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and define the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf.

[00163] If the determination of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi, the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni, and the final point of negative electrode participation nf is completed, the profile correction unit 120 shifts at least one of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn to the left or right along the horizontal geometric axis.

[00164] Referring to Figure 18, the profile correction unit 120 can shift the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and / or the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, so that the capacitance values ​​of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni correspond.

[00165] Alternatively, the profile correction unit 120 can shift the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and / or the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, so that the voltages at the positive electrode participation endpoint pf and the negative electrode participation endpoint nf match. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 44 / 103 40 / 63

[00166] Figure 18 shows the situation where the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' is generated by shifting only the criterion positive electrode profile Rp to the left and, as a result, the voltage of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' corresponds with the voltage of the initial point of negative electrode participation ni. The adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' is the result of applying a leftward shift adjustment procedure by the voltage difference between the initial point of positive electrode participation pi and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Therefore, the two points pi, pi' differ only in capacitance value and have the same voltage. The two points pf, pf differ only in capacitance value and have the same voltage.

[00167] When the adjustment result profiles Rp', Rn, in which at least one of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn is displaced, are ensured, the profile correction unit 120 dimensions the capacity range of at least one of the adjustment result profiles Rp', Rn.

[00168] According to the example shown in Figure 18, the profile correction unit 120 performs an additional adjustment procedure to contract or expand at least one of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn along the horizontal geometric axis.

[00169] Referring to Figure 19, the profile correction unit 120 can generate a criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp by contracting or expanding the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' so that the size of the capacitance band between the two points pi', pf' of the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' corresponds to the size of the capacitance band of the full measurement cell profile M. At this moment, either of the two points pi', pf' Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 45 / 103 41 / 63 can be fixed. Consequently, the capacitance difference between the two points pi', pf of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp can be matched to the capacitance range of the full measurement cell profile M.

[00170] Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can generate an adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' by contracting or expanding the criterion negative electrode profile Rn so that the capacitance band size between the two points ni, nf of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn matches the capacitance band size of the full measurement cell profile M. At this point, either of the two points ni, nf can be fixed. Consequently, the capacitance difference between the two points ni, nf of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' can be matched with the capacitance band of the full measurement cell profile M.

[00171] In Figure 19, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp is the result of the contraction of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' shown in Figure 16, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' is the result of the expansion of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn shown in Figure 18.

[00172] The endpoint of positive electrode participation pf in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp corresponds to the endpoint of positive electrode participation pf in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'. The endpoint of negative electrode participation nf' in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' corresponds to the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn.

[00173] The difference in capacity between the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the final point of positive electrode participation pf of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp corresponds to the capacity band size of the cell profile. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 46 / 103 42 / 63 complete measurement M. Similarly, the capacitance difference between the initial point of negative electrode participation ni and the final point of negative electrode participation nf of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' corresponds to the capacitance band size of the complete measurement cell profile M.

[00174] Furthermore, the capacity range between two points pi', pf of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'' corresponds to the capacity range between two points ni, nf of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'. The profile correction unit 120 can generate the complete comparison cell profile S by subtracting the profile between two points pi, pf of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'' from the profile between two points ni, nf of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'.

[00175] The profile correction unit 120 can calculate the error (profile error) between the comparison full-cell profile S and the measurement full-cell profile M. When the error between the comparison full-cell profile S and the measurement full-cell profile M is minimized, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp that corresponds to the comparison full-cell profile S can be determined as the adjusted positive electrode profile, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' can be determined as the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00176] The 120 profile correction unit can map at least two of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf', the initial point of negative electrode participation ni', the final point of negative electrode participation nf', the first scaling factor, the second scaling factor, the complete cell comparison profile S, and the profile error to each other and record them. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 47 / 103 43 / 63 in storage unit 140. The first scaling factor can represent the rate of capacity difference between two points pi', pf'' relative to the capacity difference between two points pi0, pf0. The second scaling factor can represent the rate of capacity difference between two points ni, nf1 relative to the capacity difference between two points ni0, nf0.

[00177] Here, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the positive electrode change rate (ps) from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'' to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Also, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the negative electrode change rate (ns) from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rn' to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. For example, the profile correction unit 120 can determine the first scaling factor as the positive electrode change rate (ps) and determine the second scaling factor as the negative electrode change rate (ns).

[00178] Meanwhile, as described above, when the positive electrode voltage range of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp is divided into a plurality of microvoltage sections, the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections can be defined as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi.

[00179] For example, if the positive electrode voltage range of the Rp criterion positive electrode profile is divided into one hundred small voltage ranges, there may be one hundred limit points that can be defined as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi. Furthermore, if the voltage range equal to or greater than the second adjustment voltage in the Rp criterion positive electrode profile is divided into 40 small voltage ranges, there may be 40 limit points that can be defined as the final point of electrode participation pi. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 48 / 103 44 / 63 positive pf. In this case, up to 4000 different full-cell comparison profiles can be generated.

[00180] It is clear, easy to understand for those skilled in the art, that as the size of the microvoltage section decreases, the number of complete comparison cell profiles that can be maximally generated increases and, conversely, as the size of the microvoltage section increases, the number of complete comparison cell profiles that can be maximally generated decreases.

[00181] The profile correction unit 120 can identify the minimum value among the profile errors of the plurality of full-cell comparison profiles generated as described above and then obtain information mapped to the minimum profile error (e.g., at least one of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi, the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni, the final point of negative electrode participation nf, the rate of change of positive electrode (ps) and the rate of change of negative electrode (ns)) from the storage unit 140.

[00182] Figures 20 to 22 are referenced diagrams to explain another example of a procedure for generating a full-cell comparison profile used for comparison with the full-cell measurement profile M according to an embodiment of the present description. For reference, the embodiments shown in Figures 20 to 22 are independent of the embodiments shown in Figures 17 to 19. Consequently, terms or symbols commonly used in the description of the embodiments shown in Figures 17 to 19 and the embodiments shown in Figures 20 to 22 should be understood as being limited to each embodiment.

[00183] The procedure for generating the complete cell profile for comparison will be explained with reference to Figures 20 to 22. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 49 / 103 45 / 63 follows in the following order: a fourth routine to perform capacity scaling (see Figure 20), a fifth routine to define four points (the initial point of positive electrode participation, the final point of positive electrode participation, the initial point of negative electrode participation, and the final point of negative electrode participation (see Figure 21)), and a sixth routine to perform profile displacement (see Figure 22). That is, the procedure for generating the complete comparison cell profile, according to another embodiment of the present description, includes the fourth to sixth routines.

[00184] Referring to Figure 20, the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn are the same as those shown in Figure 15.

[00185] The profile correction unit 120 generates a criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' and a criterion-adjusted negative electrode profile Rn', applying the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor selected from the scaling value range to the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion-adjusted negative electrode profile Rn, respectively.

[00186] The scaling range of values ​​can be predetermined or can vary depending on the ratio of the full-cell measurement profile capacity range size M to the full-cell criterion profile capacity range size R. As an example, assuming that the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor can be selected from values ​​spaced at 0.1% (i.e., 90%, 90.1%, 90.2%, ..., 98.9%, 99%) in the numerical scaling range (e.g., 90 to 99%), 91 values ​​can be selected as the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor, respectively. In this case, up to 8,281 pairs of adjusted profiles can be generated for 91 x 91 = 8,281 adjustment levels (combination of the first scale factor and the second escape factor). Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 50 / 103 46 / 63 la). The pair of adjusted profiles refers to a combination of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile.

[00187] Figure 20 shows an example in which the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' are the results of applying a first scaling factor and a second scaling factor less than 100% to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, respectively.

[00188] Since the first scale factor and the second scale factor are less than 100%, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' is the contraction of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp along the horizontal geometric axis, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' is also the contraction of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn along the horizontal geometric axis. For ease of understanding, the example is illustrated in the form where the starting point of each of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn is fixed and the remaining portions are reduced to the left along the horizontal geometric axis.

[00189] Referring to Figure 21, the profile correction unit 120 determines the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni', and the final point of negative electrode participation nf in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'.

[00190] The initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi' or the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni' may depend on each other. Furthermore, the final point of participation of the positive electrode pf or the final point of participation of the negative electrode nf may depend on each other. Additionally, the initial point of participation of Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 51 / 103 47 / 63 positive electrode pi' or the endpoint of positive electrode participation pf can be defined based on each other.

[00191] That is, if any of the initial positive electrode participation point pi', the final positive electrode participation point pf, the initial negative electrode participation point ni' and the final negative electrode participation point nf are set, the remaining three points can be set automatically by the first adjustment voltage, the second adjustment voltage and / or the size of the full measurement cell profile capacity range M (e.g., SOC load capacity from 0% to 100%).

[00192] As an example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the positive electrode voltage range, from the initial point of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' to the endpoint (or second adjustment voltage) into a plurality of microvoltage sections and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can define the point in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn, which is less than the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the first adjustment voltage (e.g., 3 V), as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'.

[00193] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the starting point to the ending point of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent voltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the negative electrode participation starting point ni'. The 120 profile correction unit can then search for a point, which is Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 52 / 103 48 / 63 greater than the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' by the first adjustment voltage, of the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and define the researched point as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'.

[00194] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the voltage range from the second adjustment voltage to the positive electrode profile endpoint of the adjusted criterion Rp' into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of the two microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point that is smaller than the positive electrode participation endpoint pf' by the second adjustment voltage (e.g., 4 V) in the negative electrode profile of the adjusted criterion Rn' and define the searched point as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf.

[00195] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the initial point to the endpoint of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point, which is greater than the negative electrode participation endpoint nf' by the second adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and define the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf.

[00196] If any of the initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi', the final point of participation of the positive electrode pf', the Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 53 / 103 49 / 63 the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' and the final point of negative electrode participation nf' are determined, the profile correction unit 120 can further determine the remaining points based on the determined point.

[00197] As an example, if the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' is determined first, the profile correction unit 120 can set the point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a capacitance value that is greater than the capacitance value of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the size of the capacitance range of the full measurement cell profile M, as the final point of positive electrode participation pf. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point that is less than the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the first adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', and set the searched point as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'.Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a higher capacity value than the capacity value of the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' by the size of the capacity range of the complete measurement cell profile M, as the final point of negative electrode participation nf'.

[00198] As another example, if the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf is determined first, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a capacitance value lower than the capacitance value of the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf by the size of the full cell measurement profile capacitance range M, as the positive electrode engagement starting point pi'. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can search Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 54 / 103 50 / 63 by a point, which is smaller than the endpoint of positive electrode participation pf by the second adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' and define the searched point as the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf1. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a capacitance value smaller than the capacitance value of the negative electrode participation endpoint nf' by the size of the capacitance range of the complete measurement cell profile M, as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'.

[00199] As yet another example, if the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' is determined, the profile correction unit 120 can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a capacitance value greater than the capacitance value of the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' by the size of the capacitance range of the complete measurement cell profile M, defined as the final point of negative electrode participation nf'. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point, which is greater than the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' by the first adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and define the searched point as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'.Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a higher capacity value than the capacity value of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the size of the capacity range of the complete measurement cell profile M, as the final point of positive electrode participation pf'.

[00200] As yet another example, if the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf' is determined, the correction unit of per Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 55 / 103 51 / 63 fil 120 can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a capacitance value lower than the capacitance value of the negative electrode participation endpoint nf by the size of the full cell measurement profile capacitance range M, as the negative electrode participation starting point ni'. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point, which is higher than the negative electrode participation endpoint nf' by the second adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and define the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf.Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a lower capacity value than the capacity value of the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf by the full cell profile capacity range size M, as the positive electrode engagement starting point pi'.

[00201] If the determination of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni', and the final point of negative electrode participation nf is completed based on the pair of first scale factor and second scale factor, the profile correction unit 120 can shift at least one of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' along the horizontal geometric axis, so that the capacity values ​​of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' match, or the capacity values ​​of the final point of positive electrode participation pf and the final point of negative electrode participation nf' match.

[00202] The adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn mos Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 56 / 103 52 / 63 shown in Figure 22 is obtained by shifting only the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' shown in Figure 21 to the right. Consequently, the capacitance values ​​at the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni do not coincide with each other.In this respect, since the capacitance difference between the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the final point of positive electrode participation pf is the same as the capacitance difference between the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' and the final point of negative electrode participation nf, if the capacitance values ​​of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni coincide with each other, the capacitance values ​​of the final point of positive electrode participation pf and the final point of negative electrode participation nf also coincide with each other.

[00203] Referring to Figure 22, the 120 profile correction unit can generate the complete comparison cell profile U by subtracting a partial profile between two points pi', pf from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' from the partial profile between two points ni'', nf' from the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn''.

[00204] The profile correction unit 120 can calculate the error (profile error) between the comparison full-cell profile U and the measurement full-cell profile M. When the error between the comparison full-cell profile U and the measurement full-cell profile M is minimized, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' that corresponds to the comparison full-cell profile U can be determined as the adjusted positive electrode profile, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'' can be determined as the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00205] The 120 profile correction unit can be mapped by the me Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 57 / 103 53 / 63 in the two of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn, the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf', the initial point of negative electrode participation ni', the final point of negative electrode participation nf, the rate of change of positive electrode ps, the rate of change of negative electrode ns, the complete cell profile comparison U and the profile error with each other and record in storage unit 140.

[00206] Here, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the positive electrode change rate ps from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Also, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the negative electrode change rate ns from the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. For example, the profile correction unit 120 can determine the first scaling factor as the positive electrode change rate ps and determine the second scaling factor as the negative electrode change rate ns.

[00207] As described above, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a full comparison cell profile that corresponds to each selected pair of first scaling factor and second scaling factor from the scaling value range. Since the pair of first scaling factor and second scaling factor is plural, it is obvious that the full comparison cell profile will also be generated in plural. The 120 profile correction unit can identify the minimum value among the profile errors of the plurality of full comparison cell profiles and then obtain mapped information for the minimum profile error of the 140 storage unit.

[00208] The device 100 to diagnose a battery, according Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 58 / 103 54 / 63 with the present description, can be connected to a display device (not shown) and output information about a battery diagnosed as being in an abnormal state. Because of this, information about the battery diagnosed as being in an abnormal state can be displayed on the display device.

[00209] The device 100 for diagnosing a battery, according to the present description, can be connected to an alarm device (not shown) and emit information about a battery diagnosed as being in an abnormal state to operate the alarm device.

[00210] The battery diagnostic device 100, according to the present description, can be applied to the BMS. In other words, the BMS, according to the present description, can include the above-described battery diagnostic device 100. In this configuration, at least some of the components of the battery diagnostic device 100 can be implemented by supplementing or adding functions of components included in a conventional BMS. For example, the profile acquisition unit 110, the profile correction unit 120, the control unit 130, and the storage unit 140 of the battery diagnostic device 100 can be implemented as components of a BMS.

[00211] In addition, the device 100 for diagnosing a battery, according to the present description, may be provided in the battery pack. That is, the battery pack, according to the present description, may include the device 100 described above for diagnosing a battery and at least one battery cell. In addition, the battery pack may also include electrical components (relays, fuses, etc.) and a case.

[00212] Figure 23 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of battery assembly 1, according to another embodiment. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 59 / 103 55 / 63 of the present description.

[00213] The positive electrode terminal of battery 10 can be connected to the positive electrode terminal P+ of battery pack 1, and the negative electrode terminal of battery 10 can be connected to the negative electrode terminal P- of battery pack 1.

[00214] The measuring unit 20 can be connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of battery 10. In addition, the measuring unit 20 can measure the voltage of battery 10 by measuring the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential of battery 10 and calculating the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential.

[00215] In addition, measuring unit 20 can be connected to a current measuring unit A. For example, the current measuring unit A can be an ammeter or shunt resistor that can measure the charging current and the discharging current of battery 10. Measuring unit 20 can calculate the amount of charging by measuring the charging current of battery 10 using the current measuring unit A. In addition, measuring unit 20 can calculate the amount of discharging by measuring the discharging current of battery 10 through the third detection line SL3.

[00216] For example, information about the voltage and capacity of battery 10, measured by measuring unit 20, can be transmitted to profiling unit 110. Furthermore, profiling unit 110 can directly generate a battery profile BP based on the received information about voltage and capacity.

[00217] As another example, information about the voltage and capacity of battery 10, measured by measuring unit 20, can be stored in storage unit 140. When the Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 60 / 103 56 / 63 Battery charging or discharging 10 is completed, the profile acquisition unit 110 can access the storage unit 140 to obtain the battery profile BP.

[00218] As yet another example, measurement unit 20 can directly generate a battery profile BP based on measured information about battery voltage and capacity 10. In this case, the generated battery profile BP can be transmitted to profile acquisition unit 110 and also stored in storage unit 140.

[00219] A charging / discharging or charging device can be connected to the positive electrode terminal P+ and the negative electrode terminal P- of battery pack 1.

[00220] Figure 24 is a diagram to explain the manufacturing process of a battery cell by a battery manufacturing system, according to yet another embodiment of the present description. Specifically, Figure 24 is a diagram that schematically shows the activation process of a manufactured battery cell over time.

[00221] Referring to Figure 24, the aging process proceeds in the first stage, from time point t0 to time point t1. Here, the aging process refers to a process of abandonment of the battery cell under specific conditions. In the first stage, the electrolyte may be impregnated.

[00222] Primary charging continues in the second stage, from time point t1 to time point t2. In the second stage, a film layer (SEI, solid electrolyte interface) can be formed on the negative electrode.

[00223] A high-temperature aging process continues in the third stage, from time point t2 to time point t3. For example, in the third stage, aging occurs under conditions Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 61 / 103 57 / 63 high temperature applications of 60°C, and the film layer formed in the second stage can be stabilized.

[00224] The degassing process continues in the fourth stage, from time point t3 to time point t4. In the fourth stage, the gas contained inside the battery cell can be removed.

[00225] The battery cell charging process proceeds in the fifth stage, from time point t4 to time point t5. The battery cell discharging process proceeds in the sixth stage, from time point t5 to time point t6. Here, the fifth and sixth stages can be combined and referred to as the battery cell capacity inspection process. Generally, the sixth stage is a stage of detecting a defect in the battery cell, while discharging a fully charged battery cell is a cell discharge process stage at a discharge rate C determined in consideration of the time and accuracy of the inspection. For example, in the sixth stage, the battery cell is discharged at 0.3 C, and the battery profile BP for capacity and voltage can be obtained during the discharge process. Also, based on the obtained battery profile BP, it can be detected whether the battery cell is defective.

[00226] In the seventh stage, from time point t6 to time point t7, the sending and loading process for sending the battery cell is executed.

[00227] The device 100 for diagnosing a battery, according to an embodiment of the present description, can obtain a battery profile BP generated in the sixth-stage discharge process. Also, by removing the overpotential included in the battery profile BP using the overpotential profile OP that corresponds to the target rate C defined in the discharge process, the corrected profile CP for the plurality of battery cells can be obtained. Also, the device 100 for di Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 62 / 103 58 / 63 diagnosing a battery can diagnose the state of multiple battery cells based on multiple corrected profiles (CP). In other words, the 100 battery diagnostic device can be used in the battery cell activation process to quickly and accurately diagnose defects in the manufactured battery cell. Specifically, the 100 battery diagnostic device has the advantage of detecting defective battery cells more accurately because it diagnoses the battery cell state after removing the overpotential that may be included in the battery profile (BP) obtained in the capacity inspection process.

[00228] Figure 25 is a diagram that schematically shows an exemplary configuration of a vehicle according to yet another embodiment of the present description.

[00229] Referring to Figure 25, the battery pack 2510, according to one embodiment of the present description, may be included in a vehicle 2500, such as an electric vehicle (EV) or a hybrid vehicle (HV). Furthermore, the battery pack 2510 may power the vehicle 2500 by supplying power to a motor via an inverter included in the vehicle 2500. Here, the battery pack 2510 may include the device 100 for diagnosing a battery. That is, the vehicle 2500 may include the device 100 for diagnosing a battery. In this case, the device 100 for diagnosing a battery may be an on-board diagnostic device included in the vehicle 2500.

[00230] Figure 26 is a diagram that schematically shows a method for diagnosing a battery according to yet another embodiment of the present description.

[00231] The method for diagnosing a battery may include a step of obtaining an S100 profile, a step of generating a corrected S200 profile, a step of adjusting the S300 profile, a step of extracting the S400 diagnostic factor, and a step of diagnosing this Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 63 / 103 59 / 63 of the S500.

[00232] Preferably, each step of the method for diagnosing a battery can be performed by the device 100 for diagnosing a battery. Hereafter, for convenience of explanation, content that overlaps with the content described above will be omitted or briefly described.

[00233] The S100 profile acquisition step is a step to obtain each of a plurality of BP battery profiles, indicating the matching relationship between the voltage and capacity of each of the plurality of batteries, and can be performed by the 110 profile acquisition unit.

[00234] For example, the 110 profile acquisition unit can directly receive the BP battery profile from the outside. That is, the 110 profile acquisition unit can obtain the BP battery profile by receiving the BP battery profile being connected to the outside via wired and / or wireless connection.

[00235] As another example, the profile acquisition unit 110 can receive battery information about the battery voltage (V) and capacity (Q). Furthermore, the profile acquisition unit 110 can generate a battery profile BP based on the received battery information. That is, the profile acquisition unit 110 can obtain the battery profile BP directly by generating the battery profile BP based on the battery information.

[00236] The corrected profile generation step S200 is a step to generate a plurality of corrected profiles CP, correcting the plurality of battery profiles BP based on a predefined overpotential profile OP, and can be performed by the profile correction unit 120.

[00237] Specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can remove the OP overpotential profile from the BP battery profile. By Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 64 / 103 60 / 63 example, the 120 profile correction unit can calculate the difference between the BP battery profile voltage and the OP overpotential for the same capacity. The 120 profile correction unit can generate a corrected CP profile by calculating the difference between the BP battery profile voltage and the OP overpotential at full capacity.

[00238] The S300 profile adjustment step is a step to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to each battery, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match each of the CP corrected plurality profiles, and can be performed by the 120 profile correction unit.

[00239] For example, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a plurality of full-cell comparison profiles by shifting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile or scaling their capabilities, and specify a full-cell comparison profile that has a minimum error with corrected profile CP among the plurality of full-cell comparison profiles. Also, an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to the specified full-cell comparison profile can be determined.

[00240] The S400 diagnostic factor extraction step is a step to extract a diagnostic factor for each battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profiles and the adjusted negative electrode profile, and can be performed by control unit 130.

[00241] Specifically, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to the positive electrode from the adjusted positive electrode profile. Furthermore, control unit 130 can extract Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 65 / 103 61 / 63 a diagnostic factor related to the negative electrode of the adjusted negative electrode profile. In addition, the control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to both the positive and negative electrodes, taking into account both the diagnostic factor related to the positive electrode and the diagnostic factor related to the negative electrode.

[00242] For example, the positive electrode factor may include at least one of an initial positive electrode potential, a final positive electrode potential, a positive electrode change rate, and a battery positive electrode charging quantity based on the adjusted positive electrode profile. The negative electrode factor may include at least one of an initial negative electrode potential, a final negative electrode potential, a negative electrode change rate, and a battery negative electrode charging quantity based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.Positive and negative electrode factors may include an NP ratio based on an amount of positive electrode charging and an amount of negative electrode charging.

[00243] The S500 state diagnostic step is a step to diagnose the state of the battery plurality based on the plurality extracted from diagnostic factors and can be performed by the control unit 130.

[00244] For example, control unit 130 can be configured to select a diagnostic factor that is outside the TH limit range among the plurality of diagnostic factors, taking into account the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic factors, and diagnose the battery state that corresponds to the selected diagnostic factor as an abnormal state. Conversely, control unit 130 can be configured to select a diagnostic factor included within the TH limit range among the plurality of diagnostic factors and diagnose the battery state that corresponds to the diagnostic factor. Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 66 / 103 62 / 63 selected as a normal state.

[00245] The embodiments described above may not be implemented solely by means of an apparatus and a method, but may be implemented by means of a program that performs a function corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments described above or by means of a recording medium on which the program is recorded. The program or recording medium may be easily implemented by those skilled in the art of the embodiments described above.

[00246] The present description has been described in detail. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the description, are given for illustrative purposes only, as various alterations and modifications within the scope of the description will be apparent to those skilled in the art of this detailed description.

[00247] Furthermore, many substitutions, modifications and alterations may be made to the present description described above by those skilled in the art, without departing from the technical aspects of the present description, and the present description is not limited to the embodiments described above and the accompanying drawings, and each embodiment may be selectively combined, in part or in whole, to allow for various modifications. DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMBERS 1: battery pack 10: battery 20: unit of measurement 100: device for diagnosing a battery 110: Profile acquisition unit 120: Profile correction unit 130: control unit Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 67 / 103 63 / 63 140: storage unit 2500: vehicle 2510: battery pack

Claims

1. Apparatus for diagnosing a battery, characterized in that it comprises: a profiling unit configured to obtain each of a plurality of battery profiles, indicating a correspondence relationship between the voltage and capacity of each of a plurality of batteries; a profile correction unit configured to generate a plurality of corrected profiles, correcting the plurality of battery profiles based on a predefined overpotential profile, and generating an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to each battery, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to correspond to each of the plurality of corrected profiles;and a control unit configured to extract a diagnostic factor for each battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profiles and the adjusted negative electrode profile, and diagnose the state of the plurality of batteries based on the plurality of diagnostic factors extracted.

2. Apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the overpotential profile is a profile that represents a voltage-per-capacity difference between a criterion battery profile for a criterion C rate and the criterion battery profile for a target C rate defined for a plurality of batteries.

3. Device for diagnosing a battery according to claim 2, characterized in that the profile correction unit is configured to generate a plurality of corrected profiles, calculating a voltage difference per capacity between each of the plurality of battery profiles and the overpotential profile.

4. Apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to claim 2, characterized in that the overpotential profile is configured to be stored in advance for each of the plurality of C rates, and in that the profile correction unit is configured to select an overpotential profile that corresponds to the target C rate among the plurality of pre-stored overpotential profiles and generate the plurality of corrected profiles using the selected overpotential profile.

5. Device for diagnosing a battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the control unit is configured to select a diagnostic factor that is outside a limiting range among the plurality of diagnostic factors, taking into account the distribution of the plurality of diagnostic factors, and to diagnose the state of a battery that corresponds to the selected diagnostic factor as an abnormal state.

6. Apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the control unit is configured to extract at least one of a positive electrode factor based on the adjusted positive electrode profile, a negative electrode factor based on the adjusted negative electrode profile, and a positive and negative electrode factor based on the positive electrode factor and the negative electrode factor.

7. Apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to claim 6, characterized in that the positive electrode factor is configured to include at least one of an initial positive electrode potential, a final positive electrode potential, a positive electrode change rate and a positive electrode charging quantity of the battery based on the adjusted positive electrode profile, wherein the negative electrode factor is configured to include at least one of an initial negative electrode potential, a final negative electrode potential, a negative electrode change rate and a negative electrode charging quantity of the battery based on the adjusted negative electrode profile, and wherein the positive and negative electrode factor is configured to include an NP ratio based on the positive electrode charging quantity and the negative electrode charging quantity.

8. Apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to claim 1, characterized in that the profile correction unit is configured to generate a complete comparison cell profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile, and generate the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the generated complete comparison cell profile matches the corrected profile.

9. Battery assembly, characterized in that it comprises the apparatus for diagnosing a battery, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. Battery manufacturing system, characterized in that it comprises an apparatus for diagnosing a battery, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8.

11. Vehicle, characterized in that it comprises the apparatus for diagnosing a battery, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 8.

12. Method for diagnosing a battery, characterized in that it comprises: Petition 870250086211, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 71 / 103 4 / 4 a profiling step to obtain each of a plurality of battery profiles, indicating a correspondence relationship between the voltage and capacity of each of a plurality of batteries; a corrected profile generation step to generate a plurality of corrected profiles, correcting the plurality of battery profiles based on a predefined overpotential profile; a profile adjustment step to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that corresponds to each battery, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to correspond to each of the plurality of corrected profiles;A diagnostic factor extraction step to extract a diagnostic factor for each battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profiles and the adjusted negative electrode profile; and a status diagnostic step to diagnose the status of the plurality of batteries based on the plurality of diagnostic factors extracted.

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